<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Taner Küçük</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">İsmail Satmaz</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AGRICULTURAL AWARENESS EDUCATION FOR STUDENTS WITH MILD INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES: AN ACTIVITY-BASED APPROACH</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">agricultural awareness; activity-based learning; special education; experiential learning; mild intellectual disability</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2026</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 2026</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">84</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study aimed to examine the effects of an activity-based agricultural awareness education program on the agricultural awareness of middle school students with mild intellectual disabilities (MID). The study was conducted using a convergent mixed-methods design embedded within a design-based research framework. Ten agricultural activities were developed and implemented over 25 teaching hours with 12 students aged 11 to 15. The program integrated direct teaching, video-based modeling, hands-on tasks, systematic reinforcement, and peer interaction to support conceptual learning and social participation. Data were collected through the MID Agricultural Awareness Test and semi-structured interviews with students and teachers. Quantitative results showed a statistically significant increase in students’ agricultural awareness from pretest (M = 15.75, SD = 2.86) to posttest (M = 18.41, SD = 1.56), t(11) = 4.804, p = .003. Qualitative results indicated that students developed practical knowledge about soil, plants, harvesting, and food preparation, while teachers reported increased engagement, cooperation, environmental awareness, and peer interaction during the program. These results should be interpreted cautiously because the study used a small sample and a single-group pretest–posttest design. The results provide preliminary evidence that activity-based agricultural awareness education may help connect science-related content with real-life experiences for students with MID.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">445-464</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saša A. Horvat</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Valentina Periškić</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN CHEMISTRY EDUCATION: OPPORTUNITIES, CHALLENGES, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AI tools</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chemistry education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">critical thinking</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">technology supports</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2026</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 2026</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">84</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) has become one of the most significant technological transformations of the 21st century. In recent years, AI-powered tools have increasingly entered educational environments, influencing how knowledge is accessed, processed, and communicated. 
The future of chemistry education may therefore depend less on the capabilities of AI itself and more on educators’ ability to design learning environments in which technology supports, rather than substitutes, meaningful scientific inquiry in ways that promote understanding, curiosity, scientific literacy, and lifelong learning. From this perspective, the role of teachers becomes even more important rather than less significant. AI cannot replace the pedagogical expertise, ethical judgment, and professional experience required to support meaningful learning. Instead, it should be viewed as a complementary tool that enhances educational practice while leaving essential educational decisions in human hands. Teachers remain responsible for ensuring scientific accuracy, promoting critical thinking, fostering student motivation, and creating safe learning environments.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">378-381</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Furkan Talha Tunç</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Derya Girgin</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COGNITIVE–AFFECTIVE PREDICTORS OF METACOGNITIVE AWARENESS IN MATHEMATICS LEARNING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">academic risk-taking</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">irrational beliefs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lower-secondary education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematics education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">metacognitive awareness</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2026</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2026</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=4843277</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">84</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mathematics learning is shaped not only by students’ cognitive abilities but also by how they regulate their learning, perceive risk, and interpret failure within the learning process. This study developed a predictive model to examine how academic risk-taking and irrational beliefs predict metacognitive awareness among lower-secondary school students in mathematics. A quantitative correlational design was employed with 979 lower-secondary school students (ages 11–14) in Türkiye. Data were collected using three validated instruments: the Mathematics-Focused Academic Risk-Taking Scale (MFARTS), the Irrational Mathematics Beliefs Scale (IMBS), and the Metacognitive Awareness Inventory for Children (MAIC, Form B). Descriptive statistics, t-tests, ANOVA, and simple linear regression analyses were conducted. Results revealed moderate-to-high levels of metacognitive awareness overall. Academic risk-taking positively and significantly predicted metacognitive awareness, whereas irrational mathematics beliefs negatively predicted it. Fifth-grade students and those with higher mathematics achievement exhibited significantly greater metacognitive awareness and risk-taking tendencies. Irrational beliefs generally decreased with higher achievement, though certain sub-dimensions showed varied patterns across grade levels. No significant gender differences were found in metacognitive awareness or overall risk-taking. Overall, the results demonstrate that metacognitive awareness in mathematics is strengthened by students’ willingness to engage in take academic risks but weakened by rigid, irrational beliefs about learning and failure. The findings contribute to the theoretical integration of cognitive-affective models in mathematics education and provide empirical support for pedagogical approaches that promote self-regulated learning through risk-friendly classroom climates and the reframing of maladaptive beliefs.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research article </style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">346-370</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xueyi Cai</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abdul Karim, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONSTRUCTING A DIGITAL LITERACY FRAMEWORK FOR UNIVERSITY STUDENTS: A LITERATURE-GROUNDED THEORY APPROACH</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">digital education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">digital literacy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grounded theory</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">university students</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2026</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2026</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=4770995</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">84</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">As artificial intelligence and digital technologies become increasingly embedded in higher education, university students’ digital literacy has emerged as a critical indicator of educational quality and future developmental capacity. However, existing research remains conceptually fragmented, with limited clarity regarding the structural organization and generative logic of digital literacy. To address this gap, this study adopts a grounded theory–based literature analysis of high-quality international publications from 2000 to 2025. Through open, axial, and selective coding, key concepts and categories were systematically abstracted to construct an integrated digital literacy framework for university students. The findings indicate that digital literacy extends beyond technical or information-processing skills, constituting a multidimensional competence system integrating cognitive understanding, contextualized application, capability development, and ethical regulation. By synthesizing 162 initial concepts, 48 first-order categories, and 15 major categories, a four-dimensional framework was identified, encompassing digital transformation, digital use, digital competence, and digital security. Digital transformation emphasizes the development of digital thinking and students’ understanding of digital environments; digital use highlights contextualized engagement with digital technologies in learning and communication; digital competence focuses on higher-order abilities such as knowledge integration, problem solving, and innovation; and digital security underscores ethical awareness, risk management, and responsible digital behavior. Further analysis reveals a developmental trajectory from cognitive understanding to capability integration and contextual transfer, with data thinking and digital ethics functioning as key mechanisms within AI-enabled learning environments. This framework advances the structural theorization of digital literacy and provides a systematic foundation for curriculum design, assessment, and policy development in higher education.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">46-74</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2026</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2026</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">84</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 84, No. 2, 2026</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">253</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2026</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2026</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">84</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 84, No. 1, 2026</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-4</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2026</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 2026</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">84</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 84, No. 3, 2026</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">377</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2026</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2026</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">84</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 84, No. 1, 2026</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2026</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2026</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">84</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 84, No. 2, 2026</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">251-252</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2026</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 2026</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">84</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 84, No. 3, 2026</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">375-376</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mary Grace O. Gallego</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CROSS-CULTURAL COMPETENCE AND SKILLS IN HIGHER EDUCATION: A GENERALIZED LINEAR MODELING APPROACH TOWARDS A CULTURE-BASED EXTENSION PROGRAM</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">competency skills</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cross-cultural skills</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">extension program</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">generalized linear modeling</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">higher education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2026</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 2026</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">84</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Despite increasing emphasis on cross cultural competence and 21st century skills in higher education, most of the studies have relied on descriptive or correlational methods, limiting predictive insights. This study addressed that gap by developing a Generalized Linear Model (GLM) to explain how 21st century skills influence cross cultural competence among students, serving as the basis for a culture based extension program. Data from 319 respondents were analyzed using descriptive statistics and GLM. Findings revealed moderate levels of both cross cultural competence and 21st century skills, suggesting that while foundational abilities exist, they remain underdeveloped. Communication and collaboration emerged as the strongest predictors of cross cultural competence, underscoring the importance of interaction driven skills. The Gamma log link model provided the best fit, confirming that the relationship is non linear, context dependent, and shaped by uneven learning experiences. The study concludes that cross cultural competence is a multidimensional construct shaped by cognitive, behavioral, and affective domains, and strengthened through interaction, experience, and reflection. Anchored in constructivist and intercultural competence theories, the results highlight the need for experiential, collaborative, and culturally responsive learning environments. These findings provide empirical support for a culture based extension program designed to enhance students’ readiness for global and multicultural engagement.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">398-416</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sevilay Şahin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Türkoğlu Özdemir, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Özdemir, G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF THE PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF THE SCHOOL LEADERSHIP PRACTICES SCALE (SLPS)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">factor analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">scale development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school leadership practices</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2026</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2026</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=4843276</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">84</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Before designing professional development programs aimed at improving the leadership practices of school principals, it is necessary to determine which leadership practices school principals need to improve. However, it can be said that the literature contains a limited number of measurement tools that allow for the evaluation of school principals' leadership practices, and that these tools address leadership practices within a narrow scope. For this reason, the purpose of the research conducted is to present the development process of the School Leadership Practices Scale(SLPS), which function of making sense of school principals’ leadership practices based on teachers’ perceptions. The measurement tool was developed in four stages: generation of the item pool; ensuring content validity; conducting a pilot study; and verifying the structure of the vehicle with the actual application. The sample of the study consisted of teachers working at the secondary school level. Exploratory factor analysis reveals that the total variance explained is 65.06%. When the absolute fit indices are evaluated as a whole, it is concluded that the developed measurement model provides a high level of fit to the data. CR values (.90-.93) indicate that all dimensions exhibit high levels of reliability. Upon the confirmation of the instrument's structure, a multidimensional model is identified, which measures school principals’ leadership practices through 35 items under five factors: (a) professional ethics; (b) strategic management; (c) personal leadership resources; (d) change and data-based school development; and (e) a safe and supportive school climate. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research article </style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">327-345</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bo Zhou</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seong Pek Lim</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nahdia Kabir</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jin Tao</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jiaying Yang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cong Wang</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN VOCATIONAL EDUCATION: FROM TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION TO SOCIO-TECHNICAL TRANSFORMATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliometric analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">digital competence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">digital transformation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">industry 4.0</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vocational education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2026</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 2026</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">84</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In response to rapid digitalisation, vocational education has increasingly integrated digital technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) and information and communication technologies (ICT), changing how skills are taught and developed. Although research in this area has grown rapidly, the field still lacks a clear overview of its knowledge structure, major themes, and emerging directions. To address this gap, this study aims to map the knowledge structure, thematic patterns, and emerging directions of research on digital technologies in vocational education. It analyses 203 articles retrieved from the Web of Science (WoS) Core Collection for the period 2021–2025, following a PRISMA-guided screening procedure. Using VOSviewer and CiteSpace, the study conducted performance analysis, bibliographic coupling, keyword co-occurrence analysis, and burst detection to identify publication patterns, thematic clusters, and research frontiers. The findings reveal four major directions of inquiry: learner empowerment and sustainability, teacher digital competence, institutional innovation, and policy-oriented skill development in the context of Industry 4.0. Burst detection further suggests an emerging movement in research attention from technology-focused adoption toward more human-centred, pedagogical, and governance-related perspectives. Overall, the study contributes to the field by clarifying both the intellectual structure and the changing priorities of research on digital transformation in vocational education. It also advances current understanding by showing that digital transformation is increasingly framed not simply as technology adoption, but as a socio-technical process shaped by pedagogy, governance, inclusion, and ethical responsibility.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">525-541</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Taktat Ateş, Y.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EARLY CHILDHOOD TEACHERS’ ADOPTION OF AUGMENTED REALITY: EVIDENCE FROM A UTAUT2-BASED MODEL IN PRESCHOOL SCIENCE EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">augmented reality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">early childhood education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">preschool science education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">technology acceptance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">UTAUT2</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2026</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2026</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=4771006</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">84</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Augmented reality (AR) has been increasingly recognised as a promising digital tool for enhancing inquiry-oriented science learning in early childhood settings. Nevertheless, empirical evidence remains limited regarding the factors that shape preschool teachers’ readiness to adopt AR within their educational practice. Drawing on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology 2 (UTAUT2), this study examines the determinants influencing preschool teachers’ intentions to adopt AR for science education in Turkey. The sample comprised 1,020 pre-service and in-service preschool teachers who engaged in a multi-phase research process that included interaction with AR-based science scenarios, structured informational content, and completion of an adapted UTAUT2 questionnaire designed for early childhood contexts. Data were analysed using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling. The findings indicated that all seven UTAUT2 constructs exerted statistically significant effects on behavioural intention. In particular, hedonic motivation, performance expectancy, and habit emerged as the most influential predictors, suggesting that enjoyment-related and routine-oriented considerations play a central role in early childhood teaching environments characterised by play-based learning and established daily practices. Overall, the model accounted for 62% of the variance in teachers’ behavioural intention, demonstrating strong explanatory capacity and supporting the relevance of the UTAUT2 framework for early science education. By extending technology acceptance research to a previously underexplored developmental and pedagogical context, the study underscores the need for AR design, professional development, and institutional support strategies that are closely aligned with the realities of preschool teaching.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">186-206</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eylem Yalçinkaya-Önder</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Selin Tatli</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EARTHQUAKE LITERACY AND AWARENESS AMONG LOWER-SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">disaster education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">disaster risk reduction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">earthquake awareness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">earthquake literacy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school disaster preparedness</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2026</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 2026</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">84</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Earthquake preparedness education is critical in earthquake-prone regions, yet understanding students' literacy and awareness levels remains essential for effective disaster risk reduction. This study aimed to determine lower-secondary school students' earthquake literacy and earthquake awareness levels, examine differences by gender and grade level, and analyse the relationship between these constructs. A convergent parallel mixed-methods design was employed, integrating a quantitative descriptive-correlational survey with qualitative semi-structured interviews. The sample included 523 students in Grades 5–8 from a public lower-secondary school in Çanakkale, Türkiye (2025–2026 academic year). Quantitative data were collected using the Earthquake Literacy Scale and the Earthquake Awareness Scale, and qualitative data were collected through interviews with 12 students. Findings indicated moderate to high levels of earthquake literacy, with the highest scores in the cognitive and behavioural dimensions and the lowest in the affective dimension. Significant gender differences were observed, favouring female students in behavioural, affective, and total literacy scores, whereas no difference was found in the cognitive dimension. Grade-level comparisons revealed that younger students (5th–6th grades) scored significantly higher than older students (7th–8th grades). Students demonstrated high earthquake awareness but only moderate preparedness, indicating a clear awareness–preparedness gap. A moderate positive correlation was found between earthquake literacy and awareness. These findings highlight the importance of strengthening affective and behavioural components ensuring continuity in school-based disaster education programmes.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">417-444</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aydın Gürler, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Orhan Kaplan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE EFFECT OF SCHOOL BULLYING ON SCIENCE ACHIEVEMENT AND COGNITIVE APPRAISALS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cognitive appraisals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">propensity score analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school bullying</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science achievement</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2026</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2026</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=4770992</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">84</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Despite the social and technological advancements of the 21st century, school bullying remains a significant problem in education systems. Beyond the psychological distress, school bullying affects the mind’s core cognitive appraisals and creates an unfair academic disadvantage to victims. The moral dilemma of random assignment impedes experimental research on bullying, thereby making it difficult to gain insights into the detrimental effects of bullying on victims’ cognitive appraisals and academic outcomes. Propensity score analysis can simulate a quasi-experimental design with balanced groups to overcome this challenge. This study seeks to analyse the prevalence of bullying across nations and to employ propensity score matching (PSM) on a nationally representative TIMSS 2019 dataset to mitigate selection bias in evaluating the effect of bullying on science performance and cognitive appraisals. Descriptive statistics were obtained from 162,365 eighth-grade students in 24 countries. PSM analyses were performed on the Türkiye dataset (4,077 students). Generally, the percentage of high-frequency bullying was associated with lower science achievement across countries. PSM results showed that bullying victimization significantly decreased students’ science achievement and perceived control in learning science. Additionally, a marginally significant positive effect of bullying on perceived value of learning science was found. Similar results from OLS regression and sensitivity analyses provided evidence for the robustness of the estimated effects. Overall, the findings show that bullied students experience cognitive disadvantages. The contributions of these domain-specific findings to control-value theory and its implications for anti-bullying initiatives were discussed.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7-26</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mbundu, T. E. N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ngoie, R. B., M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bansimba, J. R. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kinyoka, G. K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rama M. Bazangika</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Billy Nzau Matondo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EFFECTS OF A SHORT-TERM TEACHER PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT ON PHYSICS LEARNING UNDER SEVERE RESOURCE CONSTRAINTS: CONCEPTUAL AND SYMBOLIC GAINS WITHOUT PROCEDURAL IMPROVEMENT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">didactic materials</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pedagogical transformation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">physics education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">professional development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">situational learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">student achievement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sub-Saharan Africa</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2026</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 2026</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">84</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Physics teaching in Sub Saharan Africa often remains theoretical because of a lack of teaching materials and limited access to teacher training, and evidence on low cost, short term professional development in such fragile contexts is scarce. This quasi experimental study was conducted in ten secondary schools in Mbanza Ngungu, Democratic Republic of Congo, with five schools assigned to an experimental group and five to a control group. The sample included 248 students and ten physics teachers from those schools. Data collection relied on a validated ten item test measuring conceptual, procedural and symbolic dimensions of physics learning, complemented by semi structured teacher interviews. The theoretical framework combined three pillars: the use of low cost didactic materials, situated learning as conceived by Lave and Wenger, and Bandura’s concept of teacher self efficacy. The main results show that students taught by trained teachers significantly outperformed control students on the conceptual dimension (Cohen’s d = 0.49) and the symbolic dimension (d = 1.58), whereas no significant difference was observed in procedural skills. Persistent errors in algebra, unit conversion, and graphical interpretation remained in both groups. Teachers in the experimental group reported higher self efficacy but their teaching practices changed in variable ways across individuals. An implication of these findings is that even short term professional development can improve conceptual and symbolic learning under severe resource constraints, yet procedural fluency likely requires stronger collaboration between physics and mathematics teachers as well as longer or more targeted interventions.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">480-504</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2026</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2026</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">84</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 84, No. 1, 2026</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">248-250</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2026</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 2026</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">84</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 84, No. 3, 2026</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">542-544</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2026</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2026</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">84</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 84, No. 2, 2026</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">371-374</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Deborah Lumecio</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peter Paul Canuto</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jeraquel Bulintao</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jerachel Balabal</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jeberlyn Agiao</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jesa Olnas</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gloria Madanni</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ENHANCING ENGLISH WORD RECOGNITION AND READING COMPREHENSION OF PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS THROUGH SHARED READING INTERVENTION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">English reading performance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ifugao</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Philippines</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Primary school students</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reading comprehension</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reading intervention</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">shared reading</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">word recognition</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2026</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2026</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=4771002</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">84</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shared reading is one way to support students' reading performances, as it builds a strong foundation for reading literacy and fosters collaboration. However, its role in supporting local students' academic reading performances remains underexplored. This study examined the effectiveness of shared reading as an English reading intervention in enhancing primary school students' word recognition and reading comprehension. Determining the significant differences in their reading performance before and after the intervention was included. Ten Grade 3 students from a primary school in Tinoc, Ifugao, Philippines, who were evaluated with English reading frustration levels, were purposively selected as participants. Using classroom action research, pre- and post-tests were administered to measure their reading progress. Results indicated that the students generally improved significantly in their academic reading performances after using the shared reading intervention. Although some students still experienced frustration levels in their word recognition and comprehension, most were determined to achieve instructional and independent levels by the end of the shared reading sessions. This suggests that the shared reading intervention effectively enhanced the students' word recognition and reading comprehension. This study emphasizes the significance of structured reading interventions at the primary level in enhancing reading proficiency and equipping young students with the essential skills necessary for academic reading success.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">137-156</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION IN PRESCHOOL AGE AS AN EDUCATIONAL PRIORITY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecological awareness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">environmental education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">preschool age</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2026</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2026</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=4843268</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">84</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Preschool age is one of the most sensitive and important periods for the formation of a person's relationship with the world. It is then that a child first begins not only to get to know the environment, but also to understand his place in it. Therefore, environmental education at this stage cannot be perceived as a narrow topic about waste sorting or individual cleaning campaigns. Preschool environmental education is extremely important because a positive attitude towards nature is formed in childhood. Young children more easily acquire values and habits, therefore the development of ecological awareness already in preschool age makes sense. Children who learn to care for the environment (e.g., through waste disposal, water or energy conservation) will carry these habits into adulthood, reducing potential environmental damage in the future. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">254-258</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Joy Mosquiter Bentoy</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alfeo Ballares Tulang</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A FRAMEWORK ON TEACHING COMPETENCE OF ALTERNATIVE LEARNING SYSTEM MATHEMATICS TEACHERS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">alternative learning system</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational support</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematics teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multilevel analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching competence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2026</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2026</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=4843270</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">84</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">There is limited research on the teaching competence of mathematics teachers in the Philippines Alternative Learning System (ALS). This study examined how the individual, institutional, and contextual factors influence the teaching competence of ALS mathematics teachers. A survey research with a quantitative, descriptive-correlational research design was used, involving 114 ALS mathematics teachers from the six (6) school divisions of the Department of Education (DepEd) in Region XI, Southern Philippines, selected through stratified random sampling. Guided by Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Theory and Bandura's Self-Efficacy Theory, the study utilized multilevel analysis to account for the hierarchical structure of the data. Results of the multilevel analyses showed that mathematics teaching efficacy, mentorship, collaborative teaching, and community linkages significantly predicted teaching competence. The findings shed light on the key factors that shape teaching competence in ALS, linking teaching competence to a combination of individual teaching skills and institutional support. This study provides policymakers, program managers, and educational leaders with evidence-based information to support quality mentoring and collaborative teaching and to design context-responsive educational support. The findings have potential application in designing high-quality professional development activities to improve teaching competence in non-formal education environments.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research article </style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">259-276</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bo Zhou</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seong Pek Lim</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nahdia Kabir</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Asna</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tian Nan Lu</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FROM AUTOMATION TO SOCIO-AFFECTIVE LEARNING: A BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">artificial Intelligence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliometric analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EFL</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">socio-affective learning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2026</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2026</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=4771008</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">84</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Artificial intelligence (AI) has become a driving force in education. Within English as a Foreign Language (EFL) pedagogy, it is reconfiguring instructional approaches by linking automation with learner-centered and affective learning design. Nevertheless, empirical research remains fragmented across cognitive, affective, and social domains, necessitating a comprehensive approach. Drawing on data from the Web of Science (WoS) Core Collection (2021–2025), this study examines the bibliometric landscape of the field. Following PRISMA-based screening, 281 peer-reviewed publications were analyzed with VOSviewer and CiteSpace. Results demonstrate a sharp rise in publications and a conceptual evolution from performance-driven to socio-affective perspectives. Co-citation analysis delineates three major research domains–conversational AI in pedagogy, AI-based assessment tools, and affective–motivational learning–while co-occurrence mapping identifies four thematic clusters: chatbots and emotions, generative AI and critical thinking, automated writing evaluation and feedback, and technology adoption and motivation. Burst detection indicates a growing focus on positive psychology and communication skills. Building on these results, the study suggests the Affective–Cognitive–Social Integration Model (ACSIM), which extends existing acceptance frameworks to encompass motivation, emotion, and ethics. The model bridges automation-oriented AI research with socio-affective pedagogy and informs emotionally intelligent instruction, AI literacy among teachers, and institutional practices for responsible and sustainable use.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">229-247</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Min Xu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pan Li</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baiyun Zhou</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xuan Yi</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MAKING PERFORMANCE TEACHABLE: CURRICULAR ALIGNMENT AND MICROTEACHING IN GROUP PIANO TEACHER EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">curricular alignment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">microteaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mixed-methods pilot</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">music teacher education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pre-service teachers</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2026</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 2026</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">84</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Many pre-service music teachers can play a passage before they can explain, model, or teach it to someone else. This exploratory mixed-methods pilot examines that gap in a required group-piano course at a public normal university in mainland China. The course had been redesigned one year earlier, leaving an archive of checkpoint sheets, SMART practice logs, learning diaries, classroom interaction notes, microteaching plans, and end-of-course assessment forms. In Stage 1, two intact second-year cohorts of non-piano-major undergraduates (n = 20) worked through either a redesigned syllabus, organised around a Learning Outcomes-Activities-Evidence matrix and a weekly Listen-Read-Play-Teach cycle, or a conventional demonstration-and-practice routine. Stage 1 is reported descriptively because the archive did not retain medians, interquartile ranges, Mann-Whitney U values, or individual-level distributions, and the per-group sample was too small for responsible inference. Stage 2 re-read process materials from a wider explanatory sample (n = 40), using a codebook focused on listening, reading, playing, peer teaching, and difficulty turning performance knowledge into teachable language. The redesigned class cleared more threshold-approved checkpoint tasks, kept more target-linked practice logs, and wrote microteaching plans that named cues, broke demonstrations into steps, and anticipated likely beginner errors. The comparison class more often recognised problems but stopped before teachable explanation. The study offers a modest example of how visible criteria, recurring teach-back, and a revisitable evidence trail can help make practical performance knowledge more teachable.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">505-524</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bayram Bozkurt</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">İlyas Balcı</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Muhammet Furkan Yılmaz</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mustafa Şenel</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PERCEIVED EMOTIONAL VIOLENCE AS A PREDICTOR OF TEACHER MOTIVATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">correlational model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">emotional violence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher motivation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2026</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2026</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=4770994</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">84</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teachers’ motivation plays a critical role in ensuring the quality and sustainability of educational processes; however, negative interpersonal dynamics within the school environment can adversely affect this motivation. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between teachers’ motivation levels and the emotional violence they experience in the workplace. Employing a predictive correlational design within the quantitative research model, the study sample consists of 360 teachers working in public and private schools in two southeastern provinces of Türkiye during the 2024-2025 academic year. Data were collected using the “Emotional Violence Scale” and the “Motivation Scale.” Descriptive statistics, Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient, and regression analyses were used to analyze the data. The findings indicate that teachers’ perceived levels of emotional violence are low, while their motivation levels are relatively high. The correlation analysis revealed a significant negative relationship between emotional violence and motivation. Furthermore, regression analyses demonstrated that emotional violence is a significant predictor of teachers’ motivation levels, with communication-based attacks emerging as the most influential subdimension negatively affecting motivation. Based on these results, it is recommended that schools implement awareness-raising programs to prevent emotional violence, conduct communication-enhancing professional development activities, and adopt institutional policies aimed at strengthening teacher motivation.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27-45</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Angela James</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PERSPECTIVES AND REALITIES OF EDUCATION: A CRITICAL REFLECTION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">critical understanding</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">informed decisions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learners experience</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">meaningful teaching</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2026</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2026</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=4770989</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">84</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">How something appears is always a matter of perspective. So, what are the perspectives of education, in different countries, in the world? Further, what is this education that we refer to? What are citizen’s perspectives of education? What is the validity of these perspectives? Who decides on the validity of these perspectives? What criteria are used to determine the validity of the perspectives of education? Whose perspective of education is being presented in the curriculum? In what context is or was this perspective of education developed/raised/shared? 
The questions raised are probably conjuring up perspectives in your head with regard to education.  So, what perspective/s do you have of education in your country, in the world? How did you come to have this/these perspective/s?
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-6</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andie Tangonan Capinding</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PROMOTING ENGAGEMENT AND LEARNING IN BASIC STATISTICS: IMPLEMENTING THE TEAMS-GAMES-TOURNAMENT APPROACH FOR GRADE 8 STUDENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">academic performance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">basic statistics education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cooperative learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">statistical literacy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">student engagement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teams-games-tournament (TGT)</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2026</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2026</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=4843272</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">84</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Statistics is often perceived by students as abstract and complex, which leads to disengagement and poor comprehension. To address this challenge, the present study examined the effectiveness of the Teams-Games-Tournament (TGT) cooperative learning strategy in improving Grade 8 students’ performance in basic statistics at Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology, Gabaldon Laboratory High School. TGT integrates teamwork, competitive games, and tournaments with the goal of enhancing students’ academic performance, engagement, and attitudes toward learning. A one-group pre-test-post-test quasi-experimental design and a descriptive correlational approach were employed, involving 37 purposively sampled Grade 8 students. Over six weeks, the students participated in TGT-based lessons, with data collected through pre-tests, post-tests, and engagement surveys. The results revealed a notable improvement in students' academic performance following the intervention. Student engagement was generally rated high, especially in activities involving collaborative learning, although relatively lower engagement was observed in inquiry-based tasks. Furthermore, a positive relationship was identified between student engagement and academic performance, emphasizing the importance of active participation in enhancing learning outcomes. The TGT effectively improves academic performance and engagement in basic statistics. However, individual variability in post-test results and lower engagement in inquiry suggest the need for strategies that foster questioning and equitable participation. This research contributes to pedagogical innovations, emphasizing statistical literacy as foundational for data-driven careers and higher-level analytical skills.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research article </style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">277-294</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zeynep İşlek</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yeşilpınar Uyar, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RELATIONSHIPS AMONG INDIVIDUAL ENTREPRENEURIAL ORIENTATION, CULTURAL MOTIVATION, AND ANALYTICAL THINKING SKILLS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">analysis skill</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">attention to detail skill</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cultural motivation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">individual entrepreneurial orientation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vocational upper-secondary students</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2026</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2026</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=4770998</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">84</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The cultural structure of society is seen as an important factor among the characteristics that shape entrepreneurship traits. The dominant culture in society also influences individuals' ways of thinking and the characteristics of individuals raised through education systems. In individualistic societies where personal preferences take precedence, independent thinking and creativity are encouraged, while in collectivist cultures, cooperation and harmony are prioritized. In this context, it is evident that factors that may directly or indirectly influence entrepreneurial traits, including cultural characteristics as well as higher-order thinking skills, should be examined. This study aimed to examine the predictive relationships between upper-secondary vocational students' entrepreneurial orientations, cultural motivation, attention to detail, and analysis skills using structural equation modeling. A predictive research model was used in the study. The sample of the study consists of 454 upper-secondary vocational students. “Individual Entrepreneurial Orientation Scale”, “Analytical Thinking Scale,” and “Cultural Awareness Scale” were used to collect the data. Confirmatory factor analysis and path analysis were used to analyze the data. It was determined that cultural motivation is a variable that positively predicts entrepreneurial orientation at a moderate level. Attention to detail and analysis skills are variables that positively and moderately predict entrepreneurial orientation. In terms of the effect of cultural motivation on entrepreneurial orientation, it was found that attention to detail and analysis skills are partial mediating variables, with the indirect effects being relatively low. These results indicate that there is a need for activities that integrate entrepreneurship studies in upper-secondary schools with cultural characteristics and thinking skills. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">101-121</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trinh Thi Phuong Thao</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Do Bao Chau</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Le Thi Diem Quynh</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nguyen Thuy Phuong Tram</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nguyen Truong Giang</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RESEARCH TRENDS ON DIGITAL LITERACY IN HIGH SCHOOLS: INSIGHTS DERIVED FROM SCOPUS DATABASE (2007 – 2024)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliometric analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">digital literacy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational technology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">high school education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scopus database</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2026</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2026</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=4771007</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">84</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In response to the increasing importance of digital literacy in secondary education, this study presents a bibliometric analysis of research on digital literacy in high schools published between 2007 and 2024. Based on 187 peer-reviewed documents indexed in the Scopus database, the study employs Biblioshiny and VOSviewer to examine publication trends, influential authors, leading institutions, primary publication sources, and thematic developments within the field. The results indicate a clear upward trend in scholarly output, with an average annual growth rate of 23.86% and a marked increase during the COVID-19 pandemic. This period appears to have intensified academic attention to digital learning and digital competencies. Although the United States and Indonesia account for the highest number of publications, countries such as Italy, Australia, and Canada show higher citation impact, suggesting differences between research productivity and scholarly influence. Thematic mapping highlights dominant research foci on digital competence, online learning, and media literacy, while areas such as computational thinking, identity formation, and robotics remain comparatively underexplored. Overall, the study outlines the evolving intellectual landscape of digital literacy research in high schools and points to several gaps that may inform more focused and methodologically diverse future research in increasingly digitalized educational settings.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">207-228</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hai Thi Thanh Pham</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hai Dinh Luong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thu Thi Hoai Tran</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RESEARCH TRENDS ON OPEN EDUCATION PRACTICES FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliometric</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">open educational practices</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">open educational resources</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scopus data</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">VOSViewer</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2026</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2026</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=4771005</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">84</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Given that no research has been conducted in the world or in Vietnam using the bibliometric method to synthesize documents related to OEP in higher education, as well as the fact that research on OEP is not particularly prominent or popular, we intend to review documents on open education activities to examine factors such as the number of studies on OEP conducted between 1979 and 2024. The quantity and trends in OEP research will assist academics and lecturers in assessing the value and function of OEP in expanding open education practices at universities and upgrading open access materials to the greatest extent possible in light of technology advancements. Bibliometrics is used to depict statistical data rather than describe it in the traditional fashion, allowing readers to quickly understand the evolution of OEP over time as well as the distribution network of OEP-related phrases. The most commonly appearing terms in OEP research were identified by analysing 310 benchmarked publications. The findings revealed that the survey identified major research trends, prominent organizations, and collaborative networks, with the United States and the United Kingdom having the largest effect. The research emphasized the significance of OEP in fostering fairness and innovation in education, and it argued for regulatory frameworks that facilitate the incorporation of technology into open education. Based on the findings of this study, policymakers may use it as a predictive document on OEP in the context of digital transformation, including how to adapt as resources become more open and available to more learners.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">168-185</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marianna Lőrincz</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hanna Tovkanets</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oksana Tovkanets</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ildikó Greba</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RESEARCHER IN THE MAKING: DISCIPLINE-SPECIFIC RESEARCH READINESS AND CAREER INTENTIONS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">higher education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">research career intentions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">student research engagement readiness</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2026</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 2026</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">84</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fostering students’ preparedness to undertake research, especially as a career pursuit, is a strategic priority in higher education, yet given global instability, its development remains precarious. This study examined comparatively Student Research Engagement Readiness (SRER) among Ukrainian humanities and sciences university students, and how it translated into career intentions. A sequential explanatory mixed-methods design was employed with 255 final-year undergraduate and graduate students. Quantitative data were collected using the validated SRER scale and analyzed through independent samples t-tests, chi-square tests, simple linear regression, and mediation modeling. The data were further triangulated with a reflexive thematic analysis of students’ accounts of research-related barriers and proposed institutional improvements. 
Results revealed discipline-dependent readiness profiles, where humanities students self-reported higher motivation and fewer barriers, while research self-efficacy and behavioral involvement showed stronger cross-disciplinary consistency. A readiness stratification effect was observed, with science students underrepresented in the highest readiness category. SRER was a positive predictor of research career intentions, explaining a sizeable proportion of variance in students’ aspirations. Moreover, self-efficacy mediated the link between barriers and career intentions, where fewer difficulties predicted higher self-efficacy, which in turn led to stronger career aspirations. In terms of institutional improvement, qualitative findings underscored the salience of communication, instructional support, incentives, mentoring, and infrastructure. Overall, research career aspirations emerge from the interplay between cognitive resources, disciplinary environments, and institutional affordances. Bolstering students’ self-beliefs appears pivotal in pre-empting the detrimental effects of barriers and fostering research career intentions.
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">465-479</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maja Kerneža</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boris Aberšek</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dario Assante</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tija Zirina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dagnija Vigule</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Murat Gürkan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dursun Ucan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ihsan Metinnam</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fikret Yildiz</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Özlem Alp</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">REUSING WASTE MATERIALS IN ART EDUCATION ACROSS FOUR EUROPEAN COUNTRIES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cross-national comparison</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mixed-methods research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sustainable art education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher practices</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">waste materials</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2026</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2026</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=4771001</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">84</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The uneven and often unsupported reuse of waste materials in art education highlights a gap in understanding how teachers integrate sustainable practices across different national contexts. This study examines how teachers in four European countries perceive and implement the reuse of waste materials in art education. Conducted within the international Waste to Art project, the research seeks to identify teachers’ practices, knowledge of material properties, perceived barriers, and the types of materials most frequently reused. A mixed-method design was applied, combining Likert-scale items with open-ended questions. The sample included 357 teachers from Italy, Latvia, Slovenia, and Türkiye, representing varied educational levels and experience. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and non-parametric tests, while qualitative data were examined through thematic analysis. The findings show national differences. Italian and Turkish teachers reported higher confidence and more frequent reuse, Slovenian teachers demonstrated lower integration and greater caution, and Lithuanian teachers expressed solid knowledge but highlighted a lack of methodological examples. Across countries, teachers identified similar barriers, most often limited storage, time constraints, safety concerns, and insufficient institutional support. Paper and plastic were the most reused materials, alongside national specificities such as Lithuania’s reliance on natural materials and textiles and the frequent use of metal in Italy and Slovenia. The findings indicate that sustainable art education cannot rely solely on individual teacher motivation. Systemic support through infrastructure, curricular alignment and professional development is needed to move the reuse of waste materials from isolated practices to a regular and well-supported part of art education.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">122-136</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Haris Memisevic</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inga Ibralic</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SCHOOL BULLYING AS A MODERATOR OF GENDER DIFFERENCES IN MATHEMATICS ACHIEVEMENT: EVIDENCE FROM TIMSS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bosnia and Herzegovina</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gender</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school bullying</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TIMSS</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2026</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2026</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=4771004</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">84</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) provides internationally comparable data on students’ mathematics and science outcomes. The present study examines whether school bullying moderates gender differences in outcomes on the TIMSS mathematics test among fourth-grade students in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The sample consisted of 3,324 fourth-grade students (1,654 girls and 1,670 boys). Mathematics achievement was assessed using TIMSS plausible values, and analyses accounted for the complex survey design using the student sampling weights. Results showed a significant negative association between school bullying and mathematics achievement for both genders, as well as a significant gender × bullying interaction. Boys achieved higher scores at low and moderate levels of bullying, whereas girls outperformed boys under high bullying exposure. This pattern was consistent across all plausible mathematics values. The results suggest that efforts aimed at improving school social climate and reducing bullying may play an important role in promoting both students’ academic achievement and their well-being. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">157-167</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">İrem Demir</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cem Oktay Güzeller</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TEACHER PERFORMANCE: A BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS AND SYSTEMATIC REVIEW</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliometric analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational administration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">systematic review</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher performance</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2026</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2026</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=4770997</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">84</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teacher performance plays a decisive role in educational quality and student achievement. Despite extensive research, the literature remains fragmented across leadership models, organisational conditions, and individual psychological factors. This fragmentation limits theoretical integration and weakens the contribution of research to educational administration and policy. The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive and integrated understanding of teacher performance from an educational administration perspective by combining bibliometric mapping and systematic review. The study employed a two-stage research design in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines. First, a bibliometric analysis of publications indexed in the Web of Science Core Collection was conducted to map publication trends, influential journals and authors, and dominant conceptual themes in teacher performance research. Second, a systematic review critically synthesised 27 empirical studies by examining research designs, key variables, empirical findings, and administrative implications. The synthesis focused on cross-study patterns rather than single-study descriptions. The results indicate that teacher performance is a multidimensional construct shaped not only by individual factors such as motivation and self-efficacy but also, and more strongly, by leadership styles, organisational climate, evaluation systems, and policy contexts. Transformational and participatory leadership models, supportive school climates, and development-oriented evaluation systems are consistently associated with higher teacher performance. In contrast, rigid administrative structures and misaligned evaluation practices constrain professional growth. The study is significant because it links the intellectual structure of the field with empirical evidence and offers actionable insights for educational administrators and policymakers seeking to enhance sustainable teacher effectiveness.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75-100</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Serbay Durmaz</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TEACHERS’ ADOPTION OF GAMIFICATION AND SIMULATION-BASED LEARNING IN SCIENCE EDUCATION: AN EXTENDED UTAUT2 MODEL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gamification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">simulation-based learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher adoption</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">technology acceptance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">UTAUT2</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2026</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2026</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=4843274</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">84</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The rapid advancement of digital technologies has intensified interest in innovative educational approaches such as gamification and simulation-based learning (GSBL) in science education. Despite their documented pedagogical benefits, teachers’ adoption of these approaches remains limited. This study examines the determinants of in-service science teachers’ intention to use GSBL through the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology 2 (UTAUT2). A cross-sectional survey design was employed with a sample of 800 in-service science teachers who participated in a structured professional development program. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test the proposed research model and hypotheses. The results indicate that performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, facilitating conditions, hedonic motivation, price value, and habit significantly predict teachers’ behavioral intention to adopt GSBL. The findings contribute to the literature by validating UTAUT2 in the context of science education and by offering practical implications for policymakers, teacher educators, and school administrators seeking to promote technology-enhanced pedagogies. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research article </style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">295-314</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gabriel Gorghiu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Santi, E. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costin   Pribeanu</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TEACHERS' READINESS TO INTEGRATE DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY INTO THE TEACHING PROCESS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">digital literacy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">digital technology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">exploratory research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching process</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2026</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2026</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=4843275</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">84</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In recent years, the rapid development of digital technology has led to profound changes in the design and materialization of the educational process. The integration of digital technology into teaching and learning activities is no longer just a methodological option, but an essential skill for today's teachers. However, the level of teacher training varies considerably, influenced by several factors, including basic technical skills, attitudes toward technology, and experience with digital applications and platforms. In this context, a systematic analysis is needed of how teachers perceive and express their digital competences, as well as how those are reflected in their teaching practice. The purpose of the research was to assess the teachers’ readiness to introduce and integrate digital technology into the teaching process. To do this, a bidimensional model has been developed that features two dimensions: digital literacy and experience in using digital technology. The model has been tested on a sample of 579 Romanian teachers, and the results show a relatively low level of digital literacy and experience with digital technology. The group analysis revealed significant differences between teachers from urban and rural areas.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research article </style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">315-326</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ružena Čiliaková</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simoneta Babiaková</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TEACHERS' STRATEGIES FOR BUILDING CLASSROOM COMMUNITY IN SLOVAK PRIMARY EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">classroom community</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">classroom regulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">qualitative content analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher strategies</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2026</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 2026</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">84</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Building a classroom community is an important dimension of primary teachers’ professional practice. It influences classroom climate, children’s engagement, and their social development. However, less is known about the specific pedagogical strategies through which classroom community is built in everyday classroom practice. The aim of the study was to identify and interpret pedagogical strategies used by primary school teachers to build classroom community. The study was designed as a qualitative follow-up to a previous quantitative survey. The empirical material consisted of 137 written reflections produced by future teachers who observed teaching as part of their teaching internship in 137 primary school classrooms. Data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis combining deductive and inductive procedures across four analytical areas: acceptance and inclusion, classroom behavioral regulation, teamwork and communication, and children’s self-assessment and responsibility for learning. The analysis revealed a wide range of pedagogical strategies used by teachers in everyday classroom practice. These strategies reflected two broader regulatory orientations of teaching practice: participatory-preventive approaches that support cooperation, reflection and children’s autonomy, and directive-reactive approaches based primarily on external regulation and behavioral control. The findings suggest that classroom community-building is shaped not by isolated techniques, but by broader pedagogical strategies that reflect different regulatory orientations in classroom practice. These strategies regulate participation, relationships, behavior, and learning in everyday classroom practice.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">382-397</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Princess Gerbie C. Durante</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ADVANCING CRITICAL LITERACY THROUGH CRITICAL LITERATURE PEDAGOGY-BASED PRINCIPLES OF LITERARY EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">critical language pedagogy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">critical literacy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">critical literature pedagogy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching of literature</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1746640535.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Critical Literature Pedagogy (CLP) is a teaching and assessment approach that promotes reading against the text and critically examining biases, norms, and stereotypes in literature. As literature teachers have limited knowledge of the use of CLP as an educational approach to teaching and assessment of literature, this practical action research explored changes in pre-service English teachers' knowledge of CLP following an educational intervention at a state-operated teacher education college in the Philippines. The quasi-experimental study involved 69 third-year pre-service English language teachers in a teacher education college in Central Luzon, Philippines. Results showed a significant increase in CLP knowledge, with participants' mean scores rising from 2.87 (Knowledgeable) to 3.73 (Very Knowledgeable). The improved CLP knowledge was further analyzed through factor analysis using PCA with a rotated component matrix, identifying four key components for developing CLP-based principles for literary education. Qualitative findings reinforced these results, highlighting CLP’s impact on content and pedagogical knowledge while also revealing challenges related to teachers, students, and administration. Strategies for addressing these barriers were grouped into three categories: Technological, Pedagogical, and Content Knowledge. The study’s results provide valuable insights for enhancing practices and curriculum design in literature education.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">196-217</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Muhammet Usak</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI): SOLUTION OR NEW PROBLEMS?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AI in Education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">coherent writing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">critical thinking</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">logical reasoning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mechanical language</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=4664261</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Human history is characterized by a constant encounter with new inventions and evolving circumstances. Fundamental transformations of the early ages included the shift from cave drawings to the first written tablets, the domestication of animals, and the transition to agricultural and settled societies. Similarly, innovations impacting education and instruction have ranged from the move from oral to written culture, the adoption of blackboards, and the faster production of written materials following the invention of the printing press, to the transformative effects of television and computers. While all these inventions have introduced innovations, they have concurrently presented new problems. Nevertheless, certain technological advancements have streamlined operations within the educational and scientific communities.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">610-612</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lessing, M. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ugorji Iheanachor Ogbonnaya</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN MATHEMATICS EDUCATION OF STUDENTS WITH SPECIAL EDUCATIONAL NEEDS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">artificial Intelligence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">conceptual knowledge</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">disabilities</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning disabilities</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">special education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">special needs</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=4714161</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study examined the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in supporting the mathematics education of students with special educational needs (SEN). Thirty peer-reviewed articles were analysed to examine (i) the types of AI technologies implemented in mathematics education, (ii) evidence on the effectiveness of AI interventions in improving learning, (iii) the benefits and limitations of AI in special education, (iv) comparisons of AI applications with traditional methods in terms of personalisation, engagement, and accessibility, and (v) applications of AI in supporting specific disabilities. The findings indicated that intelligent games, chatbots, personalised learning systems, and intelligent tutoring systems were the most frequently utilised AI-powered tools. All studies assessing effectiveness reported positive impacts on mathematical achievement, as well as benefits such as reduced mathematics anxiety, increased motivation, and enhanced independence among learners. Reported challenges included high costs, ethical concerns, teacher preparedness, and a digital divide limiting equitable access. Compared to traditional methods, AI offers more accurate diagnosis of learning difficulties, greater opportunities for personalised learning, and increased accessibility. AI showed promise in addressing specific disabilities such as dyscalculia and autism through adaptive and diagnostic tools. The review concluded that AI should be viewed as a complementary tool that extends teachers’ capacity to individualise mathematics instruction for students with SEN.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">786-806</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xin Yang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shusheng Deng</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weina Hu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yan Deng</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN SOCIAL MEDIA USE AND ACADEMIC ADJUSTMENT AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS: AN INTEGRATED VARIABLE-CENTERED AND PERSON-CENTERED ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">academic adjustment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cross-sectional design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">person-centered analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social anxiety</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social media use</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social self-efficacy</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=4499564</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study advances a dual-analytical framework examining the heterogeneous associations between social media use and university students' academic adjustment within the Chinese cultural context, integrating Social Cognitive Theory and the Differential Susceptibility to Media Effects Model. Through a mixed-methods approach combining variable-centered moderated mediation and person-centered latent profile analysis (N = 4,216), we identify two critical mechanisms: (1) social anxiety substantially mediates the relationship between social media use and academic adjustment, accounting for a significant proportion of this association, and (2) social self-efficacy moderates this statistical mediation pathway. Person-centered analyses reveal four distinct digital engagement configurations: high-intensity high-efficacy (36%), moderate-high intensity high-efficacy (28%), moderate-low intensity high-efficacy (20%), and low-intensity low-efficacy (16%). Profile-specific statistical mediation analyses demonstrate differential associations across profiles, with the strongest indirect relationship in the low-intensity low-efficacy group and the weakest in high-intensity high-efficacy users. These findings challenge uniform-effect assumptions by demonstrating how psychological resources co-occur with usage intensity to create distinctive associative patterns. While cross-sectional data preclude causal inference, results suggest theoretical and practical implications for understanding configuration-specific relationships between social media engagement and academic functioning. This dual-analytical framework advances theoretical integration of psychological mechanisms and configurational patterns in digital learning environments, potentially informing future longitudinal investigations of adaptation processes in educational technologies.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">383-402</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leona A Candia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yoon Fah Lay</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ATTITUDES TOWARD SCIENCE AS MEDIATORS BETWEEN PERCEPTIONS OF CLASSROOM ENVIRONMENT, FAMILY INVOLVEMENT, SELF-EFFICACY, AND SCIENCE ACHIEVEMENT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">attitudes toward science</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">family involvement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science achievement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science classroom environment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">self-efficacy</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1741762018.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Previous research has indicated that attitudes influence various factors contributing to scientific achievement. Inadequate performance in science can limit career opportunities, underscoring the importance of comprehending how attitudes towards science can enhance overall scientific achievement. This study explored the mediating effect of attitudes towards science for the relationships between perceptions of science classroom environment, family involvement, and science self-efficacy with science achievement. This research was conducted as a non-experimental quantitative research. Questionnaires from modified established instruments, Test of science-Related Attitudes, What Is Happening In this Class, Family Involvement Questionnaire- High School Version, Sources of science Self-Efficacy, and science Achievement Test, were sent out to participants via Google Form on different days for a span of two weeks.  A total of 148 Form 2 lower-secondary school students from various districts in Sabah participated in this study.  Data were analyzed using the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling method. The results revealed that Social Implications of science had a significant positive mediating effect between perceptions of science classroom environment and science achievement. Additionally, there was no significant mediating effect of attitudes toward science on the relationship between science self-efficacy, and family involvement with science achievement. Overall, this study suggests that an aspect of attitudes toward science, the Social Implications of science, was an important mediator between students’ perceptions of science classroom environment and science achievement. This meant that students would perform better in science when they perceived their science classroom better, in the condition that they value the implications that science brings to real life.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30-47</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yurii  Pelekh</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AXIOLOGICAL CULTURE AS A RESPONSE TO THE CHALLENGES FACING THE EDUCATION OF THE FUTURE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">axiological culture</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">axiological development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">European education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">humanistic values</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=4714140</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The development of axiological culture among students at European universities should become one of the central themes in contemporary educational discourse. Having long worked on the practical application of conceptual ideas from value theory in educational processes, we argue that there remains a significant lack of scholarly research investigating the level of axiological culture within the academic environment in Europe and worldwide. 
At the macro level, axiological culture becomes a practical component in addressing one of the most significant challenges of European education: to remain simultaneously competitive and democratic, globalized (while preserving its identity and balancing between deep traditions and global pressures), and locally effective.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">728-733</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Okan Sarıgöz</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bilal Yıldırım</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gülistan Bingöl</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CHALLENGES FACED BY SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS AFTER DISASTERS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">crisis management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">disaster management in education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational challenges</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational disruption</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school administration</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1741762321.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">School administrators organise several factors, such as the structure of the school, teachers, staff, students and parents to achieve educational objectives. Managing such a large-scale organization often involves addressing unexpected problems. School administrators face significant challenges in maintaining educational continuity following large-scale crises, such as the February 6, 2023, earthquakes in Türkiye. This study investigates the obstacles encountered by primary school administrators during the post-earthquake period. The research employs a qualitative design, gathering data through semi-structured interviews conducted with 18 school administrators affected by the earthquake disaster. The participants were school administrators working in primary schools located in the central districts of Hatay Province. The collected data were analysed using thematic analysis. The analysis identified various problems resulting from the earthquakes in the region, including the migration of families and students to different provinces, damage to school buildings, lack of internet access and educational materials, inequality in opportunities, and psychological challenges such as stress, anxiety, reduced motivation, and low morale. Additional concerns included uncertainty about the future, as well as difficulties related to accommodation, transportation, communication, teacher assignments, and access to teaching resources faced by school administrators and teachers. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the need to provide psychological support to school staff, students, and teachers; create safe educational environments; reorganize and enhance teaching materials; repair and reconstruct damaged school buildings; develop crisis management programs; and offer both financial and psychological support to affected families. These findings highlight the urgent need for improved disaster preparedness and post-disaster support systems within the educational sector. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">101-123</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Svetlana Surikova</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CHARACTER EDUCATION FOR THE GIFTED: PRIORITIES ACROSS EDUCATIONAL STAGES AND CULTURAL CONTEXTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">character education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">character strengths; cultural context</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational stage</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gifted and talented education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">systematic review</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=4714187</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gifted education has traditionally prioritised cognitive development, while character education has addressed socioemotional and moral formation. Yet, the intersection of these areas is increasingly recognised as essential for nurturing gifted learners capable of both intellectual excellence and ethical responsibility. Building on this growing recognition, this review examines how existing research conceptualises priorities in character education for the gifted across varying educational stages and cultural contexts. Following the PRISMA framework, this study systematically reviewed journal articles published between 2004 and 2025 across three databases (Web of Science, Scopus, and Sage Journals). Sixty articles met the inclusion criteria, comprising 36 empirical and 24 theoretical/conceptual studies. They were analysed according to study type and research design, educational stage, and cultural context, using a combined coding system. The synthesis was organised around three key categories: group characteristics (character strengths), encountered challenges, and proposed solutions and priorities. The synthesis revealed that empirical studies, whether qualitative, mixed‐methods or quantitative, consistently foregrounded performance and intellectual virtues, whereas theoretical/conceptual studies distributed attention more evenly and gave comparatively greater weight to moral and integrative virtues. Gifted learners were found to face recurring challenges, including social and emotional difficulties, perfectionism, curriculum mismatch, and inadequate support systems. Proposed solutions clustered around differentiated instruction, social-emotional learning, mindfulness and well-being practices, external and internal support and the training of supporters. Priorities varied across educational stages and cultural contexts, yet a consistent need emerged for holistic frameworks that integrate cognitive, affective, and behavioural aspects. The review underscores the need for integrative, developmentally sensitive, and culturally responsive models of character education for the gifted. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">860-900</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Katarína Vančíková</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ružena Čiliaková</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hušlová Orságová, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONCEPTUALIZATIONS OF INCLUSIVE SCHOOLING BY PRE-SERVICE TEACHERS IN SLOVAKIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">conceptualizations of inclusive schooling</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">inclusive education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pre-service teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quantitative survey</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=4664273</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Understanding how pre-service teachers conceptualize inclusive schooling is critical for effective teacher education. The present study examined how 455 pre-service teachers from eight Slovak universities perceive and prioritize eight distinct conceptualizations of an inclusive school, analyzing influences of professional specialization, study mode, and experience with diversity. A quantitative survey, utilizing ratings on a 6-point Likert scale and forced choice ranking, revealed &quot;every child is valued&quot; as the most preferred concept, signaling a strong normative commitment to individual children's worth. &quot;Bottom-up inclusion,&quot; emphasizing practical, team-based approaches, also ranked highly. While no significant differences were found across teacher specializations or personal experience with diversity, part-time students showed stronger preference for &quot;bottom-up inclusion&quot; compared to full-time students, who prioritized &quot;every child is valued&quot;. These findings suggest that professional experience may shape more practical conceptualizations of inclusion, underscoring the importance of structured reflection alongside practical experience in teacher education.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">689-704</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1741761732.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 83, No. 1, 2025</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 83, No. 5, 2025</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">609</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 83, No. 4, 2025
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">455</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 83, No. 6, 2025</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">727</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 83, No. 3, 2025</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">277</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1746640175.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 83, No. 2, 2025</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">151</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 83, No. 5, 2025</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">607-608</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 83, No. 4, 2025</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">423-454</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 83, No. 3, 2025</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">275-276</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 83, No. 6, 2025</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">725-726</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1746640147.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 83, No. 2, 2025</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">149-150</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1741761705.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 83, No. 1, 2025</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nurten Gündüz</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mehmet Sincar</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DATA PRIVACY AND SECURITY CHALLENGES IN METAVERSITIES: THE ETHICAL DILEMMAS IN THE FUTURE OF HIGHER EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">data privacy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">higher education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IPA</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">metaverse</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">metaversity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">metavethics</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=4604155</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Without regulations for higher education institutions in the metaverse, ethical transgressions are unavoidable. Educational metaverse systems, which integrate artificial intelligence, essentially depend on big data as their core technology, leading to considerable privacy issues. Therefore, this study examines data privacy and security issues, a sub-dimension of metavethics, and how a healthy, secure, and responsible metaverse can be shaped within higher education. The research group was formed using a maximum diversity and criterion sampling method based on purposive sampling approaches. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 key faculty members who have a voice in the field of educational metaverse. The interview questions were prepared based on the relevant literature and conceptual framework. Some outstanding findings emphasized by the participants on the risks under data privacy and security in higher education are: the challenge of 3-dimensional data such as biological and behavioural data, algorithmic guidance, dependence on private companies in the educational metaverse, wearable technologies, loss of privacy, the danger of the disappearance of free will, loss of autonomy in higher education, personal data becoming a market material, and cyber-attacks on university systems.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">525-544</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">İnci Kuzu, Ç.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Erdoğan Kayabaşı, K.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DETERMINING THE DIGITAL LITERACY LEVELS OF MATHEMATICS PRE-SERVICE TEACHERS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">descriptive research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">information and technology literacy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematics education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pre-service teacher</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=4604163</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Information technologies have increased the need to understand and use mathematics, enabling mathematics to go beyond being just a theoretical discipline. This research aims to specify the digital literacy levels of mathematics pre-service teachers and to examine the differences in this level according to age, gender, type of upper-secondary school graduated from, grade level, socioeconomic level, parental education status, place of residence, and computer ownership status variables. The descriptive research method, one of the quantitative research approaches, was used in this research. The research participants consisted of 412 volunteer university students selected using the convenience sampling method, one of the non-random sampling methods. The Digital Literacy Scale was used in the research. The study found that the perceived digital literacy levels among the participating pre-service teachers were above average. Similarly, the mean values of the informatics and technology literacy sub-factors are also above the midpoint of 3.00, suggesting that perception levels are above average. The study recommends including information and technology literacy in mathematics teacher training programs. The necessary tools and resources should be provided to enhance students’ access to and use of informatics and technology. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">563-578</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jiří Škoda</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pavel Doulík</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin  Bílek</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zuzana Procházková</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DEVELOPING STUDENTS’ SOFT SKILLS IN INQUIRY-BASED LOWER SECONDARY SCIENCE EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">inquiry-based lower secondary science education (IBSE)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school environment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science literacy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">self-assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soft skills</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=4714179</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inquiry-based science education (IBSE) is a student learning management strategy focusing not only on the active construction of knowledge in the natural sciences. Through the used educational procedures, it also develops students' soft skills. The impact of IBSE on the development of soft skills was monitored in a group of 14- to 15-year-old students in Czech basic schools. The main aim of the study was to determine whether IBSE contributes to greater development of students' self-assessment of the achievement level of selected soft skills compared to the transmissive model of managing their learning activities. The study employed an educational experiment as its validation method. The experimental group (N = 232) received IBSE teaching over a five-month period, delivered by teachers who had received prior IBSE training and were regularly supervised by the research team. The control group (N = 207) was taught using the transmission model for the same duration. Soft skill self-assessment was conducted using an 80-questions questionnaire based on interval scales. For each skill, the level of self-assessment was calculated as the arithmetic average of respondents’ ratings across 10 items. The collected data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods. The results show that students taught using IBSE reported significantly higher self-assessed levels in communication, teamwork, problem-solving, creativity, and the ability to learn new things compared to the control group. IBSE appears to be an effective educational model that not only supports science literacy but also fosters the development of key soft skills applicable in real-life and out-of-school contexts.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">840-859</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Joseline M. Santos</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Raquel C. Adriano</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marian Minneli S. Cruz</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mayleen Dorcas B. Castro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eunice B. Custodio</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gerriper T. Bernardo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DIGITIZING EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES: DEVELOPMENT OF LEARNING MATERIALS REPOSITORY HUB</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alternative Delivery Mode Learning Resource (ADMLR)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Digitized Learning Materials (DLM)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Learning Materials Repository Hub (LMRH)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">System Usability Scale (SUS)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Technology Acceptance Model (TAM)</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1746640668.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study developed a Learning Materials Repository Hub (LMRH) to digitize educational resources for the K-12 education system, addressing the need for centralized, high-quality, and accessible learning materials. Using a developmental research approach, Graduate School students created Digitized Learning Materials (DLMs) aligned with the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELCs) and the Alternative Delivery Mode Learning Resource (ADMLR) standards of the Department of Education (DepEd). These materials were reviewed by subject-matter experts and integrated into the LMRH, which was designed as a centralized platform for organizing and sharing digital learning content. The study employed expert evaluations and teacher assessments to determine the content quality, educational effectiveness, technical usability, and overall acceptability of the LMRH. The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) was used to measure perceived usefulness, ease of use, attitude toward using, and intention to use, while the System Usability Scale (SUS) evaluated its usability. Findings revealed that the DLMs received high ratings for quality, and the LMRH was deemed effective in supporting both synchronous and asynchronous learning. Teachers strongly agreed on its usefulness and ease of integration into teaching. The results suggest that digital learning repositories can significantly enhance teaching and learning experiences, providing a flexible and efficient platform for educators. The study highlights the importance of digitized educational resources and encourages further investment in educational technology to improve curriculum implementation and educational delivery in K-12 education.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">237-260</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">İlkdoğan Serbes, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aydın Balyer</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DROPOUT TENDENCIES IN TURKISH HIGHER EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">descriptive correlational research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">diploma inflation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">higher education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">human capital</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tinto’s dropout model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">youth poverty</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=4604159</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dropping out of higher education is a significant issue that impacts not only individual students but also the educational system and society at large. The purpose of the study is to examine the levels of dropout tendency among undergraduate students attending public universities in Türkiye and to determine whether these tendencies vary according to specific demographic variables. The sample included 1,061 students, of whom 58.2% (n = 617) were female and 41.8% (n = 444) male, enrolled in public universities in Türkiye. Data were collected using the &quot;School Dropout Scale in Higher Education&quot; and a demographic information form. The findings indicated that students in their third year or above demonstrated higher dropout tendencies compared to those in earlier stages of their studies, including preparatory, first, and second-year students. Additionally, students studying in metropolitan cities (Ankara, Izmir, Istanbul) demonstrated significantly lower dropout tendencies than those in other cities. A decrease in school attendance was associated with a statistically significant rise in dropout tendency. Students who worked while studying were more likely to show dropout tendencies than those who did not work. Furthermore, higher parental educational levels correlated with a significant decrease in dropout tendency. Similarly, students with higher Grade Point Average (GPA) exhibited a lower tendency to drop out. Conversely, lower family income and a greater number of siblings were associated with a significant increase in dropout tendency. No statistically significant difference was found regarding gender.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">545-562</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EDUCATOR’S MISSION IN FORMING A FUTURE HUMAN: A SYSTEMATIC ATTITUDE TO KNOWLEDGE, VALUES, AND TECHNOLOGIES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational relationships</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational systems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rational/scientific cognition</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=4604130</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We will not be mistaken in stating that the education of the future human is an extremely difficult and complex matter, requiring consideration of increasingly rapid changes in society, technology, economy, and other factors. It is important that children develop the abilities and skills necessary to adapt to a world where many familiar norms, rules, professions, and other societal structures may change or simply disappear. 
