@article {1721,
	title = {BEHAVIORS RELATED TO PRIMARY SCHOOL PRINCIPALS{\textquoteright} CRISIS MANAGEMENT SKILLS: IN THE CONTEXT OF THE FEBRUARY 6TH 2023 EARTHQUAKE},
	journal = {Problems of Education in the 21st Century},
	volume = {82},
	year = {2024},
	month = {April/2024},
	pages = {Continuous},
	type = {Original article},
	chapter = {252-274},
	abstract = {In the face of the unpredictable nature of crises, it is expected that school principals exhibit behaviors aimed at maintaining the psychological well-being of teachers, students, and parents along with the educational processes. The sudden occurrence of the February 6, 2023 earthquakes, has presented an important crisis situation in which school principals are expected to display the desired behaviors. This research aims to reveal to what extent school principals demonstrated their crisis management skills in the context of the February 6, 2023 earthquake and what behaviors they exhibited during crisis management processes, based on teachers{\textquoteright} opinions. The research was carried out with a mixed method approach in which quantitative and qualitative research methods were used together. The sample of the research consisted of 295 teachers, and the study group consisted of 18 teachers selected from the same sample by purposeful sampling method. Quantitative data of the research were collected using the crisis management scale, and qualitative data were collected using a semi-structured interview form. According to the quantitative results of the research, it was determined that the crisis management skill levels of school principals were "mostly" in the pre-crisis and post-crisis periods, and "sometimes" during the crisis period. When teachers{\textquoteright} opinions were examined, it was seen that school principals were unprepared for crises arising from natural disasters such as earthquakes and that they mostly followed the Ministry of National Education guidelines and therefore lacked initiative. School principals who were able to take initiative took action to support the psychological health of teachers, students and parents by meeting their needs and gained their trust. },
	keywords = {2023 earthquakes, crisis management, February 6th, school principals{\textquoteright} crisis management behaviors},
	issn = {1822-7864},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.33225/pec/24.82.252},
	url = {https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1715414948.pdf},
	author = {{\"O}zdemir, G. and Sevilay {\c S}ahin and {\"O}zdemir T{\"u}rko{\u g}lu, S.}
}
@article {1614,
	title = {A BIBLIOMETRIC VIEW ON VALUES EDUCATION STUDIES IN THE INTERNATIONAL ARENA},
	journal = {Problems of Education in the 21st Century},
	volume = {81},
	year = {2023},
	month = {February/2023},
	pages = {Continuous},
	type = {Original article},
	chapter = {27-43},
	abstract = {Values education is an accepted field of study in the world today. The cultural ties that values education has due to its nature are also reflected in the studies carried out. Based on the necessity of determining the trend of values education studies in the world, this research aims to bring a bibliometric view to the field. For this purpose, 256 articles indexed in Web of Science from 2005 to 2021 were analyzed. As a result of the analysis, the distribution of the articles by years and journals, the prominent articles, authors, institutions, and the links between them were mapped. It has been observed that the journal "Educational Sciences in Theory and Practice" stands out in terms of the number of documents in the journals, and the journal "Teaching and Teacher Education" ranks first in terms of the number of citations it receives. The most influential authors are Thornberg, R., Lovat, T., and Clement, N. Among the countries, it has been determined that Australia ranks first in terms of both the number of documents and the number of citations it receives. The expression {\textquotedblleft}values education{\textquotedblright} is the most preferred keyword. It was followed by the words {\textquotedblleft}values{\textquotedblright} and {\textquotedblleft}moral education{\textquotedblright}.  It has been observed that the cooperation networks between the authors, institutions and countries are weak. },
	keywords = {bibliometric analysis, values education, Voswiever, Web of Science},
	issn = {1822-7864},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.33225/pec/23.81.27 },
	url = {https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1677582712.pdf},
	author = {G{\"o}k{\c c}e Demiry{\"u}rek}
}
@article {1435,
	title = {A BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF COHESIVE SPEECH RESEARCH OF PRESCHOOLERS FROM 1970 TO 2020},
	journal = {Problems of Education in the 21st Century},
	volume = {79},
	year = {2021},
	month = {August/2021},
	pages = {Continuous},
	type = {Original article},
	chapter = {611-625},
