<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Youngshin Kim</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hyunju Chun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lim, S.-M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DIFFERENCES IN TEACHING AND LEARNING CONCEPT NETWORKS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS ACCORDING TO ACHIEVEMENT LEVELS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Baltic Science Education</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">achievement level</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">concept network</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">connected concept network</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning concept</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching concept</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2026</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2026</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=4863022</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Students comprehend most science concepts through in-class learning. Therefore, how teachers present concepts can decisively influence students’ understanding of scientific concepts. Accordingly, this study aimed to identify implications for concept teaching and learning by comparing the conceptual structure of photosynthesis reflected in the teaching concept networks used by teachers with the learning concept networks constructed by students. In this process, the construct of the concept network taught by the teacher and the concepts learned by students at each achievement level were compared and analysed using semantic network analysis. The concepts taught by the teacher and those learned by the students were largely similar, but the strength and complexity of the connections between concepts differed. Moreover, the teacher did not clearly distinguish between subtopics while teaching. As a result, the students recognised the concepts but often failed to distinguish between subtopics. High-achievers learned more concepts and showed a more complex connection between concepts than low-achievers. The findings suggest that teachers should explain scientific concepts by breaking them down into subtopics and presenting them in smaller, interconnected chunks to help students relate new knowledge to existing knowledge.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research article </style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">282-297</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yongjun Jeong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Da-yeon Yoo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lim, S.-M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hyonyong Lee</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Youngshin Kim</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COMPARISON OF TEACHING AND LEARNING CONCEPT NETWORKS RELATED TO ECOSYSTEM COMPOSITION IN UPPER SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN REPUBLIC OF KOREA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Baltic Science Education</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">connection network</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecosystem composition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning concept network</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching concept network</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">upper secondary school</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=4659914</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Learning in the classroom is mainly done through verbal interaction. Since science learning is a subject in which it is difficult for students to acquire knowledge on their own, teacher guidance in class is more important. This study aimed to compare teaching and learning concept networks for the ecosystem-related content taught in upper secondary schools in the Republic of Korea. This content is divided into two classes—namely, ‘Ecosystem Components’ and ‘Interactions between Ecosystem Components’. The key concept and connection networks for teaching and learning concepts were analysed. The study participants were 10th-grade students and three teachers who taught them. The teacher’s class content was recorded, while the students’ learning concepts were examined using a questionnaire. The collected data were analysed using NetMiner 4.0. The results of this study are as follows: First, the teachers and students predominantly shared the concept of the entire ecosystem; however, the detailed structures of the concept networks differed. Second, the teacher did not clearly teach the concepts of the ‘Ecosystem Components’ and ‘Interactions between Ecosystem Components’ classes and utilised the concepts repeatedly. Third, the follow-up learning content impacted the pre-learning. These findings suggest that teachers need to clearly divide concepts into each topic when teaching. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">905-917</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lim, S.-M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hyunju Chun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hyonyong Lee</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Youngshin Kim</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LEARNING CONCEPT NETWORKS IN THE PHOTOSYNTHESIS BASED ON STUDENTS’ COGNITIVE LEVELS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Baltic Science Education</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cognitive level</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">concept network</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">connected concept network</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning concept</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">photosynthesis</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/987-1724480174.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An important educational goal is enabling students to learn scientific concepts. The scientific concepts learned in class are developed within students’ cognitive structures. Despite the successful application of Semantic Network Analysis (SNA) to study these cognitive structures, there has been limited examination of students' concept networks based on their individual characteristics. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the differences in students’ characteristics based on their cognitive levels, which influence their thinking and behavior. To analyze these differences, this study compares concept and connected concept networks, focusing on photosynthesis, a challenging life sciences topic. The study’s results indicate that students could not clearly distinguish concepts by subtopic, but there were changes in the concept network after class. Although the types and number of concepts students knew were similar depending on their cognitive level, the concept network structure differed. Additionally, some students could not distinguish between similar concepts. Thus, teachers are advised to differentiate between similar concepts during instruction and address personal variables such as students' cognitive levels.