Understandably, there are various educational systems, forms, models, etc. However, the fundamental questions remain the same: how to understand? How to coordinate? How to predict? Even more apparent is that we are at the crossroads. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">456-460</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rakan M. Alshammari</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EFFECT OF BEHAVIOR CONTRACTS ON REDUCING PROBLEM BEHAVIORS AND ENHANCING ACADEMIC ENGAGEMENT IN GENERAL CLASSROOM SETTINGS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">academic engagement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contingency contracting</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">problem behavior</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school settings</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">students with behavior issues</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1746640462.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Many students in schools may demonstrate problem behaviors and show signs of academic disengagement behaviors in schools, especially students who are educated in upper-secondary schools. Exhibition of problem behaviors may negatively affect students’ academic performance. These students need to receive effective interventions, such as behavioral contract interventions, to help them behave and learn well.  This study aimed to examine the effect of employing behavioral contract interventions in the reduction of problem behaviors and the enhancement of academic engagement in four upper-secondary students who exhibit problem behaviors and show signs of academic disengagement behaviors in general classroom settings. The single-subject research with ABAB design was used as an experimental method to examine the effect of behavioral contract intervention for the four upper-secondary students. All four upper-secondary school students were male students. These students were observed during the study by daily progress reports as a data collection tool by two observers. The results of the study displayed a positive effect on the four upper-secondary students using behavioral contract intervention. All the students had high levels of reducing problem behaviors and increasing academic engagement behaviors. The study found that the behavioral contract intervention was a useful intervention for all the students. These findings indicated that the behavioral contract intervention can be added as part of the school's policy to reduce students’ problem behaviors and enhance academic engagement behaviors. Also, the intervention may need to be replicated with another gender, such as female students.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">176-195</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dinkissa Gofer Abdissa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gemechis File Duressa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teklu Tafase Olkaba</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eyasu Gemechu Feyissa</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE EFFECT OF BLENDED LEARNING EDUCATIONAL MODEL ON SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS’ MATHEMATICS ACHIEVEMENT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">blended learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematics achievement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quasi-experimental</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">secondary school</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1741761950.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blended Learning has gained significant attention for its potential to enhance student achievement. However, its implementation in secondary education, especially in developing countries like Ethiopia, faces barriers such as infrastructure limitations, pedagogical challenges, and socio-economic factors. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a blended learning model on the mathematics achievement of tenth-grade students in Ethiopia. A quasi-experimental design with non-equivalent groups, using both pre- and post-tests was employed. Two pre-existing classes from different schools were assigned to either the experimental group (n = 38) or the comparison group (n = 45) using lottery method. Prior academic records showed similar levels of mathematics achievement between the groups. A pre-test, covering topics like relations and functions, polynomial functions, and exponential and logarithmic functions, confirmed group equivalence. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, which revealed that students in the blended learning group outperformed those in the conventional teaching group. A significant mean difference of 19.999 was observed, with a substantial effect size, as indicated by paired sample t-tests. These results suggest that blended learning is more effective than conventional methods in improving mathematics achievement. The study advocates for incorporating blended learning into the mathematics curriculum and urges policymakers and educators to consider adopting this model to enhance educational outcomes.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9-29</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Demir Evcimen, F. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ulukaya Öteleş, Ü.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Erol Koçoğlu</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE EFFECT OF CRITICAL THINKING PRACTICES ON DIGITAL FOOTPRINT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">critical thinking</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">digital footprint</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pre-service teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social studies teaching</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=4499558</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Individuals equipped with critical thinking skills are capable of evaluating the consequences of their actions in digital environments and ensuring their personal safety while actively using technology. This study aims to examine the impact of critical thinking practices on reducing the digital footprints of prospective teachers. The research was designed as a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest control group model. The study group consisted of 66 pre-service teachers enrolled in the fourth year of the Social Studies Teacher Education Program in Türkiye during the fall semester of the 2022–2023 academic year. Over a five-week implementation period, the experimental group (n=32) received critical thinking instruction aimed at minimizing digital footprints, while the control group (n=34) continued with the standard curriculum. Data were collected using the &quot;Survey on Higher Education Students' Use of Digital Media,&quot; a semi-structured interview form, and a peer assessment form, all developed by the researchers. The findings revealed a statistically significant improvement in the experimental group regarding digital footprint reduction. Additionally, data obtained from the peer assessments and interviews supported the quantitative findings, demonstrating the positive impact of critical thinking practices. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">306-322</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Orhan Kaplan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mevlüt Kara</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Turan Kaçar</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE EFFECT OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION ON STUDENTS’ CREATIVE THINKING SKILLS: PISA EVIDENCE USING PROPENSITY SCORE MATCHING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">comparative analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">creative thinking</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">digital technology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">propensity score matching</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=4499588</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Identifying elements that enhance student creativity is essential for effective educational design. The rapid adoption of digital educational technologies (DETs) has become a key factor in this process. This study aims to present causal evidence on the impact of teachers’ use of digital technology in education on the creative thinking of 15-year-old students in two countries, characterized by contrasting levels of digital technology integration in upper-secondary school. Propensity score analysis was applied to nationally representative PISA 2022 datasets of Singapore (n=6,606 students in 164 schools) and Morocco (n=6,867 students in 178 schools) to obtain causal estimates conditional on specified confounding factors. This causal inference method, which is infrequently employed in educational research, assesses interventions via observational data, considering temporal precedence, yielding less biased estimates by mitigating disparities between treatment and control groups. The findings showed that DET use at schools did not significantly influence students’ creative thinking in Singapore, and surprisingly, it significantly decreased Moroccan students’ creative thinking. Sensitivity analysis corroborated the robustness of the treatment effect estimates. The generalizability of the results is limited to the genuine educational contexts of the countries. The findings suggest that educational policymakers should be cautious about over-investment and over-reliance on digital technologies without carefully optimizing educational and curricular design for technology-enhanced creativity. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">403-423</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Meltem Vurkun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sevda Katıtaş</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mithat Korumaz</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE EFFECT OF TEACHERS’ PERCEPTIONS OF ORGANIZATIONAL JUSTICE ON ORGANIZATIONAL SILENCE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">correlational survey model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">organizational justice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">organizational silence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teachers</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=4714195</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study was conducted to determine the effect of teachers’ perceptions of organizational justice on organizational silence. A causal-comparative and correlational survey model was used in the research. The sample of the study consisted of 446 teachers working in İstanbul, selected through simple random sampling. The research data were collected using the “Organizational Justice Scale” and the “Organizational Silence Scale”. Descriptive statistics, along with independent sample t-tests, correlation, and regression analyses, were employed to examine the collected data. As a result of the study, it was determined that teachers held moderate perceptions regarding organizational justice as well as organizational silence. The study revealed that teachers’ perceptions of organizational justice differed according to gender and school type, while their perceptions of organizational silence differed according to subject branch. The findings indicated a significant negative correlation between organizational justice and organizational silence. Moreover, teachers’ perceptions of justice within their institutions were found to be significant predictors of how they perceived organizational silence. This study underscores the decisive role of organizational justice in shaping teachers’ silence behaviors. Implementing transparent, fair, and participatory practices in educational institutions can foster teachers’ sense of value and empowerment, thereby enhancing organizational effectiveness and the overall quality of education. Such practices reduce silence while fostering communication, collaboration, and innovation among teachers.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">901-924</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pham Thi Binh</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hoang Thi Thu Hong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nguyen Thi Thuy Trang</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EFFECTIVENESS OF FLIPPED CLASSROOMS IN ENHANCING SELF-STUDY COMPETENCY AND ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENTS IN VIETNAM’S SECONDARY SCHOOLS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">academic achievement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flipped classroom</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">secondary science education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">self-study competency</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vietnam</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=4664263</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Self-study has been recognized as a core competency in Vietnam’s General Education Curriculum, underscoring its essential role in students’ holistic development. This study employed a quasi-experimental design to examine the effectiveness of the flipped classroom model in enhancing self-study competency and academic achievement among secondary students. The intervention, focusing on the topic “Mixtures and Separation of Substances” in Grade 6 Science, involved 137 students from four classes at two secondary schools in Hanoi during the second semester of the 2022–2023 academic year. Two classes (n = 68) were taught using the flipped classroom model (experimental class), while the other two (n = 69) followed conventional teacher-centered teaching (control class). Academic performance tests and a validated seven-item self-study competency scale were used to assess outcomes. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, and Mann–Whitney U tests. Results showed that flipped teaching significantly improved both academic achievement and self-study competency, with the experimental class outperforming the control class. No significant difference was found between the two experimental classes, suggesting consistency in the intervention’s effects. These findings highlight the potential of the flipped classroom model to foster autonomous learning, improve educational outcomes, and inform future teaching practices in Vietnamese secondary education.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">613-625</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 83, No. 3, 2025</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">450-452</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1746640783.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 83, No. 2, 2025</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">272-274</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 83, No. 6, 2025</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">925-928</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 83, No. 4, 2025</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">603-606</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 83, No. 5, 2025</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">722-724</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1741762432.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 83, No. 1, 2025</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">146-148</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marilou Bugtong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zenia Milio</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peter Paul Canuto</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yuvimin Lumidao</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marites Choycawen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Deborah Lumecio</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Daisy Bando</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ENGLISH COMICS AS READING MATERIALS AND INTERVENTION IN IMPROVING STUDENTS’ READING COMPREHENSION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">English comics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Philippines</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reading comprehension</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reading intervention</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reading material</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=4604143</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">With the engaging blend of visuals and texts, comics have emerged as promising tools for enhancing reading comprehension in primary classrooms. This study examined how incorporating English comics as reading materials and interventions impact students' reading comprehension. It also determined students' perceptions on the use of English comics to improve their reading comprehension. Explanatory sequential design was employed. Specifically, classroom action research was utilized in the quantitative phase. Pre-and post-test assessments were used to determine differences in students' reading comprehension performances. For the qualitative phase, a semi-structured interview was used to determine students' perceptions of the comics. The study involved 20 Grade 5 students at Palabayan Elementary School (PES), Tinoc, Ifugao, Philippines. Quantitative results showed significant improvement in the students' reading comprehension after using the comics. Qualitative findings divulged four main themes: comics design, the impact of comics on reading comprehension, challenges encountered, and suggestions for improvement of the comics. Students indicated the positive influence of visually appealing design elements and well-designed picture and text alignment. Accordingly, it helped improve their reading comprehension and increased their pleasure in reading. Challenges encountered include visual and textual overload, as well as students' limited vocabulary. Students’ recommendations include improving the clarity of the comics, adding more pictures for visual appeal, and enhancing the designs of the comics. Nonetheless, this study implies the impact of English comics and supports their utilization as reading materials and an intervention tool for enhancing young students' reading comprehension. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">480-500</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Serhat Dindaş</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Murat İnce</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ENHANCING PRIMARY STUDENTS’ READING SKILLS THROUGH AUGMENTED REALITY-ENRICHED TURKISH TEXTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">augmented reality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational technology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reading skills</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=4664271</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The present study examined whether the integration of augmented reality (AR) into fourth-grade Turkish reading lessons enhances students’ reading comprehension and motivation. A quasi-experimental pretest-posttest control group design was employed, involving 48 students (24 experimental and 24 control) from a public primary school. Students in the experimental group engaged with AR-enriched texts, while the control group read the same texts without AR enhancement. Reading comprehension proficiency and attitudes toward AR were measured using standardized scales, and qualitative interviews were conducted to gather student feedback. Results indicated that the experimental group demonstrated a significant improvement in reading skill scores compared to their baseline, while the control group showed no significant progress. A moderate positive correlation was observed between students’ reading comprehension self-efficacy and their attitudes towards AR, indicating that students who felt more confident in their reading skills also tended to view AR-based learning more positively. Qualitative findings further revealed that AR enriched texts increased student engagement—evoking curiosity, excitement, and enjoyment—and helped students maintain focus during reading. These results suggest that integrating AR into reading activities can enhance elementary students’ reading abilities and motivation. These findings highlight the potential of integrating AR into literacy education to foster students’ engagement and comprehension. The study underscores the importance of designing technology-supported reading activities that align with curriculum goals and suggests that AR can serve as an effective educational tool to enhance motivation and learning outcomes in primary education.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">663-676</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kristine Uzule</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jevgenija Dehtjare</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Natalja Verina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aurelija Ulbinaite</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bojan Kitanovikj</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EXTENDING THE CONCEPT OF DIVERSITY IN ENTREPRENEURSHIP COMPETENCE EDUCATION TO INCLUDE AI SKILLS: PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION EMPLOYEES AND EXPERTS’ INSIGHTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AI</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">conceptual diversity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">entrepreneurship education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">expert survey</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">public administration employee survey</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">workforce development</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=4604170</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Entrepreneurship education can embrace the concept of diversity not only through the prism of demographics and identity but also through the inclusion of diverse competences. As artificial intelligence (AI) continues to transform professional practice, integrating AI skills into established frameworks can broaden the scope and relevance of entrepreneurial competences. This study aimed to determine whether AI competences should be incorporated into the “Ideas and Opportunities” domain of the Entrepreneurship Competence Framework (EntreComp). The research methodology included a public administration employee survey and an expert survey. Both groups emphasized that organizations, rather than individuals, should lead efforts to build AI competences, while experts also indicated the relevance of AI competences to EntreComp. By advocating for the integration of GenAI competences into entrepreneurship and management education, this study contributes to expanding the concept of diversity through providing evidence for embedding AI competences into established professional competence models, instead of treating AI competences as isolated digital abilities. This approach supports a form of spreading activation, where rethinking diversity at the conceptual level links professional challenges more directly to education, reshaping competence frameworks, curriculum design, and skill recognition. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">579-602</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alois Daněk</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FOSTERING INCLUSION AND SKILL DEVELOPMENT IN CHILDCARE INSTITUTIONS: LESSONS FROM THE VISEGRAD REGION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">inclusive education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">participatory action research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">residential childcare</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social inclusion</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=4664265</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Children growing up in residential childcare often face restricted access to areas that are essential for their future. These include inclusive education, inspiring cultural experiences and, importantly, the benefits of emerging educational technologies. This study draws on long-term research in children’s homes and an international project supported by the Visegrad Fund, which created a framework for exploring innovative educational approaches. The aim was to identify and verify methods that can promote personal growth, social inclusion, and readiness for the digital era among children in residential childcare. Using a participatory action research approach with a qualitative design, the study involved children and educators from several Czech and Slovak children’s homes and a Ukrainian children’s home evacuated to Poland. Over three months, local educational activities were implemented alongside an international meeting centred on an inclusive sports programme and two parallel workshops. The analysis of the results, in the context of ongoing research, showed that combining cultural, sports, and educational activities enhanced collaboration, communication, self-expression, and interest in learning. Modern technologies played a key role, with artificial intelligence tools supporting project implementation and increasing inclusivity and personalisation in teaching. The study recommends integrating modern technologies into non-formal education in residential childcare while ensuring ethical and cultural sensitivity in the adoption of new educational approaches.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">645-662</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gabriel Gorghiu</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FROM EDUCATION TO LIGHTNESS OF MIND</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cognitive development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational process</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">effective education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">intellectual development</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=4499554</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Have you ever considered examining the connection between the educational process and the intellectual effort necessary for cognitive development? An interesting topic proposed to take a closer look at. More specifically, to see how education represents a whole complex of brain training, but also to identify the types of cognitive effort involved in this process, as well as how the character of the educable is shaped! On the other hand, an example is provided of how the process of simplification (usually a rather complicated endeavor) can lead to a shallowness of mind. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">278-281</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Muammer Çalik</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE FUNCTIONAL ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN WORKING OUT THE CRISIS IN THE REVIEWER POOL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">editorial workloads</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational research journals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">methodological issues</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">peer review process</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">scientific disciplines</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1746640338.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Becoming reviewers is absolutely a volunteer process to ensure the credibility and reliability of any scientific/academic paper and requires them to spend their spare time to review and improve the quality of the submitted papers. Editors try to do their best to find qualified reviewers, who can provide timely and high quality feedback within the scheduled review period. An increase in the number of educational research journals calls for much more reviewers and increases their workloads with frequent invitations. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">152-154</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yeliz Temli-Durmuş</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GENERATIONAL DIFFERENTIATION IN VALUE PERCEPTION: VIEWS FROM SOCIETY BASED CURRICULUM</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">society-based curriculum</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">values differentiation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">x generation’s values</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">z generation’s values</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1741762384.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Century of Turkiye Education Model has been started to implementation in 2024-2025 academic year. Within the overarching objectives, a multitude of values as a component of culture are envisioned for students to acquire. Across generations, a cultural challenge arises as pre-service teachers struggle to convey their parents' emotions amid perceptions of shame and disrespect, adding a layer of discomfort to the new generation expected to emulate these behaviors. In this qualitative study employing the Cultural Analysis framework, data were collected by conducting interviews. Totally 144 pre-service teachers and 97 parents volunteered to participate. Within the scope of validity and reliability studies, codes and themes were determined in collaboration with two researchers, and participant approval and expert opinions were obtained. The results were presented under two headings: “Pre-service Teachers” and “Parents”. The findings highlighted the profound impact of social acceptance on shaping behavior and values within social communities, revealing a complex interplay, where even those critical societal expectations conform due to the fear of social acceptance. Across generations, a cultural challenge arises as pre-service teachers struggle to convey their parents' emotions amid perceptions of shame and disrespect, adding a layer of discomfort to the new generation expected to emulate these behaviors. Parents who represent X Generation, express apprehensions about the widespread use of mobile phones, aligning with broader concerns about technology's influence on communication, ignoring some values such as loyalty and being reliable, while their child who represents Z Generation, underlines their parents overestimate relative and neighbor relations.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">124-145</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HUMAN AND SOCIETY EDUCATION: INTERACTION OF TWO SYSTEMS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">economic development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational indoctrination</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">human capital</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">political processes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social inequality</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1741761863.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Education influences the development of society, forms human capital, ensures socialisation and cultural development. At the same time, society determines the direction and goals of education and influences its quality and accessibility. Society and education are two interconnected systems that interact and influence each other. Education performs an important social function in society, determines social mobility, helps maintain cultural continuity, and, of course, is an important factor in economic development. Moreover, education can increase political awareness and promote active participation of citizens in political processes. Well-educated individuals often better understand political systems, their rights and duties, which can contribute to strengthening democracy. In this case, we want to emphasise the word “can” because it works differently in different societies. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4-8</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jieyi Chen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mohd Rameli, M. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE IMPACT OF GOAL SETTING ON ENGLISH LEARNING PERFORMANCE: THE MEDIATING ROLE OF LEARNING ENGAGEMENT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">English learning performance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ESL students</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">goal setting</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning engagement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mediation model</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=4714147</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goal setting (GS) is regarded as a key component of the forethought phase of self-regulation. Given that self-regulation has been widely recognised as an important contributor to academic outcomes, the present study sought to further explore how GS influences English learning performance (ELP), with learning engagement (LE) considered as a mediating factor in the context of English as a Second Language (ESL). 295 English major students from a college in China were invited to complete three instruments: the Goal Setting Scale, the School Engagement Measure, and the English Self-ratings Measure, which measure students’ GS, LE, and ELP, respectively. The descriptive and correlation analysis was done, and the mediation model was tested. The results showed: (1) The GS, LE and ELP of the ESL Chinese college students were all at a relatively moderate level; (2) GS, LE, and ELP were significantly interconnected; (3) LE served as a partial mediator between GS and ELP, indicating that students’ goal-setting behaviors contribute to better English learning by fostering greater engagement. Chinese ESL students and English teachers are suggested to place emphasis on both setting goals and engagement for students’ English study. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">734-751</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dainius Genys</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LIBERAL AND COMMUNITARIAN MODELS OF CIVIC EDUCATION IN LITHUANIA AND ITS PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">civic education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">communitarian model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">individual autonomy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">liberal model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lithuania</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social cohesion</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=4499560</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In the face of evolving geopolitical tensions, digital transformations, and the emergence of new civic challenges – such as Russia’s military aggression and the arrival of refugee communities – civic education in Lithuania has become a matter of renewed urgency. While traditionally centered on transmitting political knowledge, civic education increasingly plays a critical role in shaping civic virtues, values, and participatory attitudes. This research is dedicated to a question: how different models of civic education - liberal and communitarian - have influenced Lithuania’s civic landscape since independence, and how these frameworks respond to current societal needs?
The study employs a comparative historical analysis of Lithuanian educational policies, civic participation trends, and socio-political contexts, tracing civic education’s evolution from the communitarian mobilization of the Sąjūdis era to a liberal emphasis on individual autonomy and legal-rational governance. Data is drawn from policy documents, curriculum reforms, and secondary analyses of civic engagement indicators in Lithuania from 1990 to the present.
Findings reveal that while liberal models have institutionalized civic norms through rights-based education, they often fall short in fostering emotional engagement and community belonging. Conversely, communitarian models encourage solidarity and active citizenship but risk marginalizing individual freedoms. An integrative approach is proposed, combining liberal and communitarian elements to develop a civic education model aligned with Lithuania’s present context, aimed at enhancing democratic resilience, social cohesion, and a participatory civic culture.
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">323-341</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Erika Gintere</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martins Iltners</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Linda Pavitola</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE LINK BETWEEN HEALTH ISSUES AND LEARNING DYNAMICS AMONG LATVIAN STUDENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Covid-19</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning dynamics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning outcomes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quantitative research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">self-assessment survey</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1741762101.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The contagion of COVID-19 and its resulting health consequences, combined with the rapid and unplanned shift to online teaching and learning, profoundly affected various aspects of students’ personal and academic lives worldwide. The pandemic disrupted traditional educational systems, altering the way students learn and interact, while also influencing their mental and physical well-being. These changes have raised concerns about the long-term impact on students’ academic performance, engagement, and overall learning outcomes, especially in the context of health challenges exacerbated by the pandemic. Therefore, the aim of this study is to explore the link between COVID-19-related health problems and student learning dynamics. The study found that health indicators have generally worsened during COVID-19 and have significantly worsened for students who contracted COVID-19. However, this difference is statistically significant only for the health factor “nervousness.” The study also indicates that the overall deterioration of health does not significantly affect academic performance. A total of 106 students participated in the study, with 60 participants from grade 8 and 46 participants from grade 9. Of these, 59 were male and 47 were female. Among the participants, 81 contracted COVID-19, while 25 did not. Although many studies suggest that the consequences of COVID-19 negatively impact health and potentially affect academic achievement, these effects have not been found to be statistically significant. Therefore, further research is needed to identify specific cases where the spread of the disease could have a statistically significant impact on academic performance.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">48-61</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tuğba Pürsün</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LISTENING COMPREHENSION AND RETELLING SKILLS AMONG STUDENTS WITH LEARNING DISABILITIES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning disabilities</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">listening comprehension</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">relational research design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">retelling skills</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=4714177</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Listening comprehension and retelling are essential skills for academic success. However, students with learning disabilities experience difficulties in both areas, which can negatively affect their academic achievement. It is noteworthy that the relevant literature includes only a limited number of studies examining the correlation between these two skills in students with learning disabilities. This study aimed to examine the correlation between listening comprehension and retelling skills in students with learning disabilities. The study was conducted using a relational research design, with a sample of 181 fourth-grade primary school students diagnosed with learning disabilities. Data were collected through the Informal Reading Inventory and analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis. The findings indicated that both the listening comprehension and retelling skills of students with learning disabilities are at a moderate level. Furthermore, their listening comprehension scores were found to be lower than their retelling scores. Among the components of retelling, only the ability to convey details significantly predicted listening comprehension skills. These results highlight the importance of fostering listening and retelling skills in both future research and classroom practices, and suggest that educational activities should be designed specifically to strengthen these interrelated skills.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">823-839</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Constantino, R.W. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ronilo Palle Antonio</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MAPPING THE STEM EDUCATION RESEARCH IN THE PHILIPPINES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliometric analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">co-citation analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">digital learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational policy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STEM education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=4664264</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study presents an analysis of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) education research in the Philippines, drawing from 251 documents published between 1959 and 2025 retrieved from the Scopus database. Using data from the Scopus database and visualization tools such as VOSviewer, the study explores publication trends, intellectual structures, thematic patterns, and the evolution of research priorities over time. Results reveal a marked increase in scholarly output post-2010, peaking in 2024, coinciding with national education reforms, the COVID-19 pandemic, and advances in digital learning. The citation analysis shows a parallel rise in research impact, indicating increasing academic engagement and visibility. Co-citation mapping identifies two core intellectual traditions: empirical, data-driven methodologies centered on assessment and benchmarking, and constructivist learning theories grounded in pedagogical foundations. Keyword co-occurrence analysis yielded five thematic clusters: engineering education and development, student learning in digital environments, pedagogy and teacher preparation, emerging technologies in STEM, and instructional design systems. The overlay visualization underscores a clear thematic evolution from foundational teaching and curriculum concerns toward digital transformation, AI integration, and learner-centered innovation. The study further highlights the underrepresentation of regional State Universities and Colleges (SUCs), underscoring the need for more inclusive and decentralized research development. The findings suggest that STEM education research in the Philippines is transitioning into a mature, future-ready domain, increasingly responsive to both global trends and localized educational needs.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">626-644</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antonija Vukašinović</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bruno Matijašević</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martina Horvat</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PARENTS’ AND TEACHERS' PERCEPTION OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION AS A MEANS OF PARENTS' INVOLVEMENT IN SCHOOL WORK</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">effective communication</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">parental involvement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school-family partnership</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1746640748.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effective communication between parents and teachers results in numerous benefits for all participants in the communication process and, consequently, for the child. The aim of the research was to determine the perceptions of parents and teachers about what constitutes effective communication. For this purpose, 156 primary school teachers and 163 parents in the Republic of Croatia responded to the Murphy questionnaire via Google Forms. The questionnaire consists of two parts: a sociodemographic part and a part of questions that include parental involvement and teacher-parent interaction. The purpose of the research was to guarantee the respondents ' anonymity and allow them to withdraw at any time. The research reveals that primary school teachers fail to meet parents' expectations in communication, emphasizing the need to improve regular communication and plan curriculum components that include ways of parental involvement through various means of communication. This research emphasizes the importance of effective communication and parental involvement in the educational environment, which would contribute to the development of partnership relationships.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">261-271</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eyüp Yılmaz</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ahmet Melih Güneş</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PEER BULLYING AND COPING STRATEGIES IN CHILDREN: INSIGHTS FROM MAINSTREAM PRIMARY SCHOOLS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">behaviour problems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">children</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">coping strategies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">peer bullying</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary school</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=4664272</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">While peer bullying has become one of the most critical issues that today's education systems must address, the bullying experiences of primary school children and their coping strategies remain insufficiently understood. The present study sought to explore in depth whether mainstream primary school students are exposed to peer bullying and, if so, how they cope with this problem. Interviews were held with 13 Turkish primary school students (Mage=10.76), the majority of whom were victims, and one of them was a bully. The study group consisted of nine boys (Mage=10.88) and four girls (Mage=10.5). Data were collected through a semi-structured interview form developed by the researchers. Among participants, physical bullying is experienced the most. It is followed by verbal and emotional bullying. No sexual bullying case was reported. Victims employed various coping strategies, most of which were individual-oriented, such as ignoring the bullying or warning the bullies. However, the most frequently reported strategies were adult-oriented, particularly involving class teachers. Familial (e.g., parental divorce), psychological (e.g., feelings of maternal abandonment), and socio-economic (e.g., financial hardship) challenges may underlie the emergence of bullying behaviours.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">677-688</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nika Drnovšek</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lovšin Kozina, F.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PERCEPTION OF SIXTH-GRADE STUDENTS ON THE ROLE OF HOME ECONOMICS SUBJECT IN EVERYDAY LIFE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">exploratory factor analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">healthy life skills</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">home economics education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Primary school students</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">survey data</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=4714150</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The subject of Home Economics aims to equip students with the knowledge and skills needed to meet the diverse challenges of everyday life and achieve a high quality of life. This study explored sixth-grade students’ perceptions of the role of Home Economics in the following aspects of life: (1) cooperation, tolerance, and belonging (CTB); (2) work and time management (WTM); (3) environmental aspects of sustainable development (EASD); (4) prudent consumerism and finances (PCF) and (5) healthy nutrition (HN). A total of 120 sixth-grade students from four Slovenian primary schools participated in the survey. The results showed that students considered the role of Home Economics important for all five areas of life, with the highest ratings for environmental aspects of sustainable development (EASD) and the lowest for cooperation, tolerance, and belonging (CTB). There were no statistically significant gender differences, but male students rated the role of Home Economics slightly higher in relation to work and time management (WTM). The results provide deeper insight into how students perceive the role of Home Economics in developing everyday life skills and sustainable habits. These findings highlight that students particularly associate the role of Home Economics with environmental responsibility and practical life management, offering a valuable basis for further refining content and teaching strategies to better align Home Economics education with sustainable development goals.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">752-765</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Judel V. Protacio</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PREDICTORS OF CONCEPT FORMATION AND EDUCATIONAL CONTEXTUALIZATION COMPETENCIES IN GEOMETRY OF  PRE-SERVICE MATHEMATICS TEACHERS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contextualizing geometry education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">integrative teaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematical communication</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematical reasoning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematics education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pre-service teacher education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1746640600.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">As an interdisciplinary and multicultural educational framework takes the centrality of the delivery of 21st-century education across all levels, this study attempts to address the competencies that prospective and neophyte teachers need to possess to effectively design contextualized education. Through stepwise multiple regression analysis, mathematical communication and mathematical reasoning skills were explored as potential predictors of both concept formation and educational contextualization abilities of 114 randomly selected pre-service mathematics teachers (PMTs) enrolled in their last term of teacher education training in eight Teacher Education Institutions (TEIs) in Panay Island of Western Visayas, Philippines. Results placed the PMTs at the initial stage of developing proficiency in all these competencies, implying learning gaps and skills development deficiencies. Analysis revealed that mathematical communication significantly predicted the concept formation performance, while concept formation ability was likewise a significant predictor of educational contextualization competence. Findings entail that prospective mathematics teachers who demonstrate effective mathematical communication skills also embody profound sense-making and knowledge formation abilities, which in turn contribute to their capability in designing contextualized mathematics education. In enabling policies on curricular directions among TEIs, the study findings offer vantage perspectives towards integrative teaching approaches that curriculum planners and educators may introduce in teacher education training of PMTs.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">218-236</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zekai Ayık</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PRE-SERVICE TEACHERS’ CONCEPTIONS OF “BEING GIFTED” AND “BEING TALENTED”: A MULTIMODAL SEMIOTIC APPROACH</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gifted education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gifted students</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multimodal analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">talented students</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher conception</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1746640405.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teachers’ conceptions of gifted and talented students significantly influence their nomination skills and teaching practices. However, research indicates that these conceptions are often incorrect or inconsistent, even among teachers who have completed coursework in gifted and talented education. This study aimed to explore pre-service teachers’ conceptions of “being gifted” and “being talented” using a qualitative case study research design with 35 participants. Data were collected using a multimodal instrument that allowed participants to express their mental representations through various modes such as writing, drawing, and mathematical symbols. The collected data were then analyzed using a multimodal semiotic analysis protocol developed specifically for this purpose. The results revealed that participants predominantly associated “being gifted” with cognitive abilities such as high IQ, scientific inquiry, and mathematics, while “being talented” was linked to cognitive, affective, and psychomotor abilities, including high performance in arts and sports. The findings highlight the need for pre-service training programs that promote scientific conceptions of giftedness and talent, addressing stereotypes and lay misconceptions.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">155-175</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sinem Tarhan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PROSPECTIVE TEACHERS' AND SCHOOL COUNSELORS' EXPECTATIONS OF MATTERING IN THE SCHOOL ENVIRONMENT: PERCEIVED SUPPORT AND PROFESSIONAL MOTIVATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">anti-mattering</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">expectation of mattering</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">prospective teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school counselors</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=4499590</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mattering is the personal perception of individuals that they are valuable for others and that they make a difference in the lives of others. Mattering affects the sense of belonging at work, motivation, and job satisfaction. This study aims to determine prospective teachers’ and prospective school counselors’ expectations regarding the extent to which they will matter to students, parents, colleagues, and administrators after they start working. The study adopted a qualitative approach and was designed as a case study. The data collected from 57 prospective teachers and school counselors from different disciplines were analyzed using the content analysis method. Participants expect to matter as they have an effective teaching and counselling attitude towards their students and as they have good communication with parents. They also expect to matter to their colleagues as they are simply colleagues and work in collaboration, and they expect to matter to their administrators as they have an idealistic learning attitude and contribute to the school. Participants who expect not to matter to students and parents list the reasons as prejudices against their discipline and negative attitudes towards teachers. Similarly, there are also participants who state that they do not matter because of their colleagues' prejudices against their discipline and the indifference of their administrators. The study revealed that the general sense of mattering they feel in the school environment positively affects their professional motivation, and that in case of anti-mattering, they continue their profession by finding alternative routes.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">424-449</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Muhammet Davut Gül</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">REASONS WHY GIFTED STUDENTS DROPOUT OF SCIENCE AND ART CENTERS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dropout</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gifted students</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reasons</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science and art center</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">self-determination theory</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=4499563</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gifted students gain the right to receive education outside of school at the Science and Art Centers (SACs) affiliated with the Ministry of National Education and begin to receive education in these institutions in Turkiye. However, after a while, it is seen that gifted students drop out of SACs. The purpose of this research is to examine the reasons why gifted students drop out of SACs. For this purpose, the study group consists of 26 primary and upper-secondary school students who were entitled to SACs in the Black Sea region, attended for at least one year and then dropped out. The study group was formed by criterion sampling. A semi-structured interview form consisting of four questions, one about demographic characteristics and three about opinions, prepared by taking expert opinion, was used as the data collection tool in the study. The obtained data were subjected to content analysis. Depending on the data obtained, student opinions were analyzed under three themes within the perspective of self-determination theory. Regarding SACs dropout, codes have been formed as differentiated education, teacher competency, deep learning, school time, compulsory attendance, and design SACs completely like a school. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">366-382</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Daianne S. Gloria</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elmira Thrina C. Pelayo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rowell D. Castro</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE ROLE OF INFRASTRUCTURE AND STUDENT SATISFACTION IN HIGHER EDUCATION: INPUTS FOR CAMPUS DEVELOPMENT PLAN</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">higher education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">student satisfaction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">student support services</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sustainable development goals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">university infrastructure</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=4604149</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study assesses and ascertains the relationship between university infrastructure and student satisfaction, emphasizing how facilities influence students' academic experiences and overall well-being. Using a convergent parallel mixed-methods approach, the research collected quantitative and qualitative data from over 1,600 students across 13 colleges in one state university in the City of Malolos, Bulacan, Philippines. The survey evaluated student satisfaction in five categories: library and learning resources, IT and digital services, student support services, health and wellness facilities, and recreational spaces. Findings revealed high satisfaction in areas like library cleanliness, student portals, medical services, and grievance handling procedures. However, notable deficiencies were identified in Wi-Fi reliability, digital resource accessibility, comfort room conditions, and canteen facilities. Thematic analysis of qualitative feedback echoed these concerns and highlighted additional needs for improved ventilation, lounge areas, and inclusive recreational spaces. ANOVA analysis showed significant differences in satisfaction based on college and year level, suggesting disparities in infrastructure quality and service delivery across colleges. Considering the strategic investment in infrastructure, particularly in digital services, sanitation, and inclusive spaces, it becomes pivotal for enhancing student satisfaction and academic outcomes. With this, effective improvement includes regular restroom maintenance, upgrading Wi-Fi infrastructure, expanding study and lounge areas, and ensuring standardized support services across colleges. These efforts are critical to creating a learning environment that supports student engagement, performance, and holistic development. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">501-524</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michal Novocký</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Renáta Orosová</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beáta Sakalová</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SELF-EFFICACY OF PRE-SERVICE TEACHERS: FACTORS THAT STRENGTHEN ITS COMPONENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">exploratory factor analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pre-service teacher training</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pre-service teachers’ self-efficacy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">university education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=4714172</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The foundation for the successful work of pre-service teachers in the education of students lies in their professional and pedagogical knowledge and skills, reinforced by self-confidence in applying them when addressing more demanding situations in classrooms. This study aimed to examine the perceived efficacy of pre-service teachers. The research was conducted on a sample of 141 pre-service teachers from Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice. Exploratory factor analysis was employed to validate the research instrument (the shortened, revalidated version of the Ohio State Teacher Efficacy Scale), indicating the existence of three factors (perceived efficacy in adapting teaching to students, managing the classroom, and providing students with learning challenges), as the original model tested by confirmatory factor analysis did not sufficiently fit the data obtained from respondents. The research assessed factors influencing the self-efficacy of pre-service teachers. These factors included gender, field of study, motivation for choosing teacher education, types of teaching practice completed, and courses/subjects related to inclusive education. Significant differences were observed in adapting teaching to students in terms of motivation for teaching, and in adapting teaching and providing students with learning challenges in terms of completed teaching practice. The results in the context of a specifically focused study suggest that, to strengthen these components of pre-service teachers’ self-efficacy, it would be beneficial for university instructors to understand pre-service teachers’ motivation to pursue a teaching career, support the development of their professional identity, and foster more reflective teaching practice through mentors in schools.  </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">807-822</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rita Horak</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lenke Major</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Szabolcs Halasi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vukov Raffai, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Janos Samu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinter Krekic, V.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SUSTAINABILITY EDUCATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL ATTITUDES IN MINORITY TEACHER TRAINING: A CASE FROM SERBIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">attitude formation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education for sustainable development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">environmental education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quantitative longitudinal research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher training</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=4714159</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Integrating sustainability education into teacher training remains a key challenge, particularly in minority language contexts where environmental and cultural dimensions intersect. This study examines how education about sustainability can be effectively integrated into teacher training in such a setting. Specifically, it examines the effects of three elective environmental education courses ‒ introduced during the 2020 curricular accreditation ‒ on the environmental attitudes of students enrolled in Hungarian-language teacher training in Serbia.
The research involved a sample of 150 students over three academic years (2022–2025) and employed a quantitative design using three validated psychometric instruments (RevNEP, ENV, and CHEAKS) to assess ecological worldviews, environmental values, emotions, and behavioural intentions. Data were analysed through descriptive and inferential statistics, revealing statistically significant positive changes in students’ environmental attitudes: RevNEP indicated stronger ecological worldviews, ENV showed growth in pro-environmental values, and CHEAKS demonstrated the development of affective and behavioural dimensions.
The results suggest that the substantive characteristics of the specialization itself, and the students’ motivations have a greater influence on attitude formation than the academic year itself. The study underscores the dual function of minority teacher education: fostering sustainability-oriented awareness while preserving cultural identity. These findings, based on multi-year quantitative evidence, strengthen the empirical understanding of attitude formation in sustainability education and hold direct implications for curriculum development and international discourse on teacher training.
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">766-785</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ignacio Jr., A. G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Percival S. Paras</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TEACHER BELIEFS OF PROSPECTIVE FILIPINO EDUCATORS: A ROBUST THREE-FACTOR MODEL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">factor analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">factor model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Filipino</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">prospective teacher</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher beliefs</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1741762174.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shifting to student-centered teaching-learning in the Philippines entails closer scrutiny of teacher beliefs. These beliefs shape the adoption and application of knowledge in classroom settings and educational reforms. Thus, this study aims to support the theoretical underpinnings of teacher belief. In particular, this study aims (1) to identify a factor structure of teacher beliefs among prospective Filipino educators via exploratory factor analysis (EFA), (2) to evaluate the identified factor model's fit indices and psychometric properties via confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and (3) to provide a CFA-based measurement model with excellent model fit. In this two-phase study, EFA and CFA were used. Using the thumbs-up rule 10:1 observation-to-variable ratio, 435 teacher-education students from Central Luzon, Philippines, agreed to participate voluntarily in the EFA study, while 441 students participated in the CFA study. Three experts validated the self-made instrument prior to EFA and CFA procedures. The stability of the three-factor solution—Reliable Improver, Knowledge Dispenser, and Equity Promoter—is evident in both EFA before and after transformation. The broader construct Reliable Improver combines Growth Advocate and Engagement Advocate items, highlighting shared concepts. The three teacher beliefs identified are distinct. Equity Promoter shows a negative correlation with Knowledge Dispenser and Reliable Improver beliefs, highlighting a tension between structure and adaptability. Strategic Scaffolder items were removed due to cross-loadings, suggesting its harmonization within Reliable Improver and Knowledge Dispenser beliefs, both leveraging scaffolding structures for structured teaching or guided improvement. Reliable Improver via systematic, dependable teaching methods for continuous improvement complements Knowledge Dispenser's structured delivery.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">62-80</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beyzanur Aslan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Murat İnce</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TEACHERS’ CREATIVE THINKING TENDENCIES AND THEIR CREATIVITY-FOSTERING CLASSROOM PRACTICES IN STEM EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">creative thinking</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">creativity-fostering behaviors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">professional development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STEM education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher characteristics</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=4604138</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study examined the link between teachers’ creative thinking tendencies and their creativity-fostering classroom practices in the context of STEM education. Employing a correlational research design, data were collected from 338 in-service teachers actively integrating STEM approaches into their instruction. Two standardized instruments were used: the Marmara Creative Thinking Tendencies Scale and the Creativity-Fostering Teacher Behavior Index. Descriptive statistics and inferential analyses (t-tests and one-way ANOVA) were conducted to examine group differences based on gender, subject area, and participation in training programs. Findings revealed no significant gender or subject-area differences in creative thinking tendencies; however, teachers who had participated in multiple training programs exhibited significantly higher scores. In contrast, female teachers demonstrated significantly higher creativity-fostering behaviors than male teachers, and preschool teachers outperformed ICT teachers in these behaviors. No significant differences were found regarding participation in STEM training programs and creativity-fostering behaviors. The findings underscore the nuanced role of teacher characteristics in promoting creativity within STEM education and suggest implications for professional development and educational design.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">461-479</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mert Can</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Habib Özkan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fatih Bozbayındır</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TEACHERS' MORAL CAPITAL: LEVEL, DETERMINANTS AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">moral capital</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher ethics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher morality</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=4499555</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study investigates the level of teachers' moral capital, the factors influencing this perception, and strategies for its development. The research aims to determine teachers' moral capital levels, identify variables affecting their perceptions, and suggest improvements. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining both quantitative and qualitative data. Initially, quantitative data were collected from 291 teachers through the “Moral Capital Scale,” and later, qualitative data were gathered from 20 teachers via semi-structured interviews to deepen the understanding of the findings. The study population consists of teachers working in public schools in Gaziantep during the 2024–2025 academic year. The results show that teachers' perceptions of moral capital differ based on various personal and contextual factors. Key elements associated with higher moral capital perceptions include teachers' respect for their profession, commitment to ethical values, awareness of their role in students’ development, and their ability to serve as moral role models. Additionally, variables such as marital status, age, socio-economic background, and length of service at a school also influence moral capital perceptions. Based on these findings, several recommendations are made: increasing teachers' awareness of moral capital, developing empathy and moral sensitivity, adhering to justice and consistency, utilizing professional development opportunities, enhancing the school climate, and maintaining cultural values and traditions. These strategies aim to strengthen the moral foundation of the teaching profession and contribute positively to educational environments.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">282-305</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yajing Wang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hazri Bin Jamil</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TEACHING SATISFACTION OF EARLY-CAREER FACULTY UNDER CHINA’S TENURE-TRACK SYSTEM: BETWEEN COMMITMENT AND CONSTRAINT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">early-career faculty</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">higher education policy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mixed-methods research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching satisfaction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tenure-track system</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=4664274</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Escalating performance pressures and limited institutional recognition of pedagogical contributions have become pressing challenges for early-career faculty in transitional higher education systems, particularly under China’s tenure-track system (TTS). Research in predominantly Western contexts has largely prioritised research productivity, leaving teaching-related outcomes in performance-driven non-Western settings underexplored. Integrating the Job Demands–Resources (JD-R) model and Self-Determination Theory (SDT), this study employed a mixed-methods design, combining survey data from 116 early-career faculty and in-depth interviews with six participants at a research-intensive Chinese university. Quantitative results revealed moderate overall satisfaction, with significant disparities across academic ranks and disciplines, while qualitative findings highlighted persistent barriers such as excessive workload, limited autonomy, and low institutional recognition. Autonomy emerged as a nuanced factor, with constrained decision-making authority diminishing satisfaction despite partial fulfilment of relatedness and competence needs. Extending the integrated JD-R–SDT framework to a transitional higher education context, the analysis offers policy-relevant directions for embedding teaching quality into evaluation systems, recalibrating workload allocations, and strengthening peer support, with insights transferable to performance-driven TTS in countries including Japan, South Korea, and other emerging systems in Asia and beyond.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">705-721</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mustafa Gök</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mehtap Taştepe</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ahmet Ala Sarımurat</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TECHNOLOGY-ENHANCED MATHEMATICAL MODELING IN FLIPPED LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS: CHALLENGES FOR PRE-SERVICE TEACHERS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flipped learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematical modeling</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">online learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pre-service mathematics teachers</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=4499562</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Due to the sudden closure of the university following a major earthquake, a mathematics education course was rapidly transformed into a fully online, technology-enhanced learning environment, offering a unique opportunity to examine how pre-service middle school mathematics teachers engage with mathematical modeling tasks within a flipped learning framework. Adopting a phenomenological approach, the research involves 51 pre-service middle school mathematics teachers enrolled in a mathematical modeling course in mathematics education. Data were collected through assignments, videos, reports from the Academic Learning Management System, GeoGebra records, and semi-structured interviews. The data obtained from the Academic Learning Management System and GeoGebra were analyzed via descriptive analysis, whereas the semi-structured interviews were examined via content analysis. Pre-service middle school mathematics teachers experienced difficulties in modeling competencies, particularly in applying subject matter knowledge effectively and integrating technology into the modeling process. Technology-enhanced learning environments emerged as a critical support mechanism for fostering the use of content knowledge and promoting mathematical modeling as a problem-solving approach. Structured guidance and the integration of interactive digital tools within flipped learning environments proved to be effective in addressing the challenges encountered during the modeling tasks.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">342-365</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ümit Karabıyık</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">UPPER-SECONDARY STUDENTS' PROBLEM-POSING AND MATHEMATICAL MODELING SKILLS IN THE CONTEXT OF STEM EDUCATION AND 21ST CENTURY SKILLS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">algebraic thinking</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematical modeling</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematics education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">problem-posing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STEM education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1741762238.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mathematical problem-posing and modeling are essential skills in developing students' analytical thinking and problem-solving abilities. This study aims to examine correlation between 9th-grade students' problem-posing and mathematical modeling skills within the learning domain of numbers and algebra. Additionally, it evaluates students' mathematical modeling skills in relation to their 8th-grade mathematics scores from the Upper-secondary Entrance Examination (LGS). The research employs a quantitative approach, utilizing the relational survey technique. The study sample consists of 24 ninth-grade students from a private Upper-secondary school affiliated with the Ministry of National Education of the Republic of Turkey, selected through an accessible sampling method. The data were obtained from the students' examination results, problem-posing activities, and mathematical modeling questions. The data were examined using t-tests, Kruskal-Wallis tests, correlation analysis, and regression analysis. The findings indicated a significant relationship between ninth-grade students' problem-solving skills and mathematical modeling abilities. This relationship was found to be positive and moderate. The simple regression analysis of correlation between the two skills showed that the scores obtained from the problem-posing activities significantly predicted the scores obtained from the mathematical modeling questions. It was observed that problem-solving skills positively influenced mathematical modeling skills. In addition, it was concluded that there was no significant difference between students' LGS mathematics scores and their mathematical modeling skills, and that students with different mathematics score ranges showed similar performance in modeling questions. As a result, this study offers practical suggestions for improving education from the perspective of STEM education and 21st century skills.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81-100</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andrea Juhásová</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soňa Adamičková</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ATTACHMENT AS A PREDICTOR OF INTERACTIVE PSYCHOLOGICAL LITERACY: IMPLICATIONS FOR TEACHER-STUDENT INTERACTION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">attachment styles</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational outcomes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">interaction styles</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">psychological literacy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher-student interaction</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1734858068.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interactional psychological literacy is an emerging concept in educational disciplines in the contexts of understanding and effectively navigating social and emotional interactions within educational settings. Attachment theory posits that early relationships with caregivers shape an individual’s future interactions and relationship patterns. Drawing on these concepts, we were interested in whether future teachers’ attachment styles are related to their preferred modes of interaction. The aim of the research was to examine the relations between attachment and the interactional psychological literacy of preservice teachers. To achieve this aim, a survey research strategy of questionnaire instruments was used. Data were collected using the ECR-R questionnaire, which measured attachment styles, and the ISK-K questionnaire, which measured interactional psychological literacy. Eighty second- and third-year undergraduate students of Bachelor of Education in Teaching participated in the study. The findings indicate that the attachment styles of the preservice teachers are predictors of preservice teachers’ interactive psychological literacy. This implies that, among other things, it is important to pay attention to the development of interactive psychological literacy regarding relational attachment in the preparation of future teachers. These results contribute to a broader understanding of the challenges of educating and preparing future teachers for practice. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">837-850</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wenjun Zheng</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yoon Fah Lay</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jamaludin, A. N. S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AUTHORITATIVE PARENTING STYLE AND LIFELONG MUSIC LEARNING INTENTION: THE MEDIATING ROLE OF PERCEIVED DETERMINANTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lifelong learning intention</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">music education sustainability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">parenting style</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">perceived factors</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1734858437.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The study explores the determinants of lifelong music learning intention among university students, focusing on the mediating roles of attitude toward music learning, perceived social support, and perceived music learning feasibility in the relationship between authoritative parenting style and lifelong music learning intention. This study used structural equation modelling to analyze 617 university students. The structural equation modelling results indicated that authoritative parenting style, attitudes toward music learning, perceived social support, and perceived music learning feasibility are key factors influencing students’ intentions, collectively explaining 72.0% of the variance in lifelong music learning intentions. An intriguing finding is that the mediation analysis highlights the competitive mediating roles of attitude toward music learning, perceived social support, and perceived music learning feasibility between authoritative parenting style and lifelong music learning intention. This recommends that educators and parents adopt holistic approaches to education that are consistent with authoritative and targeted interventions that enhance students’ lifelong learning intentions and contribute to sustainable education. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">923-938</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Özdemir, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sevilay Şahin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Türkoğlu Özdemir, S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BEHAVIORS RELATED TO PRIMARY SCHOOL PRINCIPALS' CRISIS MANAGEMENT SKILLS: IN THE CONTEXT OF THE FEBRUARY 6TH 2023 EARTHQUAKE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023 earthquakes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">crisis management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February 6th</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school principals' crisis management behaviors</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1715414948.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In the face of the unpredictable nature of crises, it is expected that school principals exhibit behaviors aimed at maintaining the psychological well-being of teachers, students, and parents along with the educational processes. The sudden occurrence of the February 6, 2023 earthquakes, has presented an important crisis situation in which school principals are expected to display the desired behaviors. This research aims to reveal to what extent school principals demonstrated their crisis management skills in the context of the February 6, 2023 earthquake and what behaviors they exhibited during crisis management processes, based on teachers' opinions. The research was carried out with a mixed method approach in which quantitative and qualitative research methods were used together. The sample of the research consisted of 295 teachers, and the study group consisted of 18 teachers selected from the same sample by purposeful sampling method. Quantitative data of the research were collected using the crisis management scale, and qualitative data were collected using a semi-structured interview form. According to the quantitative results of the research, it was determined that the crisis management skill levels of school principals were &quot;mostly&quot; in the pre-crisis and post-crisis periods, and &quot;sometimes&quot; during the crisis period. When teachers' opinions were examined, it was seen that school principals were unprepared for crises arising from natural disasters such as earthquakes and that they mostly followed the Ministry of National Education guidelines and therefore lacked initiative. School principals who were able to take initiative took action to support the psychological health of teachers, students and parents by meeting their needs and gained their trust. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">252-274</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sema  Unluer</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CHALLENGES IN ONLINE LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS: FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF HEARING-IMPAIRED UNIVERSITY STUDENTS AND THEIR LECTURERS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">case study</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">covid -19 pandemic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hearing impaired</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">online learning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1715415088.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The global COVID-19 pandemic has led to significant challenges in Turkey, as in many other countries, in the transition from face-to-face to online education at all levels of education. This shift has brought forth numerous obstacles, particularly for d/Deaf and hard-of-hearing (d/Dhh) university students. Hence, this research aims to identify the challenges encountered during online learning amidst the pandemic at the School for the Handicapped (SfH), the only institution in Turkey providing vocational higher education to hearing-impaired students. Conducted as a qualitative case study at the SfH, the research involved 20 hearing-impaired students and 19 faculty members as participants. Data obtained from the Mergen Anadolu Learning Management System platform, WhatsApp Platform and other platforms, was used for online education. Interviews, open-ended questionnaires, and the researcher’s journal were compiled and analyzed inductively. Findings from the study highlighted a multitude of challenges encountered in the online learning process, affecting both faculty members and students at the SfH. The challenges encountered by participants in online learning at the SfH were found to be related to difficulty in understanding lessons, lack of subtitles and sign language translation, difficulty accessing computers and software, Internet problems, low camera usage, low motivation, and lack of interaction. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">294-312</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fatma Bayraktaroğlu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tuğçe Akyol</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CHILD PARTICIPATION IN CARTOONS: THE EXAMPLE OF TURKISH RADIO AND TELEVISION CORPORATION CHILDREN'S CHANNEL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">children’s participation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">media</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary school children</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">right to participate</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1728583307.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">It is considered necessary to support the participation of children socially, and media tools having a significant effect on individuals today should reflect child participation. The aim of this study was to examine the right to participate in cartoons prepared for primary school children. The study was conducted with a descriptive survey model. The sample of this study was determined by criterion sampling and consists of a total of 10 cartoons on the TRT Children’s channel for primary school children. The data were collected with a checklist and were analysed with descriptive analysis. As a result of the research, it was determined that in the cartoons, child-led participation was the most common level of participation, while collaborative participation was the least common. Furthermore, it was determined that the qualities of participation in cartoons were mostly related, voluntary and respectful and the safe and sensitive to risk were the least.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">600-615</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jewelle V. Olarte</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eddie G. Fetalvero</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Garry Vanz V. Blancia</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONSENSUS CLASSROOM CLIMATE INVENTORY: SCALE DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">consensus classroom climate</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">factor analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reliability test</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">scale development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">validity test</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1728583869.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Science education is a key area of research, largely due to its inherent complexity and challenges. Various teaching methods have been developed to address these difficulties, which include the consensus classroom climate. However, no standardized tool has been created to evaluate the consensus within a classroom. This study aimed to develop and validate the Consensus Classroom Climate Inventory (CCCI), an instrument designed to measure the consensus climate of a classroom. The research was conducted in two phases: (1) initial item pool development based on an extensive literature review and (2) expert panel review for content validation. The resulting 29-item scale was pilot-tested with 120 freshmen students from a state university.  Exploratory factor analysis using SMART-PLS yielded four distinct factors: Student Agency, Collaborative Learning Environment, Inclusive and Flexible Learning, and Student Autonomy. The final scale consisted of 23 items. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated strong factor loadings (&gt;0.8) for all items, indicating good construct validity.  Model fit indices suggested a generally good fit, though some indices indicated room for improvement. Reliability analysis revealed high internal consistency across all factors. The CCCI shows promise as a reliable and valid tool for assessing consensus classroom climate, though further refinement is recommended to enhance model fit. This instrument can assist educators in evaluating the consensus climate of Science classrooms and help educators enhance teaching to improve students’ Science learning. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">708-722</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1708676157.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 82, No. 1, 2024</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1728582966.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 82, No. 5, 2024</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">579-580</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1737054970.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 82, No. 6A, 2024</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6A</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">945-946</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1723302518.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 82, No. 4, 2024</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">429</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1718778291.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 82, No. 3, 2024</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">319</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1734857656.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 82, No. 6, 2024</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">781</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1715414232.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 82, No. 2, 2024</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">157</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ayşegül Aslan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CORRECTION ON THE OPINIONS AND NEEDS OF SCIENCE CENTER INSTRUCTORS: THE CASE OF GOKMEN SPACE AND AVIATION TRAINING CENTER (GUHEM)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">erratum</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1708677117.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abstract. Erratum for “Aslan, A. (2022). The opinions and needs of science center instructors: The case of Gokmen space and aviation training center (GUHEM). Problems of Education in the 21st Century, 80(6), 792–810. https://doi.org/10.33225/pec/22.80.792”.  
Keywords: erratum 

This document presents the changes belonging to the published article (p. 802).