	abstract = {Cohesive speech has commonly become regarded as one of the essential aspects of language development, especially for pre-schoolers. This study aimed to shed light on the cohesive speech of pre-schoolers (CSP) knowledge base. Three hundred ninety-five publications close related cohesive speech research of 5-6-year-old children were collected from the Scopus database. By using the bibliometric approach, the results showed the growth rate of publications over time from 1970 to 2020. In this period, the top five countries, the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, Brazil and France, have published over 60\% of total documents. Besides, four main interests of authors in this field were discovered: {\textquotedblleft}language development{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}speech pathology outcomes{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}speech therapy{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}language intervention{\textquotedblright}. Among these themes, {\textquotedblleft}speech pathology outcomes{\textquotedblright} was the most relevant one. Another finding, in recent years, scholars focused on aspects of autism spectrum disorder of pre-schoolers. More importantly, the achievements of this discipline have considerably made positive contributions to various fields both in terms of theory and practice, especially in language and linguistics, speech and hearing, psychology, and medicine. Overall, these studies highlight the need for many other studies, particularly relevant to pre-schooling when new generations should be better prepared to be happy in school by their future cognitive developments.},
	keywords = {language development, language intervention, speech pathology outcomes, speech therapy},
	issn = {1822-7864},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.33225/pec/21.79.611},
	url = {http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1628687277.pdf},
	author = {Ly Thi Bac La and Nga Thi Thu Nguyen and Anh Thi Thuy Truong and Thu-Giang Tran and The-Thang Nguyen}
}
@article {1267,
	title = {A BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE IN EDUCATIONAL CONTEXTS},
	journal = {Problems of Education in the 21st Century},
	volume = {78},
	year = {2020},
	month = {February/2020},
	pages = {Continuous},
	type = {Original article},
	chapter = {114-128},
	abstract = {Open source software has now become a significant alternative in meeting different needs in business, government and academic environments, such as needs related to economics, management, learning and innovation, among others. The purpose of this research was to examine the research trends and evolution of the field of open source software adoption between 2001 and 2019. The methodology used involved bibliometric analysis of 289 documents obtained through a Scopus extracted search equation, generating indicators of quantity and quality and analyzing the emerging themes in said field of knowledge. The findings of the research include the existence of a strong trend towards research and dissemination regarding open source software, particularly in countries such as the United States, whose institutions and authors demonstrate high levels of productivity and dissemination. There was also evidence of an interest in reducing barriers and encouraging the adoption and implementation of the software in other sectors where its use is still lagging behind. The main conclusion of the research is that the research of open source software adoption focuses on the following topics: innovation, Linux, FLOSS, engineering requirements, risk management, open innovation, the public sector, social network analysis and total cost of ownership. },
	keywords = {bibliometric analysis, information technology, open source software, research trends, technology adoption},
	issn = {1822-7864},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.33225/pec/20.78.114},
	url = {http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1581495058.pdf},
	author = {Orfa Nidia Pati{\~n}o Toro and Yesenia Acevedo Correa and Alejandro Valencia-Arias and Martha Benjumea-Arias}
}
@article {1175,
	title = {BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS USING SANDWICH MAKING COMPUTER SIMULATION GAMES AS A SUPPORTING TEACHING METHOD},
	journal = {Problems of Education in the 21st Century},
	volume = {76},
	year = {2018},
	month = {December/2018},
	pages = {Continuous},
	type = {Original article},
	chapter = {779-799},
	abstract = {Writing and balancing equations of chemical reactions is one of the \most difficult elements of chemistry education for students, which is why it was decided to analyse part of the process which is the most difficult. The process itself consists of multiple stages. it is important to highlight that the focus of research was not only on balancing the chemical equations. This stage can be independent of chemical skills and knowledge and is based on combinatorial and mathematical skills. 
The aim of the research was to examine whether using computer simulations can help younger children to balance chemical equations before they start to learn chemistry by using the psychological theory of transfer. It was decided first to teach children how to {\textquotedblleft}make sandwiches{\textquotedblright} using a computer simulation game. When they have mastered in this activity, they can balance chemical equations. If the children learned how many pieces of cheese, ham and bread would be necessary to {\textquotedblleft}make sandwiches{\textquotedblright} they began to learn how to balance chemical equations. The children were acquainted with the elements of chemical knowledge necessary to understand the simulation, and then they worked independently with it. Tests were carried out to check the acquired level of ability to balancing chemical equations. 
The obtained results proved that the balancing of the simple equation of reaction was mastered by over 50\% of the children tested. 
It seems, therefore, a good solution that elements of reconciliation of chemical reaction equations should be introduced at an earlier stage of education, for example during maths lessons.
