<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soyeon Jang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sungman Lim</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">VISUAL ATTENTION IN EARLY PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS DURING OBSERVATION ACTIVITIES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Baltic Science Education</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eye-tracking</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">observation skills</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary school students</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science process skills</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">visual attention</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2026</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 2026</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=4913726</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scientific observation is a foundational inquiry skill in early childhood science education, yet how visual attention develops during observation tasks among lower-grade primary school students remains underexplored. This study examined whether and how visual attention during science observation activities differs across Year 1, Year 2, and Year 3 primary school students and adults in Korea. A cross-sectional comparative design was employed, using eye-tracking technology to measure fixation duration, fixation count, and gaze transitions across four tasks structured according to SAPA's hierarchy of observation skills. A total of 108 participants (Year 1: n=16, Year 2: n=35, Year 3: n=33, Adults: n=24) completed the tasks, and group differences were examined using one-way ANOVA with Scheffé post hoc tests. Year 1 students consistently differed from all other groups: they showed shorter fixation durations on target areas, more frequent gaze transitions, greater attention dispersal toward irrelevant information, and weaker top-down attentional control. Year 2 and Year 3 students generally performed comparably to adults. These findings indicate that Year 1 students are at a critical developmental stage in the development of observation ability, and suggest that the design of science observation activities and curriculum materials for lower-grade students should reflect these age-related attentional characteristics.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">461-474</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seokyung Choi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sungman Lim</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seongun Kim</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EFFECTIVENESS OF PERSPECTIVE-TAKING SUPPORT IN A VISUAL LEARNING TASK ON THE CAUSE OF SEASONAL CHANGES: AN EYE-TRACKING APPROACH</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Baltic Science Education</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">astronomy education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eye-tracking</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">perspective taking</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seasonal change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spatial reasoning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=4659909</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study examined the effectiveness of incorporating a visual element to support perspective taking in learning about the cause of seasonal changes. Participants were 44 sixth-form pupils who studied materials consisting of illustrations and explanatory texts. In the experimental group, the illustrations included a figure of an observer standing on the Korean Peninsula during summer and winter, whilst the control group viewed the same illustrations without the observer. During the task, eye-tracking devices recorded gaze data, and conceptual understanding was assessed before and after learning. Results showed no significant difference in the proportion of gaze fixation on core areas of the illustrations. However, significant differences emerged in fixation transitions, fixation durations on text, gaze shifts between illustrations and text, and post-test scores of understanding. Eye-movement analyses indicated that the experimental group engaged in cyclic gaze transitions between conceptually related elements of text and illustration, whereas the control group primarily processed text before shifting attention unidirectionally to the illustrations. These findings suggest that perspective-taking elements in visual materials promote qualitatively different cognitive processing strategies and enhance conceptual understanding of astronomical phenomena such as seasonal changes.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">843-859</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shuo Ban</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xi Lan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ziming Li</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yongchun Mao</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">VISUAL ATTENTION ALLOCATION AND FIXATION TRANSACTIONS IN READING PRIMARY SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Baltic Science Education</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eye-tracking</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary scientific literature</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reading strategy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/987-1729493948.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Primary Scientific Literature (PSL) significantly contributes to cultivating students' scientific literacy. However, students' visual strategies while reading PSL remain unclear. This study utilized eye-tracking technology to clarify students' visual attention allocation and fixation transactions during PSL reading, and explored their associations with students' self-reported reading strategy levels and reading outcomes. Thirty-eight undergraduate students majoring in biology (22 females and 16 males) participated in the study. They wore eye-tracking glasses while reading a PSL that included sections like abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, and reference. Participants also completed a Primary Scientific Literature Strategies Assessment and a post-reading exam. The study demonstrated that reading time and fixation count on the results page were positively correlated with self-reported PSL reading strategy scores and reading outcomes. The reading time and fixation count on the methods page are positively correlated with self-reported PSL reading strategy score. Moreover, the higher group showed significantly greater attention to results compared to the lower group. The higher group exhibited significant interaction between texts and figures in fixation transactions within the results, whereas this interaction was absent in the lower group. The research provided recommendations for educators to enhance students' PSL reading strategies and abilities.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">826-853</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jana Skrabankova</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stanislav Popelka</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marketa Beitlova</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STUDENTS’ ABILITY TO WORK WITH GRAPHS IN PHYSICS STUDIES RELATED TO THREE TYPICAL STUDENT GROUPS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Baltic Science Education</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education in physics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">experimental study</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eye-tracking</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gifted children</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">graph</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/987-1586941849.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Graphs are often used to represent mathematical functions, to illustrate data from social and natural sciences, or to specify scientific theories. With increasing emphasis on the development of scientific research skills, the work with graphs and data interpretation are gaining in importance. The research involved an eye-tracking experiment conducted to evaluate student work with graphs in physics. Eye-movement data were recorded using the GazePoint eye-tracker. A total of 40 third-year grammar school students participated in the research. These students were allocated into three groups by a physics teacher. These groups were called PLUS, AVERAGE and MINUS. The PLUS group showed excellent results in education and included gifted physics students. The MINUS group was composed of the opposite end of this cognitive spectrum, whose members made the most mistakes in graph reading. The aim of the experiment was to find the differences between students allocated to these three groups and to evaluate whether the allocation based on the teacher’s experience, long-term observations and the students’ previous achievements was sufficient. The results showed that students from all three groups had problems with reading graphs in physics. According to the eye-movement data, several students who had been incorrectly assigned to groups were identified. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">298-316</style></section></record></records></xml>