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">149-150</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1734857601.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 82, No. 6, 2024</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">779-780</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1728582922.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 82, No. 5, 2024</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">577-578</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1718778256.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 82, No. 3, 2024</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">317-318</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1715414202.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 82, No. 2, 2024</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">155-156</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1708676132.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 82, No. 1, 2024</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1723302491.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 82, No. 4, 2024</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">427-428</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1737054937.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 82, No. 6A, 2024</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6A</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">943-944</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yavuz Ercan Gül</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yeşil, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE DEVELOPMENT AND INITIAL TESTS FOR THE PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF THE EQUAL OPPORTUNITY IN EDUCATION SCALE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">equal opportunity in education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">factor analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">scale development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">validity and reliability</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1718792274.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Although equality of opportunity in education is a current and important issue, most of the studies on this subject are based on theoretical studies rather than empirical studies. The main reason for this can be said to be the lack of a valid and reliable measurement tool in this field. For this reason, this study aims to develop a valid and reliable measurement tool for determining pre-service teachers' perceptions of equality of opportunity in education. For this purpose, data were collected from four different samples using a simple random sampling technique. First, a literature review was conducted, and qualitative interviews were conducted with the first sample on equal opportunities in qualitative education. After the item pool was created, the first application was made in order to determine the factor structure of the measurement tool. Data were collected from a separate sample to test the resulting structure and perform confirmatory factor analysis. Then, in the context of reliability studies of the measurement tool, calculation of the internal consistency coefficient, extracted mean variance, composite reliability and test-retest processes were used. As a result, a valid and reliable scale for determining the perception of equality of opportunity in education consisting of three factors and 23 items has been brought to the education literature. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">353-370</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kristine Uzule</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zanda Gobniece</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jelena Titko</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION OF ECONOMIES THROUGH TECHNOLOGY, EDUCATION AND COMPETENCES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">digital transformation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">macro-level development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">micro-level development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">workforce competences technology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1728584076.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Digital transformation has profoundly impacted social and economic life by enhancing workforce competences, fostering innovation, and creating competitive advantages. Given that the driving force of digital transformation is technology, this study aimed to determine whether education and workforce competences are perceived as essential factors in the digital transformation narrative across diverse fields of socioeconomic development at both macro and micro levels. To achieve this, 528 abstracts from various scientific fields focused on digital transformation were analyzed using both manifest and latent content analyses, the latter ensuring a more objective interpretation of the outcomes derived from manifest content analysis. Frequency, word linkage, and concordance analyses of key concepts were used. The results indicated that education and workforce competences are viewed as vital for the digitalization of various sectors of the economy at both macro- and micro-level development. The findings suggest that technology drives digital transformation by delivering different types of value, including innovation and sustainability, while relying on education and technology-related competences. The results also revealed concerns about barriers to technology implementation, which could be overcome through education and competences. The originality of this research lies in its application of both manifest and latent analyses to identify the roles of education and technology in driving economic digital transformation.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">758-774</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maja Kerneža</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dejan Zemljak</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kordigel Aberšek, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boris Aberšek</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polona Legvart</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Helena Konšak</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hakan Sari</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ildiko Hanuliakova</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Loreta Huber</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inga Laurusone</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kübra Terzioglu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Metin Kilic</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EDUCATION OF REFUGEE CHILDREN WITHIN THE INTREF PROJECT FRAMEWORK</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational system</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">individualization of education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">integration practices</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">intercultural competence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">refugee children</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1728583607.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amidst growing migratory movements and hurdles of assimilation, the INTREF initiative strives to craft a comprehensive strategy for the schooling of refugee children, melding e-learning, emotional and social support, along with adaptable teaching methods. This endeavor learns on principles like linguistic diversity, cross-cultural skills, and customizing the educational journey, crucial for assimilation and triumph within academic settings. Studies indicate the indispensability of bespoke linguistic assistance, cognizance of cultural variances, and personalized educational tactics for the seamless school transition and societal assimilation of children in refuge. The project devised a survey instrument aimed at evaluating the baseline educational scenario in the participating nations and formulating education plans tailored to specific needs. This survey zeroes on four pivotal areas: linguistic proficiency, cross-cultural consciousness, embracing diversity, and pedagogical customization. Feedback from 31 students, 30 teachers and 28 parents revealed a pressing need for augmented linguistic aid in Slovenia, heightened cross-cultural understanding, and classroom method modification to enrich the academic experiences of culturally diverse children. The findings also underscore a discernible discrepancy between the perspectives of educators versus those of parents and children. The insights from this survey lay the groundwork for creating innovative instructional units and resources, finely adapted to the needs of children in refuge. By forging links between theoretical insights and practical application, as well as among various educational stakeholders, INTREF is ready to enrich the discourse and practices surrounding inclusivity, and endeavor made increasingly pertinent by the recent global disruptions, including the migratory dilemma and the COVID-19 outbreak. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">658-671</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dinkissa Gofer Abdissa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gemechis File Duressa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teklu Tafase Olkaba</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eyasu Gemechu Feyissa</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EFFECT OF BLENDED LEARNING EDUCATIONAL MODEL ON SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS’ MATHEMATICS CONCEPTUAL UNDERSTANDING </style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">blended learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">conceptual understanding</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lab rotation model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematical concept</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1728583225.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The study was conducted to assess the effect of a blended learning educational model on grade ten students' mathematics conceptual understanding in Ethiopia. A non-equivalent pre-test and post-test quasi-experimental design was employed. Two intact classes from different schools were randomly selected and assigned to experimental (n=38) and comparison group (n=45). From the previous semester, students’ record book revealed that both groups have almost an equivalent mathematics performance. A one-way ANOVA and paired sample t-test were used to analyze the data. Moreover, to check the equivalence of the groups, the same pre-test was developed and administered. The result indicates that both groups were equivalent. The test covers tenth-grade topics relations and functions, polynomial functions, exponential functions, and logarithmic functions. The study shows that students instructed through the blended learning approach surpassed those taught via the conventional method in their comprehension of mathematical concepts. The one-way ANOVA statistical result revealed there is a notable disparity between groups with effect size of η2 =.269, which is a large effect size. Moreover, a paired sample t-test shows the experimental group showed a substantial mean difference of 14.327 with a very large effect size (d=1.016) when compared with the comparison group. Thus, the study shows that blended learning was more effective in improving mathematical conceptual understanding when compared with a conventional method of teaching. Based on the findings, the researcher recommends blended learning in mathematics education and suggests stakeholders and policymakers incorporate the model into the curriculum.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">585-599</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nilda Hocaoğlu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gürbüz Ocak</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE EFFECT OF LISTENING STRATEGIES ON THE LISTENING AND SPEAKING SKILLS AND LISTENING MOTIVATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cognitive awareness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EFL</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">listening skills</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">listening strategies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">secondary school students</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1734857987.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The significance of listening strategy teaching over the past 30 years has become more widely acknowledged since it facilitates listening comprehension. However, few studies on teaching listening strategies have looked at this problem from the viewpoint of the students, and teacher, as well as handling students’ motivation, cognitive awareness of listening strategies, and speaking skills. This study aimed to determine the effect of teaching listening strategies to 6th Graders in English lessons on the students' cognitive awareness of listening strategies, listening comprehension and motivation levels, and English speaking skills. The intervention mixed method design was applied to carry out this study. A quasi-experimental design was used to teach the use of listening strategies. The listening strategies teaching took place for six weeks in a secondary school in one of the cities in western Turkey. Quantitative data were collected through using the CALSS, the MSLE, the listening test, and the speaking skill scoring key. Qualitative data were obtained through semi-structured student interviews, diaries, and motivation forms. As a result of the research, teaching listening strategies developed students’ listening and speaking skills. Students' level of cognitive awareness towards listening to English enhanced. Students’ motivation levels for listening increased. In conclusion, students should be encouraged to use listening strategies, and when necessary, the strategies should be reminded, and their use should be demonstrated.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">818-836</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ebubekir Eroğlu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Serpil Özdemir</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE EFFECT OF MACROSTRUCTURE AND SUPERSTRUCTURE TEACHING ON SUMMARIZATION ACHIEVEMENT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Macrostructure teaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seventh grade students</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">summarization achievement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">superstructure teaching</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1708676785.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Selecting and remembering the necessary information from rapidly increasing information requires summarization skills. Research on improving students' summarization skills has focused on deletion, generalization, and reconstruction strategies. However, direct teaching of these strategies does not yield successful results. For this reason, researchers have turned to teaching summarization based on understanding the text. Knowing the macrostructure and superstructure of the text can help understand the text and select the information to be included in the summary. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of macrostructure and superstructure teaching on summary writing achievement. The study was conducted in a one-group pretest-posttest design and lasted for 6 weeks. The study was conducted with 22 seventh grade students in a public secondary school. The data were collected with a total of 132 summary texts in which students summarized five stories. The summaries of texts were scored with the Text Summary Evaluation Rubric (TSER). As a result of the study, significant differences were obtained in summarization achievement in favor of the posttest. Based on this result, it is recommended that macrostructure and superstructure teaching be included in programs and course books. This study is limited to narrative texts. In future studies, whether the achievement in summarization narrative and informative texts differs and how long it takes for different age groups to develop their achievement in summarization of different types of texts can be examined based on text structure teaching.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">85-101</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Janet Jahudin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nyet   Moi Siew</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE EFFECTS OF POLYA'S PROBLEM SOLVING WITH DIGITAL BAR MODEL ON THE ALGEBRAIC THINKING SKILLS OF SEVENTH GRADERS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">algebraic thinking skills</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">digital bar model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polya's problem solving</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seventh graders</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1718792421.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">There is a dearth of empirical data to support the positive effects of problem solving (PS) combined with digital technology in the classroom, despite claims that these activities improve students' algebraic thinking abilities. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate how the teaching method known as Polya's problem solving with digital bar model (PSDMB) affected the seventh graders' ability to think algebraically. Ralston's framework, which covers Generalised Arithmetic, Function, and Modelling within the topic of Linear Equation, served as the foundation for the evaluation of algebraic thinking abilities. A quasi-experimental pre-test and post-test control group design was employed. A total of 90 seventh graders, aged twelve- to thirteen-year-olds, from a secondary school in Tambunan, Sabah, Malaysia, made up the sample. Three teaching groups were formed out of these randomly chosen students: PSDMB (n = 30), Bar Model (MB) (n = 30), and Conventional Problem Solving (CPS) (n = 30). Both the pre- and post-algebraic thinking tests were taken by students. The post-test results were analysed using MANCOVA with the students' pre-test results acting as covariates. The results indicated that students in the PSDMB group performed notably better in Generalised Arithmetic, Function, and Modelling than those in the MB group, who, in turn, outperformed those in the CPS group. These results imply that incorporating digital bar model into problem-based learning is a successful strategy for improving seventh graders' algebraic thinking abilities.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">390-409</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brígido Mero, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rodríguez de Castro, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lejárraga García, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laviña Pérez, I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nistal Anta, V.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EMOTIONAL TRAINING FOR PROSPECTIVE TEACHERS IN SCIENCE EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">distance education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">emotional teaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pre-service teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1715414845.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cognitive and affective interrelationships are increasingly gaining importance in educational literature, assigning emotions a prominent role in the teaching and learning process. This study aims to promote awareness among prospective teachers of their emotional vulnerability and the influence of affective and emotional aspects in the teaching of natural sciences, mathematics, and social sciences. The research had a dual purpose: to analyse the beliefs, attitudes, and emotions of prospective teachers regarding the teaching of these disciplines and to examine the impact on their beliefs and emotions after undergoing specific training. The study topic is justified by the growing attention emotions are receiving as decisive factors in learning processes and the persistent substantial gap in scientific education research, particularly in the realm of online teacher training. To address and analyse this gap, a descriptive quantitative survey study on beliefs, attitudes, and emotions towards the teaching of these courses before and after participation in a training program was designed. The analysis of the data revealed results consistent with previous studies. Specifically, the results demonstrated that prospective teachers showed more negative emotions, beliefs, and attitudes towards the teaching of natural sciences and mathematics compared to the teaching of social sciences. However, in all cases, improvements were observed after receiving specific training. These findings highlight the need to incorporate emotional improvement projects into online teacher training, particularly in the fields of natural sciences and mathematics.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">236-251</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1718792560.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 82, No. 3, 2024</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">424-426</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1723303355.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 82, No. 4, 2024</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">573-576</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1734858496.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 82, No. 6, 2024</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">939-942</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1708677151.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 82, No. 1, 2024</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">151-154</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1728584188.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 82, No. 5, 2024</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">775-778</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1737055943.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 82, No. 6A, 2024</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6A</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1110-1112</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1715415126.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 82, No. 2, 2024</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">313-316</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE ESSENCE OF MIND STRATEGY IN THE RELATIONSHIP WITH NATURE: HUMAN-NATURE-WISDOM UNITY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">environmental protection</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">natural sciences</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">relationship with nature</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">systems thinking</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1708676346.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A systematic approach requires combining the knowledge of related subjects (e.g., natural sciences) into a whole and making conditions for the learners to research, draw conclusions, process abundant and diverse information, improve and change, complete their knowledge, i.e., eliminate common/traditional subject barriers, refuse narrow empiricism. The field of science education is wide, complex and diverse. It is not only the transmission of natural science knowledge but also ecological, environmental, antidrug, sexual, antinicotine education, healthy lifestyle training, etc. Today’s society is dealing with very relevant issues of nature protection, nature conservation, ecology, environmental protection, and other problems. All this requires a new approach from all of us, the efforts of various field specialists, eliminating all separating barriers. Global problems are a common concern for all of us. This is just because not a single problem is isolated from another, most of them are intertwined, fully determined, united in their nature. Therefore, knowing (clarifying) connections is complicated and hardly achievable. Their solution is possible only when they are comprehensively analysed by closely linking them together. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4-6</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ulukaya Öteleş, Ü.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Demir Evcimen, F. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Erol Koçoğlu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kübra Melis Avcu</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EVALUATION OF PRACTICES IN THE EDUCATION PROCESS IN THE CONTEXT OF AGENDA SETTING THEORY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agenda setting</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational practice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenomenological design</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1723303319.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In today's world, where the internet-based digitalization process has gained momentum, increasing the quality of learning in the educational process can be achieved by associating the transferred achievements with current topics and news in written and visual media by the teacher of the course, thus increasing the attention level of the learners in the learning environment. This situation, which shows the impact of the agenda on the educational process, increases the awareness level of the learners regarding the time period in which they live, the environment and the events that occur. In this direction, this study aimed to identify and evaluate the practices in the education process in the context of agenda setting, in line with teachers' opinions. This study, which was carried out with the phenomenology pattern, one of the qualitative research methods, was conducted with 30 teachers working in public schools. The data of the research were collected with a semi-structured interview form. The data obtained was analyzed with content analysis. As a result of the study, it was determined that the practical reflections of the activities prepared by the teachers based on the agenda setting theory were not sufficient in the context of learning.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">561-572</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abdullah Mohammad Alhowail</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saad Eid Albaqami</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EVALUATION OF THE CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS OF SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN SAUDI ARABIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Critical Thinking (CT)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mixed-methods research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saudi Arabia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">secondary education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher-student interaction</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1708676434.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The present study examined critical thinking (CT) and its importance in Saudi secondary education. The sample included upper-secondary students and teachers in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia's capital and largest city. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used to study students' CT skill development, barriers to growth, instructors' views on CT advancement, and students' views on their CT skills. The study examines secondary school students' critical thinking development and impediments. It also examined teachers' perceptions of their students' progress in CT. The research collected quantitative data from 374 questionnaires and qualitative data from eight interviews. SPSS performed regression analysis on survey quantitative data. A thematic analysis was employed to evaluate qualitative interview data.  The quantitative findings from the surveys revealed uneven CT skills. The findings also showed that gender, Grade Point Average (GPA) and family background affect CT. The qualitative findings from the interviews with the teachers stressed the importance of collaborative programming and active student engagement in classroom activities to foster CT. Bullying and peer pressure hindered autonomous and CT, making it difficult for instructors to motivate and support students. The findings emphasised the importance of teachers in creating a safe learning environment and encouraging analytical thinking. Recommendations for improving CT in Saudi secondary education were proposed addressing several critical aspects of CT advancement, including curriculum development, teacher training, parental involvement, government-led extracurricular learning, teacher-student interactions, and gender equality in CT advancement. This study could help Saudi students develop CT skills to meet the challenges of the modern world. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7-28</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Feyza Kurban</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EVOLUTION OF PRE-SERVICE MATHEMATICS TEACHERS’ SPATIAL VISUALISATION SKILLS DURING A COGNITIVE LOAD THEORY-BASED EDUCATION </style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">acquiring an expert spatial problem-solving schema</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cognitive Load Theory</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">the development of spatial visualisation skills</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">theory-testing method</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1715414739.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study explores how pre-service mathematics teachers’ spatial visualisation skills evolved during a Cognitive Load Theory (CLT) based education. The study used the qualitative theory-testing case study method, which guided the identification of participants, the design of technology-supported education, and the data collection and analysis process. The four participants meeting specific criteria were selected as the study sample. A CLT-based education equipped with technology was provided to help participants overcome difficulties in spatial visualisation problems, improve their existing schemas, and build higher-order schemas. Various teaching approaches (e.g., worked examples) were applied to optimise participants’ learning in CLT-based education. The study data (e.g., transcripts of interviews) were analysed using the pattern-matching technique, in which the observed patterns were compared with the derived hypotheses from the theoretic models regarding the problem-solving process and novice-expert schemas. The study achieved remarkable results: In CLT-based education, where teaching approaches have an important role, the improvement in their spatial visualisation skills happened as the participants overcame their challenges in problem-solving steps throughout their cyclic problem-solving processes and gained more knowledge and skills. The participants’ acquisition of expertise in spatial visualisation skills went through various developmental stages. They strengthened their initial spatial problem-solving schemas by completing the deficiencies in their prior knowledge. They gained practicality in same-category tasks and constructed higher-order problem-solving schemas when dealing with high-category tasks by activating their assimilation and adaptation processes.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">202-235</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Okan Sarigöz</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hasan Özgür</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EXAMINATION OF THE REASONS THAT LEAD TEACHERS TO ABANDON THE CURRICULUM</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">central exams</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">commitment to the curriculum</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">curriculum abandonment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Educational curriculum</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher examinations</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1708676941.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Educators may occasionally neglect certain parts of the curriculum that they consider relatively unimportant. There are instances when inadequate time and pupils' readiness for central examinations are cited as justifications for these occurrences. The aim of this research was to examine the reasons that lead teachers who teach courses that are tested on the Upper- Secondary School Entrance Exam, which is the central exam for 8th graders, to ignore the curriculum according to the opinions of the teachers. The research was designed according to the case study, a type of qualitative research. The study group of the research consists of a total of 15 teachers, 6 of whom work in private schools and 9 of whom work in public schools, in the province of Hatay in the 2021-2022 academic year. A purposive criterion sampling method was used to select the teachers. Research data were collected through a semi-structured interview form and analyzed by content analysis method. It was found that most of the teachers interviewed ignored or abandoned the curriculum because of central exams or external pressures. It was stated that some reasons related to school administrators, parents and students forced teachers to make changes in course teaching methods and processes or forced them to abandon the curriculum.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">117-132</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ignacio Jr., A. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EXPLORING THE PERSPECTIVES OF PRESERVICE FILIPINO MATHEMATICS TEACHERS: BASIS FOR A PROPOSED EDUCATIONAL BELIEF MODEL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational belief model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematics teaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">preservice teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">student-centered</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher beliefs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher-centered</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1723302975.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This research explores the educational beliefs of select fourth-year preservice Filipino mathematics teachers enrolled in the Bachelor of Education major in Mathematics program in the second semester of the 2022–2023 academic year in a state university in Bulacan, Philippines, via qualitative-exploratory research. Three qualitative tools were used: a metaphor construction task, unstructured questions, and a drawing task. Thematic analysis and intercoder reliability checking were implemented. Based on the findings, the first theme, the teacher as a knowledge dispenser belief, features the imperative conduct of the dispensation of knowledge; the second theme, the teacher as a reliable improver belief, highlights the formation of space for student participation after dispensing knowledge; the third theme, teacher as an equity promoter belief, highlights the significance of addressing the needs of the students while dispensing knowledge; and the last theme, teacher as a strategic scaffolder belief, highlights combining, extending, and maximizing all knowledge, experiences, and learning opportunities to align with and attain learning objectives. The teacher-as-knowledge dispenser belief is more teacher-centered, the teacher-as-reliable improver and teacher-as-equity promoter beliefs are mixed teacher-centered and student-centered, and the teacher-as-strategic scaffolder belief is more student-centered. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">487-506</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yu-Ching Yeh</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mei-Huey Hsieh</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zih-Syuan Yang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mei-Mei Chang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hsin-Jung Chien</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wei-Lun Hong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hsiao-Hsin Tsai</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT IN CHILDCARE SETTINGS: PROMOTING A SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENT FOR INFANTS AND TODDLERS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">age-appropriate</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">caring environment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">childcare settings</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">infants and toddlers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sustainable environment</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1737055412.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Well-designed physical spaces and appropriate equipment are crucial for enhancing the quality of care and education for infants and toddlers. Four key areas were examined hygiene and safety, learning and development, space and facility management, and sustainability. The study sampled childcare centers based on their geographic distribution and type, including 193 centers—155 public and 38 private. The findings reveal disparities in facilities and equipment between public and private centers, highlighting the need for more detailed regulations and sustainable practices. Public centers, which benefit from government funding, typically offer higher-quality facilities, whereas private centers, constrained by costs, often lack sustainable equipment and caregiver-friendly amenities. Additionally, the potential risks associated with over-reliance on soothing chairs, baby cradles, and playpens may impede toddlers' physical development. The results underscore the need for clear guidelines to help private centers enhance their facilities and call for more specific standards, especially in rapidly expanding public childcare services in Asian countries, to ensure that childcare environments support the well-being of both children and caregivers.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6A</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">995-1008</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ming-Jiun Sung</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An-Fan Sung</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FEMALE PRESERVICE TEACHERS’ ACHIEVEMENT GOALS AND PERFORMANCE ANXIETIES DURING IMPLEMENTING STEM EDUCATION PROJECTS FOR PRESCHOOL CHILDREN </style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">achievement goal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">female preservice teacher</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">latent growth curve model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">performance anxiety</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">preschool children</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STEM</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1737055649.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female preschool educators usually perceive themselves as less proficient in STEM, leading to heightened performance anxiety (PA), which in turn affects their achievement goals (AG). So, this study aims to examine the impact of PA on AG among female preservice preschool educators implementing STEM education projects. This research hypothesized that PA has both immediate and sustained effects on AG over multiple periods. Additionally, we posited that initial levels of PA and AG are interrelated and influence changes in each other over time. To test these hypotheses, data is collected from sixty female preservice preschool educators participating in a STEM education community for preschool children. Participants completed the Assessment Scale of STEM Education Learning Motivation for Preschool Teachers and the Assessment Scale of STEM Activity Performance for Preschool Teachers. The result of the path analysis model revealed satisfactory indices of goodness-of-fit, but the effects of PA on AG varied across different periods. The latent growth curve models also demonstrated a good fit, showing significant negative covariances between the intercepts and slopes of PA and AG. Specifically, PA exhibited a higher intercept but a lower slope compared to AG. The correlations between the intercepts and slopes of PA and AG were significant, though no significant connections were found between the intercepts and slopes of the two constructs. These findings suggest that while PA initially has a strong influence on AG, its impact diminishes over time, highlighting the complex and evolving relationship between PA and AG in preservice preschool educators engaged in STEM education projects. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6A</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1049-1064</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chau Ping Lam</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nyet   Moi Siew</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FLIPPED CLASSROOM IN SCIENCE EDUCATION: CORRELATING STUDENT EXPERIENCE WITH ATTITUDES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">attitude towards science</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flipped Classroom (FC)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">perceptions of the FC experience</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">secondary education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1728583679.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Despite the growing adoption of the Flipped Classroom (FC) model in higher education, there is limited exploration of its impact on secondary education and students' attitudes toward science. Thus, this study aimed to examine the correlation between secondary school students' perceptions of the Flipped Classroom experience in learning science and their attitudes towards the subject. The research focused on five perception constructs: Collaborative Environment, Self-Directed Learning, Learning Impact, Motivation and Enjoyment, and Technology Integration. Students' attitudes towards science were measured across five constructs: Importance of Science, Practical Work in Science, Learning Science in School, Science Outside School, and Future Participation in Science. The study utilized a quantitative survey methodology, collecting data from a sample of 100 Form Four students at School A, Sabah, Malaysia as of the year 2024. Through the analysis of the survey, the study found a significant positive correlation between students' positive perceptions of the FC experience and their attitudes towards science. Notably, high ratings for ‘Motivation and Enjoyment’ indicated enhanced student engagement, while lower ratings for ‘Technology Integration’ highlighted areas needing improvement. The findings underscore the potential of the FC to positively influence students' attitudes towards science. This research implies that educators should seek ways to enhance student engagement and foster a positive attitude towards science through innovative teaching methods such as Flipped Classroom.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">672-686</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Viktor Chmyr</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Artem Koriekhov</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Serhii Psol</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Serhii Partyka</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FOSTERING DIGITAL TRANSFORMATIONS IN MILITARY ENGINEERING EDUCATION: INTRODUCTION OF A TECHNOLOGY-ENHANCED LEARNING ENVIRONMENT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">digital tools</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">higher military educational institution</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning environment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">professional competence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">technology-enhanced learning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1715414601.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Digital tools have become integral to training military engineers, and the introduction of a technology-enhanced learning environment may improve the educational process at higher military educational institutions. This study explores the impact of digital transformations in military engineering education through a technology-enhanced learning environment. To answer the research questions, mixed methodology was used, which involved integration and data triangulation matrices. The survey included 17 experts who possess the competences to evaluate the integration of technology into the learning environment. The results showed that a positive technology-enhanced learning environment is represented through ICT-supported learning, e-learning, blended learning, and virtual learning environments. The researchers distinguished groups of digital tools used at higher military educational institutions (communication tools, content creation tools, Learning Management Systems, collaboration tools, assessment tools, simulation and modelling, and adaptive learning tools). The impact of digital tools applied for the formation of professional competence among future military engineers was evaluated. Then, the algorithm for creating and developing a positive technology-enhanced learning environment was explained as the set of systematic measures used to design and implement a learning environment that integrates technology. The measures to be taken to foster digital technologies while training future military engineers were described during the study. The outcomes can be used to improve the existing system of military engineering education at the Ukrainian military institutions and to maximize the professional training at the active military units. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">162-185</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sufirman Arifin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nyet   Moi Siew</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FOSTERING ENTREPRENEURSHIP-STEM CREATIVE THINKING AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">creative thinking</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">design thinking</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">entrepreneurial-STEM</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form Four students</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">socio-scientific issues</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1734857841.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fostering creative thinking in facilitating teaching and learning (TL) of entrepreneurship and STEM at the secondary schools is sparsely documented in the literature and warrants further Inquiry. Thus, this research aimed to assess secondary school students’ entrepreneurial STEM creative thinking (E-STEMCT). A comprehensive entrepreneurship-STEM module integrating socio-scientific issues (SSIs) and design thinking (DT) approach was meticulously designed to facilitate TL. A quasi-experimental quantitative study was conducted on 267 Form Four students aged 17 years old enrolled in rural secondary schools. Three intact groups were randomly divided into a) SSIs-DT approach, n=89), b) Design Thinking Approach (DT-A, n=90), and c) Conventional approach (CA, n=88). The E-STEMCT test instrument was developed and applied to measure students’ pre- and post-levels of E-STENCT. Rigorous statistical analysis employing MANCOVA, ANCOVA, and Effect Size techniques was conducted. MANCOVA results revealed statistically significant effects across all TL groups, indicating the effects of the interventions in fostering E-STEMCT. Furthermore, ANCOVA analysis results indicated that the SSIs-DT integration approach significantly increased E-STEMCT and its constructs: Inquiry, New Ideas, Design, Creation, and Commercialization compared to the DT-A and CA approaches. These results support the view that the SSIs-DT integration approach has a positive impact on fostering E-STEMCT among secondary school students.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">785-800</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chun Wang To</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Luqian Wang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shih, Y-T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FRAMEWORK FOR ENHANCING ADHD CHILDREN ONLINE HOME LEARNING IN DESIGN ASPECT: A HONG KONG CASE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ADHD children</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">design education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">distance education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kolb’s Experiential Learning Cycle</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1734858342.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The COVID-19 pandemic has necessitated the adoption of distance learning as a new alternative educational approach globally, a shift that has persisted even to the post-pandemic period. Despite identifying online educational advantages in previous studies, the abrupt societal changes brought about by the pandemic have exposed disproportionate difficulties. This study aims to understand how attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) children and their parents are influenced by this educational pattern, and to outline a framework to improve their home-based learning environment from a design perspective. Following the Kolb’s Experiential Learning Cycle (KELC), the research commenced with the analysis of ADHD children and online-schooling in Hong Kong. After problems are identified initially, the observational study of 32 school students with or without ADHD in a home-learning environment is conducted to interpret these problems. This process has identified the key issues of domestic distraction and the need for resource support. The study also provides a multi-functional table design as an initial direction for developing supportive frameworks. Then, another study is conducted with a total of 30 school students with or without ADHD and their stakeholders to assess the effectiveness of the design concept. Therefore, the study’s findings provide a valuable insight for proposing the framework to improve the home learning experience via the working area for ADHD children. These research findings not only contribute to academic discourse for validating ADHD children challenges in distance education, but also facilitate ADHD parents, educators and designers to enhance the home learning environment by offering a structured design framework. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">904-922</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Muhammet Usak</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GREEN CHEMISTRY EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">environmental sustainability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">green chemistry education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sustainable chemistry</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1728583129.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Green chemistry can also be referred to as sustainable chemistry and it is the design of chemical products and processes aimed at less or less the use of hazardous substances. It's about lessening the destructive consequences on the environment and the earth's sustainability (Wale et al., 2023; Mane et al., 2023). This accommodates many principles that outline how to design safer chemical reactions as well as technology and the use of green chemicals (De, 2023; Rathi et al., 2023). Such principles include the elimination or reduction of generation, using renewable raw materials, and the production of safer substances and materials to decrease harm to human health and the environment, according to Nithya and Sathish (2023). Thus, green chemistry's goal is to bring radical changes in industries researching for effective and eco-friendly strategies for the synthesis of materials, including nanomaterials, through employing cost-efficiency and biocompatibility with the help of earth's resources (De, 2023).</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">581-584</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cassia Azevedo Napomuceno</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maurícius Selvero Pazinato</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gomes Miranda, A. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GREENHOUSE EFFECT AND GLOBAL WARMING IN SCIENCE EDUCATION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF BRAZILIAN LITERATURE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">global warming</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">greenhouse effect</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">systematic literature review</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1734857918.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In basic education in Brazil, there is often confusion concerning the relationship between the greenhouse effect and global warming. The present work evaluates the status of research on this issue. A systematic literature review (SLR) was undertaken, considering studies published between 2013 and 2024, obtained using the databases CAPES Journal Portal, Google Scholar, and SciELO. The review investigated four main areas: the origin and geographical distribution of the research, the teaching strategies employed, the most common misconceptions among students, and the pedagogical contributions of the approaches described in the studies. The analysis revealed a significant increase in publications on the subject, driven by global events and the implementation of public educational policies. The strategies most frequently employed included investigative activities and the socioscientific issues approach, with an emphasis on promoting a critical understanding of climate phenomena. However, misconceptions persist, particularly related to the inability to differentiate between the natural greenhouse effect and global warming intensified by human actions. The results highlighted the need to improve pedagogical practices and revise teaching materials, to deliver education that goes beyond rote learning and can encourage critical thinking and informed decision-making. It could be concluded that integrating science, society, and politics into teaching is essential in preparing students to face the challenges arising from contemporary climate change.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">801-817</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Le Quyen, T. T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shyhnan Liou</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chia Han Yang</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IDENTIFYING AND VALIDATING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS-RELATED KEY COMPETENCIES IN UNDERGRADUATE GRAPHIC DESIGN EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Delphi method</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">design education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">graphic design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">key competencies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SDG</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sustainability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">systematic review</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1718792336.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In contemporary higher education, aligning student competencies with sustainable development goals (SDGs) is crucial for enhancing their employability. This necessity extends to graphic design undergraduate programs, pivotal in nurturing designers capable of addressing global sustainability challenges. Using a mixed-methods approach, this study aims to outline essential competencies for graphic design undergraduates pertinent to the SDGs. The research commenced with a systematic review of fourteen seminal articles, leading to the initial identification of fifty-eight key competencies. Subsequently, a Delphi study involving 44 graphic design experts validated these competencies. This iterative process refined the list, excluding twenty-seven competencies and affirming thirty one as critical. These validated competencies were categorized into four groups: Systemic, Performance, Contextual, and Global. The study's findings provide valuable insights for graphic design educators and industry employers, illuminating competencies essential for addressing sustainability challenges. Furthermore, this research contributes to academic discourse by offering a structured framework for integrating SDG-related competencies into graphic design education. This facilitates the development of designers proficient not only in their craft but also in sustainability imperatives. Our aim is to enhance pedagogical strategies and inform curriculum development in graphic design education, aligning them with evolving professional demands and sustainable development objectives.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">371-389</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pei-Chuan Hsu</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE IMPACT OF MATERNAL EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND BACKGROUND ON CHILDREN'S EMOTIONAL COMPETENCE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">emotional competence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">emotional intelligence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">maternal EQ</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1737055315.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study aimed to explore the relationship between maternal emotional intelligence, background factors, and children's emotional competence, focusing on how these factors contribute to the emotional development of children aged 1 to 6 years. Data were collected through a questionnaire survey using purposive sampling. A total of two hundred thirty-five mothers and their children participated, ensuring a balanced gender distribution. Results showed that children's emotional competence does not significantly differ by gender. The higher the emotional competence is, the greater the age and grade level are. Maternal emotional intelligence plays a significant role in predicting children's emotional competence. This study highlights the critical role of mothers’ emotional support in fostering children's emotional growth. It also suggests that the role of fathers and other contextual factors must be considered to build a more comprehensive image.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6A</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">986-994</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Erkan Efilti</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Recai Doğan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Argen Zhumgalbekov</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Süleyman Barbaros Yalçın</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGICAL STRESS ON ACADEMICS' LIFE SATISFACTION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">academic productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning-teaching process</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">life satisfaction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">technostress</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1708676609.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Increasing research reveals the impact of technostress on life satisfaction among academics. In line with the determined purpose, it is first determined whether there is a significant difference in terms of technostress and life satisfaction between demographic variables such as age, gender, field of science and years of experience. Secondly, an answer was sought to the question of whether there was a significant impact of technostress on life satisfaction. To achieve the determined research purpose, the relational scanning model was used. The study involved 342 academic participants working at different universities in Kyrgyzstan who agreed to participate voluntarily. The research was conducted with 342 academics, 207 women and 135 men. To analyze the data obtained, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation analysis and linear regression analysis were used. As a result of the research, it was determined that there was a low level of negative association between life satisfaction and the socially focused technostress sub-dimension score among the technostress sub-dimensions. Life satisfaction and general technostress level were determined to be permanent and significant among the technostress sub-dimensions such as profession-oriented, technical subject-oriented learning-teaching process-oriented and personal technostress sub-dimensions. The regression analysis revealed that general technostress emerged, but the sub-dimensions showed no influence on life satisfaction, and that single socially focused technostress had a negative predictive impact on life satisfaction.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">48-65</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yuan-Lung Tsai</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IMPORTANCE OF “DIALOGUE CAPACITY” IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS COMMUNITY PRACTICES: FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF SDGs AND ITS EDUCATIONAL REFLECTIONS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">community practice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dialogue capacity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">University Social Responsibility (USR)</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1737055715.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In recent years, universities worldwide have actively embraced University Social Responsibility (USR) to address the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Expanding beyond traditional roles in teaching and research, universities now focus on societal service and national development to enhance their social impact. This study examines how the Nordic Walking Program in Xinwen, Budai Township, Chiayi County, Taiwan, employs “dialogic capacity” to support SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being) and SDG 5 (Gender Equality) as part of a university’s commitment to USR. The researchers observed classes and interviewed three participants, a coach, and an assistant. These observations and in-depth interviews provide insights into how dialogic capacity aids in achieving SDG 3 and SDG 5.
For SDG 3, the program enhances mental health by fostering emotional support, reducing isolation, and alleviating stress. It also addresses physical health by promoting regular exercise and educating participants on cardiovascular and metabolic risks, motivating healthier behaviors. Personalized coaching and monitoring empower participants to adopt preventive health practices and manage their health more effectively.
The program also advances SDG 5 by creating an inclusive learning environment open to all genders, especially in rural Budai Township, where women often face gender-based limitations. Through awareness and advocacy, the program helps women recognize and overcome discrimination, asserting their right to participate in sports. This inclusive approach not only fosters gender equality but also boosts women’s confidence and engagement in a supportive, non-discriminatory setting.
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6A</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1065-1080</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Türkoğlu Özdemir, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Habib Özkan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IMPROVING TEACHERS' ATTITUDES TOWARDS REFUGEE STUDENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">exploratory sequential designs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">improvement of teacher attitudes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mixed methods</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">refugee student education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1723303202.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In a classroom environment where refugee students are present, teachers' attitudes towards these students are considered to be one of the important key factors affecting the students' adaptation process to the education system and the society in which they live. Based on this important factor, the aim of the study was to improve teacher attitudes with the &quot;Attitude Improvement Module towards Refugee Students&quot; designed by the researchers and to contribute to professional development studies on the subject by taking teachers' views about the module. In the research process, an attitude scale was used to measure teachers' attitudes towards these students, covering the dimensions of communication, harmony and proficiency, it was applied to the teachers in the experimental and control groups before and after the module and the attitudes of the teachers before and after the module were analyzed. After the analyses, teachers' views were sought regarding the results. As a result of the quantitative analyses conducted in this mixed-method research, a decrease was observed in the arithmetic average of the communication and adaptation dimensions, while an increase was observed in the arithmetic average of proficiency in the dimension. According to the qualitative analysis, it was revealed that teachers had feelings such as &quot;prejudices, inability to accept refugees, language problems&quot; towards refugee students, but after the module was implemented, their feelings, such as &quot;gaining awareness and empathic approach in refugee education&quot;, improved. Based on the findings, it is recommended to develop policies aimed at nurturing the emotional aspects of teachers as well as their proficiency in improving their attitudes towards refugee students. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">539-560</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peter Paul Canuto</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marites Choycawen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Randy Pagdawan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE INFLUENCE OF TEACHING COMPETENCIES ON TEACHERS’ PERFORMANCE AND STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT IN PRIMARY SCIENCE EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary science education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary science teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">students’ science academic achievement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher performance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching competency</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1708676519.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The teaching competencies of science teachers significantly influence students' science academic achievement. It shapes the students' understanding of complex science concepts and their ability to excel in scientific exploration, ultimately nurturing their scientific literacy. This study assessed the teaching competencies influencing the teaching performance of 58 primary science teachers relative to the academic achievement of their students in science at the Tinoc District, Tinoc, Ifugao, Philippines. The significant differences by teacher demographics were also determined. This is relevant to the district's observed low scientific literacy and achievement of students in science education as assessed in recent years. Using a quantitative approach, the study employed a modified questionnaire that was validated and pilot-tested. Results disclosed that the science teachers strongly agreed that professionalism is the most common teaching competence influencing their performance, indicating their adherence to local and national standards and code of conduct. They also strongly agreed with teaching effectiveness, personal skills, educational planning, and management skills. Generally, there were no significant differences among the teaching competencies regardless of the teachers' gender, age, highest educational attainment, and years in service. Meanwhile, the students’ science academic achievement was determined to be lower average, suggesting low scientific literacy. Correspondingly, the teaching competencies and students' academic achievement were not correlated. Nonetheless, the teacher's capacity to impact the learners' scientific exploration and achievement remains intact. Further studies are recommended to be undertaken.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29-47</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tsung-Liang Tsai</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Faith Liao</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INITIATING E-ACTIVITIES: APPLYING THE SITUATED LEARNING IN A CLASS WITH TRANSITION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">action research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e-learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">legitimate peripheral participation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">situated learning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1737055812.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">With the rapid integration of digital platforms in education, understanding the shift from traditional to electronic modes of teaching and learning has become crucial for adapting to contemporary educational demands. This study explored the transition from traditional classroom teaching to e-teaching and e-learning, termed e-activities, for enhancing the quality of education in Taiwan, focusing on identifying emerging learning phenomena and addressing related challenges. Thirty-five participants, including the teacher and undergraduate students, in a 36-hour 'Graphic Design with Creative Narratives' course. Using an action-research approach with Lave and Wenger's Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation (SL: LPP), the alignments highlighted utilizing triangulation methods to identify emerging phenomena, addressing the implications of failed alignments and delayed changes in student performance, and finally emphasizing facilitate transparency in situated resources. It discovered that 1) rebounding the rate of submission and attendance, 2) building a sense of security, and 3) exceeding the learning outcome were the key emerging phenomena and alignments that could be made amid the transition. This study identified key learning challenges in e-learning transitions, emphasized transparent educational resources, and offered adaptive strategies to enhance engagement and outcomes, aligning with SDG-4 goals and highlighting the need for ongoing exploration of e-activities methods.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6A</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1081-1097</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shan-Wen Chu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chia-Hui Chen</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INTEGRATING CULTURAL CREATIVITY AND INDUSTRY COURSES INTO SUSTAINABILITY PRACTICE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">action research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cultural and creative industries</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social practice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">University Social Responsibility (USR)</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1737055253.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study explored how cultural creativity courses can enhance university students’ awareness of sustainability issues and inform the design of sustainable development practices aligned with local cultural values. A total of 75 university students participated in an 18-week general education course, with 50 valid responses analyzed through a mixed-methods approach. Quantitative data were collected via a semi-structured questionnaire, while qualitative data included reflections and interviews analyzed using thematic analysis.
The findings reveal that students developed significant insights into environmental, economic, and social sustainability dimensions through experiential activities, such as field visits and creative product designs. These results align with prior research on experiential learning, highlighting the importance of integrating cultural creativity into sustainability education. However, this study contributes a novel framework by demonstrating how localized, hands-on courses can foster community engagement and sustainable practices. This research provides implications for designing university curricula that address sustainability while preserving local cultural heritage. This study has addressed a gap in sustainability education literature by integrating cultural creativity and experiential learning. The creative outputs, such as cultural products designed by the students, reflected the integration of sustainability practices with local cultural heritage.
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6A</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">965-985</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sy-Chyi (Kiky) Wang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen-Kung Huang</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INTEGRATING UNIVERSITY SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY INTO HIGHER EDUCATION: A DESIGN THINKING APPROACH TO RURAL COMMUNITY INNOVATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">community innovation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">creative design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">design thinking</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rural development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">university social responsibility</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1737055887.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1109</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study examines the integration of University Social Responsibility (USR) into higher education through a case study of the &quot;Creativity Design&quot; course at National Chiayi University. The course, supported by Taiwan's National Science and Technology Council, aimed to address challenges faced by Haomeili, a remote village facing the Taiwan Strait to the west in Chiayi County. Utilizing a Design Thinking framework, 54 students engaged in developing innovative tourism solutions for the community. The course structure included technical training, fieldwork, and project execution, with students collaborating with local stakeholders and industry experts. Despite successful project outcomes, including tourism videos, digital maps, and social media campaigns, the study revealed challenges in long-term sustainability and adoption of innovations, particularly due to the community's limited technological familiarity. Logistical issues, such as transportation and coordination, also emerged as significant hurdles. The research highlights the potential of USR courses in fostering meaningful university-community engagement while emphasizing the need for sustained partnerships beyond academic semesters. It underscores the importance of aligning innovative solutions with community needs and technological capacities. The study concludes by suggesting refinements in course planning, the establishment of inter-semester continuity, and the development of strategies to ensure the long-term impact of student projects, providing valuable insights for future USR initiatives in higher education.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6A</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1098</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nyet   Moi Siew</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wan Luen Chai</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE INTEGRATION OF 5E INQUIRY-BASED LEARNING AND GROUP INVESTIGATION MODEL: ITS EFFECTS ON LEVEL FOUR SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS OF FORM FOUR STUDENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5E inquiry-based learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form Four students</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Group Investigation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">level-4 science process skills</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1708677026.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Studies found that the mastery of Level-4 Science Process Skills (L4SPS) among secondary school students is still relatively weak. Thus, the purpose of this research was to determine the effects of 5E Inquiry-based Learning and Group Investigation (I5E-GI) model on the five constructs of L4SPS, namely Identifying Manipulated, Responding, and Constant Variables, Forming Hypotheses, Making Observations, Making Inferences, and Defining Operationally. A teaching and learning (TL) module was developed to guide teachers in implementing the I5E-GI method for the five L4SPS constructs. The L4SPS Test Instrument was constructed to measure the level of L4SPS mastery at the end of intervention. The quasi-experimental research design was conducted on 180 Form Four students taking Core Science subjects. A total of three groups were assigned, namely i) 5E Inquiry-based Learning and Group Investigation method (I5E-GI, n = 60), ii) 5E Inquiry-based Learning method (5E, n= 60), and iii) Traditional Learning (TR, n = 60) in an urban secondary school in Sarawak, Malaysia. Data were analyzed using the inferential statistical tests of MANOVA, MANCOVA, ANCOVA, and effect size. The results showed that there was a statistically significant effect across the three groups of TL methods. There is a statistically significant effect of the I5E-GI method compared to the 5E and TR methods on the five L4SPS constructs. As for the effect size, the I5E-GI method provides a more significant effect size than the 5E and TR learning methods. Overall, the findings prove that the I5E-GI method has positive implications for the mastery of L4SPS among Form Four students.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">133-148</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nyet   Moi Siew</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jupri Basari</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE INTEGRATION OF PROBLEM-BASED AND COLLABORATIVE LEARNING ASSISTED BY GEOMETER'S SKETCH PAD: ITS EFFECTS ON STUDENTS' HIGHER-ORDER THINKING SKILLS AND COLLABORATIVE SKILLS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">collaborative learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">collaborative skills</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Form Four students</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geometer's Sketch Pad</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">higher-order thinking skills</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problem-Based Learning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1715415025.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Students showed poor performance in applying higher-order thinking skills (HOTS) in solving Additional Mathematics problems. Therefore, this study examined the effects of Problem-Based Learning (PBL) and Collaborative Learning (CL) assisted by Geometer's Sketch Pad on the four levels of HOTS of Form Four students, namely Applying, Analysing, Evaluating and Creating. In addition, the effects of PBL-CL on the four collaborative skills (CS) constructs, namely Academic Benefits, Social Benefits, Generic Skills, and Negative Aspects, were also examined. A PBL-CL module was developed as a guide for teachers. A HOTS test and CS questionnaire were developed to assess the level of HOTS and collaborative skills of students, respectively. This study used a quasi-experimental pre-test and post-test control group research design involving 270 Form Four students in Sabah, Malaysia. The assessment of HOTS involved three intervention groups, namely PBL-CL, PBL and Conventional Learning (Conv) group, while the assessment of CS involves two intervention groups, namely PBL-CL and PBL groups. The results showed that the PBL-CL group produced significantly higher post-test mean scores compared to the PBL and Conv groups in all four levels of HOTS and also produced a significantly higher post-test mean score than the PBL group in all four CS constructs. This shows that the PBL-CL method has a positive effect in helping the development of HOTS and CS of Form Four students. Therefore, Additional Mathematics teachers are strongly recommended to integrate PBL-CL in their classroom to increase the level of HOTS and CS among students. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">275-293</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paolo   Bussotti</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INTRODUCTION TO THE GEOMETRICAL OBJECTS AND AXIOMS: CONCEPTUAL, DIDACTICAL AND HISTORICAL CONSIDERATIONS </style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">historical elements</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">historical-methodological lessons</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematics education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1718778448.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">For a student attending the initial years of the high school, it is not easy to fully realize what a geometrical object is. While speaking, for example, of a triangle, the teacher will underline that its sides have length, but no width and no thickness. However, a pupil has never seen an object of this kind in his daily experience. For, every straight line has a width and a thickness, however minimal they may be. How can we introduce the geometrical objects and, immediately afterwards, the geometrical reasonings so that the learners can accept them not based on a sort of faith act but relying on a real understanding? The best method is to explain their conceptual genesis, also adding some historical elements. Two abstract processes can be identified: the first one gave origin to the abstract objects, the second one to the propositions (axioms) on which the relations of such objects rely. Therefore, we suggest that the teacher dedicates two lessons to introducing the genetic bases of the geometrical thought before dealing with the mathematical details. In what follows, material for the two lessons is supplied.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">320-327</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Khemjira Tiengyoo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sayun Sotaro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sermsri Thaithae</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LEVELS OF FACTORS INFLUENCING THE 21ST-CENTURY MATHEMATICS TEACHING CHALLENGES FOR SECONDARY STUDENTS IN THE SECONDARY EDUCATIONAL SERVICE AREA OFFICE OF LOPBURI: A STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING APPROACH</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematics secondary students</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematics teaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">structural equation model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thailand</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1718792515.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Student’s attitude towards 21st-century mathematics teaching is affected by factors such as content knowledge, knowledge of teaching and learning activities, attitude towards mathematics and technology knowledge. The aim of this study was to construct structural equation models for investigating 21st-century mathematics teaching and learning among secondary mathematics students in the Secondary Educational Service Area Office Lopburi (SEAOL). Quantitative research used the 21st-century TPACK framework. The research sample consisted of 400 SEAOL students from the 1/2022 semester using multi-stage sampling. A questionnaire was used to assess 21st-century secondary school mathematics teaching and learning with a 0.934 confidence of. The data was analyzed using the appropriate software and revealed key components and their relationships. The results show that teaching and learning, fundamental technology capability, content knowledge, specialized technology use, and mathematical content implementation all affected mathematics teaching in the 21st-century for SEAOL students. Influence was .89, .70, .63, .25, and .21. School technology support has a .59 effect on students’ basic technological skills. Technology's role in learning influenced students' technology use by .21. This research shows how each aspect affects 21st-century mathematics education at the SEAOL, and math overload had the least effect. Teachers and stakeholders should investigate and innovate to improve the use of specialized technology in teaching to help students acquire higher-level mathematical content and apply it in their daily lives.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">410-423</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MAN, AS THE MOST IMPORTANT SUBJECT OF EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY </style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education system</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational technologies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">technological development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">technology education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1715414446.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">There is no doubt that education creates a man. On the other hand, man is an extremely complex structure. We usually arrive at two opposite but complementary conclusions. On the one hand, all the people we meet, and as far as we can guess, are generally in some way similar to each other. On the other hand, each person is somehow unique, different from others. Commonality and particularity/uniqueness are the two main cognitive categories of any phenomenon. It is understood that man, as a subject of activity, is “an open” system: his existence and development depend on relations with the world around him, in which he lives and works. So, firstly, man, like any living being, is part of the natural world and is rightly considered a biological organism. Secondly, any human being is a member of one or another society, with which he is connected by ties and relations, defined as a social individual. In addition, a person is, in one way or another, related to the socio-historical, cultural, and moral experience of mankind. How to adopt this experience? How to absorb? It is obvious that assimilation of this experience is necessary for a person’s self-determination, growth, and development as a personality.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">158-161</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Minh Tuan Nguyen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nguyen Quang Duy Vu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hoai Thu Nguyen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vu, T. P. T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MAPPING THE LANDSCAPE OF CONTINUING EDUCATION RESEARCH IN ASIA: A BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF SCOPUS-INDEXED PUBLICATIONS FROM 1972 TO 2023</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Asia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliometric analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">collaboration networks</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuing education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">digital learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">healthcare education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lifelong learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">research trends</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science mapping</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scopus database</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1728583774.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuing education (CE) plays a crucial role in workforce development and economic growth across Asia, yet the landscape of CE research in the region has not been comprehensively mapped. A comprehensive bibliometric analysis of continuing education (CE) research in Asia from 1972 to 2023 was carried out, utilizing data from the Scopus database to map the evolving landscape of CE research in the region. Findings revealed a significant surge in research output since the late 1990s, with East Asian countries, particularly China, Hong Kong (China), and Taiwan (ROC), emerging as leaders in the field. The analysis uncovers several key patterns: institutional collaborations tend to cluster regionally, there's a noticeable generational gap in researcher’s networks, and the healthcare sector dominates CE research topics. Recent trends indicate a shift towards digital learning approaches and learner-centered methodologies. The study also highlights the need for increased cross-border collaborations and expansion of CE research beyond the healthcare sector. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of CE research trends in Asia and provides insights for future directions in the field.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">687-707</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Garry Vanz V. Blancia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eddie G. Fetalvero</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Philip R. Baldera</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merian C. Mani</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE MEDIATING EFFECTS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE LITERACY ON THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN COMPUTATIONAL THINKING SKILLS AND ORGANIZATIONAL AGILITY AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHERS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AI literacy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">computational thinking skills</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mediation analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">organizational agility</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">structural equation modeling</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1728583380.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">These days’ educational landscape forces teachers to adapt to changing demands and embrace innovations. In this study, Artificial Intelligence (AI) literacy was analyzed as how it mediates the association between Computational Thinking Skills (CTS) and Organizational Agility (OA) among secondary teachers. A quantitative causal mediation analysis design was utilized in this study. Standardized AI literacy test, CTS Test, and OA test instruments were utilized to gather pertinent data among 305 respondents. The test instruments were first subjected to confirmatory factor analysis for model fitness. Path and mediation analysis through structural equation modeling revealed that CTS significantly predicts AI literacy, AI Literacy significantly predicts OA, and CTS significantly predicts OA. It was found out that AI literacy partially mediates the relationship between CTS and OA among teachers. This recommends that schools should conduct a comprehensive training program to enhance teachers' CTS and AI proficiency for schools' sustained agility.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">616-629</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ivana Rochovská</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MOTIVATION AND SELF-REGULATION OF LEARNING IN HOMESCHOOLED STUDENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">homeschooled students</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">intrinsic motivation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lower secondary education students</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary education students</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">regulation of learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">unschooled students</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1728583934.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In the context of education, motivation and self-regulation of learning are dominant issues. The degree of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation to learn is related to students’ academic achievement and literacy development. This study aimed to research the regulatory styles and motivation to learn among homeschooled students, with a particular focus on those who practice unschooling, a form of self-directed learning. A quantitative research strategy was employed, and data were collected using the standardised SQR-Academic questionnaire adapted for the homeschooling context. The questionnaire was completed by 143 homeschooled children (4th to 9th grade), of whom 10.88% reported engaging in unschooling or self-directed learning. The results indicated that identified regulation was prevalent among homeschooled students, who tended to exhibit intrinsic rather than extrinsic motivation. This contrasts with full-time attending students, who generally display a more external regulation style. Among unschoolers, identified regulation was equally prevalent, but the Relative Autonomy Index (RAI) values were higher, indicating a stronger inclination towards intrinsic motivation. Despite these differences in RAI between unschoolers and other homeschoolers, the differences were not statistically significant. The findings are consistent with relevant research from other countries. Future research should explore the factors that influence the degree of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in homeschooled students.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">723-736</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ke Hu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Asmaa AlSaqqaf</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NEEDS ANALYSIS FOR DESIGNING AND DEVELOPING AN EFL TEACHING-SPEAKING MODULE FOR THE UNIQUE LINGUISTIC TAPESTRY OF CHINESE BUSINESS ENGLISH UNDERGRADUATES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ADDIE model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chinese EFL learners</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ESP</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">module development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">needs analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">oral business English</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1723302833.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Developing effective oral business English (OBE) curricula requires clearly understanding student needs. This study evaluated the speaking needs of Chinese English as a Foreign Language (EFL) undergraduates majoring in business English for specific purposes (ESP), aiming to inform the design of a teaching module that bridges the gap between current speaking abilities and the escalating demand for advanced communication skills in business contexts. A needs analysis questionnaire, reflecting the first phase of the ADDIE model (analysis, design, development, implementation, evaluation), was administered to 398 randomly selected participants using a quantitative, cross-sectional survey design. Results revealed that while students struggle with speaking errors and lack communication confidence, they favor interactive activities such as presentations, discussions, and role-plays. Concerns about current OBE pedagogy and materials highlight a need for more collaborative learning and teacher support. Statistical analysis using independent-samples t-test and one-way ANOVA showed no significant differences in speaking needs based on gender, age, years of English study, or English proficiency. However, a significant difference was reported between fourth-year and third-year students. This study offers some insights for developing more effective interventions to address the specific needs of Chinese business English undergraduates in Chinese ESP education.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">456-472</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PARADIGMATIC SHIFTS IN MULTIPARADIGMATIC EDUCATION REALITY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational paradigm</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational process</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multiparadigmatic education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">paradigm shifts</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1723302651.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">There is no doubt that education is changing with the times. Our reality is characterised by instability and diversity, globalization/deglobalization, cultural resilience/non-resilience, fragmentation and transformation, etc. Education, in general, is a very complex aspect of human activity; it is a constantly transforming activity. Only comprehensive knowledge of education systems (and education as a system) guarantees effective educational changes in them. It can be understood as the result of the continuous interaction of personal development and experience throughout life. 
Thus, the modern analysis of educational problems is inevitably associated with a multiparadigmatic approach and position. Knowing how the educational system changes (or would change) with the change of one or another educational paradigm, remains an essential matter.   </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">430-433</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jiayang Liu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zakiah Mohamad Ashari</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Haihang Zhang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yilin Jiang</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PERCEIVED SOCIAL SUPPORT AND ITS DIMENSIONS IN RELATION TO ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT: A META-ANALYSIS AMONG UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">academic achievement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">academic achievement measurement type</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cultural background</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">economic level</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">meta-analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">perceived social support</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1734858215.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Undergraduate academic achievement serves as a vital measure of higher education standards. The impact of perceived social support on academic outcomes has gained considerable attention. Nevertheless, existing studies have shown varied results regarding its correlation with undergraduate achievement, and the moderating effects remain unclear. This research utilized a meta-analytic method to comprehensively assess the link between perceived social support, including its subtypes (teacher, peer, and parental support), and undergraduate academic achievement. It further explored how variables like gender, economic level, cultural background and academic achievement measurement type function as moderators. The analysis incorporated 27 studies, resulting in 41 distinct effect sizes across 31,019 undergraduate participants. The results indicated a positive but modest correlation between perceived social support and academic achievement, with teacher support having the strongest effect among subdimensions. Moreover, the moderating effects of contextual and demographic factors on the support-achievement relationship exhibited variations across different subdimensions of perceived social support. This study provides essential empirical evidence about the complex mechanisms linking perceived social support with academic outcomes, offering theoretical and practical guidance for educational policy and future research.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">869-891</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chen Kung Huang</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE PRACTICE OF UNIVERSITY SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND GENERAL EDUCATION: PROMOTING COMMUNITY COLLABORATION AND STUDENT ENGAGEMENT THROUGH MICRO-COURSES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">community-based tourism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">general education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">participatory action research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">university social responsibility</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">university-community collaboration</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1737055482.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In an era of growing emphasis on sustainable development and the social responsibility of higher education, universities are increasingly seeking innovative ways to integrate learning with community engagement. This study aims to integrate University Social Responsibility (USR) with general education through micro-courses focused on Community-Based Tourism (CBT) within a Participatory Action Research (PAR) framework. A research team from National Chiayi University collaborated closely with the Haomei community in Taiwan over a two-year period to co-develop courses covering religious traditions, industrial culture, historical heritage, and ecological conservation. These courses provided students with immersive, hands-on learning experiences. A total of 78 students from 28 academic disciplines participated, enhancing their sense of social responsibility and community engagement. The findings reveal five key factors essential for successful university-community collaboration: trust building, shared objectives, continuous communication, resource sharing, and adaptability. The study demonstrates that integrating USR with innovative educational practices can drive universities to become agents of social change. This model not only strengthens student learning and engagement but also promotes sustainable community development, offering a valuable framework for higher education institutions worldwide.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6A</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1009-1028</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Erol Koçoğlu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Şule Egüz</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kübra Melis Avcu</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE PRESERVATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE IN THE CONTEXT OF TOURISM: THE ROLE OF SOCIAL STUDIES EDUCATION IN TÜRKIYE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cultural heritage and tourism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">culture and heritage</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">preservation of cultural heritage</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social studies education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Turkey’s cultural heritage</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1734858138.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Türkiye is a region that bears the traces of many different civilizations from the past to the present. This diversity has endowed the country's culture with a deep and rich dimension. This study examines the role of social studies education in the preservation of cultural heritage in Turkey and its relationship with tourism. The aim of the research is to reveal the potential contributions of social studies education to the sustainability of cultural heritage and the development of tourism by evaluating its impact on students. Conducted within the framework of a qualitative research design, the study involved a comprehensive literature review and an analysis of the 2005 and 2018 social studies curricula for grades 4, 5, 6, and 7. The findings indicate that social studies education provides students with significant awareness regarding the preservation of cultural heritage in Turkey and its integration with tourism. Furthermore, this research emphasizes the educational role of social studies education in the context of preserving cultural heritage and the sustainability of tourism. These findings may contribute to shaping educational policies in Turkey and other countries in this direction.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">851-868</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Khairunnisa Azmar</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abu Bakar Razali</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PROBLEMS IN TEACHING ENGLISH ACADEMIC WRITING AMONG ESL LECTURERS AT PUBLIC AND PRIVATE UNIVERSITIES IN MALAYSIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">English academic writing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ESL/EFL lecturers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">qualitative case study</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1723302766.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">English academic writing is fundamental at tertiary level as it is the main medium of communication in the academe. Over the years, ESL lecturers have not only struggled to search for the most suitable teaching approach(es) to teach academic writing but have encountered several other problems in their teaching, such as class size, students’ English proficiency levels, heavy workload, and others. Given these circumstances, a review of the literature has indicated there are scant studies that explore the problems faced by ESL lecturers where comparisons are made between public and private universities. Grounded in multiple case studies, four ESL lecturers from two public and two private Malaysian universities were purposively selected for the study. Data were collected from semi-structured in-depth interviews, lesson observations, and document analysis. A total of 12 interview transcripts were transcribed verbatim by the researchers, and data were analysed thematically using thematic analysis and cross-case analysis, where emerging themes were used to present the findings. Findings reveal that ESL lecturers at higher education institutions encountered problems, such as constraints in time, marking issues, students’ lack of interests and motivations, lecturers’ lack of interest in writing, lecturers’ lack of content and pedagogical content knowledge, and lack of institutional support. Hence, professional support should be given to ESL lecturers to overcome their teaching problems, and future research should explore the strategies employed by ESL lecturers to alleviate their teaching problems. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">434-455</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huang, K.-H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ming-Chung Chen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cheng, C.-C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yumiko Takagi</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDGs) AT SCHOOLS: ACHIEVEMENTS AND CHALLENGES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">emotional intelligence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">University Social Responsibility (USR)</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1737055097.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The articles in this theme issue collectively emphasize the intersection of education, sustainability, and community engagement. They underline the importance of innovative teaching practices, emotional intelligence, and sustainable facility design in achieving broader societal goals. Promoting SDGs at schools represents a complex yet rewarding endeavor. While significant achievements in quality education, gender equity, and early childhood development are evident, challenges such as resource inequalities, digital divides, and cultural barriers persist. Educators and policymakers can advance the dual goals of sustainability and social equity by integrating innovative practices, fostering emotional intelligence, addressing systemic issues, and strengthening community ties. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6A</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">947-948</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Takayoshi Sasaya</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reiko Isshiki</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Witchayada Nawanidbumrung</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE TEACHER DEVELOPMENT: THE IMPACT OF ONLINE LESSON STUDIES ON REFLECTIVE PRACTICES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lesson study</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">peer collaboration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">professional development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reflective practices</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1737055574.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reflective practice is essential in teacher education, enabling pre-service teachers to engage in meaningful professional development and continuously improve their teaching skills. However, barriers such as time constraints, geographic isolation, and crises like COVID-19 often hinder consistent engagement in reflective practices. This study developed and evaluated an online lesson study platform within a university-based teacher education program to address these challenges and support pre-service teachers’ professional growth. Using a mixed-methods approach, the study analyzed reflective engagement among 115 pre-service teachers in the Faculty of Education through reflection reports and surveys. The theoretical framework, based on Darling-Hammond’s reflective perspective, focused on student learning processes, teaching effectiveness, classroom atmosphere, personal educational philosophy, and continuous growth through reflective dialogue. Qualitative analysis revealed varying levels of engagement in reflective practices, with significant improvements in reflections on teaching methods and student learning. However, challenges remained in reflecting on students’ cognitive processes. Quantitative analysis using the McNemar test confirmed statistically significant increases in reflective practice engagement. These findings suggested that online lesson study platforms can provide accessible and practical opportunities for pre-service teacher professional development, overcoming barriers related to location and logistics and supporting global educational goals, particularly Sustainable Development Goals 4 (Quality Education) and 10 (Reduced Inequalities).</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6A</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1029-1048</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trina Johnson Kilty</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kevin T. Kilty</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burrows Borowczak, A. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mike   Borowczak</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES WITH SMALL SAMPLE SIZES: AN EDUCATIONAL SUMMER CAMP EXAMPLE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">likelihood ratio</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multinomial probability model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quantitative analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">small sample study</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">summer camp</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">survey research</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1723303067.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A computer science camp for pre-collegiate students was operated during the summers of 2022 and 2023. The effect the camp had on attitudes was quantitatively assessed using a survey instrument. However, enrollment at the summer camp was small, which meant the well-known Pearson's Chi-Squared to measure the significance of results was not applied. Thus, a quantitative analysis method using a multinomial probability distribution as a model of a multilevel Likert scale survey was used. Exact calculations of a multinomial probability model with likelihood ratio were performed to quantitatively analyze the results of questionnaires administered to participants in two cohort groups (combined N=17). Probabilities per Likert categories were determined from the data itself using Bayes theorem with a Dirichlet prior. Each cohort functioned as part of a homogenous sample, thus allowing cohorts to be pooled. Post-test revealed significant changes in participants’ attitudes after camp completion. Using this technique has implications for studies with small sample sizes. Using exact calculation of the multinomial probability model with the use of likelihood ratio as a statistical test of evidence has advantages: a) it is an exact value that can be used on any size sample, although it offers a quantitative analysis option for small sample size studies; b) depends only on what was observed during a study; c) does not require advanced calculation; d) modern spreadsheet and statistical package programs can calculate the analysis; and e) likelihood ratio employed in Bayes theorem can update prior beliefs according to evidence. Utilizing small sample size quantitative analysis can strengthen insights into data trends and showcase the importance of this quantitative technique.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">507-520</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Santi, E. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gabriel Gorghiu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costin   Pribeanu</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTRINSIC MOTIVATION, ACADEMIC SELF-EFFICACY, LEARNING ENGAGEMENT, AND TEST ANXIETY, AS PERCEIVED BY UNIVERSITY STUDENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">academic self-efficacy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">intrinsic motivation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning engagement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">test anxiety</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">university students</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1734858285.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Test anxiety or academic anxiety is an emotional state characterized by intense fear, nervousness, and stress that occurs in the context of academic assessments such as exams, tests, projects, or presentations. Test anxiety negatively affects efficiency in academic tasks, leading to decreased academic performance. Test anxiety in students can be generated or fostered by both individual and contextual, school-related factors. Teachers can play an important role in reducing test anxiety in students by adopting appropriate pedagogical practices and creating a positive, supportive, student-centered learning environment. The present work takes a structural modeling approach to explore the influence of intrinsic motivation, learning engagement, and academic self-efficacy on test anxiety. The results showed that while high levels of academic self-efficacy contribute to reduced test anxiety, learning engagement has a positive influence on test anxiety which is due to students’ expectations created by their involvement in the learning activities. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">892-903</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Uğur Akpur</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE RELATIONSHIP PATTERN BETWEEN PERSONALITY TRAITS AND LEARNING RESPONSIBILITY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">individual differences</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning responsibility</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">personality traits</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">student–centred learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Big Five</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1718778522.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">As the interest in the shift from teacher–centred paradigm to student–centred learning pedagogies has increasingly grown in popularity nowadays, it should come as no surprise that scholars and academicians have given their attention to the concept of self–engagement in the learning process. In an attempt to explore the role of personality in self–engagement, this paper aims to assess the relationship pattern between individuals’ personality traits and their learning responsibility. A total of 358 students attending a university were recruited for the study.  The Ten–Item Personality Inventory (TIPI) and The Learning Responsibility Scale were administered. The findings revealed that learning responsibility correlates positively with emotional stability, conscientiousness, and agreeableness. However, the associations between extraversion and openness with learning responsibility are negative and not significant. The findings have also demonstrated that although agreeableness does not display a significant predictive power, both emotional stability and conscientiousness have a significant influence on learning responsibility.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">328-340</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maja Kerneža</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kordigel Aberšek, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE ROLE OF RHETORIC IN TEACHER VIRTUAL EXCHANGES: NAVIGATING DIGITAL COMMUNICATION IN EDUCATIONAL CONTEXTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational technology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">intercultural communication</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">parent-teacher collaboration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rhetorical strategies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">virtual exchange</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1715414667.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Educators’ rhetorical skills are pivotal in virtual collaboration between teachers and parents, enhancing communication clarity and overcoming cultural barriers, thereby enriching educational experience and fostering intercultural understanding. A review of scientific databases such as Academic Search Complete, ERIC, SCOPUS, and Web of Science, was conducted to identify peer-reviewed articles from 2018 onwards that explore the role of rhetoric in teacher virtual exchanges. Articles were analysed for themes, findings, biases, and research gaps. A notable finding is the lack of research on rhetoric in virtual teacher exchanges, despite its potential to overcome cultural barriers and enhance collaboration. The study reveals that effective rhetorical techniques can improve clarity, persuasiveness, and intercultural understanding in virtual exchanges, indicating a need for more research and educational programs in this area. Furthermore, the study extends to virtual communication between teachers and parents, especially with non-native speakers or those with limited proficiency in the official language. This highlights the need for teachers to use sophisticated rhetorical strategies in diverse linguistic situations to improve understanding and involvement. In summary, the research underscores the significant impact of rhetorical skills in virtual teacher exchanges, with broader implications for global collaboration and intercultural understanding in the educational sphere.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">186-201</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ivana Rochovská</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vladimír Klein</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Viera Šilonová</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE SCHOOL SUPPORT TEAM IN INCLUSIVE EDUCATION IN KINDERGARTENS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">inclusive education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">kindergarten</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">preschool education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school special educator</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school support team</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching assistant</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1723303141.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inclusive education presents a significant challenge for contemporary society. All children should have the opportunity to develop according to their educational needs within an inclusive environment. The effectiveness of the school support team plays a crucial role in achieving this goal. This research aimed to explore the perspectives of teaching staff in kindergartens, including headmasters, teachers, and teaching assistants, regarding inclusive education, with a specific focus on their views and attitudes towards the roles of school special educators and teaching assistants in preschool education. A mixed-methods research strategy was employed to achieve this aim. Data were collected using a self-constructed questionnaire containing both closed and open items, completed by 394 respondents from 142 kindergartens. The findings indicated that teaching staff perceived the existence of a school support team as having a positive impact on addressing various children's issues and enhancing teachers' work. These results contribute to a broader understanding of the roles and responsibilities of the members of a school support team in kindergartens.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">521-538</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Princess Gerbie C. Durante</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STRENGTHENING RESEARCH PEDAGOGY: STUDENT’S ONLINE RESEARCH EXPERIENCES, CHALLENGES, AND EFFECTIVE TEACHING STRATEGIES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">online research collaboration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">online research experiences</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quality education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">research pedagogy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sustainable development goals</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1718778585.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Given the growing trend of delivering classes through online and virtual environments, it is vital to gain a nuanced understanding of students’ online research learning experiences, the factors that contributed to their choice of learning modality, the challenges they encountered, and the effective online research teaching practices and strategies that supported them in completing the course. Although some studies have looked into this area, there is limited literature on research courses conducted online. Thus, this study attempts to fill that gap. Using a mixed-methods approach, the results revealed that overall, there is a significant difference in the projected performance of 204 asynchronous students compared to their actual achievement. Likewise, a significant difference is also evident in the projected performance of the 67 synchronous students compared to their actual achievement. Furthermore, it is of note that the synchronous students projected higher performance and actually attained better marks, with a significant difference in actual achievement compared to their asynchronous counterparts. Analysis of qualitative data also revealed factors that influenced the disparity, including internet connection issues, communication challenges, learning environment, time management, and group dynamics. Additionally, effective teaching practices that facilitated the completion of collaborative research projects include clarity of learning materials, reasonable deadlines, teacher support and understanding, availability for consultation and feedback, and interactive and engaging teaching methods. Consequently, these results can be used to inform and improve research teaching practices, learning materials design, and assessment tool development. More significantly, it may be used as the basis for institutional policies about online research learning. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">341-352</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ignacio Jr., A. G.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TEACHER EDUCATION STUDENTS' EXPERIENCES IN UNDERGRADUATE ONLINE MATHEMATICS COURSES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematics courses</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">online learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">online mathematics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">thematic coding</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1708676868.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Having been shifted from traditional to online learning due to the community quarantine implementation, it is valuable to determine students' views about taking courses online. This research aimed to explore the teacher education mathematics major students' experiences with taking undergraduate mathematics courses online, precisely the benefits and challenges they encountered, and in what way they dealt with these challenges. The design used in this study is qualitative exploratory research by distributing open-ended questions to selected Bachelor of Secondary Education in mathematics students (N = 76) from a state university in the province of Bulacan, Philippines. Data were explored through thematic coding. The results indicated that among the gains of taking mathematics courses online, the students mostly gained from a convenient study time to access applicable web-based references and resources. In spite of unpredictable internet networks, limited teacher and peer interaction, vague learning content and discussions, some distractions, and a lack of satisfactory learning resources, independent and self-paced study paired and fired with enough self-motivation are suggested.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">102-116</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Svetlana Surikova</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TOWARDS THE EFFECTIVE PROFESSIONAL UPSKILLING OF LOW-SKILLED EMPLOYEES: KEY INFLUENCING FACTORS </style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">adult education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">low-skilled employees</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">systematic review</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">training transfer</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">upskilling</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1728584000.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The increasing demand for skilled employees in contemporary economies underscores the importance of effective upskilling of the low-skilled. This study addresses the significant challenge of enhancing the professional development of low-skilled workers, focusing on the factors that either facilitate or hinder their engagement in learning activities. The primary aim was to identify the key characteristics that contribute to the effective professional development of low-skilled employees and the practical application of the skills they acquire. A systematic review was conducted, examining empirical studies published between 2004 and 2024. The search encompassed six databases, resulting in 352 identified articles. After rigorous screening and quality assessment, 22 high and good-quality studies (published in 2011-2023) were included in the final selection. The studies spanned various countries and methodologies, including qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-method designs. Key findings highlight that both personal and contextual factors influence the effectiveness of professional upskilling for low-skilled employees. Personal factors include motivation, self-direction, and reflexivity, while contextual factors encompass the quality of the work environment, learning opportunities, and institutional support. The review emphasises the importance of tailored training programmes, practical and interactive learning methods, continuous support and mentorship, and robust evaluation mechanisms. Effective transfer of training is facilitated by the relevance and applicability of training content, learner engagement and organisational support. The results highlight the need for holistic approaches that address both personal and contextual factors to enhance the professional development and skill utilisation of low-skilled workers; ultimately contributing to their career trajectories and job satisfaction. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">737-757</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boris Aberšek</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TRANSFORMATION OF SOCIETY AND EDUCATION THROUGH TIME</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21st-century society</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contemporary society</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">industrial era</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">intelligent society</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1734857841.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The development of humanity and society, we are talking about space (planet Earth) and a period of about 25 billion years. In physics, spacetime is any mathematical model that fuses the three dimensions of space and the one dimension of time into a single four-dimensional continuum. There were permanent changes in this spacetime, but they were slow, homogeneous, unified and merged with the environment. With technology, man initiated this change process monotonously, homogeneously and continuously. This process, if it mostly obeyed the laws of nature, took place in harmony with the other users of our natural space, but the space changed from a natural to a social environment gradually.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">785-800</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andie Tangonan Capinding</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Franklin Tubeje Dumayas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TRANSFORMATIVE PEDAGOGY IN THE DIGITAL AGE: UNRAVELING THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON HIGHER EDUCATION STUDENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">artificial Intelligence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">descriptive-comparative</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">higher education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">impact on learning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1728583451.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become a transformative force in education, significantly influencing students. This research explores AI's impact on learning experiences, academic performance, career guidance, motivation, self-reliance, social interaction, and AI dependency. Utilizing a descriptive-comparative design, 194 student respondents were chosen through stratified sampling. The results show that students generally perceive AI positively. Students agree that AI enhances personalized learning, engagement, and critical thinking, although practical hands-on learning experiences received less favorable feedback. Academically, students concur that AI helps them identify weaknesses, improve assignments, and track progress, despite some reservations about its efficacy in exam preparation. For career guidance, students agree that AI effectively matches skills with career options, recommends internships, and provides resources, though it is less effective for long-term planning. Students also believe AI boosts motivation through gamified learning and progress tracking and fosters self-reliance via self-directed learning and critical thinking support. Socially, students agree that AI facilitates collaboration, peer learning, and networking. Additionally, students demonstrate a reliance on AI for their learning processes. Notably, female students report a more significant impact on social interactions than male students. The type of device used (laptop vs. cellphone) significantly affects the learning experience, with laptop users reporting a more substantial impact. Differences in AI's impact are noted among various courses, particularly benefiting education students more than those in hospitality management and agriculture. However, age and family income do not significantly influence AI's overall impact.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">630-657</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Duygu Yayla</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Muhittin Çalışkan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TRENDS AND PERSPECTIVES IN EDUCATIONAL NEUROSCIENCE STUDIES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">content analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational neuroscience</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational neuroscience studies</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1723302906.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Recent advances in educational neuroscience research underscore the need for a comprehensive analysis of articles in this field; such scrutiny can elucidate the practical implications of neuroscience findings in education and illuminate future research directions. The purpose of this study was to conduct a descriptive content analysis of articles published in the field of educational neuroscience. The data collected through the Educational Neuroscience Articles Classification Form were analyzed via content analysis. The diversity of research in the field of educational neuroscience and the growth in the number of studies in recent years demonstrate that this discipline represents a comprehensive and potentially effective field. In addition, developing concrete suggestions for practice strengthens the integration of educational neuroscience into educational practices. Furthermore, future research needs to focus more on converting theoretical knowledge into practical applications and assessing the impact of these applications. Moreover, increasing interdisciplinary cooperations is crucial for educational neuroscience to realize its full potential. Finally, further studies conducted through mixed methods and qualitative research methods provide a more comprehensive and in-depth understanding of educational neuroscience. On the other hand, the following recommendations have been made based on these insights: applied research studies can be conducted to directly integrate neuroscientific findings into educational practices. In addition, cooperation among educational scientists, neuroscientists, and researchers in the field of psychology can make the integration of neuroscientific findings into educational practices more efficient. Last but not least, research conducted through qualitative and mixed methods provides a more comprehensive and in-depth understanding of educational neuroscience.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">473-486</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Havva Erdem</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tuğçe Akyol</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TURKISH PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS’ INVOLVEMENT IN CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">behavioral engagement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cross-age study</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">level of involvement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary school</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary student</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1708676686.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Measuring students’ interest and involvement in classroom activities at all stages of education, from pre-school to upper secondary school, provides a better understanding of learning processes that enable the acquisition of abilities specific to a certain field. The purpose of this cross-age study was to investigate primary school students’ involvement level in classroom activities. The sample consisted of 560 students studying in the first, second, third, and fourth grades at primary schools affiliated with a city in Turkey’s inner Aegean area. The data were collected through “The Demographic Information Form” and “Leuven Involvement Scale”. The research revealed that students in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th grades in primary school had a moderate involvement level. It was found that there was a significant difference between the involvement levels of primary school students and the gender, course type, and professional experience of the teacher, but there was no significant difference between the grade levels of the students. It was recommended to use current methods and strategies to increase the level of involvement of students in classroom activities and to make arrangements to improve involvement in the learning environment.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">66-84</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evangelia Burzynski</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nate Myers</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">UNDERSTANDING HOW AMERICAN SCHOOL DISTRICT ADMINISTRATORS FROM THE MIDWEST MAKE DECISIONS ABOUT POLICE PRESENCE IN US SCHOOLS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">arrest rates</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mental health</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">policing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school district administrators</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school resource officers</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1737055188.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Since the 1950s, police presence in American schools has increased in the form of school resource officers (SROs). Some schools have elected to staff SROs on their school grounds, while others have chosen to avoid police presence at their school site. It is poorly understood how school administrators make decisions about staffing SROs in their schools and what the perceived impact of the SROs is on the school environment. This research attempts to understand how school administrators make decisions about whether to add, maintain, or eliminate SROs in their schools. The recent historical use of police in American schools is reviewed while utilizing the policy streams model as a theoretical lens. This qualitative, interview-based case study examined how 10 midwestern k-12 school districts decided to add, eliminate, or maintain SROs. Analyzed data offered comprehensive insights into the decision-making processes and key factors involved. Findings revealed the influence of student safety, emotional triggers, and budget considerations on administrators' choices regarding SRO presence. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6A</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">949-964</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elnur Rustamov</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Matanat Aliyeva</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Narinj Rustamova</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zalova-Nuriyeva, U.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ADAPTATION OF THE SCHOOL CLIMATE QUESTIONNAIRE: ITS ASSOCIATION WITH PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS, ACADEMIC SELF-EFFICACY, AND MENTAL WELLBEING IN AZERBAIJAN</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">academic self-efficacy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational psychology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mental wellbeing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">psychological distress</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quantitative research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school climate</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1691444201.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">School climate is an important concept in the field of education. Therefore, the aim of this study was to adapt the School Climate Questionnaire for use with Azerbaijani adolescents and explore the relationships between school climate, psychological distress, academic self-efficacy, and mental wellbeing. Data were collected from 1204 adolescents in Azerbaijan using convenience sampling. During the adaptation process, confirmatory factor analysis, criterion-related validity, and reliability analyses were performed. Additionally, the relationships between school climate and psychological distress, academic self-efficacy, and mental wellbeing were examined using PROCESS mediational analysis. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the scale consisted of 22 items, had a three-dimensional structure, and showed a good fit. Moreover, the results showed that school climate was negatively associated with depression, anxiety, and stress, and positively related to academic self-efficacy and mental well-being. Lastly, the results revealed that school climate had a mediating effect on mental well-being via psychological distress and academic self-efficacy. All of these results suggest that the Azerbaijani version of the School Climate Questionnaire has acceptable psychometric properties.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">517-530</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Janet Jahudin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nyet   Moi Siew</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AN ALGEBRAIC THINKING SKILL TEST IN PROBLEM-SOLVING FOR SEVENTH GRADERS  </style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">algebraic thinking skills</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">linear equations</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">problem-solving</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rasch analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">validity and reliability</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1683097601.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diagnostic tests have been developed previously to measure algebraic thinking skills; however, the tests do not specifically address algebraic problem-solving. Thus, an Algebraic Thinking Test (ATT) Instrument was developed to measure algebraic thinking skills in problem-solving involving linear equations. ATT comprises nine open-ended questions with three algebraic thinking constructs: Generalized Arithmetic, Functions and Modeling. Generalized arithmetic involves students in efficient calculation and generalization; functional involves identifying number patterns, while modelling involves solving open-ended problems, identifying similarities, and performing calculations involving variables. This study is meant to determine the quality of ATT instruments through the validity and reliability analysis using the Rasch Measurement Model. The sample consisted of 120 seventh graders aged 12 to 13, selected from two secondary schools in the Tuaran district, Malaysia. The instrument was found to have a strong dimensionality and high construct validity. The reliability of Cronbach Alpha (KR-20) demonstrated a value of .90 (very high), and item and respondent reliability of .98 (excellent) and .86 (good), respectively, with an item separation index of 6.29 and 2.45 for the person separation index. ATT has good validity and high reliability in measuring algebraic thinking skills among seventh graders in secondary schools.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">223-243</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costin   Pribeanu</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ANTECEDENTS OF THE PERCEIVED USEFULNESS OF AN ONLINE LEARNING PLATFORM DURING THE PANDEMIC</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">distance education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">perceived usefulness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quantitative research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">university students</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1702996295.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The pandemic has posed a number of challenges to university studies. The whole study process, the conditions, the context, the conditions for student mobility, the technical possibilities, and finally the quality of the studies have changed. During the pandemic period, a number of studies have been carried out on how higher education is organised in the context of a pandemic, but there is still a lack of analysis on how students perceive the usefulness of distance learning. 