},
	keywords = {balancing chemical equations, computer simulation game, experimental research design, learning transfer},
	issn = {1822-7864},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.33225/pec/18.76.779},
	url = {http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1545498517.pdf},
	author = {Martin  B{\'\i}lek and Ma{\l}gorzata Nodzy{\'n}ska and Wioleta Kopek-Puta{\l}a and Paulina Zimak-Piekarczyk}
}
@article {952,
	title = {BELIEFS OF THE BIOLOGY TEACHERS ABOUT USING MULTIMEDIA},
	journal = {Problems of Education in the 21st Century},
	volume = {63},
	year = {2015},
	month = {February/2015},
	pages = {Discontinuous},
	type = {Original article},
	chapter = {71-83},
	abstract = {The Science disciplines suffer from neglect of the learners. Therefore, the teachers are looking for strategies how to increase the popularity and the efficiency of teaching biology. Biology as a discipline is suitable for using different kinds of visualization, including multimedia support as one of the possibilities for increasing the popularity of this subject. The implementation of multimedia in teaching process can be successful only if the teachers are aware of the needs and the advantages of these teaching aids. Confidence of the efficiency of application of multimedia support into the biology lessons was analysed by means of a questionnaire with the main focus on learning strategies and mental abilities of the learners. The questionnaire was distributed on-line in the Czech Republic to 422 teachers working at primary schools, secondary schools and high schools and to 222 pre-service biology teachers. Respondents identified the importance of using multimedia in everyday life. They determined many educational opportunities arising from the use of multimedia in education. According to their beliefs, the main roles of using multimedia are related to motivation, cognitive activity and learning activity. Besides, the teachers evaluate themselves as not very well experienced in using multimedia tools. },
	keywords = {motivation of learners, multimedia support of education, popularization of biology},
	issn = {1822-7864},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.33225/pec/15.63.71},
	url = {http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1430294397.pdf},
	author = {Tereza Odch{\'a}zelov{\'a}}
}
@article {933,
	title = {BYSTANDER IN THE CLASSROOM? THE ROLE OF FEELING-OF-BEING-CONCERNED IN THE PERCEPTION OF THE POSSIBILITY TO HELP UNRULY BEHAVING PUPILS AND ITS RELATION WITH SOCIAL COGNITIVE FLEXIBILITY},
	journal = {Problems of Education in the 21st Century},
	volume = {62},
	year = {2014},
	month = {December/2014},
	pages = {Discontinuous},
	type = {Original article},
	chapter = {62-73},
	abstract = {With the aim of dealing with educational cross-domain problems that are likely to appear in each course regardless of the teaching domain, the teachers can either take the initiative to help or they can choose not to intervene. Despite the helpful recommendations to make all pupils participate (UNESCO) or no child left behind (NCLB in the United States), most teachers are unaware of their differential helping behavior when they are faced with an ambiguous or problematic educational situation. In line with the bystander effect literature and stereotype content model, the mechanism that underlies the decision of not helping is identified as the feeling that drives an individual to get into the given situation: the feeling of being concerned (FBC). FBC is supposed to redirect individuals away from hasty, biased conclusions and lead them to some distance from any information (i.e., social cognitive flexibility). It is hypothesized that the more one feels concerned by the situation, the more distance he or she tends to take based on the available information. In a current online survey, the participating teachers in training first gave their opinions about the proposed statements (i.e., the social cognitive flexibility measures), then they read one standardized scenario of the educational situation, and finally they responded to questions related to the perceived possibility of helping the pupils in the scenario. The quantitative results (according to ANOVA) show that the teachers with a high FBC report a higher perceived possibility to help and show a higher level of social cognitive flexibility compared to those with a low FBC. These results are supported by significant correlations and are discussed in terms of their implications for the teachers{\textquoteright} practice. },
	keywords = {Bystander Effect, feeling-of-being-concerned, Helping Behavior, unruly behavior},
	issn = {1822-7864},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.33225/pec/14.62.62},
	url = {http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1423570608.pdf},
	author = {Aneta   Mechi}
}
@article {822,
	title = {BLENDING OF OLD AND NEW APPROACHES IN GEOGRAPHICAL EDUCATION: A CASE STUDY},
	journal = {Problems of Education in the 21st Century},
	volume = {53},
	year = {2013},
	month = {April/2013},
	type = {Original article},
	chapter = {51-60},
	abstract = {Field work often takes place in the countryside and the city environment is neglected, although we usually move there more often. Natural science education should, however, include not only the evaluation of the rural landscape, but also the city, because we can find there an explanation for a number of physical-geographical but also socioeconomic phenomena and their spatio-temporal evolution. Therefore, the authors focused on the goal to use urban landscape as a "geography textbook". Urban landscape serves in this case as a didactic image.
