<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laliyo, L. A. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">La Kilo, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mardjan Paputungan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wiwin Rewini Kunusa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lilan Dama</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Citra Panigoro</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RASCH MODELLING TO EVALUATE REASONING DIFFICULTIES, CHANGES OF RESPONSES, AND ITEM MISCONCEPTION PATTERN OF HYDROLYSIS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Baltic Science Education</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hydrolysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">misconception</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rasch model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reasoning difficulties</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/987-1667236909.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study evaluates the difficulties in concept reasoning, changes in response patterns, and item misconception hydrolysis patterns using Rasch modeling. Data were collected through the development of 30 distractor-based diagnostic test items, measuring ten levels of conceptual reasoning ability in three types of salt hydrolysis compounds: 〖〖Na〗_5 P〗_3 O_10, NaOCl and 〖〖(NH〗_4)〗_2 〖SO〗_4. These 30 written test items were completed by 849 students in Gorontalo, Indonesia. The findings show empirical evidence of the reliability and validity of the measurement. Further analysis found that the students’ reasoning difficulty levels of the concept of saline solutions were varied; the calculation of saline solution’s pH level is the most difficult construct to reason. In particular items, changes in response patterns were found; the misconception curve showed a declining trend and disappeared along with the increase of comprehension along the spectrum of students’ abilities. The item misconceptions pattern was found repeatedly in similar items. This finding strengthens the conclusion that resistant misconceptions potentially tend to cause students' conceptual reasoning difficulties and are difficult to diagnose in conventional ways. This study contributes to developing ways of diagnosing resistant misconceptions and being a reference for teachers and researchers in evaluating students' chemical conceptual reasoning difficulties based on Rasch modeling.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">817-835</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hakan Kurt</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DETERMINING BIOLOGY TEACHER CANDIDATES' CONCEPTUAL STRUCTURES ABOUT ENERGY AND ATTITUDES TOWARDS ENERGY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Baltic Science Education</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Attitude</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cognitive structure</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">misconception</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/987-1425808957.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The aim of the current study is to investigate biology teacher candidates' cognitive structures related to &quot;energy&quot;. As the research design of the study, the case study was applied. The data were collected from 44 Biology teacher candidates. The free word-association test, the drawing-writing technique and the semantic differential attitude scale were used as data collection instruments. The data were subject to content analysis and divided into categories through coding. In the analysis, the categories were formed and determined through the results of word-association test and drawing-writing test which were completed by the biology teacher candidates. With the help of these categories, the cognitive structures of biology teacher candidates were explained. These categories were determined as biological energy-metabolism, energy resources in the nature- types of energy- renewable energy and energy for life continuity. The semantic attitudes of Biology teacher candidates toward energy were found to be positive. On the other hand, it was determined that biology teacher candidates had misconceptions related to energy.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">399-423 </style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hakan Kurt</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TURKISH STUDENT BIOLOGY TEACHERS' CONCEPTUAL STRUCTURES AND SEMANTIC ATTITUDES TOWARDS MICROBES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Baltic Science Education</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cognitive structure</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">microbe</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">misconception</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">semantic differential attitudes</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/987-1425810489.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The aim of the current study is to investigate student biology teachers' cognitive structures related to &quot;microbe&quot;. The mixed research design was applied in this study. The data were collected from 44 student biology teachers. The free word-association test, the drawing-writing technique and the semantic differential attitude scale were used as data collection instruments. The data were subject to content analysis and divided into categories through coding. With the help of these categories, the cognitive structures of student biology teacher were explained. These categories were determined as definition of microbes, microbial variety and activity, immunity. It was determined that student biology teachers' semantic attitudes towards microbe were at a neutral level in terms of mean scores of all adjectives considered; however� based on each and every adjective, they mostly perceive microbes as infectious, contagious, and dirty. Moreover, the data collected through two data collection instruments indicated that student teachers had misconceptions about microbes considering the themes determined.