A quantitative study was carried out with a contingent of 132 prospective preschool and primary education teachers, and students in the field of social sciences at three Lithuanian universities. The aim was to explore possible antecedents of the perceived usefulness of an online learning platform during the pandemic. The sample consisted of 24 first-year, 52 second-year, 28 third-year and 28 fourth-year students. The data obtained during the study were processed and analysed using SPSS software. In addition, structural Equation Modelling (SEM) with Lisrel 9.3 for Windows has been used to test the model.
Three factors were extracted. All constructs have a very good convergent and discriminant validity. These factors are important for analyzing the effectiveness of distance learning in general. It was found that the most important contributor to the perceived usefulness is the ease of access. It was also found that content adaptation has a positive influence on the perceived usefulness. 
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">861-868</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitza Davidovitch</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roman Yavich</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN SOCIAL MEDIA USE, CYBERBULLYING, AND GENDER</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">post-Covid period</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social media</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">WhatsApp groups</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">young adults</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">сyberbullying problem</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1702995917.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cyberbullying has emerged as a pressing global issue, impacting internet users worldwide. This study examines the association between social media, bullying, and gender, with the aim of assessing the influence of social media on the aggressive tendencies of adolescents. The study involved 157 young adults aged 18 to 28 in Israel, who completed a self-report questionnaire regarding their social media usage and inclination toward cyberbullying.
The findings revealed an association between the extent of adolescents' social media engagement and their inclination to cyberbullying, specifically in the context of gender. Notably, this effect was primarily observed among men. While young women demonstrated higher online platform usage compared to their male counterparts, they exhibited a lower inclination towards cyberbullying. The study underscores that prolonged exposure to an environment lacking normative behavioural reinforcement contributes to an increase in bullying tendencies.
Given the widespread use of social networks by young people, it is imperative for the educational system to address this issue during adolescence and provide guidance on the various facets and consequences of social media usage. School programs should be developed to establish online behaviour standards, akin to those practiced in face-to-face interactions among young adolescents.
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">776-788</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elnur Rustamov</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zalova-Nuriyeva, U.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Malak Allahverdiyeva</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tahmasib Abbasov</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Narinj Rustamova</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AZERBAIJANI ADAPTATION OF THE PERCEIVED SCHOOL EXPERIENCE SCALE: EXAMINING ITS IMPACT ON PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS AND SCHOOL SATISFACTION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">psychological distress</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">scale adaptation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school experience</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school satisfaction</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1702996377.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">School experience holds significant importance in the realm of educational environments in the 21st century. Thus, the aim of this study was to adapt the Perceived School Experience Scale for application among Azerbaijani adolescents and examine the interconnections between school experience, psychological distress, and school satisfaction. Data were collected from 1095 Azerbaijani adolescents (635 female and 456 male). Throughout the adaptation process, confirmatory factor analysis, assessments of criterion-related validity, and reliability were conducted. Additionally, the associations between school experience, psychological distress, and school satisfaction were explored through mediational analysis. The results from the confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated that the questionnaire encompassed 14 items, featured three school-related protective factors, and displayed an acceptable fit. The scale has been found to have satisfactory reliability coefficients for both its factors and the overall score.  Furthermore, the findings established that school experience exhibited positive correlations with school satisfaction while demonstrating negative associations with psychological distress. Finally, the results unveiled that psychological distress played a mediating role in influencing school satisfaction through the pathways of school experience. These findings collectively suggest that the Azerbaijani version of the Perceived School Experience Scale boasts commendable psychometric properties. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">869-880</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gökçe Demiryürek</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A BIBLIOMETRIC VIEW ON VALUES EDUCATION STUDIES IN THE INTERNATIONAL ARENA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliometric analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">values education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Voswiever</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Web of Science</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1677582712.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Values education is an accepted field of study in the world today. The cultural ties that values education has due to its nature are also reflected in the studies carried out. Based on the necessity of determining the trend of values education studies in the world, this research aims to bring a bibliometric view to the field. For this purpose, 256 articles indexed in Web of Science from 2005 to 2021 were analyzed. As a result of the analysis, the distribution of the articles by years and journals, the prominent articles, authors, institutions, and the links between them were mapped. It has been observed that the journal &quot;Educational Sciences in Theory and Practice&quot; stands out in terms of the number of documents in the journals, and the journal &quot;Teaching and Teacher Education&quot; ranks first in terms of the number of citations it receives. The most influential authors are Thornberg, R., Lovat, T., and Clement, N. Among the countries, it has been determined that Australia ranks first in terms of both the number of documents and the number of citations it receives. The expression “values education” is the most preferred keyword. It was followed by the words “values” and “moral education”.  It has been observed that the cooperation networks between the authors, institutions and countries are weak. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27-43</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nonkanyiso Pamella Shabalala</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Headman Hebe</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lindelani Mnguni</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CHARACTERIZATION OF CURRICULUM LEADERSHIP BY SOUTH AFRICAN SCHOOL LEADERS AND TEACHERS IN ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Curriculum leadership; distributed leadership; environmental education; school leaders and teachers</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1687425497.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Integrating environmental education into the school curriculum in South Africa remains a concern. Various curriculum and instructional design factors affecting environmental education have been explored. However, the role of curriculum leadership in environmental education is not well understood despite research that shows that curriculum leadership is a critical challenge facing the education system in general. Poor curriculum leadership has been shown to contribute to ineffective curriculum implementation and poor quality of education. In the current research, we used qualitative research methods to determine the characterization of curriculum leadership by teachers and school leaders involved in environmental education as a preliminary effort to understand the challenges facing environmental education. We used distributed leadership as a theoretical framework for the research. The findings show that some environmental education teachers, school managers, and environmental education subject advisors do not understand the concept of curriculum leadership. Participants' understanding of curriculum leadership was associated with socio-political dynamics rather than educational principles. We conclude that the poor understanding of curriculum leadership and its role may lead to ineffective integration of environmental education in the South African school curriculum.  </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">401-415</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andie Tangonan Capinding</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONSTRUCTION AND VALIDATION OF MATHEMATICAL SATISFACTION QUESTIONNAIRE: AN EXPLORATORY AND CONFIRMATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Item measurement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematical satisfaction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reliability test</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">validity test</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1687425080.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mathematics satisfaction can drive students to work harder in math class. Thus, it is vital to assess the satisfaction of learners using an instrument to intervene in the teaching and learning process. There are research studies that have independently developed questionnaires to measure students' mathematics satisfaction, but most of them focused on students' satisfaction with mathematical resources and online mathematics courses. Thus, previously developed instruments had limitations. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a mathematical satisfaction questionnaire for students. Face validation, content validation, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and reliability testing were used in the study to construct and validate the instrument. The initial draft of the mathematical satisfaction questionnaire has 44 items divided into five categories: skill, real-life, academic, praise, and task completion. The study's sample included 317 students from the Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology – Gabaldon campus. The content validity of the test was assessed by ten instructors and professors using Aiken's V technique. The construct validity was examined using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Aiken's V coefficient ranged from 0.73-0.87, which is adequate for the content validity index. Every construct has an acceptable reliability coefficient. Eight items were removed following EFA. Construct validation confirmed 36 items distributed among the five mathematical satisfaction constructs. The final instrument is reliable and can be used to assess students' mathematical satisfaction.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">327-339</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1691443450.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 81, No. 4, 2023</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">421</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1677582395.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 81, No. 1, 2023</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1687424746.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 81, No. 3, 2023</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">295</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1698378212.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 81, No. 5, 2023</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">569</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1702995450.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 81, No. 6, 2023</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">721-722</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1683097113.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 81, No. 2, 2023</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">171</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gomes Miranda, A. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maurícius Selvero Pazinato</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTRIBUTIONS OF LAKATOSIAN THEORY TO THE EVALUATION OF EXPLANATORY MODELS OF INTERMOLECULAR FORCES MADE BY UPPER-SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chemistry teaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">London force and dipole-dipole interactions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">progressive transition</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1683097353.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The focus of the present study is the learning processes of concepts related to hydrogen bonds, which were developed using a didactic sequence (DS). Based on the perspective of Imre Lakatos, it was observed whether the explanatory models created by upper-secondary students form progressive transition sequences, which are similar to what Lakatos, in his text The History of Science, calls a “problem” that increases the explanatory/heuristic power of the model. To evaluate the evolution of these models, which generally consist of progressive transitions, four phases were developed: 1) the categorization of answers obtained in the DS in Realist, Empiricist or Rationalist zones, as well as an attribution of scores; 2) the determination of a score range for said zones; 3) hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and 4) an analysis of the progressive transition of the explanatory models. A continuous review of the ideas expressed by the students during their learning of the subject revealed that a significant share of students progressed conceptually. In a general way, it can be said that the activities developed in the DS contributed substantially to the progressive transition of the explanatory models made by most students. Furthermore, the approach of the DS toward the subject of hydrogen bonds allowed the students to interpret the phenomena studied using their knowledge of Chemistry. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">176-187</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nisha Chakyarkandiyil</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prakasha, G. S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COOPERATIVE LEARNING STRATEGIES: IMPLEMENTATION CHALLENGES IN TEACHER EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">active learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">collaborative learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cooperative learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mixed-method</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">student-centred learning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1687425145.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The research in cooperative learning (CL) is robust. Despite the empirical research benefits of CL, its implementation faces challenges in teacher education classrooms. Teacher educators resist using CL and stick to the frontal teaching method. All this may be due to the difficulties perceived by teacher educators in implementing CL. The researchers used a concurrent triangulation mixed method research design to explore the perceived challenges of cooperative learning implementation among teacher educators from India. The researchers administered a questionnaire and obtained 300 responses from teacher educators through a survey, followed by a semi-structured interview among eight survey participants. The research findings revealed that the average perceived challenges among teacher educators are 63% due to teacher challenges, learner challenges, curriculum syllabus, and administrative challenges. Female teacher educators perceived higher challenges than males. ANOVA results revealed a difference in challenges faced across the age group. These results demonstrate the need for future researchers to conduct a more in-depth examination of the challenges in implementing CL with more extensive samples in various educational settings in other world regions to develop effective solutions.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">340-360</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gunel A. Alasgarova</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE CORRELATION AMONG DIFFERENT TYPES OF EXAMS IN AZERBAIJAN</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational evaluation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">exam correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">large-scale exams</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">national and international measurement</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1691443697.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">It is crucial to examine the alignment of different exam results conducted by various organizations to improve the quality of assessment. The research used a document analysis method with recent, publicly available national and international reports addressing the research question. The following main question was examined through the document analysis: What exams have the highest correlation and are more trustworthy in Azerbaijan for short and long-term outcomes? The data were analyzed to discover any statistical comparisons of university admission exams with the 9th and 11th grade SEC exams, school grades, and other assessments. Research shows that the State Examination Center’s exams align with its own evaluations and international assessment (OECD). They can be considered methodologically rigorous, providing a more valid yardstick for measuring student knowledge and achievement. Overall, exams by the SEC had a high correlation coefficient compared to Higher Education Institutions’ assessments. As more and more international students want to pursue their education in Azerbaijan, these findings can be valuable for their decision-making and tertiary level. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">431-448</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1677582356.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 81, No. 1, 2023</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1702995409.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 81, No. 6, 2023</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">719-720</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1687424700.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 81, No. 3, 2023</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">293-294</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1691443409.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 81, No. 4, 2023</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">419-420</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1683097084.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 81, No. 2, 2023</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">169-170</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1698378181.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 81, No. 5, 2023</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">567-568</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gomes Senna, L. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CULTURAL BILINGUALISM AND LANGUAGES IN CONTACT IN TEXT PRODUCTION: EXPLAINING THE CASE OF PERMANENT INTERFERENCES IN WRITTEN BRAZILIAN PORTUGUESE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cultural bilingualism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">linguistic rights</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mother tongue teaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">public education policies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher training</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1702996071.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A critical review of the nature of Education as a universal right in peripheral societies, based on the analysis of the social and cultural circumstances that permeate the learning experience of the written Portuguese language in Brazilian schools. The concept of cultural bilingualism is defended as necessary in facing the demand for subjectivation of the universal right to Education, supported by facts of written production among school subjects. It also justifies the overcoming of the classic concepts of bilingualism, listed exclusively from grammatical-functional aspects or issues of use that are restricted to linguistic facts. Situations of tension stand out in the contact between oral and written Portuguese of Brazil - symbolically considered the Brazilian national language - whose origin goes back to historical-cultural aspects that acted in the process of the implantation of the Portuguese Language in Brazilian territory. Derived from such aspects, there are situations of languages in contact that can only be properly explained by the concept of cultural bilingualism.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">811-824</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quan Thuan Kieu</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DESIGNING INTERNSHIPS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF DIGITAL SKILLS OF AGRICULTURAL STUDENTS IN VIETNAM</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">agricultural students</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">designing internships</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">development of digital skills</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vietnam</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1698379252.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">To prepare citizens for the digital era, the Vietnamese government has issued guidance for higher institutions to play a vital role in cultivating digital skills. However, these institutions face challenges due to limited digital technology capacity, resulting in inadequate skill development. To address this, they collaborate with industries through internships to provide students with opportunities to enhance their digital skills in real work settings. Nonetheless, the strategies that higher institutions have implemented in designing internships for the development of students' digital skills are questionable to the public. Hence, this study aimed to explore the educational strategies implemented by higher education institutions in Vietnam to design internships that enhance learners' digital skills. Using a qualitative approach, primary data was collected through interviews with six policymakers from a higher institution in southern Vietnam, and additional data was gathered from documents related to internship and curriculum designs. Thematic analysis of the data revealed several strategies implemented in internship design, including curriculum design, pre-internship preparation, stakeholder regulations during internships, and evaluation actions. These strategies were identified as major themes for effective internship designs and the development of students' digital skills. The study also suggests various applications for multiple stakeholders and highlights the need for further research in this area.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">627-646</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nam Hai Hoang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thi Thu Hang Nguyen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thi Phuong Huyen Pham</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thi Phuong Ngo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thang The Nguyen</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE DEVELOPMENT OF CURRICULAR AND TRAINING PROGRAMS IN VIETNAM </style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">literature review</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">program design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">program development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">training program</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vietnam education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1677583028.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The training program is the focus of all pedagogical activities in particular and educational activities in general, so the development of training programs and activities related to the development of training programs have become an important issue and are of interest to many educational scientists. The literature review method is used in this study to collect and extract the data from the national database system to show an overview of training program research and training program development that have been conducted in Vietnam. The findings indicate that the training programs have been changed from content training to training to form learners' competence. Furthermore, the programs are developed using a variety of modern perspectives and theories, such as output standards, educational innovation needs, liberal educational philosophy, competency-based performance, and so on. However, many more studies should be carried out to not only point out the limitations of the system of studies on training programs but also provide scientific evidence for new directions of training program development that should be developed and applied by the education system.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">90-116</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Haili Lu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kefeng Fu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xiaolin Liu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wanshan Hu</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DIGITAL CITIZEN PARTICIPATION OF COLLEGE STUDENTS: REALITY AND OPTIMIZATION PATH</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">college students</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">digital citizenship participation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multi-stakeholders</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">optimization path</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">participation characteristics</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1683097670.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Digital citizenship participation refers to the utilization of digital technology by individuals or groups for the purpose of engaging in networked participatory behaviors. It involves four interconnected elements: individual, policy, political, and social participation. This study surveyed 446 college students from a private university in China and conducted interviews to explore their digital citizenship participation. It is found that college students' digital citizen participation is characterized by &quot;strong individual interest-driven participation&quot;, &quot;weak political concern&quot;, and &quot;good digital citizen literacy&quot;. In order to improve college students' participation as digital citizens, it is crucial to cultivate digital literacy by applying the core competency framework of digital citizenship as a guiding principle. To create a sustainable path for students' participation, a four-pronged approach is proposed involving multi-stakeholders, namely society, government, schools, and teachers. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">244-257</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sofiko Lobzhanidze</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Giorgi Urchukhishvili</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marika Sikharulidze</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DIGITAL CITIZENSHIP IN GEORGIA’S TEACHERS, STUDENTS AND PARENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">digital citizenship education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">digital competences</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">digital domains</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">digital school culture</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">exploratory sequential design</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1699124594.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Council of Europe’s (CoE) model on Digital Citizenship Education (DCE) has at its basis the ‘Competencies of Democratic Culture’ model, which considers being an active and responsible citizen and implies the development of a set of lifelong competencies both online and offline at various levels, as well. Taking the ‘Competencies of Democratic Culture’ the CoE experts elaborated on the DCE domains, which are the appropriate way to develop democratic culture competences in the digital environment. Georgia, as a member country, signed the agreement on DCE to be applied at the K-12 curriculum level and joined the DCE project of the CoE in July 2020. Thus, as an educational concept, DCE is relatively new to the education system of Georgia. The aim of the study was to describe the current situation concerning DCE in Georgia, namely on awareness of the concept and its foundations, as well as identifying self-reported DCE competences by teachers, students and parents, in the light of the Ribble’s and the CoE’s models. Data was collected in five schools in 2020. The issue was studied using the quantitative method, an online survey, 1954 respondents were involved in the research. It was demonstrated that most of the respondents had a lack of awareness about information-communication technologies. It can be concluded that communication among school teachers, students and parents about the issues of digital security has not started yet. The correlation between the geographic location of a school and teachers’ digital competences is not confirmed. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">667-686</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EDUCATION FROM THE SYSTEMIC POINT OF VIEW: THE CONTEXT OF (NON) - CONSTANT TRANSFORMATIONS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">complex system</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational systems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">effective educational changes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">systemic approach</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1691443609.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">It is generally undeniable that education is a complicated and complex system. Moreover, it is an integrated and integral system of teaching and learning at different levels and in different contexts. In the public academic educational discourse, the need to search for modern teaching and learning methods is constantly expressed so that educational institutions can better respond to the changing educational needs of learners and society. However, there is no unequivocal answer to what is “modern”. Complex knowledge of education systems (and education as a system) guarantees effective educational changes in them. If we are talking about scientific knowledge of educational phenomena, it cannot be otherwise. Based on this point of view, most educational phenomena and processes can be called systems. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">422-430</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agnese Lastovska</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Svetlana Surikova</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gunta Siliņa-Jasjukeviča</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inese Lūsēna-Ezera</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EDUCATIONAL PRACTITIONERS’ ATTITUDES TOWARDS CHANGE: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR IMPLEMENTING THE MODEL “SCHOOL AS A LEARNING ORGANISATION” IN GENERAL EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS IN LATVIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">attitude towards change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">general education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">influencing factors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">innovations in education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school as a learning organisation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1698379331.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In contemporary society, constant dynamic change presents a challenge that should be perceived as a determinant factor leading to progress. The aim of this study was to explore the extent to which educational practitioners in general education institutions in Latvia are prepared for change. Additionally, the study seeks to identify the main enabling factors and obstacles in implementing the “School as a Learning Organisation” (SLO) model in general education in Latvia. That was achieved through quantitative data analysis from various perspectives, such as comparing data based on the type and size of educational institutions, as well as the positions and seniority of employees. Research data were collected using a web-based survey designed and maintained through QuestionPro. The final analytic sample comprised 671 respondents from 62 general education institutions in Latvia. The research results revealed that educational practitioners in Latvia, including leading, teaching, and supporting staff from general education institutions, are open to changes, new practices, and innovations. However, there were exceptions influenced by the educational practitioners' seniority and position, institution size, and type. These factors could both positively and negatively predict employees' attitudes towards change. A positive attitude towards change among teaching staff is a crucial element for the successful implementation of educational reforms in Latvia, such as the adoption of the SLO model. To foster a positive organizational culture, school leaders must provide supportive and transformative leadership, which is crucial for employees' positive attitude towards change.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">647-666</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bušljeta Kardum, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jurić Vukelić, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lovorka Brajković</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EFFECTS OF A SHORT COURSE TRAINING PROGRAM ON APPROACHES TO TEACHING IN HIGHER EDUCATION: EXAMPLE FROM CROATIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">higher education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">short course training program</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher training</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">university teachers</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1698378984.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">European countries, in accordance with their higher education policy, regulate in various ways the need for additional professional education of higher education teachers. In the Republic of Croatia, despite the recognized need to improve the process of teaching and learning at the higher education level, efforts and activities in this direction are left to the universities.
The main aim of the present study was to examine how the participants of the short course training program on approaches to teaching in higher education in Croatia perceived their own teaching and learning competencies before and after attending the program. University teachers from five higher education institutions in the Republic of Croatia participated in the research. The participants assessed agreement with the statements related to various teaching competencies, important for university teachers, on a 5-point Likert-type scale. The results obtained through research quantitative and qualitative methods indicate that the participants of the short course training program on approaches to teaching in higher education evaluate their own teaching competencies better at the end than at the beginning of the program. The obtained results indicate the importance of formal training and improvement of teaching competencies of university teachers and can serve as an assessment of the expediency of the short course training program on approaches to teaching in higher education at the national level and as a basis for comparison with programs implemented at other European universities.
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">572-585</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nyet   Moi Siew</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jamilah Ahmad</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE EFFECTS OF SOCIOSCIENTIFIC ISSUES WITH THINKING WHEEL MAP APPROACH ON CURIOSITY TOWARDS STEM OF YEAR FIVE STUDENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">curiosity towards STEM</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">socioscientific issue</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">thinking wheel map</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">year five students</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1677583192.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This research was conducted to examine the effects of the socioscientific issue with the thinking wheel map (SI-TWM) approach on the curiosity towards STEM, the construct of Exploration and Acceptance. A teaching and learning (TL) module was developed to guide teachers in implementing the SI-TWM approach to enhance curiosity among year five students. Quasi-experimental quantitative research was conducted on 345 year five students (aged 11 years old) in urban primary schools in Tawau, Sabah, Malaysia. A total of three groups were assigned randomly, namely i) socioscientific issue with thinking wheel map approach (SI-TWM, n=115), ii) socioscientific issue approach (SI, n=115), and iii) conventional approach (CONV, n=115). The curiosity towards STEM questionnaire was developed to measure the level of curiosity towards STEM. Data analysis was performed using MANCOVA, ANCOVA, and effect size. The results of the MANCOVA analysis showed that there was a significant effect across the three TL approaches for curiosity towards STEM. Meanwhile, the ANCOVA analysis results showed a significant effect of the SI-TWM approach compared to the SI and CONV approaches on curiosity towards STEM, the construct of Exploration and Acceptance. The results of this research prove that the SI-TWM approach positively impacts the cultivation of students' curiosity towards STEM.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">130-143</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1702996415.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 81, No. 6, 2023</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">881-884</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1687425541.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 81, No. 3, 2023</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">416-418</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1698379590.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 81, No. 5, 2023</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">715-718</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1683097870.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 81, No. 2, 2023</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">289-292</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1677583312.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 81, No. 1, 2023</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">165-168</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1691444454.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century,
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 81, No. 4, 2023</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">563-566</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tiia Rüütmann</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ENGINEERING PEDAGOGY AND ENGINEERING EDUCATORS’ COMPETENCY MODEL FOR EFFECTIVE TEACHING AND LEARNING STEAM </style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">competency model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">engineering pedagogy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">micro-credentials programme</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pedagogical training</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STEAM didactics</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1691444308.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The aim of this research is to give an overview of the psycho-didactical model of Engineering Pedagogy, as the basis of effective STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts (Design), Mathematics) teaching and instructional design. Attributes of engineering graduates and basic skills of 21st century graduates are presented. The competency model of Engineering Educators by the International Society for Engineering Pedagogy (IGIP) is introduced. Micro-credentials pedagogical continuing education programme for STEAM teachers and engineering educators is presented, ensuring the acquisition of competencies for effective STEAM teaching. Learning activity as a system with a large number of elements is introduced, which under certain conditions can also become subsystems, being interconnected, with integrative properties and with the function of achieving certain specific goals.  A Psycho-Didactical Model of Engineering Pedagogy is introduced as the basis for a toolbox of effective teaching STEAM.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">531-546</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huo-Hua Gan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EVALUATING THE APPROPRIATENESS OF TASKS AND THE ELABORATION OF MULTIPLE SOLUTIONS TO OCCASION FOURTH-GRADERS’ MATHEMATICAL CREATIVE THINKING </style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">creative thinking</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematical creativity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multiple-solution task</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Primary school students</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1677582818.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Creativity is not only for gifted students, but also for regular ones. This case study was aimed to analyze the appropriateness of tasks and the elaboration of multiple solutions to occasion fourth-graders’ mathematical creative thinking through a documentary multiple-solution counting task in a figurative setting. The data came from the written report of 48 fourth graders in two classes in Taiwan, China. The appropriateness of creativity was reflected in the appropriateness of tasks and solutions, particularly suitable for complex problem solving. Elaboration was detail-dependent, and visualization was beneficial to the analysis of elaboration. The regular students who had just entered the fourth grade could show their creative thinking through different angles (horizontally or vertically) and starting points (holistic or partial), but with slightly more partial and horizontal than holistic and longitudinal, more adaptation than transformation. These fourth-grade students have had the basic mathematical creative thinking capability of adaptation, combination, change, rearrangement, extension or going back by using counting, combining, adding and reducing, overlapping, moving, and diagonal division strategies. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">44-65</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burcu Duman</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Turan Konuk</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EVALUATION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY CURRICULUM FRAMEWORK THROUGH CONTEXT-INPUT-PROCESS-PRODUCT MODEL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CIPP model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">curriculum framework</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">information technology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">qualitative approach</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1702996003.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Information technologies represent the main fields in vocational and technical education systems. Since the curricula of this field are technology-based, they need to be assessed and updated at shorter intervals compared to other curricula. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the framework curriculum in the field of Information Technologies in Turkey. The research was carried out based on a qualitative approach. The research design is a case study. The sample of the study was determined via maximum variation sampling. The sample determined for the study consists of Information Technology teachers working in vocational and technical upper-secondary schools in different provinces of Turkey. A semi-structured interview form was employed as a data collection tool. It has been found that the outcomes in the curriculum framework tend to be consistent, but they are above the student level. Timeliness, simplicity, and the availability of printed books are among the strengths of the curriculum framework. Insufficient physical conditions and lack of materials and equipment are among the aspects of the curriculum framework that need to be improved. Students' low level of readiness is stated as one of the main challenges in implementing the curriculum framework. Teachers have provided suggestions such as admitting students to vocational and technical upper secondary schools via exams, offering financial resources, establishing IT upper secondary schools, and transforming vocational upper secondary schools into project schools for an effective curriculum framework.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">789-810</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prakasha, G. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rituparna Chakraborty</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">S. Thirumalesha</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">C. S. Gururaja</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sangtam, T. Y.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rhatsu, K.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jochan, G. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EXPECTATIONS OF UNIVERSITY LECTURERS AND STUDENTS ON SMART LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS </style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">augmented reality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">qualitative study</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">smart learning environments</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">virtual reality</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1691444118.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Education in the 21st century has become more technology integrated, and the shift from conventional modalities of teaching to technology-assisted teaching methodologies accelerated during the pandemic years. The current study employed a qualitative research design (n=12) to explore this shift and the expectations of these novel teaching modalities from both facilitator and learner perspectives in urban higher education settings in India. An inductive thematic analysis of the qualitative data revealed that there is a significant gap in lecturers’ and students’ definitions and expectations of smart learning environments. The themes that emerged from the data were bifurcated into lecturer and student perspectives on smart learning environments and included innovative nature, novelty and complexity, student excitement, and limitations of content. Based on the findings, lecturer and student expectations of SLE platforms had points of convergence and divergence which are unique to the socio-cultural positions of the participants. The current study argues the need to devise methods to improve the efficacy of SLEs in developing economies.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">501-516</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Haris Memisevic</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inga Biscevic</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Selmir Hadzic</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Azur Kuduzovic</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EXPLORING CURRENT TRENDS IN EDUCATION: A REVIEW OF RESEARCH TOPICS IN THE PROBLEMS OF EDUCATION IN THE 21ST CENTURY JOURNAL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">content analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">research topics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">scientific journals</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1683097746.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scientific journals play a critical role in disseminating knowledge, and staying up to date with research findings in a particular field can be challenging given the vast number of journals and research topics available. Therefore, there is a need for researchers to occasionally summarize the main research topics in order to help fellow researchers navigate the contents more effectively. In this context, this article aims to review the research topics published in the Problems of Education in the 21st Century journal between 2018 and 2022. A total of 285 abstracts were retrieved from the Web of Science database and analyzed to identify the most common research topics and the contributing countries. The top 10 research topics identified were self-efficacy, distance education, professional development, critical thinking, foreign language, thinking skills, Covid-19, academic achievement, emotional intelligence, and special education. The authors of the papers came from 62 countries, with most of the papers coming from Türkiye, South Africa, Indonesia, Brazil, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Malaysia, Sweden, Lithuania, and Serbia. In conclusion, this study highlights the relevance and diversity of research topics in the Problems of Education in the 21st Century journal, underscoring the need for a nuanced, context-specific approach to education research. The findings of this study have important implications for researchers, policymakers, and educators seeking to address the key challenges and opportunities facing education in the 21st century.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">258-268</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cheng, C.-C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huang, K.-H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yi-Kai Lin</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FACILITATING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF PRESCHOOLS: A SYSTEM THINKING TRAINING PROJECT IN TAIWAN</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">early childhood education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PDCA</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">preschool teacher</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sustainable development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">system thinking</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1698379127.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study aims to assist preschools in achieving sustainable development by providing system thinking training for teachers and administrators. By promoting system thinking and PDCA, training helps preschool staff and teachers construct their knowledge and culture for organizational growth and effective operation. The research procedure encompasses stages of preparation, knowledge diffusion, knowledge adaptation, and establishing support networks. A total of 744 training participants engage in case studies, discussions, and self-evaluation activities to enhance their understanding and application of the PDCA framework. Quantitative and qualitative methods are used to collect the research participants' perceptions and intentions on this training. Research data is collected using 5-point Likert questionnaires, supplemented with open-ended questions to gather participants' perceptions and suggestions. In addition, qualitative data is obtained through onsite observation, focus groups, and individual interviews. The research results indicate that participants in the training program positively perceive the training activities. Also, those with administrative roles and from non-profit preschools exhibit higher interest and motivation for training, reflecting the need for sustainability knowledge in changing environments.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">598-611</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yu-Long Chao</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GENERAL EDUCATION COURSES INTEGRATED WITH CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES: EFFECTIVENESS ON THE CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">character development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">general education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quasi-experiment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching strategies</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1698379051.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">With a conviction that general education should play a significant role in fostering the positive development of university students’ character, several educators integrated various activities that could contribute to such development into general education courses in a technical university in Taiwan. This study surveyed the takers and non-takers of those courses and compared the differences in the scores of eight aspects of character development between the two groups of students. Results revealed that the implemented courses brought up small gains, particularly for male students in the second year, in most of the aspects including “logic and innovation,” “social practices,” “citizenship,” “growth in learning,” and “proactiveness and autonomy.” Female students were found to score significantly higher than male counterparts in all of the aspects and the scores of most aspects exhibited a declining trend with the increasing university years. These results were discussed from the perspectives of the teaching strategies advantageous for character development as well as the mental difference between first-year and third- or fourth-year students. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">586-597</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Milan Kubiatko</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HOW TO STOP THE DISINTEREST OF STUDENTS TOWARD SCHOOL SUBJECTS?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">disinterest in learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">scientific topics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching process</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1698378366.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Disinterest is obviously defined as a cause to regard something with no interest or concern. As it is mentioned in many studies, the interest in school subjects is decreasing. The factors causing this state are many, the excessive using of different information and communication devices among students of different age cohorts diverts attention from the learning topics and materials, and it can cause disinterest in students about all schools’ activity. The teachers and also researchers are trying to suggest many activities and improvements to eliminate disinterest. It is possible to mention an option, how to stop decreasing interest in any school subject, and it is possible to find it in the relatively new curricular efforts. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">570-571</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eskidemir Meral, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hale Koçer</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HUMOR DEVELOPMENT IN PRESCHOOL AND PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN IN TURKIYE </style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">child development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">humor development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">humor theories</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">incongruity theory</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">preschool education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1687425301.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knowing humor development can be rather beneficial in terms of providing opportunities to better know children and evaluate their development. This study aimed to explore the process of humor development in preschool and primary school children in line with McGhee's humor development theory. The study employed a single screening model, specifically one of the commonly used screening models in general practice. The study group consisted of 101 children ranging in age from 2 to 11. Research data were collected through a 5.01-minute-long video which included scenes suitable for the stages in McGhee's humor development theory, semi-structured observation forms and a research diary. Descriptive analyses and content analyses were used to analyze research data. Children aged 2 produced the lowest amount of laughter response in the scenes in all stages, followed by those aged 3 and 4. The strongest laughter response occurred in 5-year-old children to the scenes pertaining to stages 2, 3, and 4. The scenes in stage 5 elicited the strongest laughter response in children aged 11. The humor development characteristics of the children in this study were found to be consistent with the general principles of McGhee's theory of humor development. Adopting research techniques that measure children's reactions to real-life situations could be useful in future research on the same topic. Research on children's production of humor may provide different insights into the development of humor. It is suggested that adults, such as parents and teachers, use examples of humor that are appropriate for the characteristics identified in this study and similar studies in order to build positive relationships with children.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">374-387</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saeed Almuntasheri</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE IMPACT OF A FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT-BASED INQUIRY MODEL ON SCIENCE STUDENT UNDERSTANDING AND EXPLANATIONS OF CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL CHANGES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">formative assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">inquiry-based learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">student explanations</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">student understanding</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1702995701.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In the context of inquiry-based learning, it is widely acknowledged that fostering teachers' skills in formative assessment is vital for enhancing student learning. This study examined the impact of a formative assessment-based inquiry model on science student understanding and explanations. A quasi-experimental approach that adopts the design of two groups was used. The study sample included 62 science students enrolled in the 10th grade in Saudi Arabia who were randomly assigned to an experimental group (n = 31) or a control group (n = 31).  The experimental group was taught by teachers who were engaged in professional development that embedded formative assessment into teaching 5Es inquiry learning while the control group was taught conventionally. Pre- and posttests that consisted of two sections: multiple-choice (20 questions with four alternative answers) and five open-ended questions were given to the two groups. Independent sample t-tests were performed to assess the students’ understanding and explanations of physical and chemical changes. Posttest results show that students in the experimental group significantly outperformed their peers in the control group in the multiple choice and the open-ended questions. The study findings suggest the significance of integrating formative assessment with inquiry-based learning to support teachers in exploring prior knowledge and promoting learners' diverse responses. Further research should study factors that impact teachers' actions to challenge learners' thinking and encourage their inquiry to address their inconsistent views and explanations.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">729-741</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hur Mustafa Yucedal</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saban Kara</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE INFLUENCE OF FORMULAIC SEQUENCES ON STUDENTS’ ORAL PROFICIENCY VIA COLLOCATIONS AND IDIOMS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">collocation enriched education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">formulaic sequence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">idiom enriched format</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">oral proficiency</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1702996144.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Formulaic sequences, particularly idioms and collocations, have received increasing attention in English language learning settings to bridge the gap between daily and academic life. Thus, it is expected to increase students’ motivation in English classes when they see reflections of formulaic sequences in their daily lives. Although the number of publications has risen exponentially to measure the effects of idioms and collocations on students’ proficiency globally, a gap in the literature has been pinpointed about their roles in the Iraq context. In this regard, this study aimed to explore the potential influence of idioms and collocations on students' oral proficiency. Having chosen sixty first-year students by employing a convenience sampling method to represent two experimental and one control groups equally at a private university in Erbil, Iraq, in the spring semester of the 2022-2023 academic year, the students went through the intervention spanning twelve weeks. Experimental group students received the education either with a collocation-enriched or an idiom-enriched format, respectively. However, control group students continued their education according to the prerequisites of the official curriculum. Data were collected via speaking exams and interviews to obtain quantitative and qualitative data in this quasi-experimental design study. Collected data, analyzed by SPSS 26 and NVivo, revealed that collocation and idiom-enriched groups outperformed the control group. Similarly, experimental group students had more positive views on collocation and idiom-enriched education with various compelling reasons, such as being catchy, handy, and effective. The findings of the study may have some implications for stakeholders who plan to implement formulaic sequences in English classes.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">825-839</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dagmar Sochorova</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Milan Kubiatko</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE INFLUENCE OF SELECTED FACTORS ON THE LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHERS' PERCEPTION OF MEDIA EDUCATION </style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">media education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multiple regression model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quantitative approach</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teachers’ perception</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1698379553.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Media education is an educational subject whose parent fields are not firmly defined. It is located at the intersection of subjects like pedagogy, media studies, film science, aesthetics, sociology, psychology and other humanities and social disciplines. The aim of the research was to determine the influence of various factors on the perception of media education among teachers. 600 teachers participated in the research, and the research tool was a self-designed questionnaire. It was divided into several parts, with the media part containing 12 items focused on the perception of education. The multiple regression model was used as the statistical method for the identification of significant factors. Also, Pearson’s correlation coefficient and a student t-test were used for the identification of a significant relationship and whether the use of different methods and forms had a significant effect on media education perception. The length of teaching experience, the benefits of media education in the areas of knowledge, abilities and skills, as well as the last variable – receptive circles, were shown to be significant factors. Higher implementation of media education into the school subjects would be beneficial for every participant of the teaching process. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">702-714</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Janet Jahudin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nyet   Moi Siew</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INFUSION OF POLYA AND DIGITAL BAR MODEL: AN ALGEBRAIC THINKING MODULE FOR SEVENTH GRADERS  </style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">algebraic thinking skills</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">digital bar model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">non-routine problem solving</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polya</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1691443990.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Algebraic Thinking Skills (ATS) are one of the skills that students need to master in order to solve non-routine problems. These skills are also necessary as a foundation for students preparing to enter university studies and fields of work that require logical and analytical thinking. However, Malaysian students' performance in solving algebraic problems still needs to be satisfactory, according to the TIMSS 2019 and PISA 2018 reports. Therefore, the Algebraic Thinking Skills Module (ATSM) was developed to cultivate ATS through three constructs, namely i) arithmetic generalization, ii) functions, and iii) modelling. The ATSM was developed using the heuristic method by infusing the Polya and digital bars model. The bar model illustrates a rectangle representing known and unknown quantities and the relationship between quantities. The digital bar model refers to the free application of the bar model at https://mathsbot.com/manipulatives/bar. An ATS test was developed and administered as a pre-and post-test on 120 seventh graders from rural schools in Sabah. The paired sample t-test results showed a significant difference in the mean scores between the pre-test and post-test after the intervention using the ATSM. This shows that the ATSM can improve ATS through the infusion of the Polya and digital bars model. The ATSM is able to help rural schools to shape algebraic thinkers and digitally savvy students.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">481-500</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anatolii Ivanchuk</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tetiana Zuziak</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oksana Marushchak</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Viktor Solovei</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Iryna Krasylnykova</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vitalii Hlukhaniuk</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Viktor Krupka</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INTEREST OF THE PRE-SERVICE TEACHERS IN THE ALCOHOL-RELATED ISSUES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">alcohol-related phenomena</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cognitive interest</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">integrated approach</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">narrative approach</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">safe behavior</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1683097524.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A typical didactic problem associated with teaching the discipline &quot;Health, Safety, and Fundamentals of Occupational Safety&quot; is the low level of student interest in the content of the educational material. The purpose of the study was a critical comprehension of the results of using narratives about alcohol phenomena in the process of studying a specific topic of this discipline by students of a pedagogical higher education institution. Two hundred and forty-six first-year students of Vinnytsia Mykhailo Kotsiubynskyi State Pedagogical University took part in the experiment. The data collection tool was a questionnaire that contained eight questions about alcohol phenomena. The level of students' interest in the educational material at the beginning and at the end of the academic year was assessed to determine the reliability of the shift in its features in the experimental and control groups. The significance of the shift in the values of cognitive interest indicators for students of the experimental and control groups was assessed using the G-sign test. The theoretical framework covered the integration of psychological and medical knowledge around the process of forming alcohol addiction. According to the results of the study, the experimental group showed an increase in cognitive interest in the new content of the educational material. The results of the study may be of international importance if they are used to educate students to consciously choose their own range of acceptable alcohol consumption.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">206-222</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rita Birzina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dagnija  Cedere</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sandra Kalnina</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LEARNING SKILLS ACQUIRED AT SCHOOL FOR STEM STUDIES AT THE UNIVERSITY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">first-year university students</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning skills</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STEM education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1702995781.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In order to acquire science, it is necessary to perform hands-on activities, make experiments and scientific inquiry with the obtained data, to be able to evaluate critically and understand the scientific concepts, as well as to collaborate and communicate. STEM learning promotes inquiring minds, logical reasoning, and communication and collaboration skills. Studying science at the university, students need both hard – cognitive and subject specific skills and soft – interpersonal and intrapersonal skills. The aim of the study was to clarify the appropriateness/usefulness of the learning skills acquired at school for STEM studies at the university. The study consisted of two parts: a systematic review of Web of Science and SCOPUS databases and surveys of 242 first-year science students of the University of Latvia about the learning skills acquired at school performed in 2018–2020. The qualitative data processing program AQUAD was used for processing data obtained from students’ survey. Data coding was performed according to the code system developed specifically for this purpose. The qualitative data was transferred into a quantitative format, based on relations between students’ statements, and linkages among codes were created. The study allowed concluding that cognitive, interpersonal and intrapersonal skills acquired at school are intrinsic learning skills during the first study year in higher education. There are no principal differences in the evaluation of hard and soft skills in the systematic review and students’ responses that proves the appropriateness/usefulness of the 21st-century learning skills acquired at school for science studies at the university. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">742-757</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Üstün Türker</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Özgür  Bostancı</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LEARNING STYLES OF TALENTED PRE-SERVICE TEACHERS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning preference</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning styles</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">talented teacher</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">VARK</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1677583270.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The learning styles of students vary both among individuals and across different disciplines they choose to study. In higher education, academic discipline appears to be a key factor influencing students’ distinctive learning styles. This study, which aims to determine the dominant learning styles and models of talented pre-service teachers, was designed with the survey model. The study group research consisted of 1019 volunteer pre-service teachers who continued their education in Physical Education and Sports, Music, and Arts &amp; Craft Teaching departments. In the study, the VARK Learning Style Inventory was used as a data collection tool; students were asked to answer questions in a digital environment through Google Forms. According to the research results, kinesthetic style is the dominant learning preference for pre-service teachers in the visual arts and sports sciences, and both kinesthetic and aural styles are the dominant learning preferences for pre-service teachers in music education. Although talented pre-service teachers tend to learn predominantly kinesthetic and aural styles when evaluated, 61.2% of pre-service teachers prefer to learn with a Multiple Learning Model, which covers the entire instructional diversity, rather than sticking to just one learning style. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">144-164</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abdullah K. Ambusaidi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Khoula Z. Alhosni</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE TEACHERS’ PERCEPTIONS OF THE FACTORS INFLUENCING TEACHING AND PROFESSIONAL IDENTITY </style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">math teachers &amp; science teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching professional identity</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1687425005.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Professional identity has a significant impact on teachers' interpretation of their different roles and their understanding of how to perform these roles. This study aimed to explore mathematics and science teachers’ perceptions of the factors influencing their teacher professional identity within three dimensions: teaching efficacy, teaching profession, and teaching context. Mathematics and science teachers (N = 395) who were teaching in grades 5 to 12 participated in the study. To address the research aims, we administered a questionnaire to gather information on the factors influencing teacher professional identity. The quantitative data on the teachers’ perceptions of the factors influencing their teacher professional identity showed that the teaching efficacy dimension ranked the highest, the teaching context dimension ranked second and the teaching profession dimension third. The teachers’ perceptions were largely influenced by three main factors: years of teaching experience, gender, and school location. The teachers’ responses to the questionnaire’s open-ended questions highlighted some issues related to the quality of the professional development programs available to teachers.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">303-326</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ming Guan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xiaodong Fan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jiao Li</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PEDAGOGICAL DOCTORAL STUDENTS IN CHINA UNDER PRESSURE: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF CSSCI JOURNALS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">breaking the ‘five only’</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CSSCI journals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">data statistics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pedagogical doctoral students in China</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">publication pressure</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1691443806.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The prerequisite for doctoral students in Chinese universities to obtain their degrees was to publish a certain number of papers in designated journals, which is the main pressure on doctoral students in China. This study focused on the publication pressure of doctoral students in pedagogy in China under the policy of breaking the ‘five only’, which aims to diversify the evaluation criteria for academic quality and reduce the reliance on paper publications. The study analyzed the data of 36 pedagogical CSSCI journals from 2016 to 2020, and examined the trends and patterns of publishing pedagogy articles in these journals. The study also explored the factors that influence the publication pressure of doctoral students in pedagogy, such as the admission system, the expansion of doctoral enrollment, and the recruitment system for young teachers. The results show that Chinese pedagogy CSSCI journals are declining in number and are dominated by well-known scholars and institutions. Doctoral students in pedagogy face a more severe academic situation than university teachers, as they have to publish papers to graduate and compete for limited journal space. They also face the pressure of publication under the application-appraisal system and the system of “promote or leave”. The study suggests that colleges and universities need to break through the quantitative evaluation system of doctoral students’ academic achievements and pay more attention to the training system and academic culture that promote their physical and mental health and academic development.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">449-461</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Santi, E. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gabriel Gorghiu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costin   Pribeanu</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PERCEIVED SELF-EFFICACY AND COURSE SATISFACTION IN STUDENTS PREPARING FOR TEACHING CAREERS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">academic self-efficacy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">computer self-efficacy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">self-regulated learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social self-efficacy</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1698379485.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Self-efficacy is an important variable that explains students̕ behavior of engaging in school activities and persevering in the face of academic challenges. High confidence in personal competencies and in the ability to successfully accomplish a particular task or a certain goal, acts as a stimulating factor of mental resources (cognitive, affective, motivational, volitional), contributing to students̕ success. In an educational context, the development of self-efficacy can be both a means of facilitating high achievement, but also an end in itself, a prospective goal of education. Perceived self-efficacy plays a major role in understanding how students perceive and experience academic courses. This research aims to identify the extent to which perceived self-efficacy with the course influences students' satisfaction with the class as a prerequisite for learning and academic performance. A structural model was developed and tested on two samples of students enrolled in the Psychoeducational Training Program, to prepare for the teaching career. The research results show that there is a significant relationship between perceived self-efficacy with the course and satisfaction with the class. Understanding this relationship, several educational implications can be formulated for the development of students' academic self-efficacy; by recognizing the main indicators of low self-efficacy, teachers can implement specific strategies and interventions to optimize students' self-confidence and performance.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">687-701</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aydin Güngör, T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PERSPECTIVES OF TEACHERS AND SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS ON CONTRACT TEACHING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contract teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school administrators</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher employment types</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1677582638.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Turkish educational system employs teachers in a variety of positions with varying levels of privileges but also with some shared traits. This study aims to ascertain contract teachers' and school administrators' perspectives on the contract teaching procedure from the standpoint of these distinctions. The focus group interview technique, which favors the phenomenology approach, a qualitative research method, was employed in the study. 15 educators and 6 administrators who are employed in the Türkiye for the 2022–2023 school year make up the two separate study groups. Additionally, a semi-structured observation form was utilized in the research as a method for gathering data. In the data analysis, the content analysis technique was used to examine the information gleaned from the open-ended questions asked in the semi-structured interviews. As a result of the content analysis, the study findings were thoroughly assessed, and the data gathered within the confines of each sub-problem was coded. These codes were then collected under the appropriate themes. It was concluded that the contract teaching had a negative impact on school administrators, contract teachers, and the educational process.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9-26</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Çağla Gür</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Başak Eser</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">POSITIVE THINKING PRACTICES IN SCHOOLS </style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">positive schools</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">positive thinking</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">problems in education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school adaptation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1691443907.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study was conducted within the scope of the Positive Schools Project to shed light on teachers' perspectives on reflecting positive thinking in their own branches and practices in the teaching environment. Twenty-four teachers who received training within the scope of the project and agreed to participate in the study voluntarily were included in the study. Phenomenology was used as the research design. The content analysis was used to analyze the data obtained through interviews during the research process. Based on the results of the analyses performed, tables describing the themes, sub-themes, and codes were created, and explanations representing the views of the teachers were provided. The findings of the study revealed that teachers from all levels of education, from pre-school to upper secondary school, think that there is a need for activities on positive thinking and that they can transfer the understanding of positive thinking to their branches. When the views of teachers on the need for activities to be developed within the scope of positive thinking for their students were examined, the themes of difficulties in adaptation to school, the trauma process, and the need for effective communication-interaction emerged. Teachers suggested activities for self-awareness, unity awareness, and awareness of contribution within the scope of positive thinking in schools. In addition to the views of teachers on positive thinking, the study points to some negative situations that teachers have observed in their students. These negative situations include dysfunctional self-confidence, dissatisfaction with possessions, non-functional goals or goals for saving the day, and difficulties in purposeful planning. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">462-480</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Veronika Havlíčková</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andrej  Šorgo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin  Bílek</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PREDICTIVE POWER OF BIOLOGY TEACHER’S SELF-EFFICACY ON ACCEPTABILITY AND APPLICATION OF VIRTUAL AND HANDS-ON DISSECTIONS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biology lessons</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biology teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hands-on dissection</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher self-efficacy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">virtual dissection</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1683097448.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hands-on dissections of animals are traditionally regarded as an essential part of biology education. Nowadays, regardless of the reported educational benefits, there is a gradual change in the concept and acceptance of hands-on dissection, leading in many cases to its abandonment in schools and its replacement with alternatives such as 3D models, figurines, plastination and computer-based alternatives. However, the position of hands-on dissection has recently been challenged, mostly by computer-supported alternatives. The aim of the study was to explore whether teacher self-efficacy can be recognized as a predictor of the application of the different kinds of animals in hands-on and virtual dissections in Biology lessons. Based on responses from 405 Czech Biology teachers there are differences in the acceptability and implementation of organisms for hands-on and virtual dissection. It was established, that self-efficacy is not a predictor of either the acceptability of organisms or actual behaviour in both variants of dissection.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">188-205</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ayşegül Tural</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PRE-SERVICE TEACHERS’ OPINIONS ON THE ROLE OF MUSEUMS IN VALUE TRANSMISSION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">case study</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">out-of-school learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">the role of museums</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">value transmission</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1691444402.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The transmission of values through social studies education remains a central subject of interest. The search for alternative resources to foster and sustain this transmission process has recently intensified. 'Museums', recognized as alternative spaces within out-of-school learning contexts in social studies, are increasingly acknowledged as crucial in facilitating value transmission. This research seeks to elucidate the role of museums in this process, primarily through the perspectives of pre-service social studies teachers. The study employed qualitative research methods and was constructed within a case study design framework. Data collection relied on focus group discussions with the pre-sercive teachers, with the subsequent content analysis used for data interpretation and explanation. Through dialogues with the participants, it became apparent that the transmission of values in social studies, a fundamental course for life learning, was a predominant concern. Out-of-school learning experiences are deeply integrated with social studies due to their interdisciplinary and multifaceted nature. In light of this, the participants’ perspectives and recommendations concerning the role of 'museums' as alternative venues for value transmission within the scope of social studies were predominantly positive.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">547-562</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marika Kirvalidze</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sofiko Lobzhanidze</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT SYSTEM FOCUSED ON STRENGTHENING TEACHERS’ COLLABORATION: THE CASE OF GEORGIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">qualitative research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school-based teachers’ professional development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teachers’ assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teachers’ collaboration</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1677582892.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Studies confirm that professional development at the school base through the teachers’ collaboration is the most result-oriented outcome among the alternative ways of teachers’ professional development. One of the declared goals of the centralized system of teachers’ professional development and performance assessment operating in Georgia is to facilitate teachers’ collaboration. However, the contribution of the mentioned system in strengthening the teachers’ collaboration has not been studied so far. The purpose of the present research was to study the impact of the centralized system of teachers’ professional development and performance assessment on teachers’ collaboration at general educational institutions.
The issue was studied using the qualitative methods - focus group, interview, and content analysis of documents. Eight schools were selected for the study. Two focus groups were conducted with teachers and one interview was recorded with a school leader at each school. Furthermore, Interviews with ten experts in the field were recorded. It was demonstrated that the centralized system of professional development and assessment focused on developmental assessment helps to strengthen the teachers’ professional relations. Activities closely related to the teacher's work, the correct attitude of the school leaders, teachers’ involvement in making decisions, the existence of preset goals, working schedule and space are important for collaborative relations. Existence of unified mechanisms for professional development, mistrust among colleagues, changes being constantly introduced to the education system, shortage of time were revealed as hindering factors for teacher collaboration.