 A study about significant viewpoints in Brno and its surroundings served as a basis for the experiment in which pupils and students had to sketch a view from these viewpoints and authors evaluated how they are able to perceive the urban landscape, locate the significant elements in an urban structure, identify their functions and relations among them. This concept can be understood as a use of nonverbal elements in teaching. The results of this experiment and namely the comparison of sketches produced by pupils and university students are described in the paper which also describes the blending of old and new approaches in geographical education. },
	keywords = {didactic image, geographical education, panoramic sketch},
	issn = {1822-7864},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.33225/pec/13.53.51},
	url = {http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1419413543.pdf},
	author = {Eduard   Hofmann and Hana   Svobodov{\'a}}
}
@article {700,
	title = {BLOG AS A PLATFORM FOR LEARNER-CENTERED APPROACH IN TEACHING BILINGUALS},
	journal = {Problems of Education in the 21st Century},
	volume = {41},
	year = {2012},
	month = {April/2012},
	type = {Original article},
	chapter = {130-139},
	abstract = {The article presents grounds for necessity for implying a learner-oriented course for bilinguals studying in modern Estonian school. Such a course is caused by changes in the State Curriculum. The second supposition is the need in teaching Russian to bilinguals not as a foreign language but as one of native ones, which is not provided by curricula of Estonian-speaking educational institutions, although many of them count more than 10\% of students from Russian-speaking families. As a result, bilingual students fairly and without accent speak Russian, however experiencing difficulties in reading and writing texts. 
 The realization of learner-centered approach for bilinguals via web blogs solves a vast number of organization problems, starting with the timetable settings for students from different classes and ending with individual approach to students{\textquoteright} personal achivements assessment. The article also decribes the course{\textquoteright}s structure, which is organized in four cycles with eight lessons in each; contact classes are to be held in the beginning of the course and between the cycles for interim results, as well as in the end of the course for conclusion.},
	keywords = {competence of text production, learner-centered approach, web blog},
	issn = {1822-7864},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.33225/pec/12.41.130},
	url = {http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1409840493.pdf},
	author = {Anastassia   Rezepova and Natalia  Tshuikina}
}
@article {587,
	title = {BARRIERS IN THE INTEGRATION OF ICT AT THE SCHOOL FOR THE HANDICAPPED},
	journal = {Problems of Education in the 21st Century},
	volume = {33},
	year = {2011},
	month = {August/2011},
	type = {Original article},
	chapter = {92-110},
	abstract = {Before developing action plans for effective information and communication technologies (ICT) integration, it is important to determine and overcome the barriers encountered in the teaching-learning process of the educational institutions. Therefore the purpose of this study is to determine the barriers experienced in the process of ICT integration at the School for the Handicapped (SfH)- the only school in Turkey that gives vocational higher education to hearing impaired students. The study was carried out with the qualitative case study at the SfH in the academic year of 2007{\textendash}2008. The participants of the study were all from the SfH, 60 hearing-impaired students, 21 faculty members and 3 administrators. The data were collected through the participant observations. Interviews, open-ended questionnaires, researcher{\textquoteright}s journal, documents, archival records and artifacts were compiled and analyzed inductively. Among the findings obtained in the study, the barriers experienced in the process of the ICT integration were the problems experienced by administrators, by the faculty members and by the students. The barriers experienced in the process of ICT integration by the participants at the SfH were found to be in relation to technical problems, technical support problems and problems based on lack of knowledge. The data have been discussed in the light of the related literature. },
	keywords = {case study, hearing impaired, participant observation},
	issn = {1822-7864},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.33225/pec/11.33.92},
	url = {https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1406576416.pdf},
	author = {Sema  Unluer}
}
@article {561,
	title = {BLOGGING TO SUPPORT INQUIRY-BASED LEARNING AND REFLECTION IN TEACHER STUDENTS{\textasciiacute} SCIENCE EDUCATION},
	journal = {Problems of Education in the 21st Century},
