@article {751,
	title = {EDUCATIONAL CYBERNETICS OR DIDACTICS APPROACH TO "ECONOMY" OF HUMAN THINKING},
	journal = {Problems of Education in the 21st Century},
	volume = {46},
	year = {2012},
	month = {October/2012},
	type = {Original article},
	chapter = {22-27},
	abstract = {The paper describes starting point of so called {\textquotedblright}Educational Informatics{\textquotedblleft} as one of the Educational Cybernetics approaches, and example of research results of theory called as {\quotedblbase}human thinking economy{\textquotedblleft} application in the field of science and technical education is provided.
 Educational informatics is based on so-called educational theory of signs (educational semiotics) developed by M. Lansky which provides great support to the process setting the basis of branch didactics in learner{\textquoteright}s cognitive capacity. This approach contents the psycho-structural model of processing information explaining the route of information which is to be processed. It starts with registering it by sense organs (sensory perception), followed by aware perception (apperception) and operating it, i.e. the entire processing the information including storing it in the memory. Within this process various functions are activated, both when the memory stores (associates) the information and effectors (performing organs) are activated. This psycho-structural model synthesizes both behavioural approach (stimulus - "black box" - reaction) and the humanistic psychology approach based on the introspective analysis. A similar model was provided for the chemistry didactics by Johnstone, too. This psycho-structural model also distinguishes certain cornerstones (i.e. model of operations) of human perception and learning, i.e. stimuli {\textendash} perception filter {\textendash} working space within the memory (operational memory) {\textendash} long-term memory which influences the accommodator (adaptor, i.e. the apparatus for directing attention or reduction the apperception). It differs from cybernetic pedagogy as it does not apply the {\textquotedblleft}hard{\textquotedblleft} quantitative approach to expressing the content of single parts of the psycho-structural model (in bits) but divides the learning content into several mastered parts (operations) called {\textquotedblleft}pieces{\textquotedblleft} which the learner must run in the operational memory. This method is called {\textquotedblleft}chunking{\textquotedblleft}, i.e. composing, stratifying, layering information in the memory) and was applying in our research their selected results are presented in the second part of the paper. },
	keywords = {cybernetic approach in branch didactics, educational informatics, science and technical education},
	issn = {1822-7864},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.33225/pec/12.46.22},
	url = {http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1413727819.pdf},
	author = {Martin  B{\'\i}lek and Pavel   Cyrus and Ivana  {\v S}imonov{\'a}}
}
@article {422,
	title = {VIRTUAL LEARNING ENVIRONMENT AS A SUBJECT OF CURRENT RESEARCH PROJECTS AT UNIVERSITY OF HRADEC KR{\'A}LOV{\'E}},
	journal = {Problems of Education in the 21st Century },
	volume = {23},
	year = {2010},
	month = {July/2010},
	type = {Original article},
	chapter = {41-50},
	abstract = {The paper deals with research activities run at the University of Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Education and Faculty of Informatics and Management, Czech Republic, which relate to information and communication technologies implemented in the process of instruction in various subjects. Particularly the role of a virtual learning environment (VLE) is mentioned and discussed, and information about core current projects is provided. The project work is understood to be a tool of VLE reflection, which is considered both from generally accepted points of view, and some new approaches are also introduced.�
 Current orientation of university education, which is changing under the influence of latest technology development and new key competences, can be researched from various, different points of view. Education supported by ICT has been spreading because of growing popularity of digital technologies in general. Another reason is it enables easier and more complex realization of the instructional process, offers choice of place, time and pace for studying, allows an individual approach to students preferring various learning styles. These are the key values important for the effectiveness of the process. Material and technical requirements having been satisfied, strong attention must be paid to didactic aspects of the instructional process. To contribute to this process is the main objective of these projects. },
	keywords = {project work, virtual learning environment},
	issn = {1822-7864},
	url = {https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2594592},
	author = {Martin  B{\'\i}lek and Ivana  {\v S}imonov{\'a} and Jan  La{\v s}ek}
}