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">66-89</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Osmanović Zajić, J. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jelena Ž. Maksimović</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sanja R. Sretić</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">REFLECTIVE PRACTICE: THE ONLINE TEACHING QUALITY IN THE TIME OF THE CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contemporary teacher</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVID-19 pandemic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quality of online teaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reflective practice</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1683097827.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This research is focused on the necessity to determine the impact of reflective practice on the quality of teaching conducted by means of various network platforms since the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic. The aim of this research was to examine teachers’ attitudes towards the applicative potentials of reflective practice considering the improvement of online teaching and learning. These attitudes were studied by means of the empirical method, i.e. the quantitative research method and the scaling technique. The sample comprised Serbian primary school teachers and was voluntary. The results of the research showed that teachers’ reflective practice influenced the quality of online teaching during the pandemic. The findings proved that the influence of reflective practice on the quality of online teaching was recognized by primary school teachers, but that it was not applied consistently and accordingly by all teachers. The obtained results confirmed that for the reflective practice to become an inherent attribute of contemporary teachers, it would be necessary that it be acquired both as part of teachers’ university education and their continuous professional training. There has been little research on reflective practice and its impact on the quality of teaching. Therefore, this study contributes to a further understanding of the reflective practice aspects that directly influence online teaching within the framework of the Serbian educational system.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">269-288</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andie Tangonan Capinding</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">REVOLUTIONIZING PRE-CALCULUS EDUCATION: PHOTOMATH'S AI-POWERED MATHEMATICS TUTORSHIP</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">performance in pre-calculus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photomath</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">students’ interest</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">students’ self-reliance</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1702995850.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mathematics plays a vital role in education; however, Filipino students encounter difficulties, evident in their performance on both national and international assessments. However, current literature suggests that leveraging technology, such as calculators and AI, in mathematics education can enhance students' proficiency, particularly in the pre-calculus domain. Thus, this research study examined the effectiveness of Photomath in enhancing Filipino students' self-reliance, interest, and performance in pre-calculus. A quasi-experimental one-group pretest-posttest design was used, with 49 Grade 11 students from NEUST Laboratory High School participating. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were performed to examine the pre-and post-intervention data. Results revealed a significant increase in students' self-reliance, interest, and performance in pre-calculus following the use of Photomath. The mean scores on all three measures increased significantly from the pretest to the posttest. The results of the t-tests further confirmed the effectiveness of Photomath in enhancing students' self-reliance, interest, and performance in pre-calculus. These results suggest that Photomath can be a valuable tool for educators to incorporate into pre-calculus teaching to enhance students' confidence and interest, foster intrinsic motivation, and ultimately improve their performance.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">758-775</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boris Aberšek</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SCIENCE AND THE ARTIFICIAL LIFE FORM (ALF)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">artificial intelligence (AI)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">artificial life form (ALF)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">basic laws of robotics (ALF)</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1677582566.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">According to these two assertions, one may ask the ultimate, though simplified, question: From whom will this artificial intelligence (AI) or artificial life form (ALF) learn, from whom will it receive human knowledge (or knowledge in general), and, in terms of simplified ethical norms – whom will the ALF believe if it has two possibilities, Asimov, or Tilden (Aberšek, et al., 2023)?</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4-8</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cheng, C.-C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huang, K.-H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STUDY ABROAD AND PRE-SERVICE TEACHERS’ GLOBAL COMPETENCE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational systems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">inclusive world</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multicultural society</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1683097251.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Globalization has made the world a more interdependent and multicultural society. Global issues, including regional conflicts, pandemics, and climate change, affect human life across boundaries and cultures and require people to collaborate in solving problems. Under this context, teachers with a global perspective and diverse values can enhance students' world views, foster respect for difference, and develop responsibility for a more sustainable and inclusive world. Thus, the need for professional development to prepare teachers to be globally competent has been extensively recognized. Recently, the study abroad program as an effective means of developing global competence has been increasingly researched and implemented in teacher education program (Huang et al., 2023; Okken et al., 2019). Unlike stand-alone training courses, studying abroad provides immersive opportunities for participants to expose themselves to different educational systems and cultures. Such intercultural encounter experiences can broaden teachers’ pedagogical repositories and skills to teach diverse students, enhance understanding of global issues, and facilitate reflection on personal and professional identities.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">172-175</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitza Davidovitch</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roman Yavich</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STUDY GROUP SIZE, MOTIVATION AND ENGAGEMENT IN THE DIGITAL ERA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Covid-19</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e-learning motivation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">engagement of students</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">face-to-face classes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">higher education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1687425220.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study explored the relationship between the size of the study group and the motivation and engagement of students in online and face-to-face classes while exploring the effect of personal and academic background variables, the number of students in the study group, and the level of their motivation to study. The study included 122 participants, students in their second, third, or fourth year of academic studies, who had experienced online studies during Covid-19 as well as face-to-face studies. They had all participated in both small classes (35 students or less) and large classes (more than 35 students). The study indicates that there is indeed a significant difference in students’ motivation and engagement, irrespective of the size of the study group, and the difference in motivation depends on the method of delivery, whether online or traditional (face-to-face). The research results reveal new knowledge regarding online studies and help enrich the literature on this topic, in the context of motivation for online studies and the size of the study group, which are significant causes underlying students’ academic success. It is evident from the study that size does not affect motivation, which is solely the student’s responsibility. The challenge of academic institutions and lecturers in the digital era is to raise students’ motivation and engagement, irrespective of the study group.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">361-373</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SYSTEM AS A WHOLE AND EDUCATION AS A SYSTEM: RELEVANT THOUGHTS AND CONSIDERATIONS </style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">complex system</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">methodological issues</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">self-related elements</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">whole knowledge</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1702995627.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">It is obvious that the World is the largest and most complex system. It is obvious that the essence of the World cannot be known without analysing it as a system.  System (gr. system - connected, composed of parts) – a collection of elements components) that are interconnected by certain connections; this forms a whole in one form or another. The whole can be understood quite differently (various contexts), but basically, three important moments can be distinguished: a system as a certain whole (a certain organised and interacting set of components, performing a certain function (s) and having a purpose (s)), a system as philosophy (simply all things in the world are connected), a system as technology (technological system or systems act as certain entities). Of course, the goal here is not to discuss deep methodological issues of systematics (systemology).</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">723-728</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Attila Körei</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Szilvia Szilágyi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ingrida Vaičiulytė</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TASK DESIGN FOR TEACHING CARDIOID CURVE WITH DYNAMIC GEOMETRY SOFTWARE AND EDUCATIONAL ROBOTICS IN UNIVERSITY PRACTICE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cardioid curve</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dynamic geometry software</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational robotics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">project-based learning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1702996220.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Considering Gen Z's learning needs, primarily focusing on bachelor IT students, a STEAM-based methodology was developed and tested for teaching and learning the principal properties of the cardioid curve. The four-component methodology is based on visuality and combines frontal teaching techniques with educational robotics, dynamic geometry software and project-based learning elements. Interactive learning materials were set up to support independent learning, including tasks which follow the guidelines of recent research on task design. Moreover, a cardioid drawing LEGO robot model was designed and built to visualise the generation process of the curve and to provide first-hand experiences for students. The participants involved in testing the methodology had to solve two homework problems using dynamic geometry software. An assessment system was set up to evaluate students' solutions. After a statistical analysis of the data obtained, it could be concluded that the four-component methodology is an effective didactic technique to facilitate the learning of the cardioid curve. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">840-860</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Okan Sarıgoz</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TEACHER'S OPINIONS ON USING WEB-BASED E-ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION APPLICATIONS IN EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">digital assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">digital evaluation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e-assessment and evaluation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">web-based assessment-evaluation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1677583101.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whether assessment-evaluation, which is one of the most critical elements of the teaching process, is carried out according to the requirements and conditions of the age poses an important problem for both teachers and students. How digitalization is reflected in the assessment and evaluation part of teachers' lessons in today's schools is a question that needs to be answered in the light of this problem. This research aims to examine the opinions of teachers about web-based e-assessment and evaluation applications based on digitalization. The research was carried out with a phenomenological design within the framework of qualitative research approach. The study group consists of 44 teachers working in state high schools in Hatay, Turkey. The data were collected face to face through a semi-structured interview form consisting of 5 questions. Data analysis was performed with content analysis method, which includes coding, categorization, and theming processes. As a result of the analysis, 4 different themes (advantages, disadvantages, teacher efficacy, suitability of the program) were obtained. As a result of the research, it was concluded that digital e-assessment evaluation applications, which are web-based e-assessment evaluation tools, have advantages such as being time-independent and practical, and storing, as well as disadvantages such as technical problems, preliminary preparation and not being suitable for every course. In addition, results were obtained in the research, such as that the curricula are suitable for web-based e-assessments and evaluations and that various technological or hardware deficiencies in the school make digital e-assessments and evaluations difficult. It was revealed that eliminating the inadequacies of high school teachers in e-assessment and evaluation practices is also related to eliminating the deficiencies in the dimension of schools and students. Suggestions were made for practitioners and researchers to identify and remedy these deficiencies.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">117-129</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ivana Rochovská</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Božena Švábová</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE USE OF CREATIVE DRAMA METHODS WITHIN KINDERGARTENS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE TEACHING STAFF</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">creative drama</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">creative drama methods</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">kindergarten teacher</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">preschool education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching assistant</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1687425405.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Creative drama has great potential and its implementation in education from pre-school education requires research, as evidenced by the number of scientific studies that have been registered in international research databases over the last ten years. The aim of the research was to examine the use of creative drama methods within kindergartens in Slovakia from the perspective of the kindergarten teaching staff (teachers and teaching assistants). A quantitative research design was used. 407 kindergarten teaching staff responded to the items of the questionnaire of the authors' construction. From the results of the research, it is possible to state that there is an average level of knowledge of creative drama among kindergarten teaching staff (based on their self-reflection). Furthermore, based on the self-reflection of the teaching staff, it can be stated that there are below-average opportunities for their education in the area of creative drama and a below-average level of using creative drama methods in kindergartens. Nevertheless, the status of the use of creative drama methods has improved over the last 10 years. The results of the research are a stimulus for further research - analysis of the responses of the teaching staff in terms of their age and pedagogical practice in order to estimate the development of the current state of using creative drama in kindergartens. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">388-400</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saban Kara</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE USE OF GOOGLE TRENDS TO IMPROVE STUDENTS’ LISTENING AND SPEAKING SKILLS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">authentic materials</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">enhanced speaking performance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Google Trends</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">listening scores</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1698379193.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Using authentic materials, such as books, videos, news, and podcasts has received increasing attention in English classes in the last two decades. Among others, Google Trends serves as a platform to choose authentic materials based on their popularity on a global scale. It has been displaying huge data about the most popular news, people, events, books, movies, and songs since 2004. To this aim, 40 Foundation English students who studied at a private university in Erbil, Iraq, were chosen through a simple random sampling method for the 2022-2023 Academic Year. Control group students kept their education according to the principles of the pre-defined curriculum, while experimental group students made a presentation about a trending topic on Google, prepared a listening quiz, and ran a speaking session. The data, collected by exams and surveys, were analyzed by SPSS 26 and NVivo application, revealing that Google Trends enriched teaching mode, increased students' listening scores and enhanced speaking performance significantly in the experimental group, whereas no noticeable progress was observed in the control group. Likewise, students’ motivation towards learning English increased significantly in the experimental group, while it was less than noticeable in the control group. The findings of this study can have some implications for educators who consider integrating Google Trends into the curriculum to present authentic materials.   </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">612-626</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Predrag Pale</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">WHICH TEACHERS SHOULD BE REPLACED BY AI</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">digital technology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">human mind works</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multimedia components</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">powerful technologies</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1687424909.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teaching complex, abstract content is the key foundation of our civilization. Even before Internet there were technologies which thus significantly improved teaching and learning process and accelerated development of human society. With Internet and digital technology a number of new, powerful technologies are available to education. They significantly change the role of the teacher. No teacher can provide data, information, explanation, discussion or advice that cannot be found online nor can do it better than someone already did, or will do online. However, instead trying to do all for all, modern teacher should focus on doing something particular what they excel in for a fraction of students who truly need that teacher. Due to Internet the quantity of that small fraction of students will be larger than ever. Schools also need to transform, both physically and institutionally. Physically they need to provide spaces and resources for collaboration and exploration as well as cohabitation with their teachers. Institutionally they will specialize for some aspect of educational process from creation of new knowledge, its curation to its assessment.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">296-302</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ingrid Dorea-Bandeira</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oliveira, V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mariana Araújo-Pereira</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bruno Bezerril Andrade</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">André Nogueira Nazar</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Luiz Fernando Quintanilha</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Katia de Miranda Avena</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ACADEMIC MISCONDUCT: ATTITUDES AND PERCEPTIONS OF BRAZILIAN MEDICAL STUDENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cross-sectional studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">higher education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">medical education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">medical ethics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Medical Students</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1657803448.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Academic misconduct during medical school is common, with multifactorial causes, and can negatively impact the training and professional performance of future physicians. This study investigated factors linked to academic misconducts among medical students during their training. It is a transversal, quantitative, and analytical study that assessed the perception of 240 students from five medical courses in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. A virtual, semi-structured, anonymous, self-completed questionnaire was used, with sociodemographic and academic variables recorded. Behavioral patterns were analyzed using hypothetical situations based on medical students' code of ethics, and the data were compared based on participant and institutional characteristics. Results showed that medical students reported that ethical attitudes were maintained during graduation (98.3%) and the majority claimed to know the student code of ethics (89.2%). However, there was a high frequency of academic misconduct, especially &quot;recording classes without authorization&quot; (72.9%), &quot;cheating on tests&quot; (67.9%) and &quot; improperly sign attendance lists&quot; (65.0%). We observed a higher association of females with actions such as &quot;cheating on exams&quot; and taking &quot;pictures with anatomical parts and dummies&quot;. In addition, posting pictures with patients and taking on duty without medical supervision occurred more frequently among students from private schools. Although the students considered themselves to be ethical, a high frequency of inappropriate behavior in academic situations was evidenced. This scenario points to the need for greater attention to training based on moral and ethical commitment in academic activities, with a view to future professional performance.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">426-437</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mwanyumba Tweni, F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lydia Wamocha</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pamela Buhere</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ACADEMIC OUTCOMES OF HOMESCHOOLED VERSUS CONVENTIONALLY SCHOOLED CHILDREN PURSUING THE ACCELERATED CHRISTIAN EDUCATION CURRICULUM IN KENYA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">academic outcomes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ace curriculum</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">comparative research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">conventional schooling</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">homeschooling</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1657803656.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In recent times, the Kenyan education sector has experienced increased cases of students' indiscipline in schools. However, the potential of homeschooling as a possible solution to such indiscipline has not been explored. Whereas critics of homeschooling posit that homeschooled children are inferior academically, proponents of this form of learning don’t think so. Therefore, this research compared the academic learning outcomes of homeschooled children and children in conventional school settings. The subjects in which scores were compared were math, English, and social studies. This research was anchored in the systems theory’s input-output model developed by Ludwig Von Bertalanffy and adopted the causal-comparative research design. The target population was children pursuing the Accelerated Christian Education (ACE) curriculum. A sample of 316 children was drawn, out of whom 272 participated in the research. Data were analyzed using independent samples t-tests. Results revealed that homeschooled children achieved significantly higher math, English, and social studies scores than children in conventional schools. The research concluded that homeschooling as an alternative form of education enhances children’s academic learning outcomes equally well and probably better than conventional schools. Therefore, the education sector in Kenya should consider legalizing homeschooling as an alternative form of education for some parents who want to detach their children from indiscipline cases that are majorly witnessed in conventional schools. Despite this research stating the case for legalizing Homeschooling in Kenya, a significant limitation was the reliance on the ACE curriculum and academic scores derived from one term’s performance. Therefore, future studies should consider panel data that caters for comparisons across diverse curricula over time.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">474-486</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alkiş Küçükaydin, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Çiğdem Akkanat</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ADAPTATION INTO TURKISH OF THE COMPUTATIONAL THINKING TEST FOR PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">computational thinking</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">item analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary school student</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">test adaptation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1672600660.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Computational thinking is recognized as a vital skill related to problem-solving in technological and non-technological fields. The existence of different sub-domains related to this skill has been pointed out. Therefore, there is a need for tools that measure these different sub-domains. Because of its structure that includes different skills, computational thinking has a structure different from that of the tools used to measure academic skills. Moreover, no special programming knowledge is required for tools that measure this ability. In order to measure this skill in younger age groups, it is possible to apply the measurement tool without adult support. At this point, it is aimed to reveal the computational thinking skills of Turkish children by adapting a test developed for the 7-9 age groups into Turkish. For this purpose, an adaptation research study was performed for TechCheck-2 developed by Relkin et al. (2020). In the study, a total of 372 primary school students studying in Ankara were contacted. Item and test analyses were performed on the data obtained as a result of the application of the test. The distinctiveness and difficulty values of the items making up the test and Kuder Richardson-20 scores were calculated. At the end of the analyses, it was seen that the test could be used as a valid and reliable measurement tool for Turkish children.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">765-776</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johannes Addido</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andrea   C. Burrows</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timothy   F. Slater</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ADDRESSING PRE-SERVICE TEACHERS’ MISCONCEPTIONS AND PROMOTING CONCEPTUAL UNDERSTANDING THROUGH THE CONCEPTUAL CHANGE MODEL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">conceptual change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">conceptual change model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">conceptual understanding</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">misconceptions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pre-service teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1662401000.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teaching science concepts for conceptual understanding has its challenges. Bringing about conceptual change in the science classroom can be difficult because most concepts are complicated and often counter-intuitive in the teaching and learning of science concepts. A review of the literature indicates that the conceptual change model, CCM can be an effective teaching technique in addressing misconceptions and improving conceptual understanding when it comes to science instruction. The aim of this research was to find out the effect of the conceptual change model on pre-service teachers’ conceptual understanding regarding the topic of forces and motion. Using data from tests and questionnaires, the research questions were answered by quantitatively analyzing the collected data. The analysis revealed that there is a statistically significant correlation between the conceptual change model and the conceptual understanding of the pre-service teacher participants. Overall, the results provide evidence in support of the effectiveness of the conceptual change model, CCM in addressing misconceptions and promoting conceptual understanding of forces and motion among the pre-service teacher participants that volunteered for this research. The results also indicate that the CCM is a teaching model which must be considered by science educators and teachers as they seek to address issues related to misconceptions and conceptual understanding in the teaching of science topics. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">499-515</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Durso, S. D. O.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arruda, E. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN DISTANCE EDUCATION: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW OF BRAZILIAN STUDIES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">artificial Intelligence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">distance education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational technology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">systematic literature review</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1667682748.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Artificial Intelligence (AI) is changing the way people live in society. New technologies powered by AI have been applied in different sectors of the economy and the educational context is no different. AI has been considered a key to the development of learning strategies, especially in distance education. In this sense, this research aimed to identify the current state of Brazilian literature on AI applied to distance education. The Higher Education market in Brazil, which is the biggest in Latin America regarding the number of individuals able to enroll in a program, is still developing and distance education has grown rapidly. To reach the purpose of this paper, it was performed a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) to find the research conducted in graduate programs that investigate the subject of AI applied to distance education. The final analysis used a total of 63 studies – 26 master’s theses and 37 doctoral dissertations. The main results show that most of the research on AI in distance education in Brazil was conducted in Computer Science (56%) and Engineering (27%). Only 6% of the studies reviewed are from masters’ or doctoral programs in Education. The result also shows that limited attention is paid to critical topics related to the growing introduction of AI in distance education, as such teachers’ employability and technological training or the ethical implications of using AI for the educational process. As a result of this SLR, it was possible to suggest research opportunities considering the international agenda on AI.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">679-692</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maltar Okun, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Majda Rijavec</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marko Ćaleta</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ATTITUDES TOWARDS SCIENCE SUBJECTS AND GRADES: THE MEDIATION ROLE OF LEARNING STRATEGIES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lower secondary education; mediation analysis; school achievement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">scientific subjects; student attitudes</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1662401244.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The students’ attitudes towards school subjects may influence their behaviour and various educational outcomes. The research aimed to test students’ attitudes towards the subjects of Biology, Chemistry, and Physics, and to examine the associations between those attitudes and students’ learning strategies and grades achieved. The study included 245 eighth-grade students from five schools in Koprivnica-Križevci County in the Republic of Croatia. Attitude scale towards science subjects and Learning strategies scale were employed. The results of the analysis of variance showed a significantly higher assessment of interest for Biology and Physics than for Chemistry, while the assessment of importance for Biology was significantly higher than for Chemistry and Physics. Attitudes toward Biology, Chemistry, and Physics were positively correlated with the grades achieved in those subjects. Results of the mediation analysis indicated that the learning strategies were mediators between the attitude towards the science subject and the grades achieved in those subjects. Students with a more positive attitude towards a subject employ a deeper approach to learning, which ultimately results in a higher grade.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">547-564</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitza Davidovitch</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roman Yavich</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CLASSROOM CLIMATE AND STUDENT SELF-EFFICACY IN E-LEARNING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">classroom climate</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e-learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">self-efficacy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching dimensions</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1651338281.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The last two decades have seen significant growth in e-Learning in many institutions, with the main growth engine being significant development of technologies providing access to information. These technologies have dramatically changed how societies and individuals communicate. The current study examined whether the paradigm of good teaching dimensions customary in the research literature can predict students’ self-efficacy and social-academic climate in e-Learning. For this purpose, 147 students from different academic institutions were sampled and asked to choose one course they had studied online, completing a questionnaire on their experience of the course. The questionnaire was divided into four sub-topics, where at first the participants were asked to answer several demographic questions and the rest of the questions were divided by the research variables as follows: the first group of questions dealt with perceived self-efficacy; the second group dealt with the teaching dimensions presented in Hativa’s (2015) theory, from which select teaching behaviors were extracted. In the final part, the questionnaire examined the social-academic climate during the course. The research results show correlations between the research variables and some of the demographic variables. The higher the respondent’s age and years of schooling, the higher the lecturer’s evaluation. Furthermore, men were found to rank lecturers on teaching dimensions significantly lower than did women. Respondent self-efficacy rose with age and years of schooling. Moreover, the higher the participants’ age, the more positive the climate reported, and women tended to rank classroom climate higher than did men.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">304-323</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1667682308.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents, Vol. 80, No. 5, 2022, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">623</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1651337787.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents, Vol. 80, No. 2, 2022, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">237</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1662400575.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents, Vol. 80, No. 4, 2022, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">493</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1657803011.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents, Vol. 80, No. 3, 2022, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">391</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1672600310.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents,
Problems of Education in the 21st Century, 
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 80, No. 6, 2022</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">743</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1645650233.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents, Vol. 80, No. 1, 2022, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-4</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1672600274.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page,
Problems of Education in the 21st Century, 
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 80, No. 6, 2022</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">741-742</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1651337740.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page, Vol. 80, No. 2, 2022, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">235-236</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1662400521.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page, Vol. 80, No. 4, 2022, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">491-492</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1645650178.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page, Vol. 80, No. 1, 2022, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1667682268.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page, Vol. 80, No. 5, 2022, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">621-622</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1657802965.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page, Vol. 80, No. 3, 2022, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">389-390</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">İsmail Karakuş</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Figen Kılıç</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">‘DIGITAL’ OVERVIEW AT THE PROFILES OF PRE-SERVICE TEACHERS: DIGITAL AWARENESS, COMPETENCE AND FLUENCY </style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">digital awareness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">digital competence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">digital education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">digital fluency</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">the relational survey model</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1651338350.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The adaptation of the teachers to the digital age, the integration of their digital skills into the learning and teaching processes, their digital awareness, competencies and fluency constitute an important problem which is within the scope of lifelong learning.The aim of the present study is to examine the digital profiles of pre-service teachers within the framework of universal education principles and online learning theories during the pandemic period. To serve for this purpose, 'digital' profiles of pre-service teachers, who prepare individuals for the digital society, are going to be investigated. Furthermore, their digital awareness, competence and fluency levels are going to be highlighted, and the concepts are going to be discussed in the light of current developments that are under the effects of the pandemic. Thus, the level of relationship between the concepts are going to be underlined to offer solutions to current digital problems. As for the procedure, the study used relational screening model on 539 pre-service teachers. According to the results, digital awareness, competence and fluency levels of pre-service teachers were high. There is a positive, moderate and significant relationship between digital awareness and digital fluency; similarly, there is a positive, high level and significant relationship between digital fluency and digital competence. At this point, digital awareness and competence explained 62% of the variation in digital fluency. Via the present study, it is possible to note down that the concepts of digital awareness, digital competence and digital fluency might be explained thoroughly. Hence, the present study is expected to contribute to the literature and all stakeholders related to education.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">324-338</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costin   Pribeanu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gabriel Gorghiu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Santi, E. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DRIVERS OF CONTINUANCE INTENTION TO USE THE ONLINE LEARNING PLATFORM AFTER THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVID-19 pandemic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">distance education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning motivation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">online learning platform</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TAM</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1667683017.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">With the start of the COVID-19 pandemic period, the need to continue the educational process imposed the exclusive move to the online environment - a new and insufficiently prepared experience, which generated controversies, but also reflections, and adaptation for teachers, students, decision-makers, and even parents. The major concern of the academic community was related to the quality of the educational process and how the student-centered education paradigm can be introduced in the online environment. The students and teachers of the post-pandemic generation are no longer the same, this period has strongly impacted society, mentalities, and the school's future. Analyzing online education from multiple perspectives, the advantages, and opportunities generated by the integration of ICT in the teaching process are obvious. However, many variables have an impact on the effectiveness of e-learning, and many unanswered questions, yet. This research aims to analyze the key drivers of technology acceptance and the role played by three external variables: content adaptation, facilitating conditions, and ease of access in the context of exclusive online education. For this purpose, an extended technology acceptance model has been conceptualized and tested on a sample of Romanian university students. The results illustrate that content adaptation represents an important predictor of both the perceived ease of use and usefulness. The model explained a lot of variance in the continuance intention which is due to the positive attitude towards using the online learning platform in the future.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">724-736</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yasin Ozturk</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merve Gangal</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EARLY CHILDHOOD STUDENT TEACHING PRACTICUM IN TURKEY THROUGH EMERGENCY REMOTE TEACHING DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC </style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVID-19 pandemic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">early childhood education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">emergency remote teaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">preservice teachers</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1657803516.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Turkish early childhood pre-service teachers had to follow their student teaching practicum courses through emergency remote teaching on the online platform available to them during COVID-19 pandemic like in most countries. The pre-service teachers were experimenting with this new form of student teaching practicum by building up new knowledge and experiences without being present in the school context and having no interaction with the children. This study aims to analyse early childhood education pre-service teachers' experiences of emergency remote teaching (ERT) during COVID-19 Pandemic in Turkey and explore how these experiences shape their professional development to meet the quality standards and preschool teacher competencies. Doing a content analysis of the codes through a qualitative data analysis software program (NVivo 12) and making a constant comparison between codes and categories, three themes as a result of this study after doing a content analysis of the data, have emerged: (1) Early childhood education pre-service teachers’ practices in ERT supported only certain competencies. (2) With its natural structure of distance education, ERT restrained pre-service teachers' field experiences to enable them to gain the necessary competencies and qualifications for early childhood education (3) the pre-service teachers perceived ERT as insufficient for their placement experiences. There is a need for a regulation on how the practice in teacher education should be done in ERT since pre-service teachers' field placements have a crucial role in their training and there is a missing gap for practice during distance education.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">438-455</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1662401510.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page, Vol. 80, No. 4, 2022, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">617-620</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1667683197.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page, Vol. 80, No. 5, 2022, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">737-740</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1657803715.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page, Vol. 80, No. 3, 2022, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">487-490</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1672601303.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page,
Problems of Education in the 21st Century, 
ISSN 1822-7864 (Print) ISSN 2538-7111 (Online)
Vol. 80, No. 6, 2022</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">865-868</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1651338659.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page, Vol. 80, No. 2, 2022, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">388</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1645651337.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page, Vol. 80, No. 1, 2022, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">232-234</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saheed Ayodeji Adejimi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wenceslas Nzabalirwa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">William A. Shivoga</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ENHANCING STUDENTS’ ATTITUDES TOWARD BIOLOGY USING CONSENSUS AND COOPERATIVE REFLECTIVE JOURNAL WRITING EDUCATIONAL STRATEGIES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">attitude toward biology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">consensus strategy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cooperative strategy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reflective journal writing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">verbal ability</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1651337990.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biology is a core and required science subject offered at the upper secondary school level in the Nigerian educational system. However, students’ attitude towards the subject is poor, a trend probably due to the use of teacher-centred educational strategies. Scholars have thus advocated for the need to adopt innovative educational strategies to enhance students’ attitude towards biology. This study investigated the use of consensus and cooperative reflective journal writing educational strategies in enhancing students’ attitudes towards biology in two Local Government Areas (LGAs) within Ibadan Metropolis of Oyo State, Nigeria. The study adopted a quantitative pre-test-post-test, control group quasi-experimental design involving a 3x2 factorial matrix, with a positivist paradigm. Purposive sampling was used to select six schools across the LGAs while an intact class of upper secondary school II students was selected from each of the schools for a total of 305 participants. Two instruments, the Biology Attitude Questionnaire (BAQ) and the Students’ Verbal Ability Test (SVAT) were used during the study. The data generated were analysed using the Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). Results showed that, treatments enhance students’ attitudes toward biology. Results also revealed that students’ verbal ability has effect on students’ attitudes toward biology. The interaction between treatment and verbal ability was not significant to enhance students’ attitudes toward biology. The two strategies, therefore, enhanced students’ attitude towards Biology in the two LGAs within Ibadan metropolis of Oyo State, Nigeria. The two strategies should therefore be adopted in teaching Biology to upper secondary school students in Nigeria and elsewhere.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">242-255</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jamilah Ahmad</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nyet   Moi Siew</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AN ENTREPRENEURIAL SCIENCE THINKING MODULE BASED ON THE SOCIOSCIENTIFIC ISSUES APPROACH WITH THINKING WHEEL MAP FOR PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN STEM EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">entrepreneurial science thinking</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">socioscientific issues approach</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STEM education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">thinking wheel map</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1645650519.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The design and development of modules in cultivating entrepreneurial science thinking (EST) in STEM education at the primary school level is still limited. Thus, this research was conducted to i) establish the validity, reliability and feasibility of the module based on the socioscientific issues approach aided by the thinking wheel map (SIA-TM), and ii) evaluate its effects on the EST among fifth graders in STEM education. Data were collected via respondents’ feedback in the 5-point Likert scale questionnaire and an EST test. The first phase of the module evaluation was conducted by five expert evaluators and among 30 fifth graders. The second phase was evaluation through the quasi-experimental research design with the pre-test post-test control group design. A total of 60 fifth graders were gathered into two groups which were the SIA-TM group (n=30) and control group (n=30). The results of the SIA-TM module evaluation shows that the validity value was good, and the alpha Cronbach reliability was between .74 and .89 with the overall value of .92. The students showed a high level of acceptance (m=4.53) towards the activities in the SIA-TM Module. Feedback from the students showed the module’s feasibility and acceptance by students. The results of the t-test prove a significantly positive effect on the five constructs in EST. Therefore, these results establish that the SIA-TM teaching and learning module is valid, reliable, feasible and effective in increasing fifth graders’ EST in STEM education.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30-51</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Uğur Özer</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EVALUATION OF DISTANCE EDUCATION PROCESS IN SPORTS HIGHER EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">case study</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">distance education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MAXQDA</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sports higher education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1645651186.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In present conditions, where distance education applications in higher education have become widespread due to the Covid-19 pandemic, it is seen in the research studies that the satisfaction levels of the lecturers and students are low. Although the developments in information technologies have reached advanced dimensions, the problems experienced in distance education systems have negatively affected the course functioning of the educators and the students' level of participation in the course. The issues experienced led the researchers to studies in which in-depth analysis of distance education applications was carried out. This study aims to evaluate the distance education applications in sports higher education. This research follows a case-study design, with a qualitative study model applied in terms of the techniques used to analyse the data obtained. The descriptive analysis method was taken as the basis of the study. As a qualitative research tool in the study, a semi-structured interview form was used by choosing the interview technique. The research study group consisted of fourteen academicians working in universities in Turkey, selected by criterion sampling, one of the purposeful sampling methods. The data obtained from the interviews were analysed in the MAXQDA 20 qualitative data analysis program. As a result of the study, it was emphasized that distance education in sports sciences should be designed and implemented according to the targeted outputs of the field-specific courses and the students' accessibility to distance education.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">195-212</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aylar Çankaya, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Esengül Yıldız</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cemre Cengiz</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EXAMINING INTEGERS-BASED MATH GAME CREATED BY A FOURTH GRADE STUDENT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cardinal meaning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational games</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">intuitive learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">negative numbers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ordinal meaning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Primary school students</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1672600554.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An integer-based mathematical game was the main subject of the study. The aim of this study was to analyse the mathematical content of the game which was developed by a fourth-grade student called Esin, and to examine the intuitive learning that develops through this game. The game was based on the addition of the positive or negative numbers won in each round. The integer is regarded as an abstract topic and is taught in secondary school. It is also regarded as a topic that students have difficulty in learning. However, in the case examined by this research, a fourth grader created an integer addition game using her own intuitive understandings and played it with three of her friends. This research was a case study focusing on the analysis of the game. The study group of the research was Esin and her three friends who played the game. Data was gathered in two stages. In the first stage Esin played the game with researchers and in the second stage Esin and her friends played the game together. All the games were recorded, and the observation form was used to record data. Descriptive analysis, which consists of two codes (cardinal or ordinal meaning), was carried out in data analysis. As a result of the study, it was seen that, Esin had defined negative and positive numbers over the idea of win / lose. Students were able to use both the cardinal and ordinal meanings of the number while playing the game. Cardinal meaning was usually established through the neutralization relation. Ordinal meaning was mostly used over positioning the number relative to zero. This research contributes to the literature on students' learning of integers at an early age.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">750-764</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mona Fawzi Sulaimani</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Najwa Bakr Mursi</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EXPERIENCES OF MOTHERS IN DEALING WITH STIGMA RELATED TO THEIR CHILDREN WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER IN THE SAUDI CONTEXT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">children with ASD</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cultural stigma</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mothers experience</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mothers’ stigmatization</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">society negative roles</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">society positive roles</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1672601240.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">It remains unknown to what extent mothers of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are stigmatized. Children with ASD require special care to increase their attention and master the necessary motor and behavioural skills. In most society, particularly Middle East and Africa, mothers are largely the care providers for children while their partners concentrate on financial provision. Therefore, mothers experience a lot of challenges and stigma from some partners, family members, and the society. This qualitative phenomenological research examined the experiences of 15 mothers regarding the stigma associated with their children autism in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The research examined mothers' beliefs about the positive and negative roles that culture, education, and health institutions play in this regard. Five broad themes emerged from the analysis: mothers' concerns; reactions to the child's diagnosis; difficulties obtaining an ASD diagnosis; difficulty accessing resources; and cultural stigma (people's reactions). The researcher explored the themes and challenges of ASD through literature review and field Research (interviews). Findings showed the need to change structural and societal approaches toward ASD to share the burden among all stakeholders alleviating pressure on mothers.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">851-864</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Locatelli, S. W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EXPLORING ATOMS AND MOLECULES IN THE CLASSROOM: IS IT POSSIBLE?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">natural world</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">representational levels</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">theoretical developments</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1645650348.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">If you are a chemistry teacher, chances are you have already felt like doing an activity where students could manipulate and explore atoms or molecules in the classroom. Yes, that is right, touching, moving, uniting atoms to form molecules in a classroom, forming the most diverse substances that exist in the world, or at least observing these particles (atoms or molecules) under the microscope, as well as their constituents such as electrons and protons. But, is this possible? It is known that none of this is possible, but it would be desirable if it were, because in this way, students could better understand many phenomena of their daily lives, such as, for example, the burning of coal with the release of gases that, at a submicro level, involves the rearrangement of atoms for the occurrence of such a chemical reaction. Considering this, how to explore the particles in the classroom, which are inaccessible to the human senses, in a way that the student can understand, having an explanation of what is happening macroscopically, that is, of what he or she is observing (seeing) or even feeling, since in this case heat is released. How could we try to explain the natural world, what we experience in our daily lives?</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-8</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A FEW POINTS ABOUT AXIOMATICS OF EDUCATION </style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">classical Euclidian geometry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational statements</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">empirical confirmation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematical statements</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1667682412.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Postulates and axioms have been used as a means of knowledge since ancient times. The well-known ancient Greek thinkers Aristotle, Plato, Euclid, and others used this cognitive tool. As an example, we all know – Euclid’s postulates. Although mathematicians consider him the pioneer of mathematics, one of the most famous mathematicians, nevertheless, it is more appropriate to consider Euclid as a Greek philosopher, who presented the most important postulates and axioms in his book &quot;Elements&quot;. The prevailing opinion is that in essence it is exactly enough to prove all mathematical statements. Even though that the most perfect axiomatics is classical Euclidian geometry, there is an alternative here, i.e., modern non-Euclidean geometry. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">624-629</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kenneth   Adu-Gyamfi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elikem Vorsah, R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GENDER VARIATIONS FAVOURING MALE STUDENTS IN PERCEIVED NATURE OF LEARNING MOLE CONCEPT </style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chemistry teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gender variations</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning mole concept</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">perceived nature</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1645650423.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A good number of instructional strategies are identified to help students overcome their learning difficulties in the mole concept. However, Ghanaian senior high school students continue to have difficulties in the mole concept. Hence, there was the need to examine the perceived nature of learning the mole concept in the perspectives of male and female students. An explanatory sequential mixed methods design was adopted to collect quantitative and qualitative data. The students, selected through a multistage sampling procedure from four schools, responded to questionnaire and interview guide. Through independent-samples t-test statistics it was established that though students were full of uncertainty about the perceived nature of the mole concept that of males differed from their female counterparts. Hence, chemistry teachers should create learning environment conducive enough for male and female students to overcome their uncertainty in the mole concept.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9-29</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Astrid K Northrup, PE</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andrea   C. Burrows</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timothy   F. Slater</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IDENTIFYING IMPLEMENTATION CHALLENGES FOR A NEW COMPUTER SCIENCE CURRICULUM IN RURAL WESTERN REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">computer science education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fidelity of implementation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">professional development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STEM</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1651338527.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Like much of the world, the United States is rapidly implementing the teaching of computer science into both primary and secondary school curricula.  Uncovering what challenges U.S. schools in general—and rural U.S. schools in the unique environment of more mountainous regions of the U.S. in particular—face in implementing new curricula is not well established in the scholarly literature base. If reform advocates are able to anticipate implementation challenges, they might be more effective in facilitating needed changes.  In response, the overarching research question is addressed: What are the challenges of delivering multi-age computer science in the rural, mountain regions of the western U.S.? This two-phase research project first identifies the anticipated challenges to implementing the curriculum by curriculum designers (Phase 1), and then goes on to compare those anticipated challenges to those identified by classroom teachers after completing a teacher training program (Phase 2). Thirteen teachers completed the training program in May and July of 2021, and five were selected to be interviewed. Transcripts of the interviews were analyzed in open, axial, and selective coding to identify recurrent and dominant themes. First, a qualitative methodology through the lens of the constructivist theory was used. Then, conventional narrative inquiry methods were employed to investigate the narratives using thematic analysis. The Phase 1 concerns of adhering to curriculum standards and using appropriate programming languages were contrasted to the Phase 2 themes of the future importance of coding for all students, confidence in pedagogy, the difficulty of coding, and issues of approval and safety. The results of this study serve as a bridge between the mandates created by education leaders and the actual experiences of the participating teachers tasked with delivering the curriculum. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">353-370</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aybige Arabaci</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Keziban Orbay</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IMPACT OF EXPERIENCING EVENT DESIGN WITH WEB 2.0 TOOLS ON PROSPECTIVE MATHEMATICS TEACHERS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">distance education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematics education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching numbers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching technology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">web 2.0 tools</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1645650593.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In this study, the impact of activity designing experiences with Web 2.0 tools on prospective math teachers was examined. The aim of the study was to examine the impact of activity design experiences organized with Web 2.0 tools in the mathematics teaching course on the technological pedagogical content efficacy of prospective teachers, their attitude towards teaching technologies, and rapid content development self-efficacy with Web 2.0 tools. In the study, a nested mixed method was employed. In the study conducted with 33 prospective teachers from the primary mathematics teaching department, the quantitative data was collected using the scales “Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge”, “Self-Sufficiency for Web 2.0 Rapid Content Development” and “Attitude to Teaching Technologies”. Qualitative data was collected using an interview form. Within the scope of the distance education and “Teaching numbers” course, different Web 2.0 tools were introduced for a period of 10 weeks, and it was presented how to create activity examples that could be used in mathematics teaching. According to the quantitative results, the prospective mathematics teachers’ self-efficacy increased for rapid content development with Web 2.0 tools. In addition, it was observed that the “Attitude towards Teaching Technologies” scale had a significant effect on the sub-dimensions such as believing in the use of teaching technologies in lessons, enjoying the use of teaching technologies in lessons, and not enjoying the use of teaching technologies. In line with the opinions of prospective mathematics teachers, it was concluded that the study raised awareness about technology integration, enabled content production with Web 2.0 tools, and developed positive attitudes, new knowledge, and skills about technology.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">52-68</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hind Rasheed Alqirnas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE IMPLEMENTATIONS OF PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS ABOUT THE CONCEPT OF DIGITAL CITIZENSHIP</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">descriptive research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">digital citizenship (dc)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education system</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary school teachers</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1672600746.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The current study seeks to explore primary school teachers’ implementations of the concept of digital citizenship. The study adopted a questionnaire as the quantitative method and distributed it to the participants online. 943 participants were both (female, male) of Hail city in Saudi Araba. The results show that the primary teachers have positive implementations about the concept of digital citizenship and its dimensions. It also found that tender had no effect on digital citizenship dimensions. However, primary teachers with more than 10 years of technological experience high higha level of knowledge of concept of digital citizenship, especially in digital communication and digital etiquette.
Based on the findings, the study recommended focusing on developing the capabilities of educational cadres in general and teachers in particular, as well as preparing and training them in the areas of digital citizenship, allowing them to teach it effectively and to effectively employ digital technologies in the educational process. More research is needed in the future to identify the requirements for citizenship in education from the set of cultural, social, health, legal, and security determinants related to digital technology that enable the educational system in general, and teachers in particular, to contribute to the preparation of a modern citizen capable of using and employing digital technology in a safe and sound manner.
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">777-791</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Najwa Bakr Mursi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mona Fawzi Sulaimani</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INFLUENCE OF CONTEXT RELATED FACTORS ON SAUDI SPECIAL EDUCATION TEACHERS’ UNDERSTANDING OF EVIDENCE, EVIDENCE-BASED, AND EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">autism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evidence Based Practices (EBPs)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">special education teachers</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1662401379.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The complexity of special education and the variability among students Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) require special education teachers to make a concerted effort to provide validated supports that contribute to their students’ learning outcomes. Among the most important considerations for teachers is the use of teaching practices supported as effective by evidence. There is a broad consensus that the use of Evidence Based Practices (EBPs) can lead to significant improvements for students with ASD and their families. The research to practice gap is widely recognised in special education in relation to the selection and implementation of EBPs, with several studies finding that teachers used unsupported teaching practices as frequently as those supported by empirical evidence. Thus, in order to utilise EBPs, teachers must first understand what EBPs mean and how a particular practice comes to be evidence-based. Aligning with this emphasis and the increasing introduction of EBPs in special education globally, this study explored special education teachers’ understanding of evidence, evidence-based, and EBPs in one centre of autism in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). In this study, a qualitative approach was used. Within this approach, a single case study design was adopted. The data were collected from six special education teachers of students with ASD using interviews. The findings revealed that teachers referred to their own individual experiences or the experiences of other teachers as evidence. In addition, they referred to their superiors’ advice as being evidence-based and the perceived EBPs as technical tools handed to them by the Centre. This indicated that teachers’ understanding of evidence-based, and EBPs was constructed based on the culture of the Centre. The findings of this study suggest several courses of action for future research, and policymakers and teacher education.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">588-601</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Corpuz, A. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">San Andres, T. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Julieta M. Lagasca</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INTEGRATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION (EE) IN TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMS: TOWARD SUSTAINABLE CURRICULUM GREENING </style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">integration of environmental education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mixed method</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sustainable curriculum greening</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher education programs</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1645650851.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environmental education (EE) is vital in addressing global environmental problems. Educational institutions are integrating EE into their curricula, but studies indicated the need for its intensification. This mixed method study assessed the integration of EE in Teacher Education Programs (TEPs) in Region III, Philippines. Respondents were 10 program deans,10 chairs, 171 teachers, and 344 students. Data were gathered using validated questionnaires. Findings revealed that the New Teacher Education Curriculum (NTEC) integrated EE in program outcomes and performance indicators; in mandated courses -Physical Education (PE) and National Service Training Program (NSTP); and in Science Technology and Society (STS), a General Education (GE) course. Likewise, teachers integrated EE in their lessons and in community extension programs. Seminars/webinars included environmental care and promoted environmental awareness in social media. As to support for EE integration, administrative, physical facilities and financial support were provided. On student outcomes, positive findings were shown on attitude towards environment care, but application of knowledge and skills needs improvement. Students’ knowledge was significantly correlated to attitude (Pearson’s r value is.593 and p value &lt;.05) as well as skills acquisition and attitude (Pearson’s r value is .647 and p value &lt;.05). Teachers’ challenges in the EE integration included inadequate environmental knowledge and lack of time to lead students in environmental action. The study concludes that EE is integrated into the TEPs but the outcomes on the learners’ knowledge and skills acquisition still need strengthening. Also, EE should be integrated in professional education courses, not only in GE and mandated courses. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">119-143</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Valentin Cosmin  Blândul</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adela Bradea</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE INTERDEPENDENCE BETWEEN PERCEIVED SELF-EFFICACY AND SELF-ASSESSMENT SKILLS OF ACADEMIC PROGRESS IN STUDENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">academic performance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">didactic self-evaluation skills</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">perceived self-efficacy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">self-image</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching career</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1651338216.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Self-assessment in the school environment can be defined as the students’ ability to make valuable judgements about their own academic performance, either by reference to the teacher’s educational goals, previous academic results, or the academic performance of other colleagues. The formation of such self-assessment skills is strongly influenced by a number of internal and external psycho-pedagogical factors, including chronological age, motivation for learning, level of cognitive development, perceived self-efficacy, the teacher's teaching style, the social status of the student's family, their group affiliation, etc. Starting from this point, the purpose of the present research was the analysis of the students’ degree of awareness of the role of perceived self-efficacy in the formation of objective didactic self-evaluation skills. The research sample consisted of 108 students, currently attending the Psycho-Pedagogy and Methodology Study Program courses at the University of Oradea and Emanuel University of Oradea, Romania. The research methodology was targeted at requesting these students to self-assess their performance in a subject of the afore-stated study program, respectively administering a scale for measuring personal self-efficacy. The results showed that most of the students tended to either evaluate themselves objectively or under-evaluate themselves, against the backdrop of a high level of perceived self-efficacy, respectively of superior academic performance.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">289-303</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kizito Ndihokubwayo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fidele Ukobizaba</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Edwin Byusa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jean Claude Rukundo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ISSUES IN SUBJECT COMBINATIONS CHOICE AT ADVANCED LEVEL SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN RWANDA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">advanced level secondary</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">career path</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rwandan schools</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">students' choice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">subject combinations</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1651338438.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The present study explored the issues related to subject combinations choice at advanced level secondary schools in Rwanda. Three schools with various subject combinations were conveniently selected from three districts in Rwanda. Two hundred and thirty-eight participants, including 211 students (grade 10 to 12), three director of studies (DOS), and 24 teachers, were selected purposively to participate in this study. A survey questionnaire for students, interviews with DOS, and focus group discussions with teachers were employed to collect qualitative and quantitative data for triangulation purposes. For instance, a questionnaire was used to reveal students' choice of their subject combinations, a DOS interview to learn how combinations are assigned to students, and teacher FGD to learn difficulties students face due to assigned subjects. Quantitative data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, while qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis methods. The results analysis revealed that some students studied what they chose, while others were given what to study based on their performance or influenced by their parents' preferences. Therefore, students reported that they struggled to perform successfully at A' level while they used to perform well at the O' level. It was noticed that what some students learn at A' level have a negative effect on their future life. This study recommends that (i) the career development stakeholders should sensitize students about the impact of the wrong choice, (ii) Rwanda Basic Education Board (REB) should train career guides to help students choose their best combinations, and (iii) students' interests should be given preference than their performance.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">339-352</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Milan Kubiatko</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MARGINAL TOPICS IN THE RESEARCH OF SCIENCE EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">curricular reform</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science subject</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1657803138.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The researchers all over the world are focused on different topics. Many of them have got a character of “mainstream”. When the reader is searching for science education journals, it is possible to find some research areas typical for every science subject (physics, chemistry, etc.). One of the topics is the problems connected with wrong ideas/preconceptions/misconceptions among different age groups, from elementary school pupils through high school pupils till university students and adult population. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">392-394</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mehmet Ersoy</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miray Dağyar</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A MATHEMATICAL PROBLEM-SOLVING PERCEPTION SCALE FOR SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS: A VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY STUDY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">perception</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">problem solving</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">scale development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">secondary school students</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1667682828.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Determining students' perceptions of problem-solving is an important step to improve their mathematical problem-solving skills. For this reason, the aim of this study was to develop a scale to determine secondary school students’ perceptions of mathematical problem solving. In the study conducted in a basic research model, a scale application, one of the quantitative research methods, was used. The sample of the study consisted of 325 secondary school students. Validity and reliability analyses were made with the data obtained on the sample. Five sub-dimensions of the scale were determined through exploratory factor analysis. Confirmatory factor analyses were performed for these 5 sub-dimensions, and the fit indices were found to range from acceptable to excellent. The explained variance of the “Mathematical Problem-Solving Perception Scale” was 66.15%, and the Cronbach alpha value for the whole scale was .93. It was concluded that the scale would reveal the perception levels of secondary school students towards mathematical problem solving in a valid and reliable way.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">693-707</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arthur, Y. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MATHEMATICS TEACHERS’ ACCEPTANCE OF ICT IN TEACHING AND LEARNING: AN EXTENDED TECHNOLOGY ACCEPTANCE MODEL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ICT</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematics education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">structural equation modelling</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">technology acceptance model</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1657803310.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The research sought to assess mathematics teachers’ acceptance of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) integration into teaching and learning at the secondary schools. This study was a cross-sectional survey that gathered data with structured questionnaire. The population was mathematics (core and elective) teachers of secondary schools within the Ashanti region of Ghana. Purposive sampling was used to select mathematics teachers from 41 secondary schools in the region. In all, there were 207 usable questionnaires for the study. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was run in Amos (v.23) to estimate the path coefficients of the various hypotheses, using Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). The study established that perceived ease of use predicted both perceived usefulness and attitude towards use; perceived usefulness predicted attitude towards use and behavioral intention; attitude towards use of technology predicted the behavioral intention to adopt technology in teaching and learning, while behavioral intention also predicted actual usage of ICT in teaching and learning of mathematics. As an extension to the original TAM, the study found school related factors as percussor to perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use. Similarly, ICT training was found to greatly influence perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use.  </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">408-425</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maja Kerneža</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kordigel Aberšek, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ONLINE READING IN DIGITAL LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS FOR PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS </style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">digital literacy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e-reading</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">internet reciprocal teaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">online learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary school</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1672601156.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Learning environments and teaching methods have been constantly changing over the past decades. As the shift in the learning environment is primarily toward a physical to an online learning environment, this study examines how to enable younger students to select appropriate content for learning in digital learning environments that they can then successfully read and evaluate using appropriate strategies. The study is based on 54 in-depth case studies. Using the Internet reciprocal teaching method (IRT), 54 implementers trained 54 primary school students from first to fifth grade in basic computer skills, Internet information searching, and website navigation, as well as analysing data obtained using the TICA Phase 1, 2, and 3 Checklists, the implementers' report, and the children notes in a text editor. Triangulation of the data in combination with selected statistical methods shows that there are differences in the use of the method between students according to age. While the latter can use an unadopted form of the method, younger students need some adjustments, which are suggested in the light of previous research. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">836-850</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ayşegül Aslan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE OPINIONS AND NEEDS OF SCIENCE CENTER INSTRUCTORS: THE CASE OF GOKMEN SPACE AND AVIATION TRAINING CENTER (GUHEM)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">astronomy and aviation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">instructor</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">needs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">opinion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science center</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1672600839.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study aimed to examine the opinions of the instructors who work at GUHEM (Gökmen Space and Aviation Training Center) on the exhibition's content, how the exhibition spaces contribute to science education, especially astronomy and aviation, and the types of visitors who frequently visit the center. Nine instructors from GUHEM's science centers participated in the study. Data were gathered using the &quot;Instructor Opinion Form,&quot; with nine open-ended questions. The data elicited from these questions were subjected to content analysis. The findings showed that children aged 6 to 11 made up the majority of visitors; the fascinating exhibition areas focused on the Solar System and planets and interactive workshops with space and aviation themes, like those involving paper airplane construction and rocket competition, were very popular. In terms of the contribution of this center to science education, it was found that the GUHEM exhibitions played an active role in teaching the solar system, planets, and pressure. Although astronomy is the discipline with which the exhibition areas are most closely associated, it can also be linked to other disciplines like astrobiology, mathematics, and aviation. Instructors shared their worries that they won't be able to meet visitors' expectations and occasionally struggle to understand the subject during activities held at GUHEM. These findings led to the opinion that GUHEM and other science centers will function more effectively if schools and science centers collaborate more, the curriculum and exhibition content are improved, and the instructors receive professional assistance from academicians who are subject-matter experts.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">792-810</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bunyamin Celik</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yunus Yildiz</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Recep Bilgin</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PERCEPTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHERS TO PREVENT CHILDREN VIOLENCE AND ABUSE: A CASE STUDY IN TISHK INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN ERBIL, IRAQ</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">foreign language pre-service teacher</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">prevention of abuse</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">violence and abuse against child</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1645650746.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Violence and abuse against children are important social issues for teachers. The aim of this study was to determine the perceptions of foreign language students, regarding violence and abuse against children, and their suggestions for preventing violence. The research was designed in the case study pattern, which is a qualitative research method. The study group of the research consists of 82 first year and second year foreign language pre-service teachers studying at Tishk International University, Faculty of Education, and voluntarily agreeing to participate in the research. The data of the study were obtained by using the structured “Recommendations Form for Preventing Violence and Abuse Against Children” developed by the researchers. Written data were analyzed by content analysis method. 82 students from first and second years at Education Faculty were interviewed and their opinions were taken. There were some subheadings during the survey: family, laws, national and international non-governmental organizations, schools and teachers, society, media, and art. They expressed their opinions about what the functions of these organs should be to prevent the violence and abuse against children. The pre-service teachers attached important duties to each of these organs separately. It is concluded that the prevention of violence and abuse against children can only be achieved in cooperation and separate duties of these organs. It is also recommended that courses and training that will provide pre-service teachers with knowledge, skills and awareness about violence and abuse against children should be placed in the curriculum as compulsory in education faculties.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82-118</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Osmanović Zajić, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jelena Maksimović</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nedeljko M. Milanović</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PERSONAL AND PROFESSIONAL EMPOWERMENT OF REFLECTIVE PRACTITIONER TEACHERS DURING THE COVID 19 PANDEMIC</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">empirical research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">improvement of educational practice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">professional empowerment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher reflective practitioner</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">the COVID-19 pandemic</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1651338616.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reflective practitioner teachers should critically review their own work and introduce innovations that should improve everyday educational practice. For this reason, the focus of the research is on the personal and professional empowerment of reflective practitioner teachers during the SARS-CoV2 pandemic. 355 teachers from the Republic of Serbia participated. The empirical research used descriptive methods and techniques of scaling and surveying with an instrument specially constructed for the needs of this research - Questionnaire with assessment scale (RP-COV-19). The results show that the most common form of empowerment is attending online seminars, while teachers rarely attended online classes of colleagues from the school where they work and colleagues from other schools. Teachers' perceptions on the use of the Internet in the aspect of personal and professional empowerment are very positive. Teachers generally rate their training and engagement during the pandemic with the highest marks (four and five), while there were no negative marks at all. Reflexivity accompanied by personal and professional empowerment must be given priority by teachers, because in today's process of education, reflective practitioners are considered successful teachers.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">371-385</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yurii  Pelekh</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oleh Rudiuk</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Viktor Demianiuk</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PERSONALITY EMPLOYMENT CRISIS IN THE SUBJECTIVE PROJECTION OF THE UNEMPLOYED YOUTH WITH HIGHER EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cognitive constructs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">personality employment crisis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">professional exclusion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">unclaimed labor</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">youth</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1657803588.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The main purpose of this research is to examine the employment crisis among the unemployed youth with higher education. In particular, the research investigates the subjective experience of the youth representatives (n = 188) in the situation of job loss or inability to find it. For this purpose, the research uses the method of ranking social and psychological spheres of the youth by the criterion of frustration in the situation of job loss or inability to find it, as well as the method of multidimensional scaling to determine cognitive constructs used by the youth in interpreting individual situations of professional exclusion or unclaimed labor.
According to the results of ranking social and psychological spheres of life of the unemployed youth with higher education, such social spheres of life as “inability to use the profession” and “difficult financial situation” are most frustrated in the situation of job loss or inability to find it. The research also found that such psychological spheres of the youth as “uncertainty in the future” and “feelings of dependence on external circumstances” are most frustrated in the situation of professional exclusion or unclaimed labor. The scaling of social and psychological spheres of life of the unemployed youth with higher education allowed empirical explanation of cognitive constructs as a system of latent categories of the subjective experience, which determines the character of experiencing a personal employment crisis. These categories include “social assessment”, “professional identification”, “self-doubt – dependence on others “lack of perspective – feeling of inferiority &quot;.
The results of the research allowed reconstructing the latent categories of the subjective experience of the unemployed youth with higher education who are experiencing a personal employment crisis in a situation of professional exclusion or unclaimed labor, which provides more favorable conditions for optimizing the process of psychological support and assistance to the unemployed youth taking into account the specifics of the subjective and psychological profile of their personality. 
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">456-473</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vlastimil Chytry</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Milan Kubiatko</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Libor Pacovsky</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">POSSIBLE FACTORS DETERMINING SATISFACTION OF DISTANCE EDUCATION AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multiple regression model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quantitative approach</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">satisfaction of distance education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">university students</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1672600954.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The aim of the study was to find out the factors, which significantly affected satisfaction with distance education among university students (undergraduate students). Complete data were obtained from 1283 respondents from different faculties in Czech Republic during the second term in academic year 2021/2022. The items in research tool were Likert type and also semantic differential was used. The descriptive, inferential and multidimensional statistic were used for data evaluation. Independent variables like: Evaluation factor for full-time form; Activity factor for full-time form; Difficulty factor for combined form; Evaluation factor for combined form; Activity factor for combined form; Perception of distance learning through negatives and Perception of distance learning through positives were as significant, which influenced satisfaction with distance education. Implications for pedagogical practice are presented in the conclusion part.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">811-822</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">İzzet Kaplan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Celal Teyyar Uğurlu</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE PREDICTIVE EFFECT OF TOXICITY ON SATISFACTION WITH LIFE AT SCHOOL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">organizational toxicity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">satisfaction with life</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">toxic organization</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1672601067.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The effect of toxicity on satisfaction with life at school affects many variables. As parts of school culture, satisfaction and toxicity are related concepts. This study aims to determine the predictive effect of toxicity on satisfaction with life at school. In Turkey, no study has been found to be conducted about the relationship between organizational toxicity and satisfaction with life. Method of the research: This was a descriptive study based on the correlational survey model. In this study, it was supposed to determine the effects of teachers’ demographic characteristics (gender, alma mater, professional seniority, and number of teachers in the school) and toxicity perceptions on satisfaction with life. The study group consisted of 1600 teachers working at 54 secondary schools in Sivas city center. Based on the calculation made, a sample of 223 teachers representing the population was created. The dependent variable of the study was teachers' satisfaction with life. Stepwise regression was used as a multiple regression analysis technique. In this regression analysis, a linear structure of the relationship between one dependent and more than one independent variable was tested. The results showed that the toxicity avoidance behaviors of teachers positively affected their perceptions of satisfaction with life. It was teachers' displaying conflict behaviors (β= -,226) regarding toxicity. There was a decrease in the satisfaction with life of teachers who ventured conflict. Likewise, there was a negative effect (β= -184) between the level of narcissistic behavior in the organizational environment and the level of satisfaction with life. The satisfaction with life levels of teachers who thought that narcissistic behaviors were exhibited in the organizational environment decreased. A positive relationship was found between the fourth ranked variable resistance (β= ,149) and satisfaction with life. Teachers' resistance to painful toxic situations increased their level of satisfaction with life.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">823-835</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fatma Cumhur</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PRE-SERVICE TEACHERS’ APPROACHES TO GUIDING STUDENTS IN PROBLEM SOLVING PROCESS </style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">guiding approaches</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multiple case study</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pre-service teacher</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">problem-solving</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1645650922.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Understanding students’ mathematical thinking in problem solving process plays an important role in facilitating the solution. Hence, teachers or pre-service teachers need to understand students’ thoughts and guide them to the correct answer. The aim of this study was to examine pre-service teachers’ approaches to guiding students in problem solving process. Designed as a case study, this study was carried out with five pre-service primary mathematics teachers. In the study, participants’ dialogues with 7th grade students were examined through 3 non-routine problems. The dialogues were transcribed and it was tried to reveal what kind of approaches the participants displayed. The content analysis was used in data analysis. The findings revealed that pre-service teachers followed Polya's problem-solving steps during their guiding approaches. Most pre-service teachers provided appropriate guidance in understanding the problem, selecting and implementing appropriate strategies for the problem; however, they failed to use the evaluative approaches sufficiently.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">144-161</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johan Bäcklund</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin Hugo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kerstin Ericson</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PRE-SERVICE TEACHERS’ EXPERIENCES OF THE TRANSITION FROM ANALOGUE TO DIGITAL LEARNING DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Covid-19</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">digital learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">digital teaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">distance learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hybrid learning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1651338145.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The transition from analogue campus-based learning to digital distance learning during the Covid-19 pandemic affected our society in many ways. This study set out to explore the experiences of 30 pre-service teachers when transitioning to digital distance learning. The pre-service teachers (PSTs) participated in a series of focus-group interviews that were subsequently analysed using qualitative content analysis. The results indicate that the transition to digital distance learning worked well and that the technology that was used performed satisfactorily. However, the PSTs experienced both opportunities and obstacles with respect to distance learning. The opportunities associated with digital distance learning were reported to be instantiated by teacher-led ‘flipped classroom’ teaching sessions and the additional freedom that was enjoyed by the PSTs (in both space and time). An obstacle associated with digital learning was the feeling that important aspects of interpersonal interaction disappeared. The PSTs remained sedentary and isolated at home, and the learning experience became somewhat dysfunctional when the teaching was not clearly structured and teacher-lead. The study concludes that it is not possible to replace IRL (‘in real life’) teaching entirely with digital distance learning. However, the results suggest that a hybrid form of teaching or elements of digital teaching can work well as a complement to future campus-based courses.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">273-288</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alzahrani, M. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nor, F. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND EFL TEACHERS’ PRACTICES IN ACTIVATING LEARNERS’ ACQUISITION OF 21ST CENTURY SKILLS </style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21st century skills acquisition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21st century skills activation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EFL learners</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EFL teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">professional development</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1667682669.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teachers who teach English as a foreign language (EFL) should constantly develop their skills and knowledge by taking part in professional development programs (PDPs) which keep them aware of the most recent teaching trends. This mixed method study seeks to explore how PDPs influence EFL teachers’ teaching practices in activating 21st century skills, and therefore their students’ acquisition of these skills. It also examines the correlation between EFL teachers’ activation of 21st century skills and their students’ acquisition of these skills. The study used a sequential explanatory research design by utilizing questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. The results revealed that the two dimensions of 21st century skills that got the highest level of activation were the collaboration and communication skills. Furthermore, the results showed that the students acquire all 21st century skills with different levels of acquisition. Finally, the results showed that EFL teachers’ activation of 21st century skills had no significant direct correlation with students’ acquisition of these skills. These findings could provide insights on the area of PDPs that need to be researched more in different contexts. They also suggested that PDPs designers should incorporate all dimensions of 21st equally to be activated accurately by teachers in higher education institutions. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">652-678</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dagnija  Cedere</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inese Jurgena</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rita Birzina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sandra Kalnina</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PROSPECTIVE PRE-SCHOOL TEACHERS’ VIEWS ON STEM LEARNING IN GRADE 9: THE PRINCIPLE OF CONTINUITY IN EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cognitive interest</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuity of education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">prospective pre-school teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STEM learning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1645650665.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The life quality of society and the stability of national economy is largely connected with science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). The complex character of STEM education demands informed teaching/learning strategies in order to make the 21st century youth interested in learning. The aim of the research was to find out the views of prospective pre-school teachers on Grade 9 students’ STEM learning, thus addressing the topical principle of continuity in education. A survey of 261 prospective pre-school teachers of the University of Latvia was performed. The obtained results show that in general the prospective pre-school teachers have some notion about the level of teaching/learning requirements in Grade 9 of the basic school, the integration of STEM and teaching/learning strategies. They acknowledge cognitive interest, inquiry-based learning and the importance of STEM knowledge and skills in the national development as significant, but little value is given to the exploration of nature in out-of-school time and to the importance of mathematical skills. More experienced respondents assess STEM learning higher. The given research raises the issue of the principle of continuity in education and gives a possibility to understand better the needs of prospective teachers in order to improve teacher education programs at the University.  </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">69-81</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mehtap Saracoglu</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">REFLECTIVE THINKING AND INQUIRY SKILLS AS PREDICTORS OF SELF-EFFICACY IN TEACHING MATHEMATICS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">inquiry skill</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematics teaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">prospective primary school teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reflective thinking</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1645651278.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study aims to show to what extent the variables of reflective thinking, inquiry skill and mathematics teaching self-efficacy belief affect each other, to show their rates of explaining each other, and to show whether inquiry skill is a mediating variable in the relationship between reflective thinking and mathematics teaching self-efficacy belief. The data which were collected to test the hypotheses regarding the relationships to be shown were evaluated with structural equation modeling. A relational screening model was used in the research. The participants of the study were 304 prospective primary school teachers studying in their third and fourth years in the Basic Education Department of Education Faculties in two different state universities in Turkey. As data collection tools, the “Reflective Thinking Level Determination Scale”, “Inquiry Skills Scale” and “Mathematics Teaching Efficacy Belief Instrument” were used. According to the results of the study, reflective thinking affects mathematics teaching self-efficacy belief positively and significantly and explains it significantly. Reflective thinking affects inquiry skills positively and significantly and explains it significantly. Inquiry skill affects mathematics teaching self-efficacy belief positively and significantly. Reflective thinking and inquiry skill together explain mathematics teaching self-efficacy belief highly and significantly. Inquiry skill has a partial mediating effect between reflective thinking and mathematics teaching self-efficacy belief. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">213-231</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Necati Çobanoğlu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Selçuk Demir</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT JUSTICE AND SCHOOL ENGAGEMENT FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">classroom management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">correlation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">perception of justice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school engagement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">university students</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1662401084.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Education continues to be an area that is likely to completely affect the future of humanity. Countries are trying to raise the level of education and increase the quality of the education provided as much as possible. To ensure that the quality of education is improved, many studies look from the perspectives of educators and officials who determine education policies. This study examines teachers' classroom management and approaches to justice in the classroom through the eyes of students. This study aims to shed light on the relationship between educators’ justice in classroom management and students’ school engagement based on the perceptions of university students. The study is based on a correlational design that examines the relationship between variables. It was conducted with 283 students at Şırnak University. The sample was determined randomly. The data were collected via the &quot;Perception of Justice in Classroom Management&quot; scale and the &quot;School Engagement of University Students&quot; scale. As a result, there was a moderately positive and significant relationship between the perception of justice in classroom management and school engagement. Besides, as a result of the regression analysis, it was revealed that the perception of the educators towards justice in classroom management predicted students’ school engagement. It was observed that 19% of students' school engagement was explained by educators’ perceptions of justice in classroom management. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">516-530</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Badr Alharbi</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SAUDI TEACHERS’ KNOWLEDGE OF CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS AND THEIR ATTITUDES TOWARDS IMPROVING SAUDI STUDENTS’ CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">attitudes towards critical thinking</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Critical Thinking (CT)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Critical Thinking Skills (CTS)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saudi Teachers (ST)</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1657803223.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saudi teachers are unsure how to include critical thinking into their classrooms.This study aimed at identifying the knowledge of Saudi teachers regarding critical thinking skills and exploring their attitudes towards improving Saudi students’ critical thinking skills. To identify if there are statistically significant differences at the level of significance (0.05) between the response averages of the study sample members about the degree of assessment of Saudi teachers about their knowledge of self-critical thinking skills due to the variables (specialization, experience, and gender), the quantitative approach was used employing a three-part questionnaire as the study’s instrument to achieve objectives. The first part gathered the demographic information of the participants focusing on three variables: “specialization,” “years of experience,” and “gender. The second part was designed to assess the participants' critical thinking abilities. The third part was to determine the participants’ attitudes about improving students’ critical thinking skills. The sample of the study consisted of (408) teachers (male and female) who were teaching at secondary school level in Hail City, Saudi Arabia during the academic year 2020-2021. The results revealed that the level of Saudi Teachers’ knowledge of critical thinking skills was high and that their attitudes towards improving students’ critical thinking skills were positive. Statistically, there were significant differences in favor of the “sciences specialization” versus the “humanities specialization” in the questionnaire’s two objectives. On the other hand, there were no statistically significant differences in the “gender” and “years of experience” variables.  For future research, there is still a need to further examine Saudi teachers’ critical thinking skills and their attitudes towards improving Saudi students’ critical thinking skills. Its relevance to e-learning and adaptable settings is also discussed. Future research could look into the many interactions between different learning methods and strategies utilized in the development of camel thinking.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">395-407</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boris Aberšek</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SCIENCE, CRITICAL THINKING, MULTI-ATTRIBUTE DECISION MAKING </style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multi-attribute problem</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">objective observation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">systematic methodology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1662400681.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Science is the pursuit and application of knowledge and understanding of the natural and social world following a systematic methodology based on evidence. Science includes scientific methods such as objective observation, which refers to measurement and data (possibly, although not necessarily, using mathematics as a tool), evidence, experiment, critical analysis, and verification. The four major branches of science are: mathematics and logic, biological science, physical science, and social science. The key words that best define science are thus: 

objective observation + evidence-based approach + application of scientific methods = general truths

The basic problem of such an explanation of science lies in the very definition of what general truths are, what kind of evidence is required to prove them, and how to arrive to this kind of evidence through objective observation. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">494-498</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abukari, M. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marifa, H. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Samari, J. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Philip Dorsah</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fatao Abudu</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS’ DIFFICULTIES IN LEARNING HYBRIDISATION IN CHEMISTRY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">atomic orbitals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hybrid orbitals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hybridisation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mixed- method approach</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sigma and pi-bonds</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1667682576.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The concept of hybridisation is one of the most difficult concepts for chemistry students to grasp at all levels of learning. Research showed the students conceptual difficulty ranged from their lack of the pre-requisite knowledge for grasping the topic hybridisation to chemical bond formation and orientations of atomic orbitals. This study investigated the difficulties Senior High School Students face in learning hybridisation. The study adopted a mixed-method approach using the sequential exploratory design. Purposive sampling was used to select six schools that offer elective chemistry subject. Simple random sampling was then used to select 120 Senior High School form 1 students to take part in the study. Convenient sampling was used to interview 24 students from the sample. Hybridisation Achievement Test (HAT) and Semi-structured interviews were self-constructed and used to collect data. Descriptive statistics and Content analysis were used to analyse the data. Results showed that, majority of students had difficulties in explaining the concept of hybrid orbitals, writing the electron configuration of 6C, explaining the effect of hybridisation on formation of chemical bonds in 6C, and type of hybridisation and shapes of compounds such as NH3, OF2, BCl3, CO2, SiO2, C2H2, BeF¬2 and C2H4. The study also showed that students had difficulties in explaining and demonstrating the formation of C = C double bond in ethene and other compounds. Equally students were challenged in demonstrating the differences between the formation of sigma and pi bonds in compounds. Students had difficulties in using electron orbital diagrams to explain the shape of CO2 as linear. The study concluded that Senior High School form 1 chemistry students in the Upper West Region of Ghana lacked the most basic and fundamental concept of hybridisation. Teachers need to use conceptual change instructional approaches to teach hybridisation in order to foster students’ understanding and reduce misconceptions.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">630-651</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Givigi, R. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jesus, D. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Raquel Souza Silva</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SITUATION OF SPECIAL EDUCATION IN BRAZIL AND CANADA DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brazil and Canada</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">comparative study</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Covid-19</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">literature review</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">special education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1645651019.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Covid-19 pandemic has placed the world in a public health emergency since the beginning of the year 2020, posing a challenge to education, especially to Special Education. This study aimed to analyze the situation of special education in Brazil and Canada during the Covid-19 pandemic. The research was part of a postdoctoral project in education. Methodologically, it is an international comparative study in education. It was carried out from April 2020 to November 2021, based on a literature review and official documents. The search was carried out in the Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) and in the Institute of Educational Sciences (ERIC), and 233 articles were found. After analysis and following the inclusion criteria, 217 articles were excluded. In the end, 16 studies were selected. The results show that the more structured the educational system and Special Education, the greater the chances of success. In addition to returning to face-to-face classes earlier, Canada also provided more support for families and students, but it was still insufficient. In both countries, children with disabilities are in a fragile situation owing to social isolation. Aspects such as choice of tools, internet connection quality, user skills, virtual spaces for collective support, school and family communication, strengthening of special education policies and programs, adequate support, among others, led to the success of remote education. This research is intended to contribute to an increase in the number of studies in Brazil and abroad, serving as a basis for the scientific production of other international comparative studies.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">162-178</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miloševič Radulović, L. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Markovič Krstić, S. V.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE STATE, ACCESSIBILITY, AND SIGNIFICANCE OF EDUCATION IN SERBIA </style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education availability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education quality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education significance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Serbia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social inequality</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1662401307.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International conventions state that the right to an education is a basic human right which countries are obliged to guarantee. In Serbia, as in most countries, this right is guaranteed by the Constitution. However, data on a large part of the structure of the Serbian population with a lower level of educational attainment indicated that one part of the citizens did not realize this right since they did not continue their education after primary school. Therefore, the aim was to determine how the citizens of Serbia evaluated the state of education in Serbia as a whole (its quality), the accessibility (whether there are fair opportunities in education for all categories of the population), and the significance of education in Serbia (whether the knowledge acquired, and skills developed are relevant for employment). The results were obtained by analyzing the latest data from the European Social Survey (ESS) from 2018/2019 in Serbia on a sample of 2043 interviewees. The study was carried out by trained interviewers, in face-to-face interviews. The initial hypotheses were confirmed: a) a low prevalence of high grades for the state of education as a whole, the accessibility, and significance of education in Serbia, and b) that there is a difference in the perception of education depending on some of the socio-demographic characteristics of the interviewees. The creation of a favorable social and institutional environment and changes in the education policy are preconditions for the improvement of the quality and accessibility of education in Serbia.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">565-587</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Princess Gerbie C. Durante</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STRENGTHENING COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH PRACTICES IN ACADEMIA: FACTORS, CHALLENGES, AND STRATEGIES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">collaborative research writing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">research collaboration challenges and strategies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">research collaboration factors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">research culture in academia</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1662401156.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This mixed-method research sought to identify the factors, challenges and strategies that enable and strengthen collaborative research practice in academia. Participants of the study are purposively chosen, self-selected faculty and students from an external campus and a unit in the main campus of a state university in Bulacan, Philippines, who have successfully completed collaborative research writing projects, presented collaborative research projects in conferences and symposia, or published said collaborative research projects. Data were gathered using a researcher developed instrument, validated, and checked for reliability. Analysis of results using principal components analysis led to the development of the DRREAM (Diversity, Role assignment, Relationship-building and peer interdependence, Ergonomic, flexible and adaptable processes, Acquisition of knowledge, skills and expertise, Motivation consideration) model, a conceptual framework on factors that strengthen effectual collaborative research writing; while the use of thematic analysis enabled the formulation of IPP (Individual, Professional and Personal)  model, a conceptual framework on strategies to overcome challenges faced by collaborators in a collaboration research project. Finally, an Action Plan Framework for Effectual Collaborative Research Writing is proposed to promote the culture of collaborative research practices among the members of the academia. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">531-546</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ora Alkan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Talma Kushnir</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitza Davidovitch</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STUDY AS AN EDUCATIONAL LEISURE ACTIVITY: THE CASE OF ISRAELI SOCIETY </style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">culture</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Israeli society</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">leisure activity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">religious</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Torah study</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1651338068.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The research literature on leisure indicates that it is perceived differently by sector and culture. In Israel, one’s affiliation with religious or non-religious groups affects one’s perception of leisure and its legitimacy. The common activities of religious and secular people include studies in general, and Torah study in particular, as activities carried out by choice and for pleasure. In this research Torah study is considered in its wide meaning, as including all traditional Jewish texts. The research sought to try and understand various characteristics of people who study Torah as a leisure activity and to illuminate aspects rarely addressed in the academic literature, mainly students' perception of study efforts, importance of studies, the contribution of studies and satisfaction with studies. The sample included 234 respondents divided into three groups: Torah students (56) who were studying in a hevruta (collaborative) format, Torah students (50) who were studying a course by participating in lectures, and a control group (128) who were studying other theoretical topics by participating in lectures. The findings of this research indicate that Torah study nowadays takes place not only as an obligation but rather also as an elective activity in formal courses and hevruta study groups – an activity that transcends the religious dimension and involves a choice and pleasure for all learners. Additionally, Torah students perceived their studies as having greater contribution, more important and more satisfying than students of non-Torah subjects. The method of study (collaborative vs lectures) did not affect these perceptions. The findings may have applied implications beneficial to society in general. The research findings illuminate the potential of Torah study as a leisure activity and its capacity to unite various sectors in Israeli society.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">256-272</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SYSTEMOLOGY OF EDUCATION: SOME THOUGHTS ON THE CONCEPT AND DEVELOPMENT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">career pedagogy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational (pedagogical) terminology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">peace pedagogy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">success pedagogy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">systemology of education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">theatre pedagogy</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1672600435.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Systemology of education is the field of general systemology. On the other hand, systemology of education can reasonably be considered a structural part of contemporary education. There are many different arguments to substantiate such a position. For example, during the last two decades, educational (pedagogical) terminology has changed extremely rapidly. Education science has become more diverse than ever. Such branches as cooperation pedagogy, nonviolence pedagogy, pedagogy of the oppressed, peace pedagogy, success pedagogy, career pedagogy, theatre pedagogy and many others have appeared in educational scientific literature, not to mention the level of education. On the one hand, we do not deny the existence of these branches, on the other hand, the question arises about the scientific system in education in general (Lamanauskas, 2012). It is obvious that the development of education is characterised by two opposite trends – differentiation and integration. In such an abundance of currents, branches, directions, etc., it is not only easy to get lost, but it is even easier to lose the ability to identify mutual relations and define the place of each of them in the common stem of education science.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">744-749</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nkurikiyimana, J. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jean Uwamahoro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kizito Ndihokubwayo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TEACHING AND LEARNING MECHANICS EXPLORED THROUGH THE USE OF THE 5E’s EDUCATIONAL MODEL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5E's educational model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">active learning of mechanics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">classroom observation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">physics students</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rwanda</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">secondary school</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1645651104.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study assesses the level of application of the 5E’s educational model by Rwandan physics teachers and how the model affects the learning of basic classical mechanics in secondary school physics classrooms. For this analysis, quantitative data were collected using the classroom observation tool framed at the 5E’s educational model. A sample of six secondary physics teachers was selected purposively from three boarding secondary schools of Nyamasheke district in the western province of Rwanda to participate in this study. Twenty-four classroom observations were conducted during teaching and learning mechanics concepts in the way of four observations for each teacher before being trained on 5E’s educational model. This was done to help the researcher to have the real picture of the prior ability of teachers to incorporate 5E’s aspects in their usual teaching practices. Similarly, a total of 24 observations were done after teachers’ training. The collected data were tabulated in Microsoft Excel, and descriptive statistics were analyzed and presented. The overall mean scores on the teachers’ ability to apply 5E’s educational model during lesson delivery on introductory mechanics were low before training and increased due to teacher training on the use of 5E’s educational model. The main findings from this study revealed that 5E’s educational model is more effective in stimulating students’ motivation and strong interaction and a better understanding of mechanics concepts through interactive activities, discrepant events, and computer simulations. Based on the findings of this study, some recommendations were suggested that would improve more physics students’ active learning.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">179-194</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Irena Klasnić</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marina Đuranović</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marina Lucin</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TOWARDS THE DIFFERENT: A CASE STUDY OF A SYRIAN ASYLUM SEEKER IN CROATIAN SCHOOL CONTEXT </style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">children asylum seekers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational process</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">qualitative research</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1667682935.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Migrations and migrants have been in the focus of interest and activities of many governments, organizations, and institutions, both worldwide and in Croatia. According to international policies, children who seek or are under international protection have the right to education. To access the education system of the Republic of Croatia more easily, they are given the opportunity to attend Croatian language preparatory or remedial classes.