	volume = {31},
	year = {2011},
	month = {July/2011},
	type = {Original article},
	chapter = {73-84},
	abstract = {This study aims to clarify primary school teacher students{\textquoteright} experiences about the use of blogs in the context of a science course which includes collaborative inquiry-based approaches and a field trip. Teacher students were asked to design and conduct a small inquiry and report the phases of the process in a blog and then write their ideas about inquiry-based teaching and learning in it. The inquiry process was loosely scaffolded by linking the blogs together. The students were also asked to fill in a questionnaire of technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK), in order to acquire insight into their views on the scaffolding needed for their own inquiry process, as well as the role of scaffolding in the inquiry method in primary school. The findings showed that after discussing them with each other, teacher students were able to formulate personally meaningful problems for their investigation. Teacher students investigated multidisciplinary elements and learned about different phases of the inquiry and the blogs enabled them to follow the process of others. Teacher students{\textquoteright} information retrieval and processing skills developed through out the inquiry and aided them in other teacher education courses, also giving them a firm foundation and confidence in accessing and applying information as life-long learners.},
	keywords = {biology, inquiry learning, teacher students},
	issn = {1822-7864},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.33225/pec/11.31.73},
	url = {https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1406540688.pdf},
	author = {Jari  Kukkonen and Sirpa K{\"a}rkk{\"a}inen and Teemu  Valtonen and Tuula Keinonen}
}
@article {356,
	title = {BEAUTYLITY OF CHEMISTRY VISUALIZATION: WHETHER USEFUL CAN BE AESTHETIC},
	journal = {Problems of Education in the 21st Century },
	volume = {19},
	year = {2010},
	month = {March/2010},
	type = {Original article},
	chapter = {46-54},
	abstract = {The analysis of aesthetic potential of Chemistry visualization is carried out, taking in account philosophical, didactic, psychological and socio-cultural aspects. The issue is discussed in terms of the concurrent existence of two different subsystems referred both to Beauty and Utility which can be found in presentations of chemistry knowledge. To be aesthetic means the need to be accepted as attractive one, and thus Chemistry ought to change its paradigm to form new attitude to Chemistry knowledge. The concept can be regarded as for valuable acquisition (and thus very useful!) to learning process. To be useful means the need to be accepted as utile. The latter have been the main intention for the last centuries which turned the Chemistry into generator of the most unexpendable resources for industrial development. And it looks very attractive when people gained the highest plane of intelligence to admire the Beauty both natural and man-made objects. Finally both Beauty and Utility potentials derived from Chemistry visualization can be effectively elaborated within the integrated Philosophical Concept of Beautility. Theoretical study based on profound concepts from Science and Chemistry philosophy as well on few empiric researches carried out by author in the field of Chemistry Didactics.},
	keywords = {chemistry education, visualization},
	issn = {1822-7864},
	url = {http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1399917218.pdf},
	author = {Todar   Lakhvich}
}
@article {407,
	title = {BIOLOGICAL OBJECTS REFLECTED IN THE VERBAL ASSOCIATIONS OF BULGARIAN TEENAGERS},
	journal = {Problems of Education in the 21st Century },
	volume = {22},
	year = {2010},
	month = {June/2010},
	type = {Original article},
	chapter = {16-24},
	abstract = {The article aims to introduce the reader with the results from the second part of a survey on the concept of {\textquotedblleft}Nature{\textquotedblright} in the minds of 13-year-old Bulgarian students. This time, we focus on the question: What biological objects and knowledge are reflected in the verbal associations of the students? 
The method of study used is a chain associative experiment carried out following the S (stimulus) {\textendash} Ri (reactions) pattern. Each participant is required to write down the first 7 words that come to their mind when the word "nature" is pronounced. 1400 reactions are used to reconstruct the associative fields objectifying the conscious and unconscious layers of the cultural concept of {\textquoteleft}nature{\textquoteright} in the linguistic consciousness of the participants (100 students in the 6th and 100 students in the 7th grade). We analyze 988 words-reactions that have connection to the biological aspects of the concept of {\textquotedblleft}Nature{\textquotedblright}.
