<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soyeon Kim</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jung-Ho Byeon</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COMPARING SIMULATION-BASED AND BLENDED INQUIRY LEARNING IN PRIMARY SCIENCE: EFFECTS ON SCIENCE INQUIRY SKILLS AND AFFECTIVE OUTCOMES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Baltic Science Education</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">affective domain</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">blended inquiry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary science education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science inquiry skills</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">simulation-based inquiry</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2026</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August / 2026</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2026/987-1789235285.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inquiry-based learning structured through the 5E learning cycle is widely recognised for fostering conceptual understanding and scientific reasoning. However, optimal strategies for supporting inquiry in primary classrooms remain debated. Empirical comparisons of hands-on, simulation-based, and blended inquiry approaches in primary science classes remain limited, particularly with respect to their effects on scientific inquiry skills and affective outcomes. This study developed a simulation-based inquiry module aligned with the 5E learning cycle and compared three inquiry approaches using a quasi-experimental pre-test and post-test design across six intact sixth-grade classes. Scientific inquiry skills and affective outcomes were measured before and after the inquiry activities. ANCOVA revealed significant group differences in several integrated scientific inquiry skills, including transforming data, interpreting data, formulating hypotheses, and controlling variables. Both simulation-based and blended inquiry approaches improved higher-order scientific inquiry skills and learning motivation, with the blended approach showing the most consistent effects. The effects were more pronounced in integrated inquiry skills and task commitment than in basic inquiry skills and some affective subcomponents. These findings indicate that simulations are most effective when integrated sequentially with hands-on experimentation in primary science learning.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">650-666</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soyeon Kim</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jung Bog Kim</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DEVELOPMENT OF AN INQUIRY ACTIVITY MODEL EMPHASIZING THE REPRESENTATION OF PRIMARY SCIENCE TEXTBOOKS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Baltic Science Education</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">inquiry activity model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">inquiry phase</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary science textbook</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">representation in inquiry activity</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/987-1713273156.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Despite increased research interest in improving students' scientific inquiry abilities, how to conduct scientific inquiry using science textbooks that are easily accessible to primary school students remains understudied. This study developed and verified an inquiry activity model (IAM) to improve the performance of primary school students in science textbook inquiry activities. Data were collected from sixth-grade primary students (n = 167) to analyze the difficulty level of textbook inquiry activities. An analysis tool was developed, focusing on inquiry skills and process flow. Expert analysis increased the tool’s validity. The analysis revealed that students possessed low integrated inquiry skills, were partially aware of the inquiry process flow, and could not design experiments. Hence, the IAM was developed to enhance students’ ability to perform textbook inquiry activities and understand the activity phases. It emphasized the flow and representation of the inquiry process for students to easily recall the contents as they learn the interconnectivity between phases. The post-test of the experimental group and the inquiry process flow chart showed significant improvement in all areas of inquiry ability. The scores for “connections” and “interconnectivity” in the inquiry process flow were high, reflecting the model’s effectiveness in showing the interconnectedness of all stages.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">315-330</style></section></record></records></xml>