The research aim was to determine the needs and challenges posed by the inclusion of a Syrian asylum seeker in a Croatian primary school. The qualitative approach was applied. The case study presents a ten-year-old Syrian girl, attending a primary school in Zagreb. The data were gathered with the use of semi-structured interviews with the girl's sister, teachers in the primary school, and her classmates. In order to gain a deeper insight into the girl's functioning in the school context, notes made by teachers during observation of the girl’s performance in the course of the educational process were gathered and analysed. Guidelines and recommendations were developed that could have a positive impact on quality inclusion of children refugees and asylum seekers in the Croatian education system.
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">708-723</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Margaret Kit Yok Chan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TREND OF EDUCATION RESEARCH IN PRE AND POST COVID19 PANDEMIC</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational tendencies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">preventive measures</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school subjects</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1651337912.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Education research trends are related to the style of types or their directions conditioned by social demand or the specificity of cultural changes at a given time and place (Potyrala, 2020).  Accordingly, educational tendencies are of certain regularities with outlines in the development of ideas related to education and upbringing showing perspectives that can be predicted by describing models, planning research on future processes, as well as taking preventive measures.  Before the turn of the century, the education research was delving on the evolution of traditional face-to-face education towards digital education with the advancement of the technologies in developing 21st century students coming from the alpha, Y and Z generations. Trilling and Fadel (2009) foresaw the 21st century student need learning traditionally school subjects with contemporary content themes to be combined with the 21st century skills. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">238-241</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ayşegül Tongal</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miray Dağyar</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">UPPER-SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS’ CEREBRAL DOMINANCE AND LEARNING STYLES: THE MEDIATION OF CHRONOTYPES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cerebral dominance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chronotypes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning styles</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">structural equation model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">upper-secondary school</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1662401456.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Learning styles, cerebral dominance and chronotypes are among the factors that have been determined to be effective on individuals’ learning. It is stated in the literature that these three variables are interrelated or affect each other. Therefore, the aim of the study is to determine the extent to which students’ cerebral dominance predicts their learning styles and whether chronotypes have an effect on this level of prediction as a moderating variable. In the research, the “Morningness-Eveningness Stability Scale improved” (MESSI), the “Kolb Learning Style Inventory” (KLSI) and the “Hermann Brain Dominance Instrument” (HBDI) were used as data collection tools. The selection of upper-secondary schools included in the sample was made in a district of Antalya province with the convenience sampling method. The sample of 593 students who agreed to respond to the scale was formed from 9th, 10th, 11th, and 12th grade students studying at these upper-secondary schools in the 2021-2022 academic year. According to the analysis results of the structural equation model (SEM) obtained in the study, it was concluded that there were significant positive correlations between learning styles and the sub-dimensions of cerebral dominance; however, chronotypes did not significantly mediate the determined correlations. The findings of this study may provide implications for determining learning styles, which have proven effects on student performance in the teaching-learning process, and, by establishing relationships between individuals’ brain structures and chronotypes, the characteristics that direct learning preferences.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">602-616</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alexander Zureck</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ACHIEVING ACTIVE LEARNING AND DEEP LEARNING WITH MEDIA USING THE EXAMPLE OF TEACHING FINANCE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">active learning in finance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">media selection</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">motivation in higher education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1623677088.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The range of study programs in finance and the ways how to study due to place, time, and focus has increased in recent years. Students can choose what and how they want to learn. If someone finds an appropriate program he must decide to study face-to-face, online, or in a hybrid format.
Finance is often a duty in business administration or related study programs. For many students in those classes the financial topics are bleak. This leads to a passive consumption of contents and ends often in dropping out.
The aim of this research was to discuss methods to activate and keep learners motivated by using well selected media in teaching. To identify which media is used in teaching, a literature review was done. Teaching annual reports and other official reports available in English and/or German from several international educational institutions are read, compared, and analyzed. Additionally, secondary academic literature is checked for further examples.
In a first step, therefore, different techniques to active students, such as collaboration or interaction, are discussed critically on a literature base. In a second step, based on the techniques, a selection matrix was obtained that supports educators to select the right medium to deal with a certain technique. Many examples were found that might assist educators in the practical use of the selection matrix.
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">485-504</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bisera Jevtić</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Danijela Milošević</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ADOLESCENTS' PREFERENCES FOR MEDIA CONTENT AND THEIR PERCEPTIONS OF DOMINANT VALUE ORIENTATIONS IN THE MEDIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">media literacy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">media values</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">students' media preferences</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">students' perception</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">value orientations</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1612638623.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Today, the media represent one of the main factors in the upbringing and education of adolescents due to the growing representation, availability of diverse content and more frequent use. In adolescence, the media have a special significance, because they greatly influence the preferences, attitudes, emotions, behavior, value orientations and the formation of adolescents' identities. Starting from such an attitude, the preferences of upper-secondary school students for monitoring media content and their perceptions of value orientations that are promoted through the media were examined through the aim of the research. The media habits of adolescents and their perceptions of the value system in the media were determined through the survey technique. The study included 433 students from the Republic of Serbia. The results showed that there are significant differences in the preferences of adolescents in the choice of media content in relation to gender and type of school. A positive correlation was found in the monitoring of certain television content and values in the media, as well as in relation to musical affinities and values that are promoted through music videos. The results of research point out potential proposals for improving the media culture of adolescents and reducing the negative effects of the media. It is recognized as a potential solution in the development of media literacy of adolescents, i.e., the affirmation of their critical opinion about the messages and values that are promoted through the media.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34-46</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shuti Steph Khumalo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ANALYZING THE EXPERIENCES OF WOMEN PRINCIPALS IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN LIMPOPO PROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA THROUGH SOCIAL JUSTICE THEORY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">insubordination</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary schools</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">self-esteem</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">self-image</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sexual harassment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social justice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">women principals</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1612638680.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">School leadership research has provided extensive empirical evidence which shows that women as school leaders face challenges on many fronts. The objective of this study was to provide insight regarding the challenges that female primary school principals face, in the Waterberg Education District, Limpopo Province, South Africa. These challenges were in respect of the perception of staff members towards women as school principals. This study was qualitative and interpretive in nature. The theory of social justice was used as a theoretical framework. Social justice theorists argue that social institutions have the responsibility to dispense justice, fairness, and equity. The researcher used semi-structured in-depth interviews to gain rich descriptive data on the experiences relating to the leadership roles of the principals. Findings indicate that female principals face challenges, such as insubordination by male staff members, frustrations of not progressing beyond the position of principalship and sexual harassment.  This study is of great value as it extends the body of knowledge on the challenges that primary school women principals face in their leadership practices.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">47-59</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Walter Odera Owino</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Newton Mukholwe Asakhulu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jonathan Muema Mwania</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rose Mwanza</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ATTACHMENT STYLES AND RISKY SEXUAL BEHAVIORS IN ADOLESCENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">attachment anxiety</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">attachment avoidance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">attachment styles</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">risky sexual behavior</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">secure attachment</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1639554182.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Infection with sexually transmitted diseases and unwanted pregnancies are risks associated with adolescents’ risky sexual behavior. Mental models of attachment relationships influence behavior and may influence adolescents’ involvement in sexual activities that are risky. This study explored whether attachment styles predicted adolescents’ involvement in risky sexual behavior. A correlational study design was adopted with 367 students from public secondary schools in Nairobi County taking part in the study. The Attachment Styles Questionnaire and Risky Sexual Behavior Scale were used to collect data. Multiple regression analysis was used to determine whether secure, preoccupied, dismissing or fearful attachment styles predicted students’ risky sexual behavior. The study found that preoccupied attachment style and secure attachment style had predictive effects on risky sexual behavior. Preoccupied attachment style was predictive of greater involvement in risky sexual behavior whereas secure attachment style was predictive of less risky sexual behavior. It was evident based on the findings that secure attachment style was protective against risky sexual behavior whereas preoccupied attachment style created vulnerability to risky sexual behavior. It was recommended that special attention should be paid to adolescents with insecure attachment styles in guidance and counseling programs aimed at discouraging adolescents’ risky sexual behavior and parents/guardians should be encouraged to be more nurturing towards their children in order to encourage formation of secure attachment which was protective against risky sexual behavior.  </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">928-941</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ly Thi Bac La</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nga Thi Thu Nguyen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anh Thi Thuy Truong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thu-Giang Tran</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The-Thang Nguyen</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF COHESIVE SPEECH RESEARCH OF PRESCHOOLERS FROM 1970 TO 2020</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">language development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">language intervention</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">speech pathology outcomes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">speech therapy</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1628687277.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cohesive speech has commonly become regarded as one of the essential aspects of language development, especially for pre-schoolers. This study aimed to shed light on the cohesive speech of pre-schoolers (CSP) knowledge base. Three hundred ninety-five publications close related cohesive speech research of 5-6-year-old children were collected from the Scopus database. By using the bibliometric approach, the results showed the growth rate of publications over time from 1970 to 2020. In this period, the top five countries, the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, Brazil and France, have published over 60% of total documents. Besides, four main interests of authors in this field were discovered: “language development”, “speech pathology outcomes”, “speech therapy”, “language intervention”. Among these themes, “speech pathology outcomes” was the most relevant one. Another finding, in recent years, scholars focused on aspects of autism spectrum disorder of pre-schoolers. More importantly, the achievements of this discipline have considerably made positive contributions to various fields both in terms of theory and practice, especially in language and linguistics, speech and hearing, psychology, and medicine. Overall, these studies highlight the need for many other studies, particularly relevant to pre-schooling when new generations should be better prepared to be happy in school by their future cognitive developments.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">611-625</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1628686515.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents, Vol. 79, No. 4, 2021, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">511-512</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1612638378.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents, Vol. 79, No. 1, 2021</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1617434276.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents, Vol. 79, No. 2, 2021</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">191</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1634799511.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents, Vol. 79, No. 5, 2021, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">693</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1623676220.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents, Vol. 79, No. 3, 2021, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">339</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1639553641.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents, Vol. 79, No. 6, 2021, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">833</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yoon Fah Lay</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Khar Thoe Ng</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CORRELATES OF SCIENCE CLASSROOM TEACHING WITH SOUTHEAST ASIAN AND EAST ASIAN EIGHTH GRADERS’ SCIENCE ACHIEVEMENT IN TIMSS 2015 </style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">classroom teachings</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">comparative study</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science achievement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TIMSS</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1623676864.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) is an international comparative study that has been implemented by the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA) since 1995. This proposed study is aimed to identify the correlations of science classroom teachings with eighth graders' science achievement in TIMSS among Southeast Asian and East Asian countries. The freely downloadable secondary data were analyzed using IEA's International Database (IDB) Analyzer (version 4.0) for TIMSS, a plug-in for SPSS. TIMSS uses an imputation methodology, involving plausible values, to report student performance. This study found that countries with higher average science achievement allocated higher percentage of educational hours for science teaching, students were taught the TIMSS science topics, students attended schools with science laboratories and have assistance available when conducting experiments, computer availability during science lessons, with science teachings were not limited by student needs, and less frequency of student absences. Based on the research findings, policy recommendations were made to the Malaysian Ministry of Education to boost Malaysian eighth graders' science performance in the forthcoming TIMSS assessments. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">425-450</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1639553519.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page, Vol. 79, No. 6, 2021, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">831-832</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER </style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1634799472.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page, Vol. 79, No. 5, 2021, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">691-692</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1623676168.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page, Vol. 79, No. 3, 2021, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">337-338</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1612638347.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page, Vol. 79, No. 1, 2021, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1628686469.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page, Vol. 79, No. 4, 2021, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">509-510</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1617434220.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page, Vol. 79, No. 2, 2021</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">189-190</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michal Černý</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CYBERSPACE AS A SPACE: ANALYSIS OF METAPHORICAL STATEMENTS OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cyberspace</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">didactic practices</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">information literacy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">metaphors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">on life</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pragmatism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tacit knowledge</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1639553887.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Over the last thirty years, technology has created a new space (cyberspace) where people meet each other, seek information, or simply try to navigate through. However, there is no consensus in research on the character of cyberspaces and the extent to which they are real. In the first systematic empirical research of this nature, the study found an answer to this question through a survey of metaphorical accounts of university students in Information Studies, and Librarianship (N=102) collected over three years (2019-2021). Cyberspace is a real space in students' experiences, language, and thought structures. A space that allows movement, orientation, and search to be related with one another. An environment in which cognition, learning, and knowledge are structuring activities. Learning and cognition in this space occur differently than in the physical environment, which poses a challenge for developing specific didactic practices and social programs for students. Students perceive cyberspace as linked to the need to acquire new epistemic tools to help them overcome the crisis of knowledge they experience through this space.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">838-857</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ayşegül Şeyihoğlu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ayça Kartal</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ahmet Tekbiyik</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sezen Vekli, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Birinci Konur, K.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A TEACHER TRAINING PROGRAM FOR IMPROVING TEACHERS' DISASTER LITERACY: INTERDISCIPLINARY DISASTER EDUCATION PROGRAM (IDEP)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">disaster literacy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">interdisciplinary education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mixed method</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">natural disaster</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher training program</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1634800239.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The interdisciplinary aspect of natural disasters requires their correlation with more than one discipline and orientation for understanding and teaching the inevitable nature of disasters. This study aimed to design a teacher training program called the Interdisciplinary Disaster Education Program (IDEP) and reveal its effect on improving teachers' natural disaster literacy. Furthermore, teachers' opinions about program were examined. The mixed-method design was used in the study. The study participants consisted of 36 teachers (science, classroom, and social studies teachers) working on different subjects. Data were obtained using the Natural Disaster Literacy Scale and the survey for the IDEP. The data collected from the scale were analyzed using two-way mixed ANOVA. The qualitative data collected from the survey were subjected to content analysis. The results indicated that the IDEP statistically improved teachers' natural disaster literacy. Moreover, the survey results highlighted that different instructional activities (experiments, modeling, workshops, rock/soil analysis, coding, augmented reality, and STEM applications, etc.) related to natural disasters contributed to a lot of professional and personal knowledge of teachers, particularly disaster management. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">781-803</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michal Černý</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DISCURSIVE  FORMED TOPICS IN INFORMATION LITERACY: LITERATURE REVIEW AND HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS' PERSPECTIVES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">focus groups</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">information evaluation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">information literacy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">media literacy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">overview study</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1628686733.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Information literacy is a critical topic in contemporary pedagogy and information science, it is ranked among the essential competencies for the 21st century, and in recent years, it has received increasing research interest. The problem, however, is that the research is focused mainly on primary and university (college) contexts and only rarely analyses secondary school settings. This paper, therefore, focuses on a group of high school students and on whether the literature's idea of their needs corresponds to their actual needs. Based on the analysis of 32 documents indexed in the Scopus and Web of Science databases, the paper identifies seven significant discursive areas addressed in the literature, both theoretically and empirically. These are the relationship of libraries and librarians to the development of information literacy, information evaluation, the relationship of information literacy and learning competencies, connection with other competencies, emphasis on constructivist approach, the social dimension of information literacy and its possible use for self-actualization. These topics form a specific research discourse, which they set out. In the second phase of the research, focus groups (8 groups in 4 schools, 41 students) on information literacy are studied through the seven essential discourses mentioned. Although our sample lacked reflections on the relationship between the library and high school students, the remaining six fundamental discourses appeared in the testimonies of high school students (Libraries and librarians, evaluation of information, learning competencies, connection with other literacy, constructivist approach, the social dimension of information literacy, information literacy as a means of self-actualization). The findings show that the main difference between literary discourse and student responses is in the perception of libraries as centres of information literacy development and that students prefer the school or their teachers in their place.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">516-543</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Locatelli, S. W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DRAWINGS TO LEARN SCIENCE: SOME REFLECTIONS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">metacognition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">metavisual activity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pandemic isolation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">self-regulation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1617434387.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teacher needs to reinvent himself or herself all the time, proposing activities in the classroom that enable students to build and reconstruct knowledge. Particularly in science, this knowledge is mediated through scientific models, often inaccessible to students’ understanding. For the comprehension of a chemical reaction, for example, the student is invited to imagine how the interactions between the particles would be, the atomic rearrangement, totally abstract thought and based on models, often expressed by visualizations, that need to be constantly constructed and reviewed by students. However, how to revise these abstract concepts? What strategies could be used? The answer to these questions is complex, but we would like to propose a reflection on the use of drawings, as a possibility, among so many existing ones.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">192-193</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Robert Krause</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE EFFECT OF EXPERIENCE ON REDUCING THE OVERCONFIDENCE EFFECT IN TEACHERS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">debiasing overconfidence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">effect of experience</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">overconfidence effect</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">overestimation effect</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1617434620.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Being overconfident in one’s abilities is connected to poor self-judgment and it is essential to find ways how to reduce this phenomenon. The aim of the study was to research whether the act of taking a reading literacy test can be an effective means of reducing the overconfidence effect in the sample of Slovak teachers. Using purposive sampling method, a sample of 225 teachers from across school levels was obtained. The levels of overestimation (OE) and overplacement (OPE) effects were compared before and after having undergone the reading literacy test. The results showed that even just taking the test can reduce OE and to a lesser degree also OPE in all participants regardless of the feedback, which was in contrast to the original belief that just the experience itself does not affect overconfidence. Greater reduction in OE was observed in less competent participants, whereas none was observed among the more competent. These results showed that experience is also a form of debiasing.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">220-228</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">İlker Kösterelioğlu</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE EFFECT OF THE ACTIVITIES WITHIN THE SCOPE OF THE 2023 EDUCATION VISION DOCUMENT ON TEACHERS’ PROFESSIONAL IMAGE PERCEPTIONS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023 education vision document</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher image</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher’ image perceptions</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1612638745.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This research aimed to present the effect of the activities conducted within the context of the 2023 Education Vision Document on the perceived teacher image by determining teachers’ perceptions in regards to the teacher image existing in today’s society. The qualitative research was conducted with the phenomenology design. The research group was composed of teachers (n=57) who completed a non-thesis master’s degree program in the field of Classroom Teaching at Amasya University, Institute of Social Sciences during 2016-2018 academic years. The research data were obtained from teachers’ written statements provided for the open-ended questions in the question form developed by the researcher. Content analysis method was used in the analysis of the collected data. While the participating teachers generally emphasized the sanctity of the teaching profession in their answers, they also stated that the perceived image of the teaching profession in today’s society was basically negative. The variables affecting the perception of the teaching profession in society were classified under the following themes: sociological changes, local practices, employee rights, policy makers, media, parents, students, teachers, teacher training and qualification of prospective teachers. Teachers’ suggestions to contribute to the image of the teaching profession were gathered under the themes of teacher motivation, teacher training, employee rights, media, innovative practices and training support for teachers. In the context of the obtained data, it can be argued that some of the actions have been put forward so far in regards to 2023 Education Vision Document, and the practices expected to be implemented in the near future will positively contribute to the perceived image of the teaching profession in society.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">60-79</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">María Rosa Fernández-Sánchez</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Juan Silva-Quiroz</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EMERGING EDUCATIONAL DESIGN IN ONLINE TRAINING IN HIGHER EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">higher education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">instructional design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">open educational resources</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">research-based design</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1623676687.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Universities are living in a time of major transitions regarding the challenge of rethinking and transforming the current pedagogical models so they can respond to the needs of the global knowmad society. In this study, the Design-Based Research (DBR) approach is used to address the improvements of two emerging pedagogical designs in e-learning in the university context: the model of the Center for Research in Education and ICT (CIIET) of the University of Santiago de Chile (Chile) and the model developed by the Education Node research group of University of Extremadura (Spain). The main focus of these models is the student, who by developing activities based on the resolution of a contextualized problem and using new strategies, accompanied by open resources for resolution, resulting in a learning outcome that can be achieved and measured through assessment. This work aims to advance in identifying of some pedagogical keys for the design of online training scenarios that promote environments of production, research, and open dissemination of best practices, to experience new creative forms and collaborative learning, which have emerged within the hyper connected society and the net-culture. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">397-411</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abdo Hasan AL-Qadri</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wei Zhao</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">academic achievement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">development and relationship</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">emotional intelligence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">factor analysis</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1623676500.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Emotional Intelligence (EI) is essential attribution among school learners of today. In this respect, determination and normalization of the measures to investigate and recognize dimensions levels help educators have a successful intervention and increase students' academic achievement level. This research aimed to explore the relationship between Emotional Intelligence (EI) and the academic achievement of Arabic basic school students in China. Further, it also sought to determine the level of students' emotional intelligence and motivation to learn.  The research aims are addressed through a tool that explores emotional intelligence and motivation. A 60-item for initial emotional intelligence scale was utilized and analyzed to test their psychometric properties by pilot testing.  A final total of 303 students with ages ranged between 12-16 years old participated in the research. The research findings suggested the final formulation of items of the emotional intelligence scale that can measure the levels of emotional intelligence of students along with a significantly positive relationship to academic achievement. There were statistically significant differences in the respondents' level of emotional intelligence according to the gender variable. In comparison, there were no statistically significant differences in the respondents' level of emotional intelligence according to the grade variable. Recommendations of the research were presented.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">360-380</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1639554640.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page, Vol. 79, No. 6, 2021, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1011-1014</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1634800515.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page, Vol. 79, No. 5, 2021, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">826-830</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1623677144.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page, Vol. 79, No. 3, 2021, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">505-508</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1628687649.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page, Vol. 79, No. 4, 2021, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">689-690</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1612639060.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page, Vol. 79, No. 1, 2021</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">188</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1617435192.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page, Vol. 79, No. 2, 2021</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">336</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inna Khyzhniak</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vasyl Kravets</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Larysa Lysak</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vita Hryhorieva</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS OF CIVIL ENGINEERS IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIETY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">civil engineer</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">environmental awareness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">higher school</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sustainable development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">technical education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1628686998.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In the context of the man-made burden on the natural environment, the issues of developing civil engineering students’ environmental awareness are important and particularly relevant to low environmental security countries, which include Ukraine. The authors emphasize the need for broad implementation of the Concept of Sustainable Development in professional training of civil engineering students, determine the level of their environmental awareness, compare the levels of formation of environmental awareness components, and pursue to identify effective ways to environmentalize engineering training. The study involved the students of Donbas National Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture. The authors selected the semi-structured questionnaire method combining rating, Likert and importance scales, alternative and unstructured questions, as well as elements of the Azapagic and the Naturafil techniques. The results did not prove the formation level of the civil engineering students’ environmental awareness to be unsatisfactory. It was also found that the civil engineering students have steady environmental beliefs and are willing to comply with environmental norms in their activities. This fact brought the authors to the conclusion that the current practice of higher technical education in Ukraine takes account of sustainable development.  The level of the civil engineering students’ environmental knowledge was also determined as sufficient, while their environmental activity and environmental management skills were seen as low. According to the authors, the use of integrated and practice-oriented approaches to teaching professional subjects and the introduction of environmental topics into general education subjects will contribute to strengthened environmentalization of professional training of civil engineers.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">568-584</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Markovič Krstić, S. V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miloševič Radulović, L. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EVALUATING DISTANCE EDUCATION IN SERBIA DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">distance education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learners/students</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Serbia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teachers’ skills</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">the COVID-19 pandemic</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1623677009.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Education is a significant factor which contributes to overcoming social, economic, health, ecological and other challenges. During a pandemic, formal education adapts to ongoing circumstances, and the learning-teaching process transitions to distance education. A study of the advantages and disadvantages of the realization of certain modalities of distance education is significant as it contributes to the improvement of its quality. The aim was to determine how the citizens of Serbia evaluated the quality of distance education during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research questions focused on how they evaluated: distance education based on modality (via Radio Television of Serbia, Google Classroom, Google Meet, Zoom, Viber groups, WhatsApp), the level of involvement of the learners/students during distance learning classes, the quality and extent of their acquired knowledge, and the level of skills that teachers need to effectively teach in distance education. The study presents the results of a survey carried out in 2020 on a sample of 602 adult Serbian citizens. The results confirm the initial hypothesis that certain modalities of distance education received a highly positive evaluation (Google Classroom, Google Meet, Zoom), and that teachers, learners/students, and other citizens provided statistically significant different evaluations of their quality (classes for primary and secondary school students broadcast on the Radio Television of Serbia; classes via Viber groups, on WhatsApp). Citizens feel that distance education enables efficient learning-teaching during the pandemic, confirming the importance of modern technologies for the learning-teaching process in Serbia, and the need for their continued intense development and application in education.  </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">467-484</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ahmet Kumaş</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EVALUATION OF LOGGER PRO INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY SUPPORTED APPLICATIONS IN THE SCOPE OF STEM</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">experimental content</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">innovative technology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">physics teaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STEM</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1634800052.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Although advanced technological tools and equipment are used effectively in daily life, the inability of all students to access high-tech experiment applications in high schools negatively affects disadvantaged student groups in the further education process. The main purpose of the research evaluates students in four different categories about 10th-grade illuminance subjects by using Logger Pro technology within the scope of STEM. The study was carried out with 84 students at the school where the researcher taught in the fall semester of the 2019-2020 academic year. Within the scope of action research, qualitative and quantitative methods were used together. Quantitative findings were evaluated with SPSS and qualitative findings were evaluated with content analysis. Based on the research findings, it is revealed that the use of experimental content supported by innovative technology within the scope of science in high schools make a significant contribution in three categories within the scope of hopes and goals for STEM. Making applications supported by Logger Pro with technological content in schools improves the responsibilities of students in homework, contributes to their successful graduation from high schools and enables them to get into the departments they want in the university. These practices cause students to enjoy the professions they will choose in the future and help them reach their favorite professions by working harder. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">751-766</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hasan Yücel Ertem</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EXAMINATION OF SYSTEM OF TRANSITION TO UPPER-SECONDARY SCHOOLS FROM LOWER-SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN TERMS OF STUDENT, CLASS, AND SCHOOL LEVEL VARIABLES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational policy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HLM</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Student performance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher experience</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">transition to upper-secondary school</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1617434461.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Central exams which are reflection of structure of education systems determine many schooling processes. Especially, scores coming from these exams are indicators for student performance.  Transition to upper-secondary school from lower-secondary school is based on “System of Transition to Upper-Secondary Schools” (LGS). The current study aimed to examine the relationship between scores on System of Transition to High Schools (LGS) and student, classroom, and school level variables. The design of the study is a correlational research. The random sample consisted of 731 students from 47 classrooms in the 15 lower-secondary schools. Secondary data coming from educational institutions via school information form were analyzed by Hierarchical Linear Modelling (HLM). School success score as a student-level variable, experience of a class teacher as a classroom-level variable, and a number of exam branch teachers, and a number of teachers assigned in support and training courses as school-level variables predicted significantly students’ performance in LGS. Considering the results of the current study, activities for professional development of teachers is recommended urgently to increase performance of the students. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">194-206</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ya-Ling Wu</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EXAMINING EMPLOYMENT QUALITY AMONG FEMALE IMMIGRANT TRAINEES IN TAIWAN</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">career development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">employment quality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">immigrant women</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vocational training</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1639554596.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study examined a proposed model of employment quality among female immigrants after their participation in vocational training in Taiwan, drawing on the developmental-contextual model of career development. It simultaneously tested the relationship between the distal contextual variable (i.e., perceived Taiwanese attitudes toward immigrant women (PTAs)), proximal contextual variables (i.e., vocational training experiences (VTEs) and social support (SS)), the individual-level variable (i.e., self-perceived employability (SPE)), and employment quality (EQ) in the model. A questionnaire survey was conducted among 447 female immigrant trainees who had worked for over 6 months after vocational training in Taiwan. The results supported the proposed model based on the developmental-contextual approach, which explained 56.9% of the variance in EQ. The results further revealed that PTAs positively affected SPE, VTEs and SS. In turn, VTEs and SS positively directly and indirectly affected EQ through their impacts on SPE, and SPE positively influenced EQ. The three most important factors that determined the EQ of immigrant women who participated in vocational training were VTEs, SPE, and PTAs.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">993-1010</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Esther Molebogeng Thage</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Patricia Namayammu Mokgosi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jane Tozama Mthembu</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EXPLORING THE EFFECTS OF IMPLEMENTING GUIDED READING APPROACH TO ENHANCE THE READING PROFICIENCY OF ENGLISH SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNERS IN SOUTH AFRICA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">guided reading</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reading comprehension</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reading fluency</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reading proficiencies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">second language</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1639554504.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guided reading (GR) approach has been shown to have positive effect on reading fluency and comprehension. However, most studies on GR have focused on primary schools, specifically the Foundation Phase. Therefore, this study employed the GR approach to examine its possible effects on the reading proficiencies of Grade 9 English Second Language (ESL) learners in Gauteng province. Social and cognitive constructivism underpinned the study, which employed action research to determine the possible effects of implementing GR on the reading proficiencies of a sample of eight Grade 9 ESL learners who were purposively selected to participate in this study. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and reflection cards, oral and written reading tests. Results indicated that GR approach had caused a significant improvement in these learners’ reading fluency and comprehension because of collaborative learning and scaffolding. In addition, GR also developed a sense of ownership in their learning, a sense of community and innovative and inquisitive minds. The study recommends that learners who struggle with reading be identified early, and GR intervention strategies be implemented and monitored. Every school needs to have a reading policy and the Education Department should ensure that it is implemented and monitored.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">971-992</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nomsa Mabena</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Patricia Namayammu Mokgosi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Selina Serole Ramapela</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO POOR LEARNER PERFORMANCE IN MATHEMATICS: A CASE OF SELECTED SCHOOLS IN MPUMALANGA PROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA </style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">case study design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">poor performance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">qualitative research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">senior phase</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1623676933.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Learners’ mathematics performance globally and locally has been a major concern. Learners are generally not performing well in mathematics. This is also true of learners in Kwagga West Circuit, Nkangala district in Mpumalanga province of South Africa. Performing badly in the subject negatively affects them, preventing them from progressing to the next grades. This research employed a qualitative case study design with observation and semi-structured interviews with a sample of three school management team (SMT) members, six teachers, nine learners, and three parent component members of the school governing body (SGB) to determine factors affecting learner performance in mathematics in the senior phase. The results showed that numerous factors influenced learners’ confidence and performance. The factors found to have an impact on mathematics performance were learner related, such as ill-discipline, language barriers and learner attitudes. Teachers’ factors included lack of pedagogical content knowledge and skill, and lack of appropriate professional training. Finally, the study offers suggestions for further research and recommendations regarding learners, teachers, schools, school management teams, the parents, as well as for the national education ministry.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">451-466</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lars-Frederik Weiß</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gunnar Friege</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE FLIPPED CLASSROOM: MEDIA HYPE OR EMPIRICALLY BASED EFFECTIVENESS?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">active learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">digitalization of education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e-learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flipped classroom</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1617435140.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Few teaching concepts have received as much attention in recent years as the Flipped Classroom (FC). This is clearly linked to media attention on the concept, which is currently being intensified by the Corona pandemic. In this research, the media rise of the concept is explained and the discrepancy between popularity and empirically validated research results is clarified. While the literature basis for the FC has grown enormously over the last decade, reviews and initial meta-analyses have shown, through their filter criteria, that not many of studies can meet scientific standards. The comparison of individual studies is particularly difficult, because there is no uniformly accepted framework and no uniform definition of the concept. For this reason, one of the goals of this research was to give an overview of the variety of FC definitions, discuss its most controversial characteristics, and to provide the key elements for a definition of the FC. A comparison of selected studies and reviews shows an assessment of the effectiveness of the teaching concept. The findings shed light on potential problems and challenges, and provide directions for future research. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">312-332</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Joseline M. Santos</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GOOGLE CLASSROOM: BEYOND THE TRADITIONAL SETTING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">active system use</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">behavioral intention</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Google Classroom</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">perceived ease of use</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">perceived usefulness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">technology acceptance</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1628687350.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This research explored the participants’ use of Google Classroom and evaluated its acceptability using the Technology Acceptability Model (TAM). The respondents were limited to 56 teachers enrolled in the research methodology class in a graduate school of a certain university in Bulacan during the first semester of the school year 2019-2020. The study utilized a mixed-method design. Triangulated were the result of the TAM survey, the analysis of the open-ended survey, and the record of the submission frequency of the respondents through Google Classroom. The descriptive approach was also utilized to describe the respondents' technology acceptance when using Google Classroom through the administration of the TAM survey questionnaire. The study also determined which TAM factor affected the consistency of the use of Google Classroom the most. Among the factors, actual system use appeared to have significantly affected the respondents' consistency of using Google Classroom. A separate open-ended survey was conducted to verify the data derived from the TAM survey questionnaire. The open-ended survey revealed that despite the difficulty of having a good internet connection, all of the respondents agreed that Google Classroom is very useful, easy to use and would recommend its use to others.  The consistency of actual use, through online submission, was recorded and served as the dependent variable. In terms of consistency, it was observed that 62.5% of the respondents were able to submit 11 to 12 out of 12 total number of activities through Google Classroom.  It was concluded that the use of Google Classroom, though a new experience, made them realize how their life as a teacher can be more comfortable with the use of this technology. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">626-639</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Patrik Böhm</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gabriela Böhmová</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Viktória Šimková</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jana Gazdíková</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE IMPACT OF SECONDARY EDUCATION ON THE LEVEL OF FINANCIAL LITERACY: THE CASE OF SLOVAKIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bachelor study program</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">financial literacy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">secondary education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tobit regression model</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1612638560.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Financial literacy, specifically its measurement and education in this field, is a very current topic. The main aim of this research was to find out whether secondary school education had a positive impact on the level of student’s financial literacy and to identify other important factors that affected its level. All 363 first-year bachelor's students of the Faculty of Operations and Economic of Transport and Communications (FPEDAS), University of Zilina, Slovakia, took part in the research.
The research consisted of two parts – a questionnaire and a test. The questionnaire focused on demographic, educational, and socio-economic factors influencing students' financial literacy. The test included items aimed at finding out whether students could correctly define selected concepts of the financial area, whether they understood these concepts, and were able to analyze them.
The most important finding of the research was that the number of lessons dedicated to mathematics and financial literacy in secondary school did not have a statistically significant impact on the level of student’s financial literacy. On the contrary, the level of financial literacy was correlated with the overall performance of the student at the secondary school and the type of secondary school the student attended. The research also aimed to verify the hypothesis that the student's study program affected the level of his or her financial literacy.
It turns out that increasing the number of mathematics or financial literacy lessons is not sufficient to improve financial literacy levels, but more important is teacher education, the content and form of the education and the effectiveness of the teaching process.
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13-33</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eka Tkavashvili</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE IMPACT OF TEACHER PROFESSIONAL DIARY ON THEIR REFLECTIVE, COMMUNICATIVE AND PROFESSIONAL SKILLS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">communicative skills</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">professional skills; reflection diary</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reflective thinking skills</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1617434979.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teacher professional diaries are teacher reflections on their own and their colleagues’ observed practice. They are effective tools of increasing teacher qualification. Few research studies worldwide, while no such research studies in Georgia have been conducted on the impact of the application of reflective diaries on teachers’ reflective, communicative, and professional skills. Therefore, the aim of the research was to find out whether teachers’ reflective, communicative, and professional skills developed as a result of the application of reflective diaries, and if so, to what degree they increased. Quantitative research (an experiment with participation of 62 teachers) was held, with an experimental group whose participants wrote reflective diaries for 9 weeks and a control group which did not undergo any special treatment. A 5-point Likert scale questionnaire was developed, and its reliability and validity were assessed. Pre-experimental and post-experimental self-assessment questionnaire was held, the results were assessed and compared through descriptive statistics and a T-test. The results revealed that there was a positive average relationship between the application of diaries and reflective thinking, communicative and professional skills. According to the study results, the application of teacher reflective diary can be recommended as an effective tool for the development of reflective thinking, communication, and professional qualification.       </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">273-295</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Viera Šilonová</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vladimír Klein</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ivana Rochovská</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INCLUSIVE DIAGNOSTICS AND STIMULATION OF SOCIALLY DISADVANTAGED CHILDREN OF A PRE-SCHOOL AGE: EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">inclusive diagnostics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">inclusive education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pre-school age</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">socially disadvantaged children</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1634800451.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The research focuses on the diagnostics and stimulation of socially disadvantaged children of a pre-school age, which is a crucial component of inclusive education. The aim of the research was to experimentally verify through input and output orientation diagnostics the effectiveness of the stimulation program for 5 to 6 year old socially disadvantaged children in kindergartens. The results of the input and output orientation screening of 5 to 6 year old children from the experimental and control groups were analysed. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the stimulation program intended for the training of areas of deficits of partial functions and symptoms in the experimental group was verified, and conclusions and recommendations for pedagogical theory and practice in the area of inclusive approaches at the pre-primary stage of the school system were formulated. The research demonstrated that the experimental group of children achieved statistically significantly better results in the post-test, focused on the area of symptoms measured by the t-test, than the control group. It was also confirmed that both groups of socially disadvantaged children (control and experimental) achieved statistically significantly better results in the post-test, focused on the area of deficits of partial functions, than in the pre-test.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">804-825</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Julius Ssegantebuka</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Patrick Sserunjogi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ritah Edopu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timothy Tebenkana</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">John Bosco Kanuge</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IN-SERVICE TEACHERS' PERCEPTIONS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THEIR PRE-SERVICE ART EDUCATION PROGRAM IN UGANDA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">constructivism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">in-service visual arts teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">qualitative research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">visual arts education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1612638947.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This research aimed to determine IVATs’ perceptions of the effectiveness of their pre-service visual arts program in equipping them with the professional skills needed in VA teaching. Prompted by the persistent complaints about the teachers’ lack of competencies that they should have acquired during their pre-service art teacher preparation, it specifically examined the VAC focusing on content, teaching methods, resources and assessment in VA and their relationship to the content gap IVATs are observing in VA teaching at the secondary school level. A qualitative approach was used to solicit participants’ views about the effectiveness of their pre-service teacher education. The research was supported by the constructivist and interpretive philosophies which offer IVATs as well as tutors with the opportunity to construct their knowledge through social interaction, communication, and inquiry learning. The research was carried out at Makerere University-School of Education, which was conveniently selected because all the IVATs who participated in this research were students in this University. The researchers used a probabilistic sampling technique which uses a simple random sampling. A lottery method was used to select the desired number of 30 out of the 42 IVATs in total. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data from 5 focus groups of second and third year IVATs. Findings revealed that there was inadequate content coverage, less use of active teaching methods, and concentration on summative assessment. The researchers recommended that the M.o.E.S together with NTCs restructure the VAC to allow adequate content coverage, use of active teaching methods and use of formative assessment for they equip the learners with knowledge and skills required in VA teaching. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">118-132</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rolién J. V. Cirilo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elaine A. Colagrande</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INSTRUMENTS TO ACCESS THE CHEMISTRY PEDAGOGICAL CONTENT KNOWLEDGE: AN INTEGRATIVE REVIEW</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chemistry teaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">data collection instruments</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">professional knowledge</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher training</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher’s knowledge</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1623676595.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This research presents an integrative review about the methodological procedures adopted in the research of the Chemistry PCK, with the aim of identifying the data collection instruments used to explain the PCK in this field, seeking to observe its frequency of use and also contribute to the advancement of knowledge established by previous reviews. 89 articles published in magazines well evaluated by CAPES were selected, indexed to the Scopus (Elsevier) database. The treatment of the data was based on the technique of content analysis, resulting in six categories constructed a posteriori: a) period of publications; b) country of origin of the research; c) relationship to a specific topic; d) the teaching experience of the target audience; e) research approach and data collection instruments; and f) the use of PCK models as a theoretical framework. The results suggest a methodological predominance of a qualitative nature, with interviews, field diaries, observation of the practice, and questionnaires some of the most used instruments. Besides, a trend related to the specification of topics in the Chemistry discipline can be identified, as well as the lack of clarity regarding the variety of PCK models present in the literature and the failure to adopt these as a theoretical basis in most of the research studies analysed. There is also an express need to investigate the PCK of Chemistry teachers in practice in higher education since the results reinforce the scarcity of papers for this specific audience.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">381-396</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Robert Kananga Mukuna</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peter J. O. Aloka</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INTERPRETATIVE PHENOMENOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF TEENAGE MOTHERS RESILIENCY IN OVERCOMING ADVERSITIES IN PREGNANCY AND EARLY MOTHERHOOD IN SOUTH AFRICA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">interpretative phenomenological analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rural high school</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teenage mother resiliency</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teenage motherhood</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teenage pregnancy</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1612638878.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The phenomenon of teenage motherhood is a major concern worldwide. The teenage mothers endure many challenges that could affect their academic goals and successes if there is insufficient support. However, some teenage mothers manage to develop certain forms of flexibility to manage these adversities. This study explored the teenage mothers' resiliency in overcoming adversities in pregnancy and early motherhood at a rural high school in South Africa. Within the Interpretative Phenomenological qualitative paradigm, an exploratory case study research design was adopted. 10 participants (N=10) were selected from a rural high school district using a purposive sampling technique. The study employed semi-structured interviews to collect data. The findings demonstrated that teenage mothers were resilient to continuing and completing their schooling by adopting self-motivation and school and family support. This study suggested that the South African Department of Education should develop a training programme for teenage mothers on psychosocial adjustment mechanisms to help them cope with their situations.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">104-117</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ramazan Gürbüz</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Muammer   Çalık</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INTERTWINING MATHEMATICAL MODELING WITH ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">environmental issues</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">interdisciplinary approach</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematical modeling</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1623676777.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Since contemporary learning theories, strategies and models offer the interdisciplinary approach, educators need new pedagogical alternative ways to attain it in practicum. For this reason, the current research aimed to illustrate how to intertwine mathematical modeling with an environmental issue that recruits waste management (e.g., reuse-recycle-reduce) to live an environmentally friendly lifestyle. Through a case study research, 6 seventh-grade students (3 females and 3 males; aged 13-14) voluntarily participated in the research. The researchers videotaped and analyzed all interactive learning processes to elicit the students’ environmental dialogues. The results indicated that the interdisciplinary mathematical modeling afforded the students to acquire the targeted environmental concepts/issues and somewhat supported their arguments. Since the current research illustrates an alternative pedagogy to integrate science/environmental education into mathematics, it may be used to facilitate dissemination and applicability of the STEM education. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">412-424</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nurullah Yazici</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INVESTIGATION OF USE CASES OF MATHEMATICS TEXTBOOKS IN THE TEACHING PROCESS FROM A DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">developmental perspective</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematics teacher</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematics textbook</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pre-service teachers</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1639554024.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">It is important to determine the behaviors of primary school pre-service teachers, who have successfully completed the &quot;Mathematics Textbook Review&quot; course during their undergraduate education, regarding the use of textbooks in their professional life. Therefore, it is important to determine the approaches of pre-service teachers who have positive ideas about using the mathematics textbook in their undergraduate education and the reasons for these approaches in the process after starting the profession. This research was designed with a developmental perspective from qualitative research approaches and was conducted with two different study groups in Turkey. The first study group consists of 162 primary school mathematics pre-service teachers. The second group consists of 43 primary school mathematics teachers who worked for at least two years in their professional life. As a result of the research, more than half of the pre-service teachers (n=132) stated that they would use textbooks as a basic resource in the in-class teaching process. Pre-service teachers' reasons for using the course book in the classroom teaching process were grouped under four categories: &quot;it is a guide for teaching, homework, affordability, and opportunity for repetition&quot;. When the data obtained from the mathematics teachers were examined, it was determined that most of the teachers did not use the textbook as the main source in the classroom teaching process. When the obtained data are examined holistically, it is concluded that even though the rate of pre-service teachers thinking of using the textbook is high, this rate will decrease in professional life.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">880-893</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carlos Arturo Torres-Gastelú</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LATE ADOPTION OF PREVENTIVE MEASURES OF ONLINE PRIVACY IN MEXICAN AND COLOMBIAN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">comparative studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">digital citizenship</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">digital competence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">online privacy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">university students</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1612690279.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">One of the educational challenges faced by Latin American universities is the development of digital citizenship competence in their students on issues of digital identity, security and privacy online. The aim of the study was to identify the perception of Mexican and Colombian university students towards the preventive measures of online privacy. For that purpose, a mixed-cut study was carried out. For the quantitative part, a survey made up of 20 items was applied to 1,245 university students. Meanwhile, for the qualitative part, 42 university students were asked to answer open questions. The quantitative analysis was carried out using descriptive and inferential statistics for data by country and gender. In order to test the hypotheses about the existence of significant differences, the Kruskal-Wallis test was chosen. While for the qualitative part, the university student responses were transcribed, the information was organized, and the main contributions of the students were presented. The results indicate that Mexican and Colombian university students have a favorable attitude towards preventive measures of online privacy. No significant differences were detected in the items on preventive measures of online privacy with respect to the variables Country, and Gender. The stories of the university student show a late development in the attitudes and skills regarding preventive measures of online privacy that begins with entering university, and that is consolidated over time. In addition, inconsistencies were detected between the favorable attitude expressed by students towards a broad use of online care with respect to the informants' narratives.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">162-184</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ricardo Moutinho</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andrew P. Carlin</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">‘LEARNING MOMENTS’ AS INSPECTABLE PHENOMENA OF INQUIRY IN A SECOND LANGUAGE CLASSROOM</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">conversation analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ethnomethodology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning moments</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">membership categorization</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social competence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">turn-allocated categories</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1612638808.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Learning is an omnipresent feature of social life. However, in educational fields, learning is often studied through indirect instruments, such as surveys, interviews and coding schemes. In this paper, a praxiological approach to observe learning moments is proposed. This means that learning moments are not explored here through schematic reporting or statistical evaluations, but as accountable and inspectable phenomena as they became available in the corpus explored. Using a video-recorded fragment of interaction that occurred during a second language (L2) class in a primary school in Macau (China), the practical, collaborative instructed experiences of participants (teacher and students) in a lesson are analysed. It was observed that classroom participants attend to the categorial and sequential features of learning environments, which provide the contextual details that afford members’ realization of phenomena as learning moments. Stated differently, learning moments should not be confused with the successful accomplishment of a lesson plan just to satisfy programmatic (and disciplinary) requirements, but as something produced and accountable by participants as learning in and through their very practices of concerted interaction. As learning moments are ubiquitous characteristics of educational environments, the discussion of the results has pedagogical implications for teacher training, and for the assessment of teaching.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80-103</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Milica M. Gajić</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vera D. Županec</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Snežana S. Babić-Kekez</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aleksandra R. Trbojević</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF INQUIRY-BASED LEARNING IN NATURAL SCIENCE EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">innovative approach</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">inquiry-based learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">methodological design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">natural science education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">research paradigms</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1634799965.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Previous research of inquiry-based learning in natural science education indicates that there are different methodological trends and paradigms in the study of these issues. The aim of this research has been to analyze the selected relevant studies on inquiry-based learning in natural science education in order to assess their scope and limitations in the light of educational changes and reform initiatives. Directions of analysis of the relevant studies include considerations of the following: 1) Theoretical starting points and specific conceptual solutions, 2) Methodological design (research questions / problems, methods, techniques, and procedures), as well as 3) (Re)interpretation of the most significant findings. It could be stated that studies on inquiry-based learning in the field of natural sciences are rather insufficient, very diverse and heterogeneous, differing from each other both in terms of theory and conceptual solutions, research problems, methodological design, and implications for educational work. Even though experiments are very common in natural sciences, it has been found that triangulation is often used as a combination of qualitative and quantitative paradigms. The common thread that connects the selected studies in this field is the recognition of importance of inquiry-based learning as a very promising model of active teaching the natural sciences. It could be concluded that such studies require an interdisciplinary approach to the subject of study, both in empirical and theoretical field, providing better understanding of the future research directions of this phenomenon. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">728-750</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radka Dofková</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michaela Surá</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NONSTANDARD MATH WORD PROBLEMS AND ANALYSIS OF THE PARTIAL STAGES OF ITS SOLUTION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematics teaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary school mathematics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">problem-solving</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">prospective teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">word problem</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1634799891.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Choosing the right strategy is an important condition to successfully solve math problems. Research studies often present individual types of strategies more or less separately. This study aims to determine student solutions of selected word problems in the whole context of the solution process. In this context, such nonstandard word problems combine verbal formulation and the character of nonstandard problems (impossible to be solved using an algorithm). In order to get an overall picture of the stages of word problem solution, an analysis of solving a given word problem was conducted among 171 respondents aged 10-11. The analysis was conducted in compliance with partial steps of word problem processing, as the solving of the problem was viewed from a wider perspective. The student’s reaction to the problem, working with the given information, individual forms of solution, and answer formation were recorded. In order to have a more complex idea and possibility to compare, the chosen way of solving the problem was also presented to a selected sample of 26 teachers. Available solutions were analyzed, and there were sought ways how the solution was assessed by the teachers based on selected parameters. Especially their meta-cognitive estimation of the correctness of their own solution was subject to scrutiny.
Despite the fact that the respondents chose different strategies of solution (graphic, arithmetical, using judgment, etc.), it appears that the success rate of solving the given nonstandard word problem was very low. Thus, it is necessary to implement such word problems into standard math lessons, also within pre-graduate teacher preparation.
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">716-727</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prakasha, G. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">KY Hemalathaa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ponni Tamizh</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bhola Bhavna</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anthony Kenneth</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ONLINE TEST ANXIETY AND EXAM PERFORMANCE OF INTERNATIONAL BACCALAUREATE DIPLOMA PROGRAMME STUDENTS UNDER E-PROCTORED EXAMS AMID COVID-19</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diploma Programme (DP)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e-proctored test</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Baccalaureate (IB)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">virtual examination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1639554361.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Outbreak of COVID-19, online examination, and e-proctoring have caused more exam anxiety and affected exam performance among students’ studying in International Baccalaureate (IB) Diploma Programme (DP). Therefore, the present research aimed to find effect of online test anxiety on academic performance of IBDP students in the subjects related to science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Study employed quantitative descriptive survey research design and administered survey questionnaire to 200 IB DP students who took online test during COVID-19 through convenient sampling technique. Sample included both first and final year DP students with due representation to boys and girls. Results of the study revealed a moderate negative correlation between online test anxiety and academic performance of IBDP students in STEM subjects. Regression analysis explained 14.1% variation in the STEM subject performance because of online exam anxiety under e-proctored condition. There exists a statistically significant difference between first and final year students’ online exam anxiety and STEM subject average grades. Future research may focus on conducting comfortable online examination methods with no additional exam anxieties. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">942-955</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kamil Arif Kırkıç</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Türkan Demir Balcı</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT LEVELS OF PRESCHOOL TEACHERS AND ADMINISTRATORS' LEADERSHIP STYLES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">correlational survey</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational leadership</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">leadership style</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">organizational commitment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">preschool teacher</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1617434549.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The organizational commitment levels of preschool teachers are crucial to have an effective early childhood education. One of the most influential factors affecting organizational commitment is administrators' leadership style. This research explored the correlation between administrators' leadership styles and organizational commitment levels of preschool teachers. The correlational survey design was used as one of the quantitative research models in this study. Participants in the study were preschool teachers in Istanbul's Küçükçekmece district. The research was conducted during the 2017-2018 academic year. There are 237 teachers in the study sample. The 5-point Likert type Organizational Commitment Scale with 27 items and the Leadership Style Scale with 35 items were used to collect data. It was found that teachers generally identified with their organizations and internalized the organization’s values, while school administrators were perceived as using a transformational leadership style. The study found a statistically significant correlation between the leadership styles of administrators and the levels of organizational commitment of preschool teachers. In preschool institutions, teachers' institutional commitment is essential for the development of students. Therefore, administrators should be sensitive to their leadership styles to make the commitment levels of preschool teachers high. The research has limitations like being a local one, done in a relatively short time, and the participants were only teachers working in public schools. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">207-219</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boris Aberšek</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE PARADOX BETWEEN TRUTH AND LIES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moravec’s paradox</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multifarious publications</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simpson’s paradox</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1639553753.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In today’s age of fast and multifarious publications, we often come across such paradoxes, for example, that research and statistical analysis may indeed have been carried out correctly (properly), but the interpretation of the results is inadequate, or even incorrect, or misleading. To relate this hypothesis to Moravec’s paradox, one could reformulate the latter by saying that ‘to do research is easy; to discuss results is difficult’. But why is this so? Let us consider this issue from the perspective of another paradox, Simpson’s paradox. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">834-837</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Robert Krause</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PERSONALITY VARIABLES IN RELATION TO THE EFFECT OF FEEDBACK ON THE EFFECT OF OVERCONFIDENCE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">effect of experience</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">moderation analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">overconfidence effect</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">personality variables</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1628687092.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This research examined which personality variables potentially moderated the effect of feedback on the Overconfidence effect. Research sample consisted of Slovak teachers (n = 223) from across school levels, who were randomly allocated into one of the three groups, out of which two were experimental and one was control. Each group of participants filled in three personality questionnaires, the Reading Literacy Test, and questions on the Overconfidence effect. The first experimental group was given a real feedback on their achieved performance, the second experimental group was given an inaccurate feedback and the control group did not receive any feedback. It was pointed out that despite high mutual correlation between chosen personality variables, no relation was demonstrated between the Overconfidence effect and optimism, neuroticism, or participant’s self-evaluation. The results show that the impact of real feedback on the Overestimation effect depends on the level of neuroticism. Results suggested that the type of feedback on the Overconfidence effect is not moderated by the level of optimism. At the same time, the impact of real feedback on the Overconfidence effect is partially moderated by the level of self-evaluation and the impact of inaccurate feedback on the Overconfidence effect is not moderated by the level of self-evaluation. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">597-610</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Patrick Ngulube</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">POSTGRADUATE SUPERVISION PRACTICES IN EDUCATION RESEARCH AND THE CREATION OF OPPORTUNITIES FOR KNOWLEDGE SHARING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">communicative spaces</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">higher degrees research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">knowledge sharing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">postgraduate education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">postgraduate research supervision</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">research supervision styles</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">supervision models</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1617434892.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Supervisory practices are fundamental to the production of research in higher education, but these practices are undertheorized and poorly understood. Academia needs to understand and engage with supervisory pedagogies to reinforce their importance in knowledge production and the development of a knowledge society. Using content analysis of master’s and doctoral research outputs completed between 2010 and 2016, this case study investigated postgraduate supervision practices in education in South Africa, and their implication for knowledge sharing in context. The findings showed that supervision in education has remained rooted in the classic individualistic model, with team supervision not prevalent. The benefits of team supervision relative to the individualistic model are highlighted. Acknowledgement of the range of competencies of supervisors and the growth of interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary research signals the value of the team supervision model. In addition to improving research support, team supervision also creates communicative spaces and opportunities for knowledge sharing and the development of supervisors. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">255-272</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vesna Svalina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bačlija Sušić, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goran Lapat</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS’ OPINIONS TOWARDS MUSICALLY GIFTED STUDENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">musical giftedness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">musically gifted students</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary school teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Republic of Croatia</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1612722374.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Primary school teachers have an important role in the early identification and further development of a child's musical giftedness. The research was aimed to examine the opinions of primary school classroom teachers (N = 1130) employed in Croatian primary schools regarding conceptualization of musical giftedness and its impact on identification of musically gifted students. Furthermore, their opinions about the support of parents, professional team and collective as well as competencies for recognizing and further development of the child’s musical giftedness were investigated. Although most respondents assess their competencies in identifying musical giftedness, most of the surveyed teachers, especially younger ones, are willing to be additionally trained in this area. They stated that the existing curriculum should be expanded and enriched and stressed the need for more support from the expert assistants (psychologists and pedagogues). In addition to the teachers' age, their title (teacher, teacher mentor and teacher advisor) also proved to be a significant factor in the identification and development of a child's musical giftedness. Findings of research have implications for theory and practice of primary school teacher’s music education and education for work with gifted children both during their higher education and lifelong learning. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">133-161</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Raziyeh Fallah</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Azizeh Chalak</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heidari Tabrizi, H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RECONSTRUCTION OF IRANIAN ENGLISH FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHERS’ PROFESSIONAL IDENTITY IN ONLINE CLASSES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">communities of practice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">English as a foreign language</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">language institute</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">online professional identity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">qualitative approach</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1639553956.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Because of the Covid-19 outbreak, all academic institutions all over the world swiftly shifted to reconstitute the presentation of their courses that customarily took place on campus. This study explored the kind of online professional identities that English teachers in private language institutes constructed during the Covid-19 Pandemic. Additionally, it examined possible impacts of adopting online solutions on teachers’ performance and teaching skills and their perceptions of communities of practice and their effect on their PI in online classes during this period. The study was conducted on 35 English teachers, teaching English in language institutes in Yazd, Iran. The study followed a qualitative approach. Semi-structured interviews were conducted individually and also in groups, to gain access to their lived experiences of running online classes. Results revealed four main characteristics that (re)constructed and affected teachers’ PI in online classes, namely, teachers’ role, competency and self-effectiveness, appreciation and connection, and future plans. The findings also revealed that streamlined communication and communities of practice were very beneficial in (re)constructing their changing identities in online classes. Membership in communities of practice was found to be an essential action to make teachers’ teaching skills and social learning better and share common experiences. The results showed that these aspects highly influence the teachers’ reconstruction of PI in a positive way in language institutes. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">858-879</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Locatelli, S. W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">REFLECTING UPON FAKE NEWS IN TODAY’S POST-TRUTH ERA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fake Science</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reflective view</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social networks</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1628686646.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We are living in an era, in which people are constantly asking themselves: how can anyone believe this news that is clearly false? Reflecting on this, a brief reflection on some factors that can influence people to take this kind of news into account is brought here, as well as presenting an example of Fake Science that circulated on social networks in 2020 in Brazil, during the pandemic context.
First, it can be considered that a significant objective in Science Education is making students scientifically literate, prepared for appropriate decision-making. Chassot (2003, p. 19) considers scientific literacy as “the set of knowledge that would make it easier for men and women to read the world in which they live”. Leung (2020) adds that, nowadays, it is very important to recognize the veracity of information, differentiating it from fake news, which also encompasses the concept of scientific literacy, which brings us to the statement by Gomes et al. (2020) on media literacy, so that citizens can connect more to facts and less to emotions in understanding the news.