 We have also described how the associative experiment became a stimulus for organizing a competition for best painting and essay on the subject of {\textquotedblleft}Me and Nature{\textquotedblright} at a school in Sliven.},
	keywords = {associative experiment, knowledge in biology, the concept of {\textquotedblleft}Nature{\textquotedblright}},
	issn = {1822-7864},
	url = {http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1400514737.pdf},
	author = {Yordanka Dimova and Margarita  Panayotova and Darina  Uzova}
}
@article {352,
	title = {BRANCH DIDACTICS AND ITS PERSPECTIVES OF DEVELOPEMENT WITHIN THE CZECH REPUBLIC},
	journal = {Problems of Education in the 21st Century },
	volume = {19},
	year = {2010},
	month = {March/2010},
	type = {Original article},
	chapter = {15-19},
	abstract = {The article deals with branch didactics (subject methodology) current issues related to its gradual establishment within the fields of scientific disciplines. Branch didactics is analyzed with reference to its variable aspects of development and its gradual determination based on the original branch of science it evolved from. The article is also focusing on staffing as well as the consequences of the individual role of staffing within the development and directing of branch didactics. Such topics as pedagogues{\textasciiacute} competencies together with their optimum qualifications are brought up. The article is concluded by frame definitions of main branch didactics activities, concentrating on its aspects of irreplaceable and individual fields of science.},
	keywords = {branch didactics, didactic transformation, pre-gradual teachers{\textasciiacute} training},
	issn = {1822-7864},
	url = {http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1399917003.pdf},
	author = {Pavel Doul{\'\i}k and Ji{\v r}{\'\i} {\v S}koda}
}
@article {453,
	title = {BUILDING JUA-KALI OPERATORS{\textquoteright} CAPACITY IN SOFT SKILLS FOR FASTER ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT},
	journal = {Problems of Education in the 21st Century},
	volume = {25},
	year = {2010},
	month = {November/2010},
	type = {Original article},
	chapter = {43-57},
	abstract = {Kenya{\textquoteright}s Jua-Kali sector offers an alternative to formal employment. Though one needs technical and soft skills to work effectively, the latter are critical for successful entrepreneurship and unless Jua-Kali operators are trained in soft skills, they cannot function effectively. A trainer requires knowledge of what they need, lack and extent of deficiency. A cross-sectional survey design involving 230 randomly selected operators was used to provide this information. Extension experts ascertained the questionnaire{\textquoteright}s content validity whose reliability was 0.93α at 0.05 confidence level. The operators were 15-71years old with 69\% married, 65\% male, and 99\% formally trained. Soft skills{\textquoteright} mean acquisition was 55\% at primary, 61\% at secondary and 71\% at tertiary level and was independent of gender; >90\% of the operators lacked but required all 18 soft skills. Males dominated jobs requiring higher capital and more physical strength while females dominated jobs requiring lower capital and less physical strength and also the food sector; The sector accommodated people of all ages, majority being self-employed; on-the-job training was inadequate; and teaching soft skills within curricula was the best training modality. The researchers recommended mainstreaming formal provision of soft skills; training using the best modality and encouraging more people to join the sector.},
	keywords = {economic development, soft skills},
	issn = {1822-7864},
	url = {http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=924381},
	author = {John  Gowland-Mwangi and Agnes Oywaya  Nkurumwa and Stephen  Wambugu Maina}
}
@article {199,
	title = {BIBLIA PAUPERUM AS NARRATIVE EDUCATION IN MIDDLE AGE},
	journal = {Problems of Education in the 21st Century },
	volume = {10},
	year = {2009},
	month = {January/2009},
	type = {Original article},
	chapter = {148-155},
	abstract = {It is possible to explain several present - day problems through the phenomena of the past. Among other things contemporary pedagogical community also includes a diverse and variegated language of pictures, images and colours. These are often signals of multiple meanings. Knowledge of the influence of visual information enables the educators to warn their mentees or to increase interest in them. For ages mankind has actually been using the quick, clear, and often multilayered visual language to pass information 
An example of such language during the Middle Ages was biblia pauperum or the Bible for the poor, i.e. pictographs on the walls of churches, monasteries and chapels. These pictures, accompanied by narratives, formed a powerful flow of information that modelled religion, morality, traditions, taboos and everyday life as well. This was a constant narrative that educated the people during the Middle Ages. Biblia pauperum fused into folklore, poetry, literature, art; it taught people how to behave, reminded them of the Ten Commandments, taught fear and joy. It was a multilayered and interesting textbook of the Middle Ages. Resulting from that it can be said that a man of the Middle Ages, despite not attending school and being illiterate, was yet properly educated in accordance to the needs of those times. Even more, learning actually lasted throughout life. },
	keywords = {biblia pauperum, symbols},
	issn = {1822-7864},
	url = {http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392315946.pdf},
	author = {Maria  Tilk}
}
@article {233,
	title = {BRIDGING THE CONTENT KNOWLEDGE GAP OF TEACHERS: AN AGENDA TO IMPROVE BUSINESS STUDIES TEACHING IN SOUTH AFRICAN COUNTRYSIDE SCHOOLS},
	journal = {Problems of Education in the 21st Century },
	volume = {12},
	year = {2009},
	month = {May/2009},
	type = {Original article},
	chapter = {108-116},
