<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xiangying Xue</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yuan Li</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huanjing Wang</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EFFECTS OF STEM PROJECT-BASED LEARNING ON ELECTRICITY ACHIEVEMENT, CRITICAL THINKING, AND INTEREST IN RURAL PHYSICS EDUCATION IN P. R. CHINA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Baltic Science Education</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">critical thinking skills</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">electricity education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rural education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science learning interest</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STEM project-based learning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2026</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August / 2026</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2026/987-1789235644.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STEM-integrated project-based learning (STEM-PjBL) can support science learning, but evidence from under-resourced rural schools in P. R. China remains limited. This study developed a low-cost STEM-integrated project-based learning module on electricity (STEM-E-PjBL, where “E” denotes electricity) and examined its effects on Grade 9 students’ electricity achievement, critical thinking skills, and science learning interest. A pragmatist mixed-methods approach was used, combining a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest nonequivalent control-group design with semi-structured interviews. One hundred students from two intact classes in one rural middle school participated. The experimental group (n = 50) completed the six-week STEM-E-PjBL module, whereas the control group (n = 50) received conventional physics lessons. Quantitative data were collected using an electricity achievement test, a critical thinking scale, and a science learning interest questionnaire. Thirty experimental-group students were interviewed and classified as high-, medium-, or low-gain students according to their pretest-posttest gains on the electricity achievement test, enabling differentiated analysis of students’ learning experiences. ANCOVA showed significant experimental-group advantages in all three outcomes, with large effect sizes. Interviews indicated that hands-on activities, authentic contexts, and collaborative inquiry supported understanding, reasoning, motivation, and engagement, with different gain groups emphasizing different forms of support and learning value. The STEM-E-PjBL module offers a feasible approach for improving rural students’ electricity learning and supporting equitable STEM education.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">739-762</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hiroyoshi Kinoshita</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TEACHING OF CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS BY SCIENCE TEACHERS IN JAPANESE PRIMARY SCHOOLS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Baltic Science Education</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">critical thinking skills</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">in-service teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teachers' training</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching skills</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/987-1667236818.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The importance of critical thinking in science education is widely recognized. However, little research has been conducted on the teaching of critical thinking by teachers. If actual teaching conditions of teachers in the classroom are clarified, effective teaching methods for developing critical thinking in students could be developed. This study administered a questionnaire survey to ascertain how science teachers teach critical thinking in Japanese primary schools. The study population consisted of 291 Japanese primary school teachers with teaching careers spanning 1–38 years. The survey revealed the following. (1) Teachers taught students the importance of conducting experiments by themselves to obtain results. However, teachers did not sufficiently teach students the need to conduct multiple experiments before reaching a conclusion, improve data reliability before making decisions, or examine their conclusions carefully given incomplete data. (2) Compared to teachers with shorter teaching careers, teachers with longer careers taught critical thinking more effectively, particularly in terms of emphasizing positivity and maintaining a healthy skepticism. (3) Teachers who taught emphasized positivity and encouraged multifaceted thinking were more likely to teach about emphasized evidence. The corresponding causal relationship analysis suggests that teaching that emphasizes positivity and encourages multifaceted thinking is key to promoting evidence-oriented instruction.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">801-816</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Budi Jatmiko</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Binar Kurnia Prahani</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Munasir</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Z.A. Imam Supardi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Iwan Wicaksono</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nia Erlina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paken Pandiangan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rosyid Althaf</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zainuddin</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE COMPARISON OF OR-IPA TEACHING MODEL AND PROBLEM BASED LEARNING MODEL EFFECTIVENESS TO IMPROVE CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS OF PRE-SERVICE PHYSICS TEACHERS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Baltic Science Education</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">and PBL model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">basic physics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">critical thinking skills</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OR-IPA model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pre-service physics teachers</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/987-1523527582.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Critical thinking skills are one of the 21st century skills that are effectively trained by using the OR-IPA and Problem Based Learning (PBL) Model, therefore this research aims to compare the effectiveness of both. Research design used True Experiment with Randomized Subject Control-group Pre-test and Post-test with 94 pre-service physics teachers. Data collected using the critical thinking skills test and the student response sheet, and then analyzed using t-test and N-gain. The results showed: (1) the teaching instruments of OR-IPA and PBL Model have fulfilled the validity requirements (rα ~ .26) and reliability (α = .96 - .99). (2) Each of OR-IPA, PBL, and Conventional Model can significantly increase critical thinking skills at α = 5%, respectively with average N-gain: medium (.60), medium (.48), and low (.14); with the student response of: very positive, very positive, and less positive. (3) The OR-IPA and PBL Model are effective to improve critical thinking skills, while the Conventional Model is ineffective, and the OR-IPA Model is more effective compared to the PBL Model. Implication of this research is that the OR-IPA Model can be an innovative solution to improve critical thinking skills, but there is still a need for repetitive research like this.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">300-319</style></section></record></records></xml>