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">513-515</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mehmet Ali Yarim</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE RELATION BETWEEN JOB SATISFACTION AND PROFESSIONAL BURNOUT IN EDUCATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">aimlessness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">burnout</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">job satisfaction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">meta-analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">professional burnout</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1628686817.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Professional burnout is one of the most important problems of working life today. In this research it is aimed to follow the relation between job satisfaction and professional burnout of education workers by using meta-analysis method. In this context, examining the relation between occupational burnout and job satisfaction in educational organizations in Turkey master's theses, articles in Google Scholar by National Thesis Center with his doctoral thesis, EBSCO, ULAKBİM and Dergipark databases scanned, and the number of samples required for the meta-analysis and Pearson's correlation coefficient A meta-analysis of 41 (N = 11050) studies containing (r) value was conducted. Effect size values, publication bias, heterogeneity and significance tests results were obtained using the CMA program in the study. In the research study conducted in the random effects model, it was concluded that the p value was less than .05, it took a value between -0.496 - 0.385 lower and upper limits in the 95% confidence interval, and the effect size was at the level of -0.443. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">544-553</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinar Mert</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE RELATION OF PATERNALISTIC LEADERSHIP WITH GLASS CEILING SYNDROME </style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">correlation survey model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">female teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">glass ceiling syndrome</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">paternalistic leadership</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1634800127.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Women expose to barriers in their work-life that are not stated clearly. Although these invisible barriers occur in many sectors, they are common in the education sector. So, this study aimed to reveal the relation between the paternalistic leadership displayed by principals in traditional collectivist cultures and the glass ceiling syndrome experienced by female teachers. For this reason, the correlation survey model was used in the research. Female teachers living in Istanbul were selected with the appropriate sampling method due to the Covid 19 outbreak. “The Paternal Leadership Behaviors Scale of School Principals” and “Glass Ceiling Syndrome Scale for Female Teachers” were applied to 358 female teachers. Applied t-test, correlation, ANOVA, and regression analysis. As a result of statistical analysis, it saw that the benevolent, moral, authoritarian, and exploitative leadership behaviors perceived by teachers significantly predicted the perceptions of glass ceiling syndrome. Although benevolent, moral, authoritarian, exploitative paternalistic leadership behaviors mainly indicated teachers' perception of the glass ceiling, they were even low. Especially authoritarian and exploitative paternalistic leadership behaviors explained 5% of the total variance in teachers' perception of the glass ceiling syndrome.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">767-780</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scholastica Chizoma Ukwoma</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Patrick Ngulube</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">REVIEW OF THE STATE OF METHODOLOGICAL TRENDS IN OPEN AND DISTANCE LEARNING LITERATURE 2009-2018</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">data analysis technique</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">methodological trends</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">open distance learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">research paradigm</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1617435056.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Methodological trends are a key to the development of research in open and distance learning as a cognitive field. The purpose of this study was to review the methodological trends in the open and distance learning scholarly communication literature. It is important that research strategies are reviewed often to ensure the production of quality research output in a cognitive discipline. The study adopted qualitative content analysis to a sample of 1,393 articles published in five open and distance learning (ODL) journals from 2009 to 2018. The main findings of the study indicated that qualitative and quantitative methodologies were used more often than mixed methods research methodology, which was underrepresented. This implies that research in ODL relied heavily on positivist and interpretivist epistemologies, rather than pragmatist ones. Survey research approaches dominated in the research articles published in the ODL journals during the period under study. The main data analysis techniques were statistical and narrative techniques. Having ascertained that there is a gap in the use of mixed methods research in ODL, there is a need to set the future direction for open and distance learning research to focus on mixed methods research to minimise the weakness inherent in using only one method.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">296-311</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diana Olcar</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ljubin Golub, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Majda Rijavec</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE ROLE OF ACADEMIC FLOW IN STUDENTS' ACHIEVEMENT AND WELL-BEING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flourishing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flow experience</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flow in learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">life satisfaction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">optimal experience</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sampling method</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1639554182.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flow experience is related to well-being. Still, the question arises as to whether the flow is beneficial because of its intensity and frequency, or its contribution to well-being depends on the domain in which it is experienced. It was hypothesized that flow experienced in a domain that is perceived important and useful (i.e., the academic domain) contributes more to students’ well-being than flow experienced in domains that are perceived as less important and less useful (leisure and routine activities) even though it is in academic domain experienced less often and less intensely. This hypothesis was tested in two separate studies. In the first study, the flow was operationalized as a trait and the frequency of flow was measured via questionnaires. In the second study, the flow was operationalized as a state and the intensity of flow was measured via the experience sampling method. The samples were comprised of university students from Zagreb, Croatia. Both studies showed that flow in a domain that is perceived as more important and useful (i.e., the academic domain), although is experienced less often and less strongly, is more related to students’ well-being than flow in domains perceived by students as less important and less useful (leisure and routine activities). It was also tested if the association between academic flow and well-being is mediated by academic achievement. This hypothesis was not accepted. The results of this study indicate that it is important for students to have opportunities to experience flow in their studies because it is a pleasant state, related to better achievement, and it adds to their overall well-being.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">912-927</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sevil Kurt</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS’ INTEREST IN PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY CONCEPTS FROM DEVELOPMENTAL VIEW</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">content analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science interest</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science subjects</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">secondary school students</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1639554123.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In secondary school, where students begin to be more interested in physics, chemistry and biology, it is an important issue how their interests are in terms of all three subject areas according to grade levels. The aim of this study was to examine and evaluate the interest of secondary school students in the concepts of physics, chemistry and biology taught in science classes by grade level. The participants included 251 students enrolled in 16 different classrooms in the 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th grades in a boarding secondary school located in the Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey. The study was carried out as a developmental study in single screening model. For compliance with the research pattern, study data were collected with a questionnaire consisting of four open-ended questions, and the questionnaire was given to the students in order to find out their thoughts on the matter under consideration. In addition, the students were asked to draw a picture depicting the place and importance of science in their life and to explain their drawings briefly in writing. The data obtained from the open-ended questionnaire and drawings were analyzed through content analysis. The collected data were classified in categories and themes, and matrices were generated accordingly. In addition, frequency and percentage analysis was performed. As a result, science was found to be mostly associated with concepts regarding biology discipline by the students. Also, overall interest level was found to be higher with physics and biology topics at all grade levels studied here.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">894-911</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Akin Kösterelioğlu, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SELF-LEADERSHIP PERCEPTION AND EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AS THE PREDICTORS OF COGNITIVE FLEXIBILITY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Self-leadership; emotional intelligence; cognitive flexibility; school administrators</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1634799781.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cognitive flexibility is one of the most important skills that school administrators should have in today's world of rapid change and transformation. This study aimed to explore whether emotional intelligence and self-leadership predicted cognitive flexibility. The study universe consisted of principals and deputy principals working in primary, secondary and upper-secondary schools affiliated with the Provincial Directorate of National Education in the center and districts of Amasya in the 2019-2020 academic year. The views of participating school administrators who voluntarily participated in the study (N=204) were analyzed in the framework of the study. Self-Leadership Questionnaire, Cognitive Flexibility Scale and Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire were used as data collection tools in addition to the Personal Information Form developed by the researcher. In the analysis the data was used for the multiple regression analysis conducted to determine whether self-leadership and emotional intelligence predicted cognitive flexibility. Based on the study results, it was concluded that self-leadership and emotional intelligence together -with all their dimensions- had a predictive effect on cognitive flexibility. Based on the results of the research, it can be said that training and practices that improve administrators’ emotional intelligence levels and provide them with self-leadership awareness will make an indirect contribution to cognitive flexibility skills. Based on the results of the research, it can be argued that offering training and practices that improve administrators’ emotional intelligence levels and provide self-leadership awareness will make an indirect contribution to the development of their cognitive flexibility skills. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">700-715</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Duygu Turgut</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zeha Yakar</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SOCIOSCIENTIFIC ISSUES AND PRE-SERVICE SCIENCE TEACHERS’ BIOETHICAL VALUES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bioethics level</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pre-service science teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science teaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">socio-scientific issues</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1628687438.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Considering the recent rapid developments in science and technology, it is quite important for individuals to be able to make decisions about their own future and their children's future for the society in which they live and to know how to establish a balance of risk and decision. For this reason, teacher training programs should be planned to internalize pre-service teachers' awareness of responsibility. Regarding this point, the development of pre-service science teachers' bioethical values was examined on a class level basis using survey research.  Research sample consisted total of 286 pre-service teachers of Science Teacher Training Program. Bioethical Values Questionnaire was applied to determine pre-service teachers’ bioethical values. As a result of analyses, it was determined that pre-service teachers’ bioethical values increased according to their class levels they attended. It was stated that pre-service science teachers’ bioethical values related to sub-dimensions of “Benefits of Biotechnology Applications”, “Science and Ethics”, “Reproductive Technologies and Cloning” and “Control of Genetic Interventions” were increased based on participants’ class levels. In addition, the results of the study revealed that pre-service teachers also had some concerns about the benefits of biotechnology applications.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">640-656</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kamil Arif Kırkıç</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Feriha Uludağ</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STEM ATTITUDES OF STUDENTS AS PREDICTOR OF SECONDARY SCHOOL TECHNOLOGY AND DESIGN COURSE ACHIEVEMENT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">academic achievement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">and design course</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">correlational survey</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">secondary school</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STEM attitude</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">technology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1628687092.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Achievement in a course mostly depends on the students' characteristics and how teachers make their courses effective for their students' learning. Although different characteristics of teachers and students can affect learning outcomes, new approaches like STEM may cause new characteristics which affect students’ achievement as STEM attitudes. This study examines the correlation between secondary school students' STEM attitudes and their achievement in the Technology and Design Course (T &amp; DC). A correlational survey model was applied in the study. A total of 400 students studying in the seventh and eighth grades constitute the sample of the study. A personal data form and STEM attitude test were utilized to collect data. Pearson Correlation Analysis and Regression Analysis techniques were used in the data analysis process. As a result of the analysis, it was found a positive and significant correlation between students' Technology and Design Course achievement and STEM attitudes. Students' attitudes to STEM predict their achievement in the Technology and Design Course by 5.1%. Students developing positive STEM attitudes can further enhance achievement in the (T&amp;DC), which enables students to acquire the necessary design skills to produce technology in the future.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">585-596</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomislava Vidić</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marina Đuranović</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Irena Klasnić</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STUDENT MISBEHAVIOUR, TEACHER SELF-EFFICACY, BURNOUT AND JOB SATISFACTION: EVIDENCE FROM CROATIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">burnout</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">classroom management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">job satisfaction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quantitative methodology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">self-efficacy</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1628687525.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Student misbehaviour is an increasing problem of contemporary school. The aim of this research was to examine the extent to which teachers perceive student misbehaviour, how self-efficient they are, how satisfied they feel with support from their environment and with the teaching job itself, and to which extent they experience the burnout syndrome. The research included 603 primary and secondary school teachers in the Republic of Croatia, and it found quite low, but significant negative correlations between student misbehaviour and teachers’ self-efficacy, personal accomplishment, and job satisfaction. Besides, positive correlations between student misbehaviour and teacher burnout were also proven. Statistically significant differences between primary and secondary school teachers were found in their experience of student misbehaviour, dealing with adversities related to student misbehaviour and provided support from expert associates. The results of regression analysis indicate that the overall misbehaviour and satisfaction with help from parents significantly contribute to satisfaction with the teaching profession, and emotional exhaustion and depersonalization lead to decrease of job satisfaction. The results also indicate that demographic characteristics, namely years in service and the type of school, do not contribute to the explanation of neither burnout nor job satisfaction. The implications applicable in practice could relate to the need for preventing student misbehaviour and empowering teachers, regardless of their in-service years and the type of school they work at.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">657-673</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cejas Martinez, M. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Navarro Cejas, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Venegas Alvarez, G. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proano Rodriguez, C. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mendoza Velazco, D. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STUDENT PERCEPTIONS OF ECUADORIAN VIRTUAL PLATFORMS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Covid-19</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecuador</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education platform</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">higher education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">virtual education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1617434819.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In February 2020 Ecuador declared a health emergency due to the Covid-19 pandemic. On-site classes were suspended. The Ecuadorian university population does not adapt to virtual educational platforms. The objective of the study was to analyse student perception of Ecuadorian educational platforms in higher education during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study was quantitative. The sample was non-probabilistic participatory, consisting of students from different universities in the Province of Chimborazo. For data collection, a questionnaire with four study variables was applied. The results were analysed with T student and MANOVA. There is a positive perception of students using the educational platforms. There were significant statistical differences according to gender variables, contrary to the levels of study and location, there is a greater sympathetic affection of students when receiving virtual classes by female teachers. It can be concluded that the Covid-19 pandemic accelerated the adoption of online learning by higher education institutions. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">241-254</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alzira Manuel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Domingos Buque</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rosário Quive</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STUDENTS’ PERCEPTIONS ON DISTANCE EDUCATION: A CASE STUDY IN MOZAMBIQUE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">adult education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">distance education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lifelong learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">qualitative research</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1617434694.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Education in all societies is one of the requisites for changes and development, particularly in the current context influenced by globalization and rapid changes in which knowledge and technology became essential tools for life. In this context, Mozambique has been and continues promoting education, including Classroom Teaching Adult Education and Distance Adult Education (DAE) to satisfy people’s learning needs and improve their capacities towards changes. DAE is considered a way to open opportunities of education for youth and adults who by different reasons cannot participate in classroom teaching. This study seeks to explore the perceptions of youth and adult students in DAE at Eduardo Mondlane University (EMU), about their learning process. The study applied qualitative approach, based on semi-structured interview administrated to twelve students from the 3rd and 4th years of the undergraduate   program in Organization and Management of Education in Distance Education (DE) modality. The findings of this study point out that DAE is perceived as a relevant and useful modality of education, particularly for adult learners. However, the study identifies contextual challenges associated to individual and professional issues, pedagogical and organizational issues as well as gender division of labor within the families, impacting the student’s performance in DE in the selected higher education institution.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">229-240</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Milan Kubiatko</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SUBJECT DIDACTICS: RELEVANT ISSUES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">didactic publication</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">scientific content</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">scientific disciplines</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1623676333.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">I would like to thank the editor of the journal for the space to write some words about actual problems of subject didactic. I would like to ask all readers to remember, this is not a classic scientific text, it is only short reflection for the actual situation in subject didactic as it is perceived by the author of this text.
Current subject or disciplinary didactic is a dynamic discipline, which is still changing and is reporting to actual trends in the relative disciplines like pedagogy, psychology, sociology, philosophy, and others, and also the newest findings from the scientific disciplines, which are connected with subject didactic. The didactic is perceived in different ways by different countries. For example, in the Middle Europe and former post-communist countries it is possible to observe subject didactic, where every subject, has got its own didactic (e.g., didactic of biology, didactic of history, …). For Anglo-Saxon countries it is typical disciplinary didactic (e.g., science didactic). It can cause a little bit problematic view, but the nature of concept is similar. In this text it is used the term “subject didactic”. 
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">340-342</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Akkas Baysal, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gürbüz Ocak</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TEACHERS’ VIEWS ON STUDENT MISBEHAVIORS DURING ONLINE COURSES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">classroom management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">online courses</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">student misbehaviors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teachers’ views</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1623676421.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Student misbehaviors in the classroom both disrupt students’ attention and affect negatively teaching and learning process. With the increase of online courses after Covid-19 pandemic, the type of student misbehaviors changed a lot. The aim of research was to examine student misbehaviors encountered during online courses, to identify the most common and disruptive student misbehaviors from teachers' perspective and to put forth teachers’ suggestions about proper behaviors. The research was a phenomenological study. Data were gathered from 71 teachers teaching different courses and working at various levels. For data collection, a semi-structured interview form developed by the researchers was used. It was assessed through descriptive analysis. According to findings, a list containing 27 different student misbehaviors was generated. Results showed that the most common misbehaviors were indifference to course, not attending course, turning off webcam and slanging. The most disruptive misbehaviors were making noise, absenteeism, and distractibility. Findings revealed that teachers had some ideas to overcome these misbehaviors such as taking attendance, getting family support, encouraging students to turn on webcam, creating intrinsic motivation and organizing parent meetings. It can be concluded that some unwanted student behaviors can be seen during online courses; however, it can be overcome with the help of some precautions taken by teachers. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">343-359</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barbara Zaman</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lovšin Kozina, F.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TEXTILE LITERACY OF NINTH-GRADE STUDENTS IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">active learning strategies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cross-curricular integration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ninth-graders</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sustainable development and textile literacy</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1628687603.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Today’s world is facing a problem with the growth of textile products and in particular, textile waste, which already represents a serious environmental problem. From the point of view of ensuring sustainable handling of textile products, it is thus very important that individuals have the appropriate knowledge, attitudes and skills for sustainable handling of textile products or that they are properly ‘textile literate’. After all, appropriate textile literacy enables individuals to act according to the concept of sustainable development. The purpose of this research, which included 80 students from three Slovenian schools, who had completed their lower secondary education in the 2018/2019 school year, was to find out what their basic textile knowledge was and how they transferred it into their daily lives. Ninth graders were found to be deficient in basic textile skills, with girls having statistically significant better knowledge than boys. The girls were also statistically significantly better at recognising the connection between the acquired knowledge and everyday life and achieved a better result in terms of sustainable handling of textile products. The research findings can help teachers to be aware of the critical points in textile teaching in the context of sustainable development. The results also suggest that the current placement of textile content in the fifth grade, without further upgrading of the content in higher grades is not optimal. Most of the surveyed students had high grades in the fifth grade, but knowledge that is vital from the point of view of the sustainable behaviour of an individual is low in the ninth grade. These results can provide useful information for school policy makers who want to follow modern concepts of sustainable development.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">674-685</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anatolii Ivanchuk</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tetiana Zuziak</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oksana Marushchak</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anatolii Matviichuk</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Viktor Solovei</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TRAINING PRE-SERVICE TECHNOLOGY TEACHERS TO DEVELOP SCHOOLCHILDREN’S TECHNICAL LITERACY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multidisciplinary approach</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">narrative approach</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">technical phenomena</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">technology teachers</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1628686899.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Technical literacy is a component of professional competence of the pre-service technology teacher. However, the course content of technical disciplines in the pedagogical universities of Ukraine is not consistent with the content knowledge subsequently used in teaching practice of a technology teacher. Also, there is a need in general technical literacy of the students, yet it is developed only in its engineering design aspect. In the paper, it was proved that for the general technical literacy of pre-service technology teachers the basic concepts are the following technical phenomena: motion transmission, changes in kinematic parameters of motion, changes in force parameters of motion. Natural and scientific foundations of the machine drives were used as the basic topic-specific knowledge. It was hypothesized that effectiveness of teaching technical literacy to children would raise if the narrative about the technical phenomena is included in the content of the “Utility machinery” course for the pre-service technology teachers. The pedagogical experiment was performed in the Vinnytsia Mykhailo Kotsiubynskyi State Pedagogical University (Ukraine). It included ascertaining, formative, and control stages. At the ascertaining stage of the pedagogical experiment, the students’ readiness level to study technical phenomena was determined. At the formative stage, the students’ readiness to develop children’s technical literacy was measured. At the control stage, students’ readiness level to develop technical literacy was estimated in experimental and control groups. Theoretical value of the results is in substantiating technical topic-specific content knowledge as necessary for the pre-service technology teachers. Practical significance of the results is in implementation of the narratives about technical phenomena in the learning practice of the students of pedagogical university. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">554-567</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ivana Rochovská</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Božena Švábová</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE USE OF THE INTERPRETATION OF WORKS OF ART IN PRE-SCHOOL EDUCATION </style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">empirical experience</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">kindergarten teacher</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pre-school education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">works of art</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1639554426.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The research focuses on examining the use of the interpretation of works of art in pre-school education in three dimensions - the current state of the use of the interpretation of works of art, the opinions of kindergarten teachers on art, and the opportunities for kindergarten teachers to acquire knowledge about the theory and history of art in their undergraduate training or in other forms of education. The aim of the research was to determine a correlation between the aforementioned variables. 366 kindergarten teachers responded to the items of the self-constructed questionnaire. It has been proven that the current state of the use of the interpretation of works of art in pre-school education can be described as below average, the opportunities for kindergarten teachers to acquire knowledge from the theory and history of art in their pre-graduate training or in other forms of education were lower than average, and the opinions of kindergarten teachers on art can also be described as below average. There is a statistically significant positive correlation between the aforementioned dimensions of the interpretation of works of art in pre-school education.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">956-970</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Muammer   Çalık</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">USING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AS A SOCIOSCIENTIFIC ISSUE TO SUPPORT THE SCIENTIFIC HABITS OF MIND</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">content knowledge</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVID-19 pandemic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pandemic process</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">scientific attitude</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1634799659.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The COVID-19 pandemic has affected all people without discriminating any border, country, race, ethnicity and so forth (Arroio, 2020). Thus, it has acted as a new playmaker in recognizing the importance of education and social justice. As stated by Usak et al. (2020), we, as educators, should pay more attention to the development of students’ awareness and scientific attitudes. Thus, they are able to think, understand, decide and make an action about any urgent event or &quot;forced&quot; transition, i.e., the pandemic process (Rodgríguez et al., 2021). Unfortunately, the COVID-19 pandemic seems to have generated a climate of fear for scientific advances and mass vaccination as well as regulations on lockdown, socialization, and hygiene. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">694-699</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">WRITING A SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE: FOCUSED DISCUSSION AND RATIONAL CONCLUSIONS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">publishing policy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">scientific article</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">scientific writing</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1612638492.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Writing a scientific article does not end with a description of the summarized results. Conclusions and implications remain a crucial part of the article. The previous papers portrayed the most important aspects of the title, summary (Lamanauskas, 2019a), accurate introduction (Lamanauskas, 2019b) and research methodology (Lamanauskas, 2020a) of the article and discussed the features of the presented results (Lamanauskas, 2020b). Discussion is also accepted as an equally important structural part of the scientific article (particularly in the case of describing an experimental / empirical study). Thus, this section summarizes the results of the conducted study. However, this piece of writing is not intended to provide all possible options for discussion and drawing conclusions due to the fact that the specificity of article preparation varies in each field of science. In addition, it depends on the requirements set by scientific / research journals (or other publications) and publishing policy. Therefore, this editorial more concentrates on the general aspects of preparing the above mentioned parts of the article.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4-12</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mariia Bilianska</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Olga Yaroshenko</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ABILITY TO FOSTER SCHOOLCHILDREN’S ECOLOGICAL LITERACY AS A RESULT OF PROSPECTIVE BIOLOGY TEACHERS’ PROFESSIONAL TRAINING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecological literacy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">elective courses</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">environmental upbringing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pre-service biology teachers</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1607329534.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An important role in preventing the negative effects of human impact on the environment is played by environmental literacy, which is connected with developing the ability to use natural resources wisely and reduce waste as well as awareness of the role of the environment for safe and healthy living. 
The scientific studies on formation of students’ ecological literacy were analyzed. It was revealed that the current state of training future Biology teachers for developing students’ environmental literacy is not efficient. Ability of prospective Biology teachers to form students’ ecological literacy is identified by the unity of value, cognitive and procedural components. Theoretical substantiation of the technology of training future Biology teachers for increasing students’ ecological literacy is carried out. The peculiarity of the technological process is the study of the elective courses “Conducting Ecological Pedagogical Activities”, “Technologies of Environmental Education and Upbringing”, “Methods of Teaching Ecology”, use of interactive teaching methods, combination of training sessions, independent work, practical training, and control measures. Criteria for the formation of each component are students' attitude to the environment and its preservation, the level of knowledge acquisition, the level of mastery of the methods of developing school students’ environmental literacy. A three-level approach to evaluating the results was used. The average level of formation of each component dominated. During the experimental training, statistically significant positive changes in the formation of each component took place. This confirms the feasibility of further implementation of the technology.
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">907-919</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yoon Fah Lay</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Murugan Rajoo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AFFECTIVE FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO SOUTHEAST ASIAN AND EAST ASIAN EIGHTH GRADERS’ SCIENCE ACHIEVEMENT IN TIMSS 2015</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">affective factors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">comparative study</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science achievement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TIMSS</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1612880930.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) is an international comparative study that has been implemented by the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA) since 1995. This proposed study is aimed to identify the affective factors contributing to eighth graders' science achievement in TIMSS among Southeast Asian and East Asian countries. The freely-downloadable secondary data were analyzed using IEA's International Database (IDB) Analyzer (version 4.0) for TIMSS, a plug-in for SPSS. TIMSS uses an imputation methodology, involving plausible values, to report student performance. This study found that students' views on engaging teaching in science (BSBGESL) were negatively and significantly contributed to eighth-grade students' science achievement in Thailand, Singapore, Chinese Taipei, and Hong Kong SAR. Students Like Learning Science (BSBGSLS) were positively and significantly contributed to eighth-grade students' science achievement in Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Hong Kong SAR, and Chinese Taipei. Students Confident in Science (BSBGSCS) were positively and significantly contributed to eighth-grade students' science achievement in Korea, Japan, Chinese Taipei, Hong Kong, Thailand, and Singapore. Students Value Science (BSBGSVS) was positively and significantly contributed to eighth-grade students' science achievement in Japan, Korea, Thailand, Chinese Taipei, Singapore, and Malaysia. Based on the research findings, policy recommendations were made to the Malaysian Ministry of Education to boost Malaysian eighth graders' science performance in the forthcoming TIMSS studies. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6A</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1107-1125</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Holguin-Alvarez, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ledesma-Perez, F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Montañez-Huancaya, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cruz-Montero, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AGGRESSIVE SCHOOL COMMUNITIES: TRANSFORMATION OF COEXISTENCE THROUGH ARTIVIST EDUCATION METHODS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Artivism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">artivist education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">democratic coexistence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">direct coexistence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school communities</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1596902536.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The coexistence allows the adaptation of the aggressors and assaulted in school communities through artistic interaction techniques. Due to its transformational value, artivist education allows students to be involved in raising awareness of their environment as well as themselves. For this reason, the interest of the research was to determine the benefits of artivism in school coexistence. Three studies based on sustainability, school exchange and meaning analysis were carried out in 80 fifth and sixth grade primary students. Measurement scales and the log of experiences were used, from whose data it was obtained that there was greater sustainability of direct and democratic coexistence from the fourth month of experimentation with activities based on artivist education (Experiment 1), as well as effects on school exchange with greater emphasis on the democratic component (Experiment 2). The conclusions of the research invited to deduce that artivist education allowed coexistence to be made more sustainable through the strategies that subjects adopted from their peers, in turn, direct interaction allowed to propose a formative process of adaptation between assaulted and aggressors. As a contribution, the research highlights the adoption of new forms of student interaction with power groups to the extent of how and how they establish acceptability behaviors in the shared context. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">553-575</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coral I. Hunt-Gómez</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Macarena Navarro-Pablo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ANALYSIS OF PRE-SERVICE FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHERS’ INCORRECT ARTICULATIONS: FREQUENCY, INFLUENCE ON COMMUNICATION, AND A SPECIFIC CORRECTIVE STRATEGY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EFL (English as a foreign language)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">higher education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">second language acquisition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher training</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1607329741.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">English Foreign Language (EFL) teachers need to be especially aware of their own articulatory errors and to manage strategies to overcome them. A specific corrective strategy using phonetic notation to destabilise the most recurrent articulatory errors to be applied to Spanish pre-service English Primary School teachers is presented. Firstly, the presence of incorrectly articulated sounds in a corpus of 238 minutes of recorded improvised production of 34 pre-service EFL teachers was identified. Incorrect articulations were classified in two groups, those that presented a higher frequency were classified as fossilised errors and those appearing only once were considered mistakes. A categorisation of the most frequent articulatory errors and their possible origins was offered. Errors were also examined attending the effect they posed on communication, if they hindered it, they were considered unintelligible. Results showed that more than 80% of fossilised incorrect articulations were perfectly understandable and did not disrupt communication. Even if these results can be considered positive, research shows that pronunciation highly influences the learning process of other skills, and that it affects learners in terms of confidence, social and work advancement. Therefore, to get rid of their own fossilised errors, future teachers need effective pronunciation skills training strategies. For that reason, a specific error corrective strategy based on phonetic notation and self-learning is proposed.  </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">933-947</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Friyatmi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Djemari Mardapi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Haryanto</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ASSESSING STUDENTS’ HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS USING MULTIDIMENSIONAL ITEM RESPONSE THEORY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">creative thinking</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">critical thinking</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HOTS</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MIRT</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">problem solving</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1587022339.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The development of the economics HOTS test that combines critical thinking skills, problem-solving, and critical thinking are essential to meet the challenges of the 21st century life skills. The combination of these thinking skills in the HOT test will help teachers to diagnose students' strengths and weaknesses. However, it could interfere with the accuracy of the measurement results if analyzed using IRT in a single analysis. The Multidimensional Item Response Theory (MIRT) resolved the accuracy of the measurement issues. This research aimed to develop the economics HOTS test to estimate the student’s abilities in higher order thinking skills using the MIRT.  The samples were 750 high school students selected from fourteen high schools in West Sumatera, Indonesia. The data were collected using tests which calibrated through the simple-structure MIRT model using R studio. The test reliability was calculated based on coefficients Alpha and test information function. The results show MIRT offers accurate measurement in estimating multidimensional test parameters. The item had a moderate average multidimensional discriminant and difficulty, while the students had a moderate HOTS ability. Their ability to think creatively was lower than critical thinking and problem-solving abilities. The test was proven to be reliable with coefficients Alpha of 0.81, it yielded a high-test information function of the 4.0124, and a low measurement error of 0.4992. It is suitable to be tested on students who have moderate abilities in problem-solving and critical thinking, but with high creative thinking ability.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">196-214</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Orfa Nidia Patiño Toro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yesenia Acevedo Correa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alejandro Valencia-Arias</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martha Benjumea-Arias</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE IN EDUCATIONAL CONTEXTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliometric analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">information technology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">open source software</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">research trends</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">technology adoption</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1581495058.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Open source software has now become a significant alternative in meeting different needs in business, government and academic environments, such as needs related to economics, management, learning and innovation, among others. The purpose of this research was to examine the research trends and evolution of the field of open source software adoption between 2001 and 2019. The methodology used involved bibliometric analysis of 289 documents obtained through a Scopus extracted search equation, generating indicators of quantity and quality and analyzing the emerging themes in said field of knowledge. The findings of the research include the existence of a strong trend towards research and dissemination regarding open source software, particularly in countries such as the United States, whose institutions and authors demonstrate high levels of productivity and dissemination. There was also evidence of an interest in reducing barriers and encouraging the adoption and implementation of the software in other sectors where its use is still lagging behind. The main conclusion of the research is that the research of open source software adoption focuses on the following topics: innovation, Linux, FLOSS, engineering requirements, risk management, open innovation, the public sector, social network analysis and total cost of ownership. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">114-128</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ermenc, K. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Damijan Štefanc</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jasna Mažgon</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CHALLENGES OF DIFFERENTIATED AND INDIVIDUALIZED TEACHING IN VOCATIONAL EDUCATION: THE CASE OF SLOVENIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">differentiated teaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">individualized teaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Slovenia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vocational education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1600952028.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">One of the main factors contributing to students’ optimal development in school settings is the implementation of appropriate differentiating and individualizing measures. While this topic is well researched and addressed in the context of primary and lower secondary education, the theoretical and empirical research on differentiated and individualized teaching in vocational education and training (VET) programs is relatively scarce. However, well-applied individualization measures seem equally important in the context of VET programs, as they are frequently attended by students with lower educational aspirations, diverse socio-cultural backgrounds, and complex educational and personal needs. Our research explores what kind of individualization practices exist in Slovenian VET programs and what roles teachers and school management play in implementing individualized teaching. A single case study with one class of 16-year-old students (N = 22) attending the confectioner VET program was conducted. The data were collected by means of interviews, observations, and questionnaires, and were analyzed and interpreted by combining qualitative and quantitative methodological approaches. The results indicate that the school strove to address the diversity of the student population and used a number of different activities at institutional (school) as well as individual (teacher) levels. However, the potential of a more individualized approach seems to be largely unexploited. It is necessary to understand individualization as a principle implemented at the level of direct teaching and at the school level. Students should receive guidance that adapts the education process to their individual characteristics and aspirations as much as possible. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">815-831</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yumiko Takagi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paul Batten</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Karen Rattenborg</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A COLLABORATIVE EXCHANGE TO IMPROVE EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION OUTCOMES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">childcare</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">collaborative exchange</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">early childhood education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">international collaboration</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1612881000.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International collaborative research has great value in helping each of the participant’s view their respective situations from novel and various perspectives. When people involved in the same work tackle problems from different perspectives, new awareness arises, and innovative solutions are created. Kagawa University and Colorado State University have conducted excellent research exchanges in the field of early childhood education based on their international exchange agreements.
 As the trend in Japan towards nuclear families continues in tandem with Japan’s aging society and low childbirth rate, a number of parents and guardians are becoming increasingly isolated and unsure of how to raise their children. The process of introducing a new childcare support system based on Japan’s national policies and the problems Japanese regional prefectural governments face in early childhood education were clarified through exchanges between Kagawa University and Colorado State University. By sharing information and giving an overview concerning efforts and successful cases in Japan and the U.S., mutual clues were found for problem analysis and problem solving.
This research analyzed the factors for constructive interaction and provided clues for the problems highlighted by the results. It enabled several researchers in Kagawa who have experience in this field, overseas as well as locally, and those at the prefectural level involved as leaders in professional guidance in this field of childcare, to understand the current situation and trends for childcare in the U.S. This has the potential to lead to improvements in the quality of childcare and the training of teachers in Japan. It also put forward a direction and recommendations for development in international collaborative research.
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6A</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1126-1136</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Katherina Gallardo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COMPETENCY-BASED ASSESSMENT AND THE USE OF PERFORMANCE-BASED EVALUATION RUBRICS IN HIGHER EDUCATION: CHALLENGES TOWARDS THE NEXT DECADE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">competency-based assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">competency-based education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">higher education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning taxonomy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rubric design</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Febrary/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1581494848.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rubrics are assessment guides for grading and giving feedback to students while demonstrating acquired knowledge and skills. In the last decades, rubrics have been all part of the most used learning evaluation tools in higher education. Its use is further well-related to competency-based assessment purposes. Nevertheless, criticism around design and application has been also implemented in certain reports. In order to understand rubrics’ evolution, practice, benefits, and trends, a systematic literature review on rubrics’ design and use has been conducted. Two databases were selected: Scopus and ProQuest Education. Two phases were determined: The first allowed to identify articles related to rubrics’ design and application for almost three decades. 584 articles were found. From these, most cited articles served to give a scope of rubric evolution and trends. The second phase permitted to identify design and use of performance-based evaluation rubrics from 2009 and 2019. Five terms and Boolean combinations were used. A total of 259 articles was found. After analyzing abstracts and content, 11 open access articles on performance-oriented rubric design and application were chosen. As a result, some facts and reflections on rubric design complexity are discussed towards responding to educational challenges related to competency-based assessment contemporary demands: integration of human learning domains going beyond cognition, authenticity, and interdisciplinarity as features that characterize learning design situations, follow students’ progression, educator’s preparation on assessment literacy for responding to CBA demands, and the involvement of experts of the work field in determining essential evaluation indicators as the main topics looking forward to the next decade.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">61-79</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Catarina Anna Wästerlid</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONCEPTUAL SUBITIZING AND PRESCHOOL CLASS CHILDREN’S LEARNING OF THE PART-PART-WHOLE RELATIONS OF NUMBER</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">collaborative intervention</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">conceptual subitizing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">part-part-whole relations of numbers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">preschool class children</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1607330330.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Few research studies within the field of mathematics education have focused on the ability to recognize quantities quickly and accurately without counting (i.e. subitizing). The aim of this research was to empirically explore the role of conceptual subitizing activities for enhancing preschool class children’s learning of the part-part- whole relations of number. 24 children (aged 6-7) and two teachers participated in the intervention. Due to ethical issues, data were only collected from 18 of the children. The design was a collaborative and iterative intervention, employing a mixed-method approach. Data consisted of pre-and post-test, teacher observation notes and teacher responses to questions about the children’s learning. Both the quantitative and qualitative analysis showed that conceptual subitizing activities supported children’s knowledge development regarding part-part-whole relations of number. At the group level, the children´s results between  pre-and post-test showed an increase of 18.1 percent units and more  than half of the children showed conceptual subitizing abilities in a qualitatively more developed way after having participated in the intervention. The result indicated that conceptual subitizing activities might enhance preschool class children’s understanding of the part-part-whole relations of number. The results however also elucidated that not all children improved their understanding of the part-part -whole relations of number. Future research should therefore consider individual differences when developing and carrying out interventions.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1038-1054</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1596902101.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PEC, Vol. 78, No. 4, 2020, Contents </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">471</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1587021962.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents, PEC, Vol. 78, No. 2, 2020</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">135</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1600951134.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents, Vol. 78, No. 5, 2020</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">669-670</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1607329239.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents, PEC, Vol. 78, No. 6, 2020</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">879-880</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">East Asia</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1612880528.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents, Vol. 78, No. 6A, PEC, 2020
Special issue: “EDUCATIONAL CHALLENGES IN EAST ASIA”</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6A</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1061</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1581494475.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents, Vol. 78, No. 1, 2020, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1592832208.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents, Vol. 78, No. 3, PEC, 2020</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">307-308</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1592832157.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page, Vol. 78, No. 3, PEC, 2020</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">305-306</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">East Asia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">special issue</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1612880453.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover, PEC, Vol. 78, No. 6A, 2020.
Special issue: &quot;EDUCATIONAL CHALLENGES IN EAST ASIA”</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6A</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1059-1060</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1587021914.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page, PEC, Vol. 78, No. 2, 2020</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">133-134</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1596902063.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PEC, Vol. 78, No. 4, 2020</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">469-471</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1607329185.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover, PEC, Vol. 78, No. 6, 2020</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">877-878</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1600951094.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page, Vol. 78, No. 5, 2020 </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">667-668</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1581494438.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page, Vol. 78, No. 1, 2020, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mei-ying Chen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geneva Gay</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CULTURALLY RESPONSIVE TEACHING FOR THE CHILDREN OF NEW IMMIGRANTS IN TAIWAN: PERSPECTIVES OF NEW IMMIGRANT PARENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">culturally responsive teaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ethnographic research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">international marriages</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary school teachers</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1612880709.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International marriages have increased the population of new immigrants in Taiwan. Most Taiwanese educators are unaware of the expectations of the new immigrant parents. This ethnographic research explored whether Taiwanese primary school teachers implemented culturally responsive teaching to help the children of new immigrants become academically accomplished from the perspectives of the new immigrant parents. The findings indicated that most Taiwanese primary school teachers were aware of the challenges the children of new immigrants faced but culturally responsive teaching approaches were rarely implemented in any meaningful way, and that Taiwan still lacked effective communication styles, multicultural curriculum design and culturally congruent teaching. While most Taiwanese teachers recognized cultural differences, they failed to pursue measures to achieve educational equity. The new challenges and relevant issues are discussed.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6A</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1065-1080</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rohmatun Lukluk Isnaini</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Farida Hanum</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lantip Diat Prasojo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DEVELOPING CHARACTER EDUCATION THROUGH ACADEMIC CULTURE IN INDONESIAN PROGRAMMED ISLAMIC HIGH SCHOOL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">academic culture</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">character education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">daily activities</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Programmed Islamic high school</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1607329820.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Academic dishonesty, which is a part of educational problems, occurs mostly in religious-based high schools. The dishonest behavior of these students is contrary to the application of character education in educational institutions. This research aimed to describe the experiences of teachers and students in the Programmed Islamic High School (PIHS) relating to academic culture in the development of student character education. The data collection method used in this research was a phenomenological qualitative method by conducting in-depth interviews with four teachers and six students in a PIHS. Apart from the results of the interviews, the acquisition of data was also supported by documentation and observations of the daily activities of the students, which reflected the application of character education. The results showed that the academic culture at PIHS contributes greatly to developing student character education. Character education developed from academic culture can be seen from their academic discourse, publications, knowledge acquisition, disciplinary, and academic activities management. From the academic culture, students have a religious, honest, nationalistic, responsible, cooperative, and independent character. This research suggests that the pattern of academic culture in the development of character education in PIHS can be adopted by other religion-based schools. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">948-966</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shiat Lu Wong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nyet   Moi Siew</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chiow Thai Soon</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DEVELOPMENT OF A CHILDREN QUESTIONNAIRE FOR MEASURING CHINESE CHARACTER LITERACY LEARNING SATISFACTION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">children questionnaire</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chinese Characters Literacy Learning Satisfaction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rasch analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">validity and reliability</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1600952102.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">There are limited reports about development of questionnaire to measure learning satisfaction among young children. In this research, guidelines were listed for developing a questionnaire that gauges Chinese Character Literacy Learning Satisfaction (CCLLS) among 8-year-old children. The research was undertaken based on the responses of 232 children from 11 Chinese national type primary schools (SJKC) of Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. The CCLLS questionnaire consists of 12 items developed through three dimensions of satisfaction, which are (1) Satisfaction towards Chinese characters writing, (2) Satisfaction towards Chinese characters recognizing, (3) Satisfaction towards the learning in classroom.  Rasch analysis was used to examine the item polarity. The result showed point measure correlation was within 0.47 – 0.60. The items were also detected with the outfit mean square in the range of 0.76 – 1.24, indicating CCLLS was fit to measure the children’s learning satisfaction. The raw variance explained by measures (33.3%), the unexplained variance in first contrast (9.1%), with the eigenvalue (1.6%) from the principal component analysis, suggested that CCLLS could be unidimensional. The internal consistency was considered very high with 0.81 in Cronbach’s alpha (KR-20).  The result also showed CCLLS has very good item reliability (0.91) with good item separation index (3.23). The person reliability (0.77) was in satisfactory range with moderately good person separation index (1.81).  The findings indicated that CCLLS questionnaire could be a valid and reliable tool in measuring Chinese character literacy learning satisfaction among 8-year-old primary school children of SJKC.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">832-855</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Julio Cesar Gomez</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DEVELOPMENT OF EFL TEACHERS´ PEDAGOGICAL CONTENT KNOWLEDGE THROUGH ACTION RESEARCH IN A MASTER’S PROGRAM</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">action research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">longitudinal case study</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">master’s thesis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pedagogical content knowledge</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">second language teacher education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1596902449.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This longitudinal, 2-year study explored the experience of a cohort of seven in-service teachers in an English Language Teaching master’s program as they carried out action research studies to determine the impact of the stages of the research process on the various components of their pedagogical content knowledge. The research design followed a qualitative multiple case study model. Data were gathered through semi-structured interviews, written reflections, and participant observation journal notes. Main findings highlight the way specific components of the thesis linked to stages of the action research study contributed to developing certain types of knowledge integral to pedagogical content knowledge. Knowledge of the students was highly impacted by the needs analysis and the design and implementation of the intervention. In terms of pedagogical knowledge, building the state of the art and theoretical framework along with the intervention clarified and further developed knowledge of teaching methodologies and strategies. Subject matter knowledge was highly impacted by the theoretical framework and the socialization opportunities. Establishing the setting of the study contributed to further understand the constraints and affordances of their teaching contexts. Overall, this action research study became an insightful experience that helped participants promote effective classroom practices to address their students’ needs. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">533-552</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ballová Mikušková, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marcela Verešová</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DISTANCE EDUCATION DURING COVID-19: THE PERSPECTIVE OF SLOVAK TEACHERS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">distance education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">negative emotions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">personality traits</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">positive emotions</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1607329450.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">As the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (causing COVID-19) has begun to spread around the world, education has taken the form of distance education from one day to the next. To this day, little is known about distance education during the pandemic period from teachers’ point of view, so the study focused on perception and management of distance education in primary school (primary and lower secondary education) and upper-secondary school (upper secondary education) teachers; and the main aim was to explore the connection between teaching experience, personality traits, and emotions of teachers and their perception and management of distance education during the coronavirus pandemic. The research sample consisted of 379 teachers (89.7% women) aged 23 – 70 years (M = 44.91; SD = 10.38). They completed the questionnaire which consisted of: demographic questions, questions related to perception and management of distance education, the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule and the Big Five Inventory 2. During the pandemic period, the negative emotions of teachers increased while positive emotions decreased; distance education was closely related to emotions (and changes in emotions) and personality; moreover, teachers reported willingness to implement partial changes into their teaching after the pandemic period.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">884-906</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ozuna Beltran, G. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nuñez Ramírez, A. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vázquez Jiménez, L. I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Velarde Flores, L. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ECONOMIC ATTITUDES AND PERCEPTIONS OF POVERTY IN INDIGENOUS COLLEGE STUDENTS IN MEXICO FROM THE INTERCULTURAL APPROACH</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">behavioral economics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">financial optimism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">intercultural college students</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">perceptions of poverty</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1587022782.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Behavioral economics has tried to explain the economic and financial decisions of the individuals. It has been used to understand the economic perceptions and attitudes of vulnerable groups; however, for indigenous peoples, especially in Latin America, there are unresolved issues. Thus, from an intercultural perspective, this research examines the association between the economic attitude and the perception of poverty through the comparison of a sample of intercultural college students from different ethnic groups in Mexico. For this reason, a quantitative, descriptive and correlational research was carried out with a non-experimental design from a sample of 207 intercultural college students. Two research questions were raised, the questions were tested by Pearson correlation and linear regression. Attribution theory was analyzed to assess the association between the economic attitude and the perception of poverty in intercultural students. It was found that the economic attitude is related to the perception of poverty, because the students presented attitudes of financial optimism oriented towards the structural causes of poverty. Consequently, the model of an intercultural university could benefit the development of indigenous communities, through a pedagogy oriented towards the creation of significant economic attitudes.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">263-281</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ijeoma Chidinma Ogbonnaya</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andile Mji</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Olivia Neo Mafa-Theledi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beatrice Ngulube</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ECONOMICS TEACHERS’ USE OF TOPIC SPECIFIC PEDAGOGICAL CONTENT KNOWLEDGE IN TEACHING MARKET DYNAMICS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">content knowledge</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">economics teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">market dynamics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pedagogical content knowledge</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">topic specific pedagogical content knowledge</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2537295</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The poor learners’ understanding of specific topic ‘Market Dynamics’ (MD) is a concern in South Africa secondary schools and so it is globally. Many researchers and education stakeholders in South Africa point to the need to use TS-PCK to improve learners’ understanding of MD. This research aimed to examine economics teachers’ teaching of Market Dynamics (MD) in order to understand how the teaching and learning of MD could be improved using topic Specific PCK.  Using Mavhunga’s TS-PCK as the theoretical framework. Two TS-PCK components were examined in the research namely, content knowledge (What is that makes a topic difficult to teach?) and representations were used to gain an in–depth understanding of teachers’ use of TS-PCK in teaching MD. It was a descriptive case study design. Purposeful samples of three economics teachers of 10th, 11th and 12th grade were selected. A semi-structured interview consisting of 18 items was used to generate data for the research while a qualitative data analysis technique, namely thematic analysis was used to analyze the data generated. The results showed that the three economics teachers sampled for the research were able to use their TS-Content Knowledge adequately in different Content Knowledge domains to understand what makes a topic difficult to teach or learn. The result also showed that the participating teachers identified difficult areas that are challenging to teach in the topic of MD but were unable to explain and give cogent reasons why those areas were challenging for learners to understand. Further results on teachers’ use of TS-PCK based on ‘representations’ revealed that the teachers effectively used analogies and examples in teaching market dynamics but struggled to find activities to illustrate some of the concepts of market dynamics. The research recommends that economics teachers should be provided with more structured opportunities to help develop their topic specific pedagogical content knowledge of the school level content as part of their professional development.    </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">371-393</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huang, K.-H.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cheng, C.-C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EDITORIAL FOR THEMATIC ISSUE ON “EDUCATIONAL CHALLENGES IN EAST ASIA”</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">East Asia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational challenges</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">global educational practices</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1612880638.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Globalization and education reform is becoming an important topic across the international arena. In response to global pressures for reform, national educational systems' quality is increasingly being compared internationally, and education changes are introduced. For example, uniformity of global curricula, instruction, and testing might result from worldwide trends such as the TIMSS (Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study) and PISA (Programme for International Student Assessment). Also, the growth of English language usage and immigrants might contribute to a growing uniformity of global educational practices for the global economy (Springer, 2008). Nevertheless, there is considerable criticism of the ever-increasing global uniformity in education because ignoring differences in contextual capacity and culture at the national and local levels will result in unintended and unexpected consequences for educational practice (Carnoy &amp; Rhoten, 2002). </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6A</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1062-1064</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ya-Ling Wu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shan-Ru Chao</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wei-Fang Tsai</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mei-Lun Chen</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE EFFECT OF HORTICULTURAL PROGRAM WITH LIFE CONTEXTS ON THE COGNITIVE FUNCTION OF THE ELDERLY IN TAIWAN</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cognitive function</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">horticultural program</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quasi-experiment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">the elderly</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1600952187.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Based on the reminiscence therapy, the research aimed to develop the horticultural program with life contexts for the elderly in southern Taiwan, and to explore the effect on overall cognitive function of the elderly. The participants were 17 seniors in one community care center. The research adopted quasi-experimental research of one group pre-test and post-test design of time series, and data were collected by questionnaire surveys and semi-structured interviews. The objective of the program was to maintain cognitive function of the elderly. Twelve activities of the program were implemented once a week and 2 hours for each activity. The program included manual activity, group activity, and outdoor planting activity. The program content was based on farming experience of the elderly and integrated with diverse cognitive function trainings. It was found that the program showed immediate effect and two-week delay effect on promoting overall cognitive function of the elderly. Also, the elderly obtained new planting experience and their learning motivation was enhanced. Additionally, because of integrating with life contexts, the program was meaningful and encouraged the elderly to be engaged in the activities and recall the past. In the process, the elderly enjoyed the exchange of horticulture and life experience.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">856-872</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ali Maksum</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fifukha D. Khory</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EFFECT OF LEARNING CLIMATE, THINKING PATTERN, AND CURIOSITY ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN HIGHER EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">academic performance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">epistemic curiosity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning climate</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">structural equation modelling</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">thinking pattern</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1581494986.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This research aimed to examine the theoretical model that explains the relations among learning climate, thinking patterns, and curiosity on academic performance. This research was a non-experimental research with 1,000 respondents from State University of Surabaya, Indonesia. They came from 20 departments, consisting of 324 men and 676 women with a mean age of 19.81 years. Data were collected using a questionnaire, including inventory of learning climate, thinking patterns, and curiosity. Data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling. The results showed that the model was compatible with the data. The examination also showed the effect of the learning climate on thinking patterns, the influence of thinking patterns on curiosity, the influence of the learning climate on curiosity, and the influence of curiosity on academic performance. It is concluded that learning climate, thinking pattern, and curiosity play an important role in academic performance. Thus, the quality of students can be improved if curiosity is cultivated and reflective thinking patterns are formed. This requires serious efforts, both in policy and practice, to build a learning climate for the growth of students' thinking and curiosity.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">102-113</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marcela Šarvajcová</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ľubomír Rybanský</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE EFFECT OF PARENTAL EDUCATION AND PARENTAL READING BEHAVIOUR ON FAMILY CULTURAL CAPITAL OF LOWER AND UPPER SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cultural capital</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">metric invariance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mimic model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reading behaviour</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1596902715.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The aim of the research was to analyse the effects of family cultural capital on reading behaviour of the selected group of lower secondary and upper secondary school students in Slovakia. Based on the results of the international testing called PIRLS (2016) and PISA (2018) the school children in Slovakia achieved low results. Therefore, the selected aspects of family cultural capital were analysed to find out the extent of effect it has on the reading behaviour of the selected sample of the students in Slovakia. Specifically, the research was focused on the several selected factors, as follows: family trips, cinema, theatre shows, galleries and concerts attendance, family crafts, parental education, and parental reading behaviour. The sample was selected based on the age of the respondents and their school affiliation. Geographically the random sample was selected from the students of Nitra region in Slovakia. Although the data were collected about both parents of each student, the effect of mother’s reading behaviour appeared to have greater significance. Apparently, the number of books in the family library had some effect on reading behaviour of the children in the family, too. The results presented the importance of family environment in the process of reading behaviour development of the selected groups of students.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">612-626</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Margareta Engvall</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Joakim Samuelsson</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rickard Östergren</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE EFFECT ON STUDENTS’ ARITHMETIC SKILLS OF TEACHING TWO DIFFERENTLY STRUCTURED CALCULATION METHODS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">arithmetic skills</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">decomposition method</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">intervention study</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematics education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">traditional algorithm</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">written calculation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1587022257.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mastering traditional algorithms has formed mathematics teaching in primary education. Educational reforms have emphasized variation and creativity in teaching and using computational strategies. These changes have recently been criticized for lack of empirical support. This research examines the effect of teaching two differently structured written calculation methods on teaching arithmetic skills (addition) in grade 2 in Sweden with respect to students’ procedural, conceptual and factual knowledge. A total of 390 students (188 females, 179 males, gender not indicated for 23) were included. The students attended 20 classes in grade 2 and were randomly assigned to one of two methods. During the intervention, students who were taught and had practiced traditional algorithms developed their arithmetic skills significantly more than students who worked with the decomposition method with respect to procedural knowledge and factual knowledge. These results provided no evidence that the development of students' conceptual knowledge would benefit more from learning the decomposition method compared to traditional algorithm.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">167-195</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jongchan Park</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jinju Lee</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dongsik Kim</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE EFFECTS OF INDEXING PROMPTS ON PROBLEM-SOLVING IN CASE LIBRARY LEARNING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">argumentation skills</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">case library learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">case-based reasoning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">indexing prompts</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2537300</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Researchers have suggested that case library learning is an effective instructional method that promotes argumentation skills for ill-structured problem-solving. However, little research has examined scaffolding strategies to implement effective case library learning. The aim of this research was to examine the effects of indexing prompts as scaffolds on argumentation skills during problem-solving in case library learning. A quasi-experimental design was employed for the research. A total of 111 first-year students in a university across three sections in a career development course participated in the experiment. Participants were provided with three different indexing prompts: explanation-based indexing prompts (focused on self-explaining anomalies of individual cases), difference-based indexing prompts (focused on self-explaining similarities and differences between cases), and no prompts (allowing spontaneous self-explanations when studying cases). Learners’ argumentation essays comprising initial arguments, counterarguments, and rebuttals were collected. The results found that learners who were prompted to generate mental indices outperformed the learners in the control group when constructing argumentation. More specifically, explanation-based indices were beneficial in making counterarguments and rebuttals, and difference-based indices were helpful when making rebuttals. These findings suggest that indexing cases based on both exploration of the anomalies of each case and comparisons between cases improves argumentation by facilitating case retention, retrieval, and reuse. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">394-409</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1581495098.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page, Vol. 78, No. 1, 2020, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">132</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1596902937.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page, Vol. 78, No. 4, 2020</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">666</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1592833405.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page, Vol. 78, No. 3, 2020</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">465-468</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1600952222.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page, Vol. 78, No. 5, 2020</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">876</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">East Asia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1612881072.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PEC, Vol. 78, No. 6A, 2020
THEMATIC ISSUE ON “EDUCATIONAL CHALLENGES IN EAST ASIA”</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6A</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1142</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1607330369.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page, PEC, Vol. 78, No. 6, 2020</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1058</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1587022900.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page, PEC, Vol. 78, No. 2, 2020</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">304</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kamil Arif Kırkıç</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Büşra Demir</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EXAMINATION OF PRE-SCHOOL STUDENTS’ SELF-REGULATION SKILLS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">preschool students</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">preschool teacher</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">self-regulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">self-regulation skills</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1607329898.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Children should have some essential characteristics to follow primary school education. Pre-schools prepare children for the first years of primary school by teaching them to attain the necessary skills. The main aim of this study was to explore the self-regulation skill levels of 4-6 age group students attending pre-school education institutions, according to various demographic variables. In this survey, a descriptive research method, one of the quantitative research methods, was used. The population is 10336 students who attend the public preschool education institutions in Küçükçekmece, İstanbul, and the sample consists of 203 students. The ‘Personal Information Form’ and the Development of the Self-Regulation Skills Scale for 4-6 Years Old Children (Teacher Form) were used in the research to collect data. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and t-test were implemented to analyze the data. In terms of findings of the research, when teachers consider the self-regulation skills of 4-6 years old students as sub-dimensions, they stated that they had “mostly” obstructive control sub-dimension, “mostly” and “always” had sub-dimension of working memory. In general, it can be said that the children participating in the research mostly had self-regulation skills. Although significant differences existed between the self-regulation skills of preschool students in terms of gender, age, and class size, no significant difference was found according to whether the mothers working in a job or not.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">967-982</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dilek Sultan Acarlı</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hüseyin Abdurrahman Acarlı</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EXAMINATION OF STUDENTS’ ATTITUDES TOWARDS BIOLOGY AND BIOLOGY COURSE IN TERMS OF GENDER, GRADE LEVEL AND PET-KEEPING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">attitude towards biology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biology course</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pet-keeping behavior</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">secondary school students</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2537206</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biology course can be difficult for students at times as it includes a lot of concepts and a relatively intense content. At this point, students’ attitude towards biology and biology course is highly important because having developed a positive attitude would significantly affect behavior. In other words, those students who have developed a positive attitude towards biology and biology course are expected to be more interested in class, more enthusiastic for learning, and as a result more successful. In this research, the gender and grade level variables as well as the pet-keeping variable were examined. The effects of these variables on the attitudes of secondary school students towards biology and biology course were examined by MANOVA. The sample of the research, which was designed in a relational survey model, consisted of 1047 secondary school students. In the collection of data, “Secondary School Students’ Attitude towards Biology and Biology Course Scale” was used. It was concluded that students who keep a pet have a more affirmative attitude. It was determined that female students have a more affirmative attitude compared to male students and 9th graders have a more affirmative attitude compared to students in other grade levels. Finally, it has been discussed why female students', pet keeping students' and lower grade students' attitudes towards biology and biology course are more affirmative, and suggestions for increasing students' attitudes have been developed.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">328-341</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nermin Karabacak</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AN EXAMINATION OF SYRIAN STUDENTS’ EDUCATIONAL EXPERIENCES AT SCHOOL FROM THE REFLECTIONS OF TEACHERS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education experience</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">qualitative research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Syrian students</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher reflection</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Turkey</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1600951811.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Education is the most effective tool for enabling immigrants’ integration into the country they live in. The aim of this research is to determine teachers’ views related to the education of Syrian students attending state schools. By presenting them through the experiences of their teachers, this paper deals with how the educational experiences at school of Syrian children of school age are shaped in state schools. The research is planned with a qualitative approach as a case study design. The participants of the research were 34 teachers working in state schools and having Syrian students in their classes. The research data were collected via focus group interviews and semi-structured interviews in Rize, Turkey between the years 2017-2019. The data in the focus group and semi-structured interviews were supported by means of observations. The research findings reveal that the biggest problem in teachers’ opinions was the language problem and the communication and academic barriers resulting from this, that Syrian students suffered from depression and trauma because of war and migration, that they had a feeling of loneliness, and that nevertheless, they were happy at school. Therefore, this research reveals that teachers working with Syrian students are in need of vocational training and development consolidation in order to provide academic and psychological support for these students. Successfully addressing the educational needs of Syrian students in school will be especially beneficial for enabling Syrian children’s integration into society.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">754-776</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ayse Ceren Atmaca</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seyit Ahmet Kiray</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mustafa Hilmi Colakoglu</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AN EXAMINATION OF TEACHERS’ SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AWARENESS IN TERMS OF BRANCHES, GENDERS, AGES AND YEARS OF SERVICE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">descriptive research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sustainable development</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2537291</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sustainable development is an interdisciplinary structure that includes the dimensions of environment, economy and society. The aim of this research was to determine the sustainable development awareness of science, social studies and primary school teachers. The research designed with the survey approach was carried out with 2982 teachers working in different regions of Turkey in 2019. In the research, Sustainable Development Awareness Scale consisting of 3 sub-dimensions and 36 items developed by Atmaca, Kiray and Pehlivan (2019) was used. Significance level was taken as .05 in the analyses that examined the signification between the groups. As a result of the research, no significant difference was found between the teachers’ sustainable development awareness and their branches and years of service, while a significant difference was found between the teachers’ ages and gender and their sustainable development awareness scores.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">342-358</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Samson Onyeluka Chukwuedo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jane Nwakaego Egbri</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EXPLORING BUSINESS AND TECHNICAL EDUCATION UNIVERSITY LECTURERS’ WORK MOTIVATION, BASIC NEED SATISFACTION AND ENGAGEMENT RELATIONSHIP</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">basic need satisfaction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vocational education lecturers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">work engagement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">work motivation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1600951465.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The link between basic psychological needs satisfaction of employees and their engagement in other administrative organizations is relatively established. However, there is a paucity of research findings regarding this link in the educational organizations in general, and vocational education in particular. This research, therefore, determined the relations between work-related basic need satisfaction (WBNS), work engagement, and work motivation in aspects of vocational education. The participants were 299 business and technical education lecturers of the vocational education programme in Nigeria universities. The research utilized three scales, which were embedded in a questionnaire for data collection. The face and construct validity of the scales were established. Data analyses were performed with correlation, and regression of paths by applying 2000 re-samples bias-corrected (BC) bootstrapping method. The result revealed a significant positive WBNS-motivation, WBNS-engagement, and motivation-engagement relations. However, work motivation could not mediate the link in the research model.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">688-697</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mohamad Ariffin Abu Bakar</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Norulhuda Ismail</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EXPLORING STUDENTS’ METACOGNITIVE REGULATION SKILLS AND MATHEMATICS ACHIEVEMENT IN IMPLEMENTATION OF 21ST CENTURY LEARNING IN MALAYSIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21st-century learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">curriculum transformation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematics learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">metacognitive regulation skills</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">students’ achievement</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2537157</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21st-century learning is integral to the transformation of the curriculum in Malaysia with the transition from School Integrated Curriculum (SIC) to School Standard Curriculum (SSC) introduced around 2014. During this time, the implementation of 21st-century learning was acceptable and very rewarding. However, the impact of implementation on students' skills, abilities, potentials and achievements should be looked at to ensure that the new curriculum is stable and practical to continue. There is a need to discuss the level of metacognitive regulation skills and students’ achievement in line with the introduction and implementation of 21st-century learning in the context of the Malaysian curriculum. Therefore, this research was conducted to examine whether the implementation of 21st-century learning has an impact on metacognitive regulation skills and student achievement. This quantitative survey was conducted by 201 Form 2 students from four secondary schools in Pasir Gudang District, Johor, Malaysia. The results show that the level of students' metacognitive regulation skills and the level of achievement in mathematics is moderate. Correlation analysis also showed there was a significant correlation between metacognitive regulation skills and student achievement. The implications from this research suggest that stakeholders including ministries, curriculum developers, education departments and teachers need to take initiatives to strengthen and improve the reputation of curriculum transformation in line with the 21st-century learning era in producing quality education. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">314-327</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Katarzyna Potyrała</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A FEW REFLECTIONS ON CONTEMPORARY SCIENCE EDUCATION AND EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational tendencies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">natural environment</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1581494566.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Educational tendencies are certain regularities outlined in the development of ideas related to education and upbringing. They show some perspectives that can be predicted by describing models, planning research on future processes as well as taking preventive actions. Trends are more, than tendencies, related to the style of some types of research or their directions conditioned by social demand or the specificity of cultural changes at a given time and place.
	Contemporary science education tendencies are largely due to the globalization process, technology development, multiculturalism and human impact on the natural environment. The old slogans such as &quot;Live globally, act locally&quot;, &quot;Sustainable development in practice&quot; or &quot;Multicultural path to success&quot; still seem to be a big challenge. We see a number of problems that remain unsolved, and even grow, in the situation of rapid development of knowledge, social change and global climate issues.
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4-8</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mayumi Kanazawa</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FOSTERING AUTONOMOUS LANGUAGE LEARNERS AT A JAPANESE UNIVERSITY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">autonomous learners</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">language learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learner autonomy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learner independence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">self-study</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1612880853.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Autonomous learning is one of the most important factors in the field of language learning. Leaning a language demands a considerable amount of time and learners have to work inside and outside the classroom to develop their language skills. The present study explored ways of promoting autonomous learning skills in mixed-level of students of English at a Japanese university. The course syllabus, which employed various methods was developed in order to increase students’ autonomous learning skills and incorporate a self-study period during the semester. The students set their own goals, then planned, developed and followed strategies to achieve them. Learners also kept a weekly learning-log, culminating in a presentation and a written report about what they had done to achieve their goals, including self-evaluation. The results showed that the students recognized some improvements in their English learning skills, motivation and learning habits, including an increase in learning hours. In addition, the students gained confidence in their English learning. Further practical improvements are suggested for supporting students to become autonomous language learners.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6A</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1096-1106</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Indrek Kaldo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kandela Õun</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GENDER DIFFERENCES FAVOURING FEMALES IN LEARNING STRATEGIES IN MATHEMATICS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Learning Strategies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LIST-questionnaire</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematics education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematics related effect</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">university mathematics</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1596902655.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Most universities teach mathematics in the first year and the complexity of the subject demands also different levels of mathematics. Although students understand the reason why they need to learn mathematics, there are more than half of students struggling during the math classes. It is also interesting to compare male and female students` study habits and differences. The aim of this research is to report first-year Estonian university students’ views on mathematics by gender. The quantitative data were collected from 440 university students of different disciplines. The participants completed the LIST questionnaire what measures several aspects of learning strategies of mathematics conducted by factor analysis of 69 questions in 4-point Likert scale. In this research, in two of nine factors, females hold a more positive view of learning strategies than did male students. This research indicates which learning strategies in mathematics are preferred by males and females. Factors Organizing and Repeating were the factors in which we found statistically significant gender difference. Females showed more powerful organizing skills and had better repeating strategies than males. Females try to order the subject matter in a way that makes it easy for them to remember, they go over their notes and structure the most important points more than males. In all the other factors, statistical differences were found only in some questions.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">595-611</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wee-Ling Tan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mohd Ali Samsudin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mohd Erfy Ismail</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nur Jahan Ahmad</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GENDER DIFFERENCES IN STUDENTS’ ACHIEVEMENTS IN LEARNING CONCEPTS OF ELECTRICITY VIA STEAM INTEGRATED APPROACH UTILIZING SCRATCH </style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">electricity achievement level</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gender gap</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scratch</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STEAM integrated approach</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2537316</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The main aim of the presented research was to examine the interaction between student’s gender and achievements in learning concepts of electricity via STEAM integrated approach utilizing Scratch. This research was aimed to determine the gender disparity for lower-secondary school students in learning about the concepts of electricity. Quasi-experimental design involving male and female groups was used in this research. Students were required to utilize Scratch to design games and animated stories on electricity concepts. The Electricity Achievement Test (EAT) was administered for pre- and post-test. The findings proved that the STEAM integrated approach via Scratch could narrow the gap between male and female in learning concepts of electricity. The findings of ANCOVA indicated that the intervention had similar positive effects on male and female students' achievement in learning concepts of electricity. This research also provided a new method and an alternate connective framework for learning concepts of electricity via art and showed that both males and females were able to understand the topic of electricity, which reduced gender biases and disparity in the field of science.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">423-448</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">John G. Chaka</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Irene Govender</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IMPLEMENTATION OF MOBILE LEARNING USING A SOCIAL NETWORK PLATFORM: FACEBOOK</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational system</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Facebook</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mobile learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quantitative approach</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SEM</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1581494711.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This research set out to determine the use of a social networking platform, Facebook, as a medium for learning and teaching. Using a combination of the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) model, Information Systems (IS) success model and the educational use of Facebook theory, a conceptual framework was developed for implementation of mobile learning and teaching. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to determine a model for the implementation of mobile learning and teaching. A sample of 330 respondents was used in this research. The data were analysed using structural equation modelling. The aim was to determine to what extent mobile learning is acceptable to colleges of education in Nigeria. Lecturers from a federal college of education in Nigeria were used to test the implementation of mobile learning using Facebook as a medium of communication. Four courses were selected as part of the intervention programme. The research revealed that m-learning significantly improves the teaching and learning conditions in colleges of education, specifically by reducing the inadequacies of physical facilities, and by improving the reading culture and performance of students. The results further indicate that most of the stakeholders are satisfied with the benefits of m-learning and wish to continue using the Facebook and their mobile phones.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24-47</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herri Mulyono</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anggi Rizky Liestyana</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silih Warni</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gunawan Suryoputro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sri Kusuma Ningsih</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INDONESIAN STUDENTS’ ANXIETY TO WRITE IN ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE ACROSS GENDER AND EDUCATIONAL LEVELS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">foreign language (FL) learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">foreign language anxiety (FLA)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rasch model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">writing anxiety</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1587022688.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This survey explored the level and types of anxiety expressed by Indonesia students in writing in English as a foreign language anxiety across gender and educational levels. To this end, 221 foreign language (FL) students from three levels of educations, i.e. lower-secondary school, upper-secondary school and university, were surveyed on voluntary basis where they were asked to complete 22 items of a Second Language Writing Anxiety Inventory (SLWAI) questionnaire. Two statistical analyses, Rasch Analysis and ANOVA, were performed to examine the quantitative data. The findings showed that all students experienced writing anxiety in FL learning, many experiencing a moderate level of anxiety. Furthermore, students’ writing anxiety was not influenced by gender and educational levels. Indeed, students across all education levels reported experiencing somatic anxiety, avoidance behaviour and cognitive anxiety, with avoidance behaviour being the most common form of anxiety. In conclusion, it is recommended that helping students to develop a positive perception of their FL writing is crucial in addition to helping them develop their writing skills.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">249-262</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Robert   Podstawski</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Krzysztof Borysławski</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marta Zurawik</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alena Bukova</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bojan Masanovic</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ferenc Ihasz</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miloš Marković</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aneta Omelan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INFLUENCE OF ORGANISATIONAL FACTORS ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN EUROPEAN TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">European tertiary institutions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">higher education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">organisational factors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PE curriculum</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">physical education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">university college students (UCS)</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1607330264.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The purpose of higher education is to produce active and intellectually well-rounded individuals yet, the transition to higher education seems to have deleterious effects on university and college students’ (UCS) fitness levels and physical activity (PA). 
The aim of this quantitative research was to analyse the influences of organisational factors on the implementation of physical education (PE) among UCS in European tertiary institutions. A purposive sampling method was employed. Seven academic peers gathered information on characteristics of tertiary institutions, sport and leisure facilities, types and characteristics of PA programs available for UCS in 66 European tertiary institutions. 
The results suggested that the curricula requirements for PE in public tertiary institutions were similar to private establishments, with minor administrative variations. Public tertiary institutions had significantly higher number of PE hours and PE sessions per semester, PE minutes per academic hour, duration of PE session, number PE teachers and number of students per one PE teacher. Universities had significantly higher number of PE semesters, PE minutes per academic hour, and hired more PE teachers. The organizational differences between public and private institutions might be explained by a lack of clear guidelines regarding PE curricula in higher education across European countries, and greater autonomy of the private tertiary institutions. Moreover, PA programs in higher education adhere to minimum requirements of the syllabi, which restrict total amounts of PE among UCS. Thus, it is recommended PE classes should become obligatory, with extended hours, appropriately qualified teachers and improved financing.