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">608-639</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aykut  Bozdoğan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Murat  Demirbaş</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE EFFECT OF UNIVERSITY PROCESS IN IMPROVING THE MISCONCEPTIONS OF PRE-SERVICE SCIENCE TEACHERS ABOUT MOTION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Baltic Science Education</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">misconception</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">motion concepts</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/987-1404740144.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In this paper, the effects of university experiences in improving the misconceptions of pre-service science teachers about motion (displacement, distance, average velocity and speed) they brought from secondary education were investigated. This descriptive study was conducted in Ahi Evran University, Faculty of Education between 2003 - 2007 academic years. Total 52 students studying in science education department took part in the study. In the data collection, 12 open-ended questions were asked to pre-service science teachers both in the 1st and 4th years. Frequency tables and percentages were used for analyzing and presenting the data. The paper concludes by arguing that university process could not remove the misconceptions of pre-service science teachers regarding the definitions and quantities of displacement, distance, average velocity, speed, and operational questions.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">145-156 </style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ayse Sert Cibik</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Emine Selcen Darcin</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PRE-SERVICE SCIENCE TEACHERS’ KNOWLEDGE LEVEL ABOUT SOME BASIC AIR POLLUTANTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Baltic Science Education</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">air pollution</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">misconception</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pre-service science teachers</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/987-1404720517.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The aim of this study was to investigate the Turkish pre-service science teachers’ level of knowledge about air pollution. The participants’ levels of knowledge about “Air Pollution” were identified via a closed form questionnaire. The measuring instrument is applied on 325 female and 137 male students inside of the sample and a total of 462 students was applied this test. The questionnaire using in this study consisted of 17 statements. The results of the study revealed that; even though Turkish pre-service science teachers’ level of knowledge about air pollution were well shaped, it is shown that most of these pre-service science teachers have misconception. The results show that they did not have adequate knowledge (level) about some basic air pollutants and their effects. The results also revealed that pre-service teachers have misconceptions about whether the pollutants CFCs, CO2 and Hydrocarbons are pollutants or not. In order to prevent that, pre-service teachers should be informed about the effects and activities of these pollutants and what should be done. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22-34</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mustafa Özden</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PROSPECTIVE SCIENCE TEACHERS’ CONCEPTIONS OF THE SOLUTION CHEMISTRY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Baltic Science Education</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conception</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">misconception</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">prospective science teacher</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">solution chemistry</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/987-1404739580.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study investigated to determine and characterize prospective science teachers’ conception of the concept of solution chemistry and its related concepts. An instrument containing open-ended questions was built by the researcher first and administered to 30 prospective science teachers. In addition, semi-structured interviews were administered by researcher with 5 students from the sample in order to clarify their written responses. The results indicated that the prospective science teachers’ understandings of most of the concepts were in specific misconception level. Particularly, prospective science teachers showed good understanding on electrical conductivity of solution, boiling point elevation and characteristics of dissolution process compared to other concepts. On the other hand, they have poor understanding on concept of temperature factor affecting solubility rate, classification of solutions, properties of solutions and difference between melting and dissolution. Furthermore, the results showed that many prospective science teachers could not learn the concepts related to solution chemistry well enough.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">69-78 </style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andero Vaarik</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mare Taagepera</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lembi Tamm</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FOLLOWING THE LOGIC OF STUDENT THINKING PATTERNS ABOUT ATOMIC ORBITAL STRUCTURES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Baltic Science Education</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">knowledge space theory</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">misconception</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">symbolic representation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">visual representation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/987-1404288983.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The aim of the present study was to follow the logic of student thinking patterns about atomic orbital structures on both the atomic model visualization and the corresponding symbolic representation levels. The students´ factual knowledge was measured by the percent correct answers with and without explanations, the misconceptions were documented, and the cognitive organization was analyzed using knowledge space theory. The study was carried out with 255 students studying chemistry at the 8th and 9th lower secondary school and 10th to 12th secondary school levels.