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">658-678</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lim, S.-M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Youngshin Kim</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GENDER DIFFERENCES IN EXPERIENCES OF 6TH-GRADE STUDENTS INQUIRY ACTIVITIES IN THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Baltic Science Education</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">external experience</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gender difference</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">inquiry stage</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">internal experience</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/987-1697653866.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Each student's individual experience in learning is very important. Lower secondary school students are engaged in activities that focus on inquiry rather than the acquisition of scientific knowledge in science classrooms. Therefore, the experiences and thoughts of lower secondary school students in the stage of scientific inquiry need to be analyzed. To this end, the internal and external experiences of students in the stages of observation, variable control, and conclusion drawing were analyzed through candle-burning experiments. Seventy-seven 6th-grade students were used as participants. The main activities; main actions; main thoughts; and contribution of actions, consciousness, and emotions were analyzed. No differences were observed in the external and internal experiences of male and female students in each stage of the inquiry activities. There were many cases in which other activities related to the inquiry were carried out in addition to the activities that were mainly performed at the corresponding stage. About 1/4 of the participants had internal experiences unrelated to inquiry. The results showed that interaction needs to be increased by including the variable control stage in the inquiry activities. Given that there were no differences in the external and internal experiences of male and female students, equal inquiry activities without gender discrimination can be achieved.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">881-899</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Youngshin Kim</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yun-hye Lee</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hyonyong Lee</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lim, S.-M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ALIGNMENT OF CONCEPTS OF MEIOSIS AMONG CURRICULUM, TEXTBOOKS, CLASSROOM TEACHING AND ASSESSMENT IN UPPER SECONDARY SCHOOL IN REPUBLIC OF KOREA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Baltic Science Education</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">concepts’ alignment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">meiosis concepts</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">semantic network</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">upper secondary school</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/987-1652206452.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">If the concepts used in curriculum, textbooks, classroom teaching, and assessment are not consistent, students may have difficulty in understanding the concepts of science correctly and this may lead to the formation of misconceptions. The purpose of this study is to measure the alignment of science concepts by analyzing the semantic networks of curriculum, textbooks, classroom teaching, and student assessment with respect to the contents on meiosis as covered in Life Science I. The semantic network method using the NetMiner 4.0 program was applied. 11 concepts were extracted from the curriculum commentary. The textbook presented 36 concepts; classroom teaching presented 54 concepts; a total of 23 concepts were presented from assessment. With respect to alignment of relevant concepts, 6 (gamete, chromosome, meiosis, gene, daughter cell and cell division) were linked to all 4 sources (curriculum, textbooks, classroom teaching, and assessment). These concepts are mainly used to explain the process of meiosis. It is concluded that the key concepts of meiosis exhibited alignment in curriculums, textbooks, classroom teaching and assessment. However, there are many concepts used only in textbooks and classroom teaching. The greater number of concepts in textbooks and teaching can become one of the causes of a deficit in learning.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">232-244</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Youngshin Kim</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chaewon Oh</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mohadesse Eskandari</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lim, S.-M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONNECTION OF TERMS BETWEEN INQUIRY ACTIVITIES AND THE MAIN TEXT IN THE LIFE SCIENCE UNIT OF LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL TEXTBOOKS IN THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Baltic Science Education</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biological terms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">connection network</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">inquiry activity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">main text</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">terms connection</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/987-1671187872.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teachers are highly reliant on textbooks for teaching. In the Republic of Korea, science textbooks help students to understand scientific terms through inquiry activities. However, there is a lack of analysis on whether the inquiry activities suggested in these textbooks appropriately cover the terms included in the main text. Therefore, this study assesses the life science units included in widely used lower secondary school science textbooks in the Republic of Korea by analysing the connection between the terms presented in the inquiry activities and the main text using the NetMiner 4.0 programme. The results reveal that the life science units included in the lower secondary school science textbooks are well structured for learning life science terms through the inquiry activities, as the terms presented in the inquiry activities and the main text are well connected. However, the number of terms included in each unit greatly differs and needs to be supplemented with the optimization of the number of terms per unit. The results provide basic data for the future development of lower secondary school science textbooks. Future research should analyse how the terms used in inquiry activities and the main text are connected in real science classes. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1004-1025</style></section></record></records></xml>