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1027-1037</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kateřina Berková</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jana Borůvková</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dagmar Frendlovská</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pavel Krpálek</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">David Melas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LEARNING STYLE PREFERENCES OF UNIVERSITY AND COLLEGE STUDENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Czech tertiary education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">deep problem-based learning style</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning style</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">subject Marketing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">VARK model</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1596902254.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knowledge of the appropriate learning styles in which students approach the study supports the effectiveness of the teaching process. There is international research that explores the factors that influence student learning styles or students' preferences. The results of some research based on the similar methodologies are inconsistent. The aim of this research under the conditions of Czech tertiary education was to verify what factors students´ learning style preferences in the subject Marketing depend on. The method of questioning based on quantitative research was used. 132 students of University of Economics, Prague and of College of Polytechnics Jihlava were involved in the research. The questions were formulated in a way to be able to define the learning style and whether students were aware of their sensory preferences. The model was based on the VARK model and the learning style according to motivation and intent. A chi-square test of independence was used for verification. The preferences of a deep problem-based learning style prevail. Learning styles preferences depend on factors related to the practical preparation of the students and the difficulty of the subject.  </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">486-499</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sintha Sih Dewanti</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Badrun Kartowagiran</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jailani</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heri Retnawati</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LECTURERS' EXPERIENCE IN ASSESSING 21ST-CENTURY MATHEMATICS COMPETENCY IN INDONESIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21st-century mathematical competencies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">competency assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lecturers' experience in assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mathematics Education Study Program lecturers</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1596902323.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mathematics is one of the fields that has important role in the 21st-century thinking because mathematics involves the process of logical and systematic thinking to solve problems. This makes mathematical competencies need to be developed through learning and integrated into knowledge, skills, and attitudes. When learning has facilitated the development of 21st-century mathematical competencies, the assessment must also be able to photograph it. This research aimed to find out whether the lecturers of the Mathematics Education Study Program have conducted a 21st-century mathematics competency assessment. This research used a qualitative approach with the phenomenological method. The data were collected using in-depth interviews with each participant. The research participants were 20 lecturers from Mathematics Education Study Program who came from 12 provinces in Indonesia. Data analysis was performed by using the help of ATLAS.ti 8 software to analyze participants' transcripts and documentation, formulate important phrases or sentences, formulate meaning, bring themes up, and be integrated into in-depth descriptions of the phenomenon. The result showed that lecturers of the Mathematics Education Study Program have not focused on the 21st-century mathematics competency assessment. The assessment of each mathematical competency was only done globally and not carried out in detail about each of the competency indicators.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">500-515</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jefri Mailool</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heri Retnawati</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Samsul Arifin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ameliasari Tauresia Kesuma</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Himawan Putranta</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LECTURERS’ EXPERIENCES IN TEACHING SOFT SKILLS IN TEACHER PROFESSION EDUCATION PROGRAM (TPEP) IN INDONESIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pre-service teacher</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soft skills</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher profession education program (TPEP)</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1587022485.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Teacher Profession Education Program (hereafter abbreviated: TPEP) in Indonesia is a program designed to generate professional teachers. Every pre-service teacher must be equipped with adequate hard skills and soft skills before diving into a professional environment. This phenomenological research explored the lecturers' experiences in teaching soft skills to the students of TPEP. This research aims at getting a clear understanding of how soft skills teaching is implemented and what kinds of soft skills have been trained during TPEP. The data in this research were primarily collected through in-depth interviews conducted with 15 teaching lecturers from three universities that hold and organize the TPEP. Data analysis used analytic reduction which started from identifying important statements of the interview results, determining the core theme, and describing the essence of the entire experience. The results found that teaching soft skills with integrated/embedded models was used in the TPEP. Lecture, presentation, assignment, mentoring, and practice methods were used to train the TPEP students’ soft skills. While the soft skills that have been trained during the implementation of the TPEP consist of ethics, self-reliance, responsibility, patience, critical thinking skills, communication skills, teamwork, tolerance, and social skills. The future research is expected to develop a criteria-based on integrated soft skills assessment model that can be used to assess the achievement of the acquisition of teachers’ soft skills at the end of TPEP.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">215-234</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sandro Lucas Reis Costa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fabiele Cristiane Dias Broietti</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marinez Meneghello Passos</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE LEVELS AND NATURE OF PRE-SERVICE CHEMISTRY TEACHERS' REFLECTIONS IN A PUBLIC UNIVERSITY IN SOUTHERN BRAZIL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">autoscopy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reflection level</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reflection nature</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science teacher education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1587022183.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The development of teacher education focusing on reflective practice as well as the study of pre-service teacher reflections are educational concerns. This research seeks to categorize the levels and the nature of pre-service Chemistry teachers' reflections in a public university in Southern Brazil. For this, autoscopies of the pre-service teachers' microteachings were conducted in a supervised internship discipline. Data were collected through an open questionnaire and with the autoscopies of their microteachings. The analytical procedures were performed according to Content Analysis, from which the results show that the pre-service teachers engaged in three distinct levels of reflection: technical descriptions, deliberate reflections and critical reflections when thinking about their own microteaching experiences. By analysing the nature of the reflections, six categories emerged; reflections on: class planning; their teaching; the objectives; personal aspects; the autoscopy; and the students. The research results showed a low incidence of critical reflections, presenting the possible difficulty pre-service teachers had in this level of reflection. The Reflective Intervention proved to be useful for promoting reflections of the three levels of reflection, especially level 2 reflections, which consists of deliberate reflections. The results and analyses of this study contribute to the research in reflective teacher education in science, specifically in regards to a greater understanding of the levels and nature of pre-service teachers' reflections and the use of reflective interventions as an approach to promote critical and deliberate reflections in science teacher education.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">147-166</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Luciane F. Goes</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Keysy S. C. Nogueira</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carmen   Fernandez</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LIMITATIONS OF TEACHING AND LEARNING REDOX: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education proposals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning difficulties</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">redox reactions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">state of the art</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1600951544.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Redox reactions are considered one of the most difficult chemistry subjects to teach and learn. However, this is an important content that permeates several topics and includes many everyday life-related phenomena. To understand the teaching and learning difficulties of the ‘redox reactions’ topic, a systematic literature review was conducted. Initially, 318 articles were mapped, between the years 2000 to 2019, related to the teaching of redox reactions. The inventoried articles were analyzed to identify, in their results, the aforementioned difficulties. Only 54 presented difficulties related to teaching and learning redox reactions. To analyze these articles, the year of publication, the conceptual/procedural difficulties resulting from the study, the researched participants, and the strategies used throughout the data collection were adopted as categories. As a result, the main participants of the investigations were students. It was observed that the research studies favored bachelor degree as the level of education. Moreover, most of the analyzed studies mainly proposed experimentation as teaching strategy for teaching redox reactions. This study points to the need for continuing education courses for chemistry teachers to discuss emerging difficulties, in addition to proposing teaching strategies to remedy these difficulties.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">698-718</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hassan, Ul. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Akbar, R. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LOCUS OF CONTROL: TEACHERS’ NEGLECTED ATTRIBUTE TOWARDS STUDENTS’ ACHIEVEMENT SCORES IN FACING DIVERSE SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">locus of control</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social learning theory</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">socioeconomic status</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">students’ achievement scores</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teachers’ locus of control</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1587022849.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Irony of humans’ resiliencies to grasp life achievements has been remaining one of the important debates since long ago. Controversy prolongs when few report it destiny, whereas remaining claim individual’s endless effort. Origin of social learning theory stoppage caused entire debate and declared that teachers’ psychological attribute; locus of control is a key construct that actively affects students’ success / failure. Present research was conducted to explore the effect of teachers’ locus of control on students’ achievement scores in facing diverse socioeconomic status enrolled in public sector secondary schools of District Kasur; Punjab-Province. Researchers followed quantitative research adopting ex-post-facto design to investigate a burning dilemma on the sample of conveniently selected 1100 respondents. After ensuring ethical considerations from the respondents, researchers collected data from teachers through administering Rose and Medway (1981) Teacher Locus of Control Scale after obtaining unfettered and unrestricted permissions from the authors. Researchers obtained students’ achievement scores and their family socioeconomic status from parents, teachers and head teachers respectively. Researchers’ pilot tested scale on the sample of 100 respondents to confirm Cronbach’s Alpha reliability statistics is .850. Results of regression analysis reported that teachers’ locus of control has affected 66%, teachers’ demographic variables 84.30% and parental socioeconomic status have affected 74.70% of students’ achievement scores. Research recommends that Govt. provide in-service training to secondary school teachers on their neglected psychological attribute; locus of control that confirms worth-seeing importance in obtaining students’ achievement scores and grants monthly stipend to passed ninth grade students having 85% marks in annual examinations focusing their parental socioeconomic status.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">282-300</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jailani Jailani</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heri Retnawati</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nidya F. Wulandari</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hasan Djidu</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MATHEMATICAL LITERACY PROFICIENCY DEVELOPMENT BASED ON CONTENT, CONTEXT, AND PROCESS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">domains based on PISA study</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematics literacy proficiency development</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Febrary/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1581494927.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The literacy proficiency development is one of concerns in education generally, so is in mathematics education as well. The growth of literacy proficiency is one of the issues in education, because it is very important to problem solving skills in students' real life. This research aimed to describe the growth of lower secondary school and upper secondary school students’ mathematical literacy proficiency in Yogyakarta Special Region province, Indonesia. Three mathematical literacy proficiency aspects were examined in the research, namely content, process and context. It was an exploratory descriptive research with cross-sectional type research design. The population was 1,001 lower secondary school and upper-secondary school students ranging between 13 and 16 years old. They were selected using the combination of stratified and the cluster random sampling technique. A test consisting of 30 items, was adopted from the existing PISA test items used to collect the data in the research. The main data analysis was conducted by estimating students’ ability through the item-response theory approach. The results showed that the mathematical literacy proficiency of the students based on content, context, and process was still low. In the content and context domain, there was progress from 8th grade to 9th, from 9th grade to 10th grade. In the process domain, the development of students' abilities on formulate showed relatively the same results for 8th, 9th, and 10th were around 500, and in the employ and interpret process domain, there was a development of abilities from 8th to 9th, and from 9th to 10th grade. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80-101</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stanislav Podolyanchuk</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MONITORING OF FACULTIES AND DEPARTMENTS RESEARCH ACTIVITY AS A COMPONENT OF UNIVERSITY MANAGEMENT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">expert evaluation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">monitoring system</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">research activity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">research evaluation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">university management</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1607330105.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research is an essential part of university activity. The evaluation of research activities is not only of scientific, but also of practical interest. Currently, however, the research evaluation is used primarily either for the analysis of the activities of a university as a whole or for tackling specific tasks, usually related to the financing of research projects. The use of monitoring systems for research activities as part of the internal university management has not been sufficiently studied. Therefore, the purpose of the research, which was conducted at Vinnytsia Mykhailo Kotsiubynskyi State Pedagogical University (Ukraine) over the course of 5 years, was to identify and critically evaluate the main practical applications of such monitoring in management activities. The monitoring system was created through the use of expert evaluation method. Information was collected with mandatory input control. The results of monitoring can be used for creating an information database, performing comparative analysis, making evaluation of research activities of a university as a whole and implementing the control function. Analysis of the research evaluation proved its positive impact on the advancement of science at the university. Based on the obtained results it is possible to solve organizational, financial and professional issues, make important management decisions. At the same time, it is necessary to consider the risks that may arise during the practical implementation. Emphasized is the universal character of proposed directions that can be used in the management of various universities.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1014-1026</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Renata Texeira Gomes de Freitas</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Camila Aparecida Tolentino Cicuto</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maurícius Selvero Pazinato</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MOTIVATION TO LEARN NATURAL SCIENCES IN THE CONTEXT OF A TRAINING OF TEACHERS COURSE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">career motivation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">motivation for grades</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">motivational factors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">self-efficacy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">students self-determination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2537293</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The present research verified the role motivational factors play in the learning process, using an undergraduate Natural Sciences course. The overall aim was to evaluate the motivation of these students, determine if motivation varied with the number of years of university attended and identify which motivational factors influence the learning of Natural Sciences. In total, 73 students, during different course offerings from 2012 to 2017, participated in the research, which corresponded to 56.5% of the total enrollment from that time frame. A questionnaire, which was organized into two parts, was employed for data collection, and scored using the Likert scale. In the first part, the following motivational factors were assessed: intrinsic motivation, self-determination, career motivation, self-efficacy and grade motivation. In the second part, the teaching strategies and activities utilized during the course were evaluated with regards to their motivational character. It was found that a majority of students were motivated and that the level of motivation increased throughout the course, being driven by intrinsic factors, that indicated that the students were trying harder to learn scientific concepts, rather than seeking approval and rewards. Furthermore, it was found that participation in projects was the most motivational activity, followed by the academic week and internships. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">359-370</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Luciana Castellani</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Luiz Fernando Quintanilha</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maria Belen Arriaga</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lourdes Lima, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bruno Bezerril Andrade</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OBJECTIVE STRUCTURED CLINICAL EXAMINATION (OSCE) AS A RELIABLE EVALUATION STRATEGY: EVIDENCE FROM A BRAZILIAN MEDICAL SCHOOL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational measurements</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">higher education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">medical education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">objective structured clinical examination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1600951390.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The new curriculum of medical schools has brought the need to develop a professional committed to ethics, capable of understanding the role of social factors, the insertion of the individual into the family and their role in promoting health. These skills and the use of new methodologies in teaching-learning process have demonstrated that the traditional performance assessment methods are limited in holistically evaluating the student. This study analyzed the correlation among different methods for evaluating competencies in medical internship students and Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE). A cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study was performed among 5th year medical students at Pediatric, Surgery, Medical Clinic, Family and Community Medicine and Gynecology and Obstetrics. Grades of each student obtained through different evaluations (theoretical test, conceptual evaluation and test skills) at the end of each rotation were correlated with the individual results from OSCE. In regard to correlations with the OSCE score values, it was found a weak to moderate positive and statistically significant relationship with the global cognitive score (r= .22, p&lt; .001), global abilities score (r= .26, p&lt; .001) and with the global behavioral score (r= .38, p&lt; .001). The students' performance in the various assessments of performance evaluated here was positively correlated to their performance on OSCE. Furthermore, the organization of an OSCE-type assessment prepared in multiple, committed and competent hands may serve as a unique assessment and, in fact, assess the development of clinical skills for future doctors.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">674-687</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dagnija  Cedere</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rita Birzina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tamara Pigozne</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elena Vasilevskaya</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PERCEPTIONS OF TODAY’S YOUNG GENERATION ABOUT MEANINGFUL LEARNING OF STEM</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">meaningful learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STEM education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching/learning methods</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">today’s new generation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1607329642.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The necessity of STEM knowledge is being more widely acknowledged as the priority in the development of education; however, students lack sufficient knowledge and interest in the acquisition of STEM subjects. Therefore, more attention should be paid to the teaching and learning methods that would correspond to the contemporary young generation and that would facilitate meaningful learning of modern students. Performing the survey of 256 students in Grades 10 – 12 of Latvia, students’ perceptions on how they understand and interpret their STEM learning and methods used by teachers have been explored. The questionnaire in the QuestionPro e-environment was designed according to the criteria describing meaningful learning considering the peculiarities of the young generation. Respondents’ answers were analyzed with the help of the SPSS program, using the methods of non-parametric statistics. Many representatives of the young generation tend to avoid difficulties which confirms a typical feature of this generation – to achieve an immediate result easily and quickly. These students also have a weaker understanding about the importance of STEM that testifies the lack of the learning motivation. The majority of students consider that it is necessary to acquire STEM only at school, failing to connect it with the everyday life. The study describes the national context, yet the presented trends could be significant also on the international level for understanding meaningful learning of STEM.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">920-932</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silvia Rogošić</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ana Maskalan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomislav Krznar</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PRESCHOOL TEACHERS’ ATTITUDES TOWARDS CHILDREN’S GENDER ROLES: THE EFFECTS OF SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS AND PERSONAL EXPERIENCES OF GENDER DISCRIMINATION </style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">children’s gender roles</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gender equality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">preschool education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">preschool teachers’ attitudes</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2537307</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In line with the theory of planned behaviour, different factors influencing the formation of attitudes and beliefs indirectly affect the intentions that determine an individual’s behaviour. Hence, it is important to examine the factors affecting the attitudes of preschool teachers towards children’s gender roles considering that their own understanding of gender roles influences their behaviour towards children in kindergarten (which can be in agreement with the egalitarian or stereotypical attitudes of preschool teachers). Therefore, a quantitative research was conducted in Zagreb (Croatia) on a sample of 481 preschool teachers. The research was aimed at determining the effects of socio-demographic characteristics, religious (non)affiliation and personal experiences of gender discrimination during childhood on the attitudes of preschool teachers towards children’s gender roles and on the frequency of noticing unequal treatment of boys and girls in kindergarten by other preschool teachers. The findings revealed that preschool teachers who have identified themselves as non-religious or religiously non-affiliated who were brought up in larger cities, with a personal experience of gender discrimination in childhood, more frequently notice unequal treatment of boys and girls in kindergarten (by other preschool teachers). Among the mentioned variables, the strongest effect on noticing unequal treatment of boys and girls in kindergarten has the variable experience of gender discrimination during childhood which confirms greater awareness of gender discrimination among persons who experienced such discrimination. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">410-422</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chipo Makamure</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PRE-SERVICE TEACHERS’ PRIOR EXPECTATIONS AND THEIR ACTUAL EXPERIENCES OF TEACHING MATHEMATICS DURING PEDAGOGICAL INTERNSHIP IN ZIMBABWE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">expectations of teaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">field experiences</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematics knowledge</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pedagogical internship (PI)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pre-service teachers (PSTs)</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1607329968.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pedagogical internship (PI) is an important component of teacher training programmes in Zimbabwe. It is envisaged to give student teachers experience in the classroom. However, the variation between the theoretical expectations of pre-service teachers (PST) and their actual experiences in the field has been a relational lacuna in academic research in Zimbabwe. This research sought to address this by presenting data on the relation between college PSTs’ expectations about teaching mathematics and their actual experiences during PI in Zimbabwe. The study shares findings from a mixed methods study that employed two questionnaires completed by 120 PST before and during PI respectively, and a third questionnaire administered to school-based mentors. The researcher also conducted in-depth interviews with a few selected PSTs and teacher educators to elicit their views about the PSTs’ practices. The results show that there is, indeed, a conflictual relationship between the PSTs’ expectations of teaching mathematics and their experiences in the classroom. PSTs showed a consistent anticipation that they would sail through PI without many difficulties, but this expectancy turned out to be idealistic and impractical. The research also established that PSTs’ expectations about teaching mathematics prior to PI can influence their field practices, hence, determining their opportunities to learn to teach the subject. It is recommended that teacher training institutions organize programmes for PSTs before PI to prepare and acquaint them fully with the skills that are needed to face challenges of teaching that may otherwise come as a shock during PI.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">983-999</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bing Jia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dan He</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zhemin Zhu</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">QUALITY AND FEATURE OF MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS IN EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">higher education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">item evaluation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">item response theory</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multiple-choice test</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">secondary education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1596902595.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The quality of multiple-choice questions (MCQs) as well as the student's solve behavior in MCQs are educational concerns. MCQs cover wide educational content and can be immediately and accurately scored. However, many studies have found some flawed items in this exam type, thereby possibly resulting in misleading insights into students’ performance and affecting important decisions. This research sought to determine the characteristics of MCQs and factors that may affect the quality of MCQs by using item response theory (IRT) to evaluate data. For this, four samples of different sizes from US and China in secondary and higher education were chosen. Item difficulty and discrimination were determined using item response theory statistical item analysis models. Results were as follows. First, only a few guessing behaviors are included in MCQ exams because all data fit the two-parameter logistic model better than the three-parameter logistic model. Second, the quality of MCQs depended more on the degree of training of examiners and less on middle or higher education levels. Lastly, MCQs must be evaluated to ensure that high-quality items can be used as bases of inference in middle and higher education.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">576-594</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ludvík Eger</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michaela Prášilová</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE RELATION BETWEEN SCHOOL CULTURE SUB-CATEGORIES AND EXPECTED RESULTS OF LEARNING PROCESS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">culture gaps</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school culture</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school culture inventory</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">shaping school culture</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1581494788.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The aim of the research was to find out what factors of school culture affect the expected results of teaching and learning processes in basic schools. The research evaluated current and desired school culture in selected basic schools to identify culture gaps. Research using School Culture Inventory explored relations among selected sub-categories, namely between the sub-categories focused on shared objectives, trust in school leadership, and on managerial approach and the important sub-categories focused on innovation process and expected results of teaching and learning processes. The independent evaluators were final year students of the Faculties of Education from two universities in the Czech Republic who assessed schools after one month of their position at the selected schools (the research sample included 182 basic schools). The findings provided the evidence of current culture gaps and of a positive association between higher positive evaluations in the sub-category leadership and management and the sub-category expected results of teaching and learning processes. The results brought by the research will help school leaders when they plan to shape or change the culture of the schools they manage.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">48-60</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saša A. Horvat</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE ROLE OF COMPLEXITY IN TEACHING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chemical education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">complex relationship</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">modern teaching process</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quantitative problems</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1607329369.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Why complex problems are important in the modern teaching process? How to determine how complex a task or content is? The key to complexity lies in the origin of life. With the increase in complexity, from simple compounds, complex compounds were formed and from complex compounds life was formed. It is the same in teaching, by solving simple problems basic concepts are formed, and the growing complexity of the problem leads to the formation of knowledge. But as all started from simple and later everything got more complex in Praoceaa, can it be determined what the complex task is made of? What are the conditions that influenced the formation of life on Earth, what are the conditions that affect how the student experiences the complexity of the problem task? Does the assessment of a task have to take into account the subjective component or characteristics of the problem solver? Is there a difference between the complexity and difficulty of the problem? </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">881-883</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE PREPARATION: METHODOLOGY DESCRIPTION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">analytical reading</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">scientific (academic) writing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">scientific community</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1587022083.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scientific (academic) writing is continuous activity of every scientist (researcher), and therefore needs to be regularly advanced. Thus, it should be wrong to assume that writing proficiency is achieved once and for all. The skills of academic writing are essential for the independent acquisition of scientific knowledge and for disseminating the acquired information, i.e. sharing knowledge with others. On these grounds, it is worth remembering that a fully completed research paper, the clear results of the conducted research and specific and valid conclusions act as prerequisites for writing a good scientific article etc. Another trivial but important point is that writing an article (or other research paper) is barely a study itself, but only the presentation, dissemination and publicity of the findings. Consequently, even properly carried out research (exploration, examination etc.) and the obtained significant results may fail to be appropriately presented, and the importance of the produced results may simply ‘disappear’ in a poor description.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">136-146</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nyet   Moi Siew</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Norjanah Ambo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE SCIENTIFIC CREATIVITY OF FIFTH GRADERS IN A STEM PROJECT-BASED COOPERATIVE LEARNING APPROACH</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cooperative learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">project-based learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">scientific creativity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STEM</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">trait dimension</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1596902782.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This research aimed to examine the effects of an integrated STEM project-based with cooperative learning (STEM-PjBCL) approach on fifth graders’ five sub-scales of trait dimension in scientific creativity. A quasi-experimental pre-test and post-test non-equivalent control group design was employed. A total of 360 fifth graders from four randomly selected primary schools were chosen as sample and assigned to STEM-PjBCL (n=120), PjBL (n=120), and Conventional (CV) (n=120) instructional methods. The Figural Scientific Creativity Test was used as the pre-test and post-test. Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) was performed on the post-test scores with pre-test scores as the covariates to examine whether a significant difference existed across the three methods. The results showed that fifth graders taught with the STEM-PjBCL method significantly outperformed their counterparts in the PjBL and CV method in Fluency, Originality, Elaboration, Abstractness of title, and Resistance to premature closure. However, fifth graders taught in the PjBL method did not significantly outperform their counterparts in the CV method in the five sub-scales of scientific creativity. Large effect sizes were obtained for comparing STEM-PjBCL with the PjBL and CV method. The results suggest that the STEM-PjBCL method produces a significant beneficial effect on promoting the five sub-scales of trait dimension of scientific creativity among fifth graders.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">627-643</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ngoc Hai Tran</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thang Dinh Truong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hong-Van Thi Dinh</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Le-Hang Thi Do</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tu-Anh Thi Tran</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mai-Huong Thi Phan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SIGNIFICANCE OF TEACHER PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN RESPONSE TO THE CURRENT GENERAL EDUCATION REFORMS IN VIETNAM: PERCEPTIONS OF SCHOOL PRINCIPALS AND TEACHERS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education reforms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">qualitative case-study</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher professional development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vietnamese K12 school</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2537326</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teacher professional development (TPD) plays a vital role in enhancing student achievement and the education quality improvement at general education schools. Vietnam is carrying out the general education reforms including the curriculum, teaching methodology and textbook replacement. In order to make those reforms succeed, a lot of things have been done so far in which TPD is considered a key measure. This qualitative case-study research aimed to find out the perceptions of principals and the teachers in three selected K12 schools on TPD in response to the education reforms implementation in Vietnam using the data from the open-ended interviews with the principals, the questionnaires from teachers, and the school policy-related documents. The importance of TPD related closely to the general education reforms implementation at three schools was highly perceived and highly appreciated by the principals and teachers in similar vein. These made a strong link between their beliefs and TPD practices at their schools for promoting the education reforms. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">449-464</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morris III, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SOCIAL SUPPORT AMONG MALE UNDERGRADUATES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">academic achievement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">male undergraduates</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social support</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">systematic review</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">technology use</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1587022611.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Although researchers have conducted multiple studies on social support among male undergraduates, a gap was identified in the lack of systematic reviews of literature synthesizing their findings. The purpose in this systematic review was to obtain an understanding of recent findings on social support among male undergraduates. To identify relevant literature, a search strategy was developed consisting of six criteria for inclusion, which yielded a total of 30 studies from multiple databases. Findings showed an overall positive impact of social support on psychological outcomes, academic achievement, and technology use among male undergraduates. The findings also revealed a diverse range of sources of social support as well as variations based on gender. In addition to addressing the identified gap in the research, findings from the review may help teachers, educational policymakers, educators, and scholars identify relevant patterns that could be used to note important dimensions within which possible interventions could be introduced to promote desired outcomes.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">235-248</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quan-Hoang Vuong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Minh-Trang Do</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thi-Van-Anh Pham</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thi-An Do</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phuong-Thuc Doan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anh-Duc Hoang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thu-Hang Ta</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quynh-Anh Le</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hiep-Hung Pham</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE STATUS OF EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES IN VIETNAM: A BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS FROM CLARIVATE WEB OF SCIENCE DATABASE BETWEEN 1991 AND 2018</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">academic database</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliometrics analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clarivate WOS</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational sciences</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">international publishing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vietnam</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1596902896.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Since 2013, Vietnam has implemented a plan to reform the whole education sector. However, there is little understanding on the status of educational research in Vietnam, which may lay the foundation for such plan. Thus, this research aims to analyze the whole picture of educational research from Vietnam, as seen from the Clarivate Web of Science (WOS) database: 215 publications were recorded, ranging from 1991 to 2018. These 215 publications were further analyzed from five perspectives: 1) number of publications by year; 2) research fields and levels of education; 3) top institutions with the highest number of publications; 4) international collaboration; and 5) quality. Some of the most notable results are: 1) the educational sciences in Vietnam have been still under-developed until recently; 2) among different research topics  research among educational sciences, some (e.g., Vocational Education and Training or Early Childhood Education) seemed to be overlooked whereas others (e.g., Higher Education and Teaching and Learning) seemed to receive more attention from educational scholars; 3) all the most major education – specialized universities did not appear among the top five institutions with highest number of publications; 4) Australia, Thailand, the USA, New Zealand and China were the countries with the highest number of co-publications with Vietnamese researchers; and 5) The majority of publications belonged to low-ranked journals. Implications would be withdrawn for Vietnamese policymakers, education leaders, educational researchers and teachers in order to adjust their policies and/or action plans; thus, enhancing the performance and impacts of educational research in the future.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">644-662</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kateřina Berková</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kristýna Krejčová</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jaromír Novák</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STUDENTS' ATTITUDES TO SELECTED SUBJECTS IN SECONDARY ECONOMIC EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">economic education; students’ attitudes; motivation in economic school subjects; school subject popularity; school subject difficulty</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1581494639.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Students’ motivation is one of the key factors that determine  their school success. It is closely linked to their attitudes toward individual school subjects. This research analyzes four crucial dimensions of students’ subject-related attitudes (practical importance, difficulty, popularity and curriculum contents attractiveness) in the secondary economic education in the Czech Republic and Slovakia in the international context. The research focused on the four dimensions of students’ attitudes (n = 573) toward four major school subjects (economics, accounting, mathematics and the mother tongue) at business academies. It analyzes the data from the questionnaires using the Spearman Correlation Coefficient, the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test and the modification of Tukey’s method for multiple comparisons. The results show that the popularity of a school subject significantly correlates with its curriculum contents attractiveness and practical importance. However, the difficulty of school subjects did not influence their popularity in a negative way, which opens several questions for further research in the area.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9-23</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Godwin Mumhure</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Loyiso C. Jita</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Godsend T. Chimbi</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SUBJECT PANELS AS SUSTAINABLE INNOVATION FOR TEACHER PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">history subject panels/clusters</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">qualitative case study</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">student learning communities</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sustainable innovation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher induction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher professional development</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1600951961.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">For centuries, teacher professional development has largely been done by external experts who advise teachers on how to improve classroom practice and learner performance. This research explores a relatively unchartered idea of history subject panels/clusters as an innovation meant to break away from orthodox teacher professional development spearheaded by external experts. The research adopts a qualitative case study design. One history subject panel was case studied to examine how teachers initiated and sustained improvements in classroom practice and learner performance. Eight history teachers, who were active participants in the panel, were purposively sampled out of 25 teachers who constituted the history subject panel. Data were gathered through semi-structured interviews, document analysis and focus group discussion. Symbolic interactionism was used as the theoretical lens to gain deeper insights into how teachers socialised and shared ideas in the subject panel. Results indicated that the history subject panel was involved in the induction of new history teachers into the profession and the creation of learning communities for history students; practices hitherto undocumented in existing literature on subject panels and teacher networks. Results also showed that the activities of the history subject panel improved teachers’ classroom practice. The implications of this research are that teacher-led subject panels need to be nurtured and supported so that teacher-driven continuous professional development can be enacted across all the subjects offered in the school curriculum. Subject panels can reduce schools’ dependency on external experts for teacher professional development, making teachers the proverbial doctors who can heal themselves.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">799-814</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Balli Lelinge</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Christina Svensson</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TEACHERS’ AWARENESS AND UNDERSTANDING OF STUDENTS’ CONTENT KNOWLEDGE OF GEOMETRIC SHAPES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">early mathematics education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">geometric shapes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lesson study</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">practice-based professional development</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1600951875.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Few research studies have been conducted in a primary school in early mathematical education about the teaching of geometry. This research aims to contribute with knowledge of how teachers’ awareness and understanding of necessary conditions to enhance students’ abilities to discern two- and three-dimensional shapes develop. In this research, qualitative methods were used to analyse data from a lesson study in grade 4 in the subject of mathematics. Data were primarily collected through audio-recorded conversations with teachers before and after the lesson, and the results of students’ pre- and post-test. The results of this research showed increased awareness of using collaboration opportunities to apply professional classroom instructions and activities to enhance students’ knowledge of two- and three-dimensional shapes. This research elucidates how the practice-based professional development approach emphasised the teachers’ teaching targets for understanding students’ content knowledge of geometric shapes. Additionally, the result highlighted teachers’ awareness and understanding of the challenges students face in learning about three-dimensional shapes from two-dimensional representations. Future research should develop a more iterative and revised research lesson design to develop more powerful content knowledge and classroom activity in this topic area.   </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">777-798</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chiu-Hua Huang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fin-Land Cheng</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ching-Yueh Teng</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TEACHING PRACTICES: INTEGRATING POSITIVE THINKING IN PICTURE BOOK CREATION FOR ECONOMICALLY DISADVANTAGED CHILDREN</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">case study</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">economically disadvantaged children</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hope theory</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">picture books</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">preschool children</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1612880790.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The present study created picture books featuring elements of hope theory and conducted a practical teaching program to explore the application of hopeful thinking picture books for economically disadvantaged children, specifically, to understand the teachers’ teaching practices of picture book creation. On the basis of hope theory, the current study employed economic disadvantage as the creative background for designing picture books that incorporate elements of hopeful thinking and developed a teaching plan based on the picture books. The results indicated that the picture books had a solid theoretical foundation of hope, and were relevant to preschool children’s real experiences and development. Through teachers’ storytelling and discussion of the story content, children could express ideas based on their own experiences, set specific goals, and devised feasible methods for handling adversity to achieve goals. Therefore, the picture books were considered suitable for classroom teaching. In addition, expert teachers serving as coaches conducted classroom observations and teaching evaluations to explore how effectively positive thinking was integrated into the picture books and teaching activities, and to assess the guidance of children in using positive thinking strategies during story discussion. Through professional assessment, feedback, and teacher self-reflection, hope theory can be effectively applied for picture book creation. The picture book The Piggy’s Home created in this study can help teachers guide economically disadvantaged children in thinking positively, and teachers can refine the guidance process.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6A</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1081-1095</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hassan, Ul. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Akbar, R. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TECHNOLOGICAL LITERACY: TEACHERS’ PROGRESSIVE APPROACH USED FOR 21ST CENTURY STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC SUCCESS IN VIBRANT ENVIRONMENT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">digital citizenship</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">students’ achievement scores</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">technological concepts</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">technological literacy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vibrant environment</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1601053384.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Technology plants concrete effects on the supremacy of humans' technological success that have been remaining awe-inspiring aspects for stakeholders; teachers and students since last eras. Teachers make students technologically literate, reshape their hidden potential, skill them through modern gadgets, help in understanding and evaluating their functions applying technological and engineering standards for goal achievements. Present research was conducted to explore the effect of teachers’ technological literacy on students’ academic success occurs in vibrant environment on conveniently selected sample of 200 teachers working in public and private universities of district Lahore. Researchers administered a self-developed survey to collect data from teachers. Content validity of questionnaire was ensured from experts and reliability was confirmed by calculating Cronbach’s Alpha Scores .821. Normality of the data was assured by calculating Shapiro-Wilk’s test, ¬ n &lt; 2000, p &gt; .05. Students’ academic success was measured through acquiring achievement scores, obtained from concerned university offices ensuring ethical considerations, as in data collections. Results of independent samples t-test and regression analysis ascertained no significant difference between usage of technological literacy by teachers’ gender and university type; male teachers working in public and private universities have same usage of technological literacy as compared to female teachers. Moreover, teachers’ technological literacy affect 43% on students’ academic success occurs in vibrant learning environment. On the basis of results, research recommends that universities may established digital lab ensuring vibrant environment and hire technologically literate staff providing fringe benefits to meet 21st century technological literacy demands for students’ success.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">734-753</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rodolfo García Galván</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Juan Carlos Rodríguez Macías</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alicia Alelí Chaparro Caso López</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TOWARD A MODEL OF UNIVERSITY-REGIONAL SURROUNDINGS COLLABORATION IN MEXICO, AND SURELY LATIN AMERICA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">collaboration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">deductive content analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">documentary review</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">regional impact</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1596902393.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study aimed to examine the institutional and organizational characteristics of Mexican state public universities’ outreach with the surrounding area, by identifying and comparing best practices to design a new model for collaboration with the environment. The central question was: “What are the regulatory foundations for the planning and educational philosophies that underpin the outreach approaches of public universities in Mexico?” In methodological terms, this research was of a qualitative nature, and used institutional documents as its main data. It was a documentary review of regulations, planning documents, educational models, and organizational structure of the nine universities considered. Qualitative evidence was collected through deductive content analysis, on the basis of preconceived theoretical and conceptual precepts that guide the search for and analysis of documentary information.
One key finding was that the regulations of the institutions examined did acknowledge the importance of strengthening ties between the university and the regional surroundings but were ambiguous in their definition of collaborative activities. In most universities, outreach was seen as a support for teaching and research, and its importance was not acknowledged. This is why it is necessary for universities to make promoting economic and social development a substantive function, to be reflected in specific regulations for outreach. Similarly, greater visibility is needed in organizational structures to position outreach within universities’ roles and activities. 
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">516-532</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beatrice Ngulube</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">UNDERGRADUATE ECONOMICS CURRICULUM AND EMPLOYABILITY SKILLS IN SOUTH AFRICA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">content analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">employability skills</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">undergraduate curriculum</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1607330036.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Graduates with employability skills are considered as assets by employers because they are dynamic and adapt easily to today’s work environment. Thus, higher education globally is under pressure to produce graduates who are employable and able to continue learning and remain employed. This study examined the extent to which the undergraduate economics curriculum in South Africa equips economics graduates with employability skills. This was achieved through a qualitative approach using a content analysis design. Data analysed from advertisements extracted from the Sunday Times for four consecutive years and data from six undergraduate economics study guides indicated that there was a disjuncture between undergraduate economics skills and those required by the industry. The analysed study guides only cover about 29.4 % of the needed skills in the labour market. It is imperative for higher education institutions to produce employable graduates because evidence demonstrates that employers today do not hire employees solely based on academic qualifications. Recommendations are that there should be an alignment between employability skills required in the labour market and those offered by the academic institutions. Curricula and pedagogy should also be adjusted to enhance graduate skills outcomes.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1000-1013</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yurii  Pelekh</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">URGENT ISSUES AND MODERN CHALLENGES OF HIGHER EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dynamic changes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational paradigms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">higher education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1600951237.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modern society, which is experiencing dynamic changes due to the new global challenges, is definitely looking for solutions in science and education. The life of many generations has proved that no matter what problems humanity faces, their solution requires intellectual effort, a scientific approach and a quality education system as one of the most effective means of disseminating ideas, knowledge and values.
At the same time, such a situation always leads to the thorough attention to the phenomenon of education, in particular higher education. Great expectations and hopes cause significant demands and fundamental tasks that the society puts forward to the academic community. Satisfaction of these requirements and the solution of such tasks is probably not possible without self-analysis and self-reflection, without identifying those problems that inhibit the development of education itself, decrease its functionality, and discredit its status as the spiritual basis of social life. Therefore, we will further try to formulate our vision of current issues and current challenges in higher education.
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">671-673</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gabriel Gorghiu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costin   Pribeanu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Violeta Slekiene</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">USEFULNESS OF MOBILE TEACHING AND LEARNING AS PERCEIVED BY ROMANIAN AND LITHUANIAN SCIENCE TEACHERS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational usefulness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning motivation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mobile learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mobile teaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pilot research</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1600951632.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">With the explosion of mobile technologies, mobile teaching and learning became an important educational challenge. Since both teachers and students are increasingly using mobile devices in their everyday life, the question is why so little progress has been made in this direction. Clearly, the initiative of introducing mobile technology in class should come from teachers. Existing research shows a large diversity of factors that are influencing their perception as regards the usefulness and opportunity of mobile teaching and learning. This research aims to understand the extent to which the expectancy of increased students’ motivation and better understanding are influencing the perception of mobile teaching usefulness. A structural model has been developed and tested on two samples of science education teachers, one from Romania and the other from Lithuania. The results show that the expectancy of a better understanding of lessons by students has an important effect on the teachers’ perception of mobile teaching and learning.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">719-733</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agnaldo Arroio</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE VALUE OF EDUCATION IN THE CONTEXT OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Covid-19</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">infected people</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">remote education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">World Health Organization</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2537141</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">On March 24 of this year 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported that the United States had the potential to become the new epicenter of the coronavirus pandemic, due to the data presented that infected more than 42,000 people in the United States at that time. President Donald Trump dismissed the seriousness of the growing threat of the virus. He trivialized the emergency by saying it was a &quot;farce&quot; from his political rivals.
Today, May 23, according to the data from the Coronavirus Resource Center at Johns Hopkins University, there are more than 5 million confirmed victims in the world and of these more than 1,6 million in the United States alone, with more than 98 thousand deaths.
Director Michael Ryan of the World Health Organization (WHO) emergency program announced on May 22 that South America has become the new epicenter of covid-19 in the world, considering data from Brazil. He said, &quot;We have seen many South American countries with an increase in the number of cases and, clearly, there is concern in many of these countries, but certainly the most affected is Brazil at the moment&quot;.
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">309-313</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">WRITING A SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE: DESCRIBING RESULTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">research results</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reviewer-author communication</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">scientific writing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">visualizing results</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1596902185.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The presentation of research results is definitely an important part of any scientific article. On the one hand, the findings of the conducted research should be explained in as much detail as possible, whereas on the other, the obtained results must be clear, understandable and relevant. The previous editorials analysed the elements of a scientific article such as the title and summary (Lamanauskas, 2019a), introduction (Lamanauskas, 2019b) and the description of methodology (Lamanauskas, 2020). This editorial briefly discusses the optimal presentation of research results treated as one of the most interesting stages in preparing a scientific article and requires effort, intensive work and creativity. Alternatively, both methodology and research results (empirical research in particular) are considered the most important parts of a manuscript (Fox &amp; Jennings, 2014). As expected, many important points related to the description of research results are given in APA 7th. ed. (2019), and therefore are not intended to be discussed in detail. Although APA standards are widespread, other criteria are also admitted by scientific community and focus in this editorial is more oriented on the practical subjects of academic writing and the most common mistakes.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">472-485</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guadalupe de la Iglesia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alejandro Castro Solano</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT OF COLLEGE STUDENTS: THE ROLE OF THE POSITIVE PERSONALITY MODEL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">academic achievement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">academic adjustment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">personality traits</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">positive traits</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1571384259.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This research aimed at testing an explicative model of academic achievement of college students. Positive personality traits were hypothesized as the main predictors. Mental health and academic adjustment were tested as mediator variables. This model intended to reflect the main hypothesis that academic achievement is multi-determined and non-intellectual variables play an important role in explaining it. Sample was composed of 256 college students of different majors. The results obtained highlighted the importance of differentiating subjective and objective academic achievement in terms of academic adjustment (AA) and grade point average (GPA), respectively. The explicative model that included positive traits as background variables confirmed the mediating role of mental health and AA in explaining GPA. Sprightliness was the most important predictor of academic achievement in comparison to the other positive traits studied. It is concluded that positive personality traits play an important role in academic outcomes. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">572-583</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steven K. Msosa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jeevarathnam P. Govender</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ASSESSING THE INFLUENCE OF SERVICE RECOVERY STRATEGIES ON DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE IN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">distributive justice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">field-based research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">higher education institutions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">service failure</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">service recovery strategies</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1566969154.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In recent times, students in higher education institutions have raised their expectations and are becoming less tolerant to poor service. The reality is that service failures are bound to happen. However, effective service recovery strategies could minimise the impact of service failure.  The aim of this research was to analyse the influence of service recovery strategies on distributive justice in higher education institutions. A total of 430 students from three public universities in South Africa participated in this research as respondents. The research adopted a quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional approach. The findings of this research showed that compensation and explanation have a positive and significant influence on distributive justice. Furthermore, the results showed a positive and insignificant influence of apology on distributive justice. The findings of this research are a wake up call to higher education institutions to focus on the two strategies of service recovery, namely explanation and compensation to achieve distributive justice. Thus, higher education institutions should firstly, focus on the use of an explanation to achieve distributive justice because it is offered at no cost compared to compensation which normally wears a financial face. This is based on the fact that higher education institutions are non profit making institutions such that they cannot afford to offer financial compensation on regular basis to address student problems. Ultimately, higher education institutions are advised to consider the severity of service failure before offering any form of service recovery to avoid double deviation. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">478-488</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yinusa A. Faremi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Loyiso C. Jita</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ASSESSMENT OF SCIENCE TEACHERS’ CAREER SATISFACTION AND SCHOOL ORGANISATIONAL CLIMATE IN ENHANCING JOB PERFORMANCE IN RURAL LEARNING ECOLOGIES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rural learning ecologies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school organisational climate</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teachers’ career satisfaction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teachers’ job performance</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1556863871.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Science teachers' career satisfaction and organisational climate, which influence their job performances, are very important. This research examined the extent to which science teachers' career satisfaction and organisational climate are related to their job performances in rural learning ecologies. Within a survey and correlational research design of a quantitative type, 250 science teachers were selected in Ondo State, Nigeria using a purposive sampling technique. Data were collected using an adapted questionnaire on science teachers' career satisfaction, school organisational climate and job performance. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse data. The results showed that 65.2% of the science teachers in rural learning ecologies were satisfied with their careers while 34.8% were dissatisfied with their careers. It was discovered that a combination of career satisfaction and organisational climate significantly influenced their job performances. It was found that the teachers’ career satisfaction had a significant positive effect on their job performances while school organisational climate had a significant negative effect on their job performances. In light of the results, it can be concluded that science teachers' career satisfaction is the most effective significant contribution to their job performances. Further, it can be inferred that the school organisational climate does not significantly predict job performance in rural learning ecologies. To this end, results of the current research have some implications worth considering for the employers of science teachers, principals of schools and other stakeholders in creating a healthy school organisational climate and demonstrate good leadership behaviour in order to achieve improvement in the job performance of science teachers in rural learning ecologies. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">254-269</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lotta Anderson</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gunvie Möllås</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lisbeth Ohlsson</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CHARACTERISTICS OF INDEPENDENT SCHOOLS DIRECTED AT STUDENTS IN NEED OF SPECIAL SUPPORT: A STUDY OF SCHOOL WEBSITE PRESENTATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">inclusive education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">independent schools</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">students in need of special support</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">treatment methods</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">website presentation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1561381868.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The aim of the research was to explore how 55 Swedish independent schools, directed at (or limited to) students in need of special support (SNSS), describe their organisation, work and visions. The empirical data of the research consisted of the schools’ website presentations, which were processed and analysed in consecutive steps. The results showed that the students’ complicated school- and life situations were often combined with disabilities mainly in the neuropsychiatric field. The majority of the schools (76%) practiced both schooling and methods for treatment and care, differentiating their role from the mainstream track. Neuropsychiatric and psychological perspectives had a significant influence, reflected in how the schools describe their daily routines, therapeutic methods of treatment and access to specific categories of staff. Small groups, individual instruction and competent staff were described as specific features. Teaching content and didactic aspects were seldom highlighted. The focus on the websites was on socialisation and subjectification while qualification, i.e. knowledge development, had a more limited role. The study points to a need for further research exploring daily pedagogical practice in more depth and calls for a greater focus on student perspectives. Consequences for learning contexts are discussed in the concluding part of the article. The specialist role, the independent schools in the present study tended to take on are most urgent issues to discuss in an educational context striving for equity and inclusive learning environments.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">317-337</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Robert Tomšik</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CHOOSING TEACHING AS A PROFESSION: VALIDATION OF AN SMVUP-4-S ASSESSMENT TOOL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">career choice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">psychological assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher motivation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1566969462.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The aim of the present research was to validate the Scale of motivation for choosing teaching profession (SMVUP-4-S), and to explore its basic psychometric properties on a sample of Slovak teacher trainee students. SMVUP-4-S scale was completed by 1235 respondents with a mean age of 20.1 years. SMVUP-4-S scale consists of 44 items arranged into 11 subscales, which are arranged into three main categories of motivation: intrinsic, extrinsic and altruistic. A latent structure of SMVUP model that consists of two four-factor (intrinsic and extrinsic motivation) and a one three-factor model (altruistic motivation) was tested. Internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was calculated using the Maximum Likelihood estimation. To evaluate Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) χ2-test, CFI, RMSEA, SRMR, AIC, BIC and TLI indicators were used. SMVUP-4-S scale showed an acceptable internal consistency. Using EFA two four-factor and one three-factor model were extracted. CFA indicated that four-factor models had a good fit to the empirical data (Intrinsic motivation χ2/df  = 4.925, Extrinsic motivation χ2/df = 4.781). Modifying indexes have shown that several items have correlated  with residual variances which leads to low fit to the empirical data in three-factor-model. After the implementation of covariants between items this model has also shown a good fit to the empirical data (Altruistic motivation χ2/df  = 4.715). 
***
NOTE: The use of this tool is exclusively permitted with the author's explicit consent.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">545-559</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Citra Kurniawan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Punaji Setyosari</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Waras Kamdi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saida Ulfa</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CLASSIFICATION OF ENGINEERING STUDENTS' SELF-EFFICACY TOWARDS VISUAL-VERBAL PREFERENCES USING DATA MINING METHODS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">data mining</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">self-efficacy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">visual-verbal preferences</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1561381997.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The purpose of this research was to build a classification model and to measure the correlation of self-efficacy with visual-verbal preferences using data mining methods. This research used the J48 classifier and linear projection method as an approach to see patterns of data distribution between self-efficacy and visual-verbal preferences. The measurement of the correlation of engineering students' self-efficacy with visual-verbal preferences using the data mining method approach gets the result that self-efficacy does not correlate with visual-verbal preferences. However, engineering students' self-efficacy influences the achievement of initial learning outcomes. Visual-verbal preference is more influenced by students' interest in images so it can be concluded that self-efficacy affects the initial results of learning but does not have a correlation with visual-verbal preferences. The results of the decision tree provide the results that are easily understood and present a correlation between self-efficacy and visual-verbal preferences in a visual form.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">349-363</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marija Slavkovic</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Haris Memisevic</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COMPARISON OF SPECIAL EDUCATION PRESCHOOL PROGRAM AND INCLUSIVE PRESCHOOL PROGRAM FOR MATH ACHIEVEMENT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">children with intellectual disability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">inclusive education preschool programs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">math abilities</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quasi-experimental design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school readiness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">special education preschool programs</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1550425490.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transition period from preschool years to school years is a time of rapid changes in children’s development. Children with intellectual disability lag behind their peers without disabilities in their school readiness skills, especially in math skills. Thus, there is a great importance of school preparation programs for children with intellectual disability in improving their math abilities. The aim of the present research was to compare the effectiveness of two preschool programs in improving math abilities of children prior to their enrollment in elementary schools. The sample for this research comprised 90 children aged 60-72 months. Of those, there were 60 children with intellectual disability and 30 typically developing children. Math abilities were assessed with a subscale from Peabody Individual Achievement Test. The results of this research indicated that children with intellectual disability attending special education preschool program achieved significantly better math results than children with intellectual disability attending inclusive preschool program. Some suggestions to preschool teachers on how to improve the effectiveness of their work with children with intellectual disability were given. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">156-164</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saiful</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wardani Dwi Wihastyanang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gunadi Harry Sulistyo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nur Mukminatien</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONFRONTING EFFECT OF ONLINE TEACHER AND PEER FEEDBACK ON THE STUDENTS’ WRITING PERFORMANCE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">peer feedback</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schoology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">students’ writing performance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher feedback</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1571679550.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This research explored the combination of these three aspects, namely: teacher feedback, peer feedback, and Schoology, and looked at the effect on the students’ writing performance. Schoology is an online learning management system (LMS) that is used as the platform of online feedback. The problem mainly focuses on the explored effect of online teacher and peer feedback provided through Schoology on the students’ writing performance. A total of 70 students were assigned as the participants of the research. The students in the experimental group experienced having teacher and peer feedback provided through Schoology; meanwhile, the students in the control group experienced having conventional teacher feedback. The data were collected based on the students’ writing performance in pre-test and posttest as well as the results of questionnaire on the students’ perception towards the experimental condition. Then, data analysis was done step by step by comparing the pretest scores at the initial stage which was followed by comparing the posttest scores.
The result of this research revealed that the students who experienced having teacher and peer feedback provided through Schoology did not perform better in writing than those who experienced having conventional teacher feedback.
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">650-666</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1550561580.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents, Vol. 77, No. 1, 2019, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-4</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1571384039.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents, Vol. 77, No. 5, 2019, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">567</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1561381637.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents, PEC, Vol. 77, No. 3, 2019</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">313</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1575642120.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents, Vol. 77, No. 6, 2019</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">687</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1566968916.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents, Vol. 77, No. 4, 2019, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">455</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1556863363.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents, PEC, Vol. 77, No. 2, 2019</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">171</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Centry</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1575642029.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover, Vol. 77, No. 6, 2019</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">685</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1566968874.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page, Vol. 77, No. 4, 2019, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">453-454</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1571383971.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page, Vol. 77, No. 5, 2019, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">565</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1550424683.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page, Vol. 77, No. 1, 2019, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1561381600.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page, PEC, Vol. 77, No. 3, 2019</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">311</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1556863326.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page, PEC, Vol. 77, No. 2, 2019</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">169-170</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oluwakemi Ayodeji Adebayo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ronicka Mudaly</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CREATING A DECOLONISED CURRICULUM TO ADDRESS FOOD INSECURITY AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">decolonised curriculum</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">food gardening</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">indigenous knowledge</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">qualitative methodology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">self-reliance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">transformation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1556863529.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A plethora of debates about intellectual imagination regarding decolonised curriculum development has dominated the South African higher education discourses. There is a need to purge Africa of the marginalisation that has been perpetuated by curricula established during the past century. The aim of this research was to add a practical dimension to this discourse, by altering traditional curriculum activities in a biology module, in order to address the issue of food insecurity among university students. In this qualitative inquiry, the following questions were asked: “How can pre-service teachers engage with decolonised curricular activities, in order to address food insecurity among students?” and “What are the consequences of pre-service teachers’ engagement with decolonised curricular activities which respond to food insecurity?” Thirty-six pre-service biology teachers and 12 non-biology university students were purposively selected to participate in a food gardening activity. Data were generated using individual interviews, focus group interviews and the development of portfolios. Findings revealed that pre-service teachers’ consciousness of the social reality of food insecure students was raised, and their feelings of empowerment to enable others, and themselves, to become self-reliant, were enhanced through decolonised curricular activities. This is significant because it signalled a freeing of pre-service teachers from material and intellectual shackles which is critical to decolonised thought and action. This research has implications for higher education science teacher education modules, which can incorporate science from Western and indigenous sources, to create transformed curricula which are socially responsive and reflect epistemic justice.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">179-194</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Indrek Kaldo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kandela Õun</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DEVELOPING OF FACTOR STRUCTURE FOR LEARNING STRATEGIES OF ESTONIAN STUDENTS IN MATHEMATICS AT THE UNIVERSITY LEVEL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Learning Strategies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LIST questionnaire</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematics education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematics related affect</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">university mathematics</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1561381933.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This research reports learning strategies of the first-year Estonian university students in mathematics. The data were collected during two years from 440 university students of different disciplines. The respondents were among students who take at least one compulsory mathematics course during their first study year. The participants filled out a Likert-type questionnaire that was developed using previously published instruments. The aim of this research was to examine the 69-item LIST questionnaire first time for Estonian university students. By means of an exploratory factor analysis, 9 factors out of 12 were confirmed. The research confirmed most of the components identified in earlier studies. It validates the use of the instrument in further studies of learning strategies at the university level in Estonia. This gives a positive signal about the usefulness of the instrument, as the component structure remains stable in different populations.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">338-348</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heri Retnawati</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nidya F. Wulandari</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE DEVELOPMENT OF STUDENTS’ MATHEMATICAL LITERACY PROFICIENCY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ability development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cross-sectional developmental study</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematical literacy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PISA released items</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1566969280.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Improving the proficiency in mathematical literacy is one of the efforts to improve the human resources quality. Its development describes the students’ strengths and weaknesses to support the improvement. The research tried to describe the development of students’ proficiency in mathematical literacy, based on the school level and the students’ gender. The research was a cross-sectional developmental study. The population was all of students ranging between 13 and 16 years old in the Province of Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesia. In the sample were 1,001 students in the 8th, 9th and 10th grade, determined to use the combination of stratified and the cluster random sampling technique. The data were collected using 30 items. The data analysis was conducted by estimating students’ ability through the item-response theory approach under the Rasch model and by using the parameters that had been adjusted to the international study item parameter under the concordance model for the linking score to interpret the students’ development. The research results showed that there has been improvement of literacy proficiency among the 8th, 9th and 10th grade students. The development would generate higher scores utilizing multiple choice test items. There was a tendency that the school level, gender, the form of items, content, context, and process literacy would influence the mathematical literacy score. The efforts for improving proficiency in mathematical literacy were discussed.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">502-514</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agnaldo Arroio</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EDUCATION AS A HUMAN RIGHT AGAINST HATE SPEECH AND INTOLERANCE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International relations</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quality education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">secondary education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sustainable development</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1561381761.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">On January 24, 2019, the International Day of Education was celebrated for the first time. One of the celebrations was a speech by the Secretary-General of the United Nations (UN), in which Mr. António Guterres highlighted the role of education in combating hate speech, intolerance in various aspects and also in xenophobia.
In the words of the Secretary-General of the UN: &quot;Such a situation constitutes a violation of his fundamental right to education. The world cannot afford to deprive a generation of children and young people of the knowledge they will need to have a place in the economy of the 21st century. &quot;
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">314-316</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vimolan Mudaly</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tamryn Fletcher</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE EFFECTIVENESS OF GEOGEBRA WHEN TEACHING LINEAR FUNCTIONS USING THE IPAD</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GeoGebra</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">iPad technology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">linear functions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematics teaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">software manipulation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1550425100.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">There is concern about mathematics success and its related pedagogy. Society has seen rapid changes in the economy and technology with a call for these changes to be reflected within the classroom. New methods of teaching mathematics are being sought with the purpose to improve teaching and learning while making mathematics relatable to the new generation of learners. The incorporation of technology within the classroom has been seen an option to make this change. The purpose of this research was to determine how effective the use of the GeoGebra app is in allowing learners to successfully discover the properties of straight line graphs.  Furthermore, the research looked at learner responses to using the app.  A qualitative research design was used with data generated through a task-based investigation, as well as individual interviews.  Results of the research showed that the use of GeoGebra aided learners successfully in discovering the properties of straight-line graphs with the majority of learners understanding both concepts.  The results also showed that learners had a positive outlook to the use of the app and enjoyed the experience. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">55-81</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mustafa Özgenel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ömer Canpolat</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ersin Yağan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Özge Canlı</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE EFFECTS OF ENRICHED WORKSHOP TRAINING GIVEN TO PRE-SCHOOL STUDENTS ON CREATIVE THINKING SKILLS OF STUDENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">creative thinking</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">enriched training</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mixed method</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">workshop training</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1571384559.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The aim of the research was to explore the effects of enriched workshop training given to pre-school students on students’ creative thinking skills. The research was conducted during the 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 academic year. The mixed research design was used in the study. On the quantitative stage of the research, a single-group pre-test-posttest experimental design was applied. In order to identify the effects of the enriched training provided at different workshops, students were administered Torrance Test of Creative Thinking (Figural Form) as a pre-test-post-test. The study group of the research was comprised of 129 students in total including 81 students in the first group and 48 students in the second group, all taking training at the “Curious Junior Education Center” supported by Istanbul Development Agency and implemented by Pendik District National Education Directorate. According to the findings obtained from the quantitative method, a variation was identified in the test averages for student creative thinking skills (fluency, originality, elaboration, abstractness of titles, resistance to premature closure) before and after the training. Post-test averages for students’ creative skills increased. Paired samples t test was performed to determine whether or not the variation- increase- was significant. According to the t test result, enriched workshop training affects students’ total creative thinking skills significantly. In other words, enriched workshop training has developed students’ creative thinking skills positively. In the qualitative method, parents, students and teachers reported their views about the quality and effectiveness of the enriched workshop training.  </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">616-635</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maja Mihaljevic Kosor</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lena Malesevic Perovic</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silva Golem</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EFFICIENCY OF PUBLIC SPENDING ON HIGHER EDUCATION: A DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS FOR EU-28</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">data envelopment analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">efficiency in education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">European Union</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">higher education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">public spending</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1561382224.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">One of the main goals of education policy is to enhance educational outcomes. If resources are used inefficiently, they will fail to maximise those outcomes. Data Envelopment Analysis was used to calculate technical efficiency of public spending on education for EU-28 using the latest higher education statistics available. Focusing on European higher education, conceptual and methodological issues related to the measurement and analysis of efficiency were discussed. The most efficient countries are identified and also countries for which real efficiency improvements are possible. A novel set of variables is used to highlight more appropriately the distinctiveness of the higher education sector and the relationship between input and outputs. The advantage of using Data Envelopment Analysis is that it identifies the best performing decision, making units and not the averages. This type of information about the efficiency of public spending on education is of importance to many parties. It can be used to promote ‘yardstick’ competition in the areas of education where the lack of market mechanisms is apparent, guide policy proposals, and to enhance the monitoring of education. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">396-409</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soonri Choi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Namjung Kim</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seohyun Choi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dongsik Kim</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EMPHASIS MANIPULATION EFFECT IN TERMS OF THE LEAST-ABLED SETS ON COGNITIVE LOAD, TRANSFER, AND INSTRUCTIONAL EFFICIENCY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cognitive load</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">complex tasks</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">emphasis manipulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">instructional efficiency</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning transfer</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1556863754.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This research suggests emphasis manipulation on constituent skills of least-abled sets, improves coordination and integration of knowledge, skills, and attitudes on cognitive load, transfer, and instructional efficiency. The participants were divided into two groups. Competency levels for the designated skill sets were evaluated, and a pre-test was performed on both groups. The research applied an educational design based on individual learner’s least-abled sets of constituent skills and identified the design’s effectiveness on complex learning. One group was provided with the whole learning contents according to emphasis manipulation sequencing method, and the other group was provided personalized learning contents according to a method based on the least-abled sets of constituent skills emphasis manipulation. The group received materials constructed with emphasis manipulation, learned the whole constituent skills of learning contents and carried out conventional tasks. However, treatment group received materials constructed with the least-abled sets of constituent skills emphasis manipulation, learned only the least-abled constituent skills and carried out conventional tasks. This research suggests that teaching with the least-abled sets of constituent skills helps to reduce expertise-reversal effect and improve results of cognitive load, transfer and instructional efficiency.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">228-243</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1575642927.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page, Vol. 77, No. 6, 2019</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">838</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1561382509.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page, Vol. 77, No. 3, 2019, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">452</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1566969502.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page, Vol. 77, No. 4, 2019, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">564</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1571384887.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page, Vol. 77, No. 5, 2019, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">684</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1556864037.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page, PEC, Vol. 77, No. 2, 2019</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">310</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1550425525.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page, Vol. 77, No. 1, 2019, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">168</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eman Abdussalam Owen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abu Bakar Razali</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arshad Abd Samad</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nooreen Noordin</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ENHANCING LIBYAN STUDENTS’ ENGLISH SPEAKING PERFORMANCE THROUGH LANGUAGE GAME AND INFORMATION GAP ACTIVITIES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Communicative Language Teaching (CLT)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">English as a foreign language (EFL); information gap and language games activities; quasi-experiment speaking performance</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1550425286.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The importance of English as a foreign language EFL in Libya has increased significantly throughout the years and the language has become essential in all disciplines. However, one of the essential challenges that needs to be explored is the lack of speaking competence of the Libyan students. There has been little research, which adopts an experimental design to determine the causal effects of certain teaching methods, particularly the Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) approach on Libyan students’ English speaking performance. Against this backdrop, this research sets out to assess the effects of selected Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) activities (i.e., Information gap and Language games) on Libyan first-year secondary school students’ English speaking performance. Using a sample of 124 students from a public secondary school in Sabratha, Libya, and adopting the quasi-experimental pre-test, post-test non-equivalent groups design (NEGD), first year classes were randomly assigned as three experimental groups (i.e., Experimental Language Game group (G1), Experimental Language Game and Information Gap group (G2), and Experimental Information Gap group (G3)) and one Control group (G4). Treatments were given to the experimental groups and paired sample t-test results reveal significant differences between the groups’ in the post-test English language speaking scores. While an ANOVA test, comparing the scores between the four groups reveals a substantial difference between Information Gap group and the control group through a post-hoc test. It is therefore concluded that implementing communicative activities based on the principles of CLT in the Libyan English language classroom helps to enhance students’ English speaking performance.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">110-125</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lian Gafar Otaya</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Badrun Kartowagiran</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heri Retnawati</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE ESTIMATION OF TEACHING PROFESSION EDUCATION (TPE) PARTICIPANTS’ ABILITY IN INDONESIA: AN ASSESSMENT MODEL WITH PARTIAL SCORING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">item response model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">partial credit model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">partial scoring</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching profession</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1575642821.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The ability of TPE participants in arranging lesson plans is essential to be mastered as an indicator of pedagogical competence which should be possessed before conducting a teaching process in the class. This research aimed to analyze the estimation of TPE participants’ ability in composing a lesson plan which uses the assessment with partial scoring. This research used quantitative descriptive explorative approach. Data were collected through document study of lesson plan made by TPE participants assessed by lecturers in a workshop. In the sample were 236 respondents selected by using purposive sampling technique. The data analysis was performed to estimate participants’ skill using Item Response Theory through Partial Credit Model (PCM). The estimation result produced the interpretation of items with 5 categories of scoring 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and has 4 thresholds such as the threshold of category 0 to category 1, category 1 to category 2, category 2 to category 3, and from category 3 to category 4. Besides that the information function value of the instrument and Standard Error of Measurement based on the analysis obtained items in the instrument which have higher information function value compared to the mistakes of the measurement or the estimation of measurement which has relatively small errors, so it can be stated that learning model is using accurate partial scoring to estimate the ability of TPE participants in composing lesson plans. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">790-805</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radka Dofková</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EVALUATION OF SELF-EFFICACY IN PROSPECTIVE PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS IN THE CONTEXT OF MATHEMATICS TEACHING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary math education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">prospective math teacher</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher´s beliefs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher’s self-efficacy</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1556863811.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Positive perception of one’s efficacy among teachers is a crucial factor affecting the quality of the teaching process. Many research studies suggest that self-efficacy in prospective teachers can be acted upon. It is therefore very important to focus on the preparation of prospective teachers in the context of undergraduate courses. The objective of the research study was to identify the level of self-efficacy among primary pre-service teachers of mathematics. The research sample comprised 77 students of primary teacher training enrolled in two study programmes aged between 21 and 26 years. The results were obtained by means of a newly developed tool Self-Efficacy of Prospective Teachers in Mathematics (SEPTM), which contained 37 items. The results of the research suggest that prospective teachers assess their readiness for future mathematics teaching in a positive way and trust their own abilities to use various teaching methods and procedures. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">244-253</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harrison Ngirishi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sarah Bansilal</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AN EXPLORATION OF HIGH SCHOOL LEARNERS’ UNDERSTANDING OF GEOMETRIC CONCEPTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">class inclusion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">geometry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">high school</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematical proof</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">necessary and sufficient conditions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">van Hiele theory</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1550425157.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">There is much concern in South Africa about the poor performance of learners in mathematics, particularly in geometry. The aim of this research was to explore the understanding of basic geometry concepts by grade 10 and grade 11 learners in terms of the van Hiele’s levels of geometry thinking. The participants of the research were 147 learners from three high schools in a rural area in the south of    KwaZulu Natal, South Africa. The results showed that the learners had difficulties with problems involving definitions of geometric terms, interrelations of properties and shapes, class inclusion and changing semiotic representations. It was also found that most of the learners were operating at the visual and the analysis levels of the van Hiele levels of geometric thinking. It is recommended that teachers should provide learners with tasks that require movements between semiotic representations, and to also focus attention on improving learners’ skills in proving aspects of mathematical relations.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82-96</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Angel Mukuka</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vedaste Mutarutinya</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sudi Balimuttajjo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EXPLORING THE BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE COOPERATIVE LEARNING IMPLEMENTATION IN SCHOOL MATHEMATICS CLASSROOMS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cooperative learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">expository teaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematics classrooms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mixed methods research</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1575642623.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Literature is replete with research confirming the benefits of cooperative learning on students’ academic achievement and attitude towards mathematics. Despite these benefits, cooperative learning implementation in most Zambian secondary school mathematics classrooms has remained a challenge. An explanatory sequential mixed methods research design was employed to determine the causes of teacher-resistance to cooperative learning implementation in selected schools. A cluster random sampling method was used to select