	abstract = {Transformation{\textquoteright} became the buzz word in South Africa in 1994. Lots of changes have taken place in all aspects of the new South Africa as a result of democratization and education is not an exception to this reality. The changes in education seek to provide equal opportunities for all citizens of the new democratic society. With the introduction of Outcomes Based Education stakeholders of education e.g. government, communities, parents and the general public, have become obsessed with quality of teaching and learning. To achieve quality education teachers must be more knowledgeable and skillful in some particular subjects to be able to teach well. This is however contrary to the observation of these writers. The reality is that most economic and management science teachers in the rural black schools have some gaps in content knowledge of the subjects. The existence of insufficient content knowledge among Business Studies (i.e. Accounting, Business economics and Management) teachers is a direct result of the apartheid education policy which did not provide better resources for training of teachers for countryside schools. Most of the teachers in the countryside schools were trained in under-resourced {\textquoteleft}home land{\textquoteright} colleges of education with little emphasis on content knowledge of business studies subjects. With the drastic changes taking place in the curriculum and content, particularly of business studies subjects in the new South Africa, it has become more apparent that teachers of these subjects need both in-depth knowledge of the content as well as the methodology or skills for imparting the specific content to their learners. The paper which is a case study advocates for the use of in-service training programmes for Business Studies teachers in the countryside schools as a strategy to fill in the gaps in content knowledge. The experiences of the authors are validated by a small-scale empirical investigation. },
	keywords = {in-service, quality},
	issn = {1822-7864},
	url = {http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1393267218.pdf},
	author = {Kofi Poku  Quan-Baffour and Akwasi Arko-Achemfuor}
}
@article {293,
	title = {BULLYING AND BULLY IN SCHOOL SETTING AS THE ACTUAL PROBLEM OF EDUCATION IN SLOVAK REPUBLIC},
	journal = {Problems of Education in the 21st Century },
	volume = {15},
	year = {2009},
	month = {November/2009},
	type = {Original article},
	chapter = {145-154},
	abstract = {This contribution is dealing with the problem of bullying as an intentional, repeated violence among pupils in school setting. Its goal is to discuss the specifics and the research of this weighty phenomenon in the worldwide context. It also brings the quantitative and qualitative research conclusions focusing on bullying and bully in secondary school setting in Slovakia. The main goal of this research was to analyse the phenomenon of bullying with the focus on examining the social climate of classroom where bullying is present, the social position of aggressor, his personal characteristics, the way aggressor perceives bullying, aggression, and how aggressor evaluates his or her family background. As it results from this research, the most frequent place of bullying is classroom with a low cohesion and a bad emotional atmosphere. In classroom aggressor has an ambivalent status, his position within a group is complicated, he belongs to the controversial pupils. There is an ambivalent relationship between the group as a whole and the controversial pupils. Aggressors feel in classroom relatively good, they show satisfaction with it. They are in a positive, optimistic and balanced mood. They are self-confident, self-reliant, spontaneous, relaxed, not controlling their behaviour. The increased rate of spontaneous and reactive agression was not proved. Aggressors consider bullying as something usual, they perceive their victims negatively, and they do not perceive their own behaviour as {\quotedblbase}the real bullying{\textquotedblleft}. The aggressors who are not satisfied with their own family background, live in an incomplete family where parents are divorced, they evaluate their relationships with parents as conflicting and their relationship with father as more negative, and refer to this kind of relationship as to emotional emptiness, distruss and lack of interest. },
	keywords = {school setting, social position of aggressor},
	issn = {1822-7864},
	url = {http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1395387297.pdf},
	author = {Miroslava  Adam{\'\i}k {\v S}imegov{\'a}}
}
@article {130,
	title = {BEAUTY AND TEACHING EVALUATION: A COMPARISON BETWEEN FEMALE AND MALE COLLEGE PROFESSORS},
	journal = {Problems of Education in the 21st Century },
	volume = {7},
	year = {2008},
	month = {June/2008},
	type = {Original article},
	chapter = {15-30},
	abstract = {Two studies were conducted in order to examine the impact of beauty on teaching ratings. The purpose of the first study was to compare this impact between women and men. The physical attractiveness of fifty-five instructors was rated by their students and correlated with their teaching ratings that had been collected in the previous semester. More attractive male instructors received higher ratings, but only from female students. The more attractive female instructors did not receive better ratings from male or female students. We conclude that male instructors benefit from a {\textquoteright}beauty premium{\textquoteright}, while female instructors do not. The purpose of the second study was to confirm this conclusion by examining the {\textquoteright}beauty premium{\textquoteright} in an occupation characterized by the fit between role image and gender image. The physical attractiveness of 31 female administrative employees was rated and then correlated with their service evaluation. The more attractive clerks received higher ratings, but only from male raters. We conclude that the gender-based differential in the evaluation bias was caused by a lack of fit between role images and gender images. When the role image corresponds to the gender image, as in the case of male instructors and female administrative employees, the {\textquoteright}beauty effect{\textquoteright} benefits beautiful employees. Our findings have implications for the improvement of teaching evaluation tools and taking physical appearance bias into consideration.