       The major findings included (1) the high proportion of correct answers on multiple-choice questions, without correct explanations, leading to false positive results which do not necessarily reflect understanding of the material; (2) the lack of a logic structure in students' thinking due mostly to the misunderstanding of symbols; and (3) misconceptions about what charges represent and the placement of electrons in ionic vs. covalent bonding. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27-36</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sacit Köse</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE EFFECTS OF CONCEPT MAPPING INSTRUCTION ON OVERCOMING 9th GRADE STUDENTS’ MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT DIFFUSION AND OSMOSIS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Baltic Science Education</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biology education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">concept mapping</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">diffusion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">misconception</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">osmosis</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/987-1404287972.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The purpose of the present study was to determine 9th grade students’ misconceptions on the concepts of diffusion and osmosis and to investigate the effect of making use of concept mapping instruction on overcoming the misconceptions. The experimental study was conducted in two different classes of a high school context with a total of 50 9th grade students in Denizli, Turkey. The concepts of the diffusion and osmosis were taught the students in the experimental group with the instruction designed by making use of concept mapping method whereas these topics were taught to the control group with traditional instruction. The Diffusion and Osmosis Diagnostic Test developed by Odom and Barrow (1995) was given to both groups as pre-test and post-test. The results indicated that after treatment, the average percentage of students in the experimental group holding a scientifically correct view increased 42%, whereas this increased only 15% in the control group. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16-25</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Milan Kubiatko</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pavol Prokop</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PUPILS’ MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT MAMMALS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Baltic Science Education</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">age</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mammals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">misconception</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pupils</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/987-1404286616.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A misconception about animals has been reported in various research reports on the pupils of all age groups. However, deeper study on the children’s concepts about mammals has never been conducted. This study suggests the ideas about mammals put forward by the children aged from 10 to 15. A questionnaire with 35 multiple choice and open - ended questions were administered to 468 children from 6 elementary schools in Slovakia. The children’s ideas were examined in five dimensions (animal classification and phylogeny; food; foraging strategies; parental care; senses, morphology and anatomy). Serious misconceptions about mammals across all age groups were found out. Our data provides direct implications for teaching biology. 
        This study showed that Slovakian elementary school pupils had serious problems with several concepts about mammals. Our data corroborate previous findings about misidentification of common mammals with other animals (see Kellert, 1985; Trowbridge &amp; Mintzes, 1985, 1988; Braund, 1991, 1998). Moreover, the follow up questions showed that although most of the pupils were aware that a whale is a mammal, they were less sure that whales suck milk or feed on plankton. These findings are in line with our current research focused on the children’ concepts about birds (Prokop, Kubiatko &amp; Fancovicova, acceptted manuscript) and support a necessity of using the multiple questions focused on the same topic rather than using a simple question. Moreover, these data have direct implications for biology practise and can be applied internationally.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-14</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pavol Prokop</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jana Fančovičová</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STUDENTS’ IDEAS ABOUT THE HUMAN BODY: DO THEY REALLY DRAW WHAT THEY KNOW?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Baltic Science Education</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">drawings</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">human body</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">misconception</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">research methods</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2006</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/987-1404235145.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">There are several ways for gathering information about student’s knowledge. Interviews or written tests with open-ended questions may effectively elicit students in-depth thinking, but they are difficult to quantify and some times subjective. In contrast, drawings have been considered as a simple research instrument that enables easy comparisons at the international level. We investigated relationships between the level of understanding shown by university students’ written responses focused on the function of bodily organs/organ systems and their ideas about the human body drawn on separate sheets of paper. We failed to find any relationship between these two methods. We propose that using the method of drawing in combination with written responses (or interviews) would provide more reliable information about children’s understanding about scientific phenomena including the human body.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">86-95</style></section></record></records></xml>