},
	keywords = {beauty premium, physical attractiveness, role image, teaching evaluation},
	issn = {1822-7864},
	url = {http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392234673.pdf},
	author = {Ya{\textquoteright}arit Bokek-Cohen and Nitza Davidowitz}
}
@article {166,
	title = {BENCHMARKING EDUCATIONAL QUALITY IN AFRICAN UNIVERSITIES: THE CASE OF THE DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE EDUCATION, UNIVERSITY OF BOTSWANA},
	journal = {Problems of Education in the 21st Century },
	volume = {8},
	year = {2008},
	month = {October/2008},
	type = {Original article},
	chapter = {146-152},
	abstract = {A common mode of benchmarking educational quality in the world of academia is through the system of peer review. This system of benchmarking educational quality in many an African university adopts the use of external examiners to moderate academic programmes and student academic performances. But this system of external moderation was abolished about six academic years ago at the University of Botswana necessitating the establishment of an academic quality assurance regime for benchmarking educational quality in the University. The Centre for Academic Development (of the University) which was charged with the responsibility of developing pertinent guidelines for monitoring the new system mounted a series of workshops in aid of academic departments a year or so before the commencement of the new dispensation. A lot of efforts were devoted by the university academic departments to craft policies and procedures for academic quality assurance. For example, the Department of Mathematics and Science Education mapped out quality assurance matrices in five key areas of (i) academic programmes, (ii) teaching and learning episodes, (iii) teaching-learning resources, (iv) academic staff matters and (v) student matters. In the area of staff matters, for example, staff recruitment, staff development, staff retention and staff appraisal were covered. This write-up examines the procedures put in place in the Department to enhance and guaranttee quality assurance of its academic programmes.},
	keywords = {academic quality assurance, moderation of students{\textquoteright} academic work},
	issn = {1822-7864},
	url = {http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392284775.pdf},
	author = {Adediran Taiwo}
}
@article {94,
	title = {BLENDED LEARNING AND TEACHING FOREIGN LANGUAGES},
	journal = {Problems of Education in the 21st Century },
	volume = {5},
	year = {2008},
	month = {April/2008},
	type = {Original article},
	chapter = {69-74},
	abstract = {Teachers are all the time looking for different ways of increasing the quality of their teaching. At present the use of computers and new technologies has become an important aspect of foreign language learning. They have enabled the language teaching community to redefine some of the strategies and concepts of teaching and learning. In this climate computer-based distance learning courses have emerged. One of the supports of the distance learning is e-learning, which is widely used at the University of Hradec Kr{\'a}lov{\'e}. Sometimes e-learning is also exploited in the so-called blended learning. The talk will concentrate on the perception of the term blended learning, its possible model and contribution. In conclusion one of the representative blended courses will be introduced. },
	keywords = {blended learning, e-learning, language learning},
	issn = {1822-7864},
	url = {http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392223836.pdf},
	author = {Blanka Kl{\'\i}mov{\'a}}
}
@article {54,
	title = {BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ENGINEERING EDUCATION MODERNIZATION IN THE USA},
	journal = {Problems of Education in the 21st Century },
	volume = {2},
	year = {2007},
	month = {September/2007},
	type = {Original article},
	chapter = {133-140},
	abstract = {Today nobody argues the fact that engineering education should undergo some changes in the respond of changes going on in different spheres of our society. Among the main factors influencing changes in engineering education investigators make accents on the following: information; modern technologies; market; environment: social responsibility; corporation structures and the demographic situation. 
Too many efforts at reform attempt to look at single elements of complex interconnected systems. Thus, within the context of professional engineering practice, one must consider a system that includes many elements. 
Reengineering should be focused not on the enterprise{\textquoteright}s organizations, but on its products and services {\textendash} in the present case, what higher education would define as its outcomes. Reengineering involves asking questions: how can we make our process more effective, more quality conscious, more flexible, simpler, and less expensive?
 The aim of this article is to analyze the factors influencing the engineering education modernization in the USA and the ways American investigators of engineering education suggest to make it more efficient and up-to-date.},
	keywords = {engineering practice, model of modern engineer},
	issn = {1822-7864},
	url = {http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392220665.pdf},
	author = {Marina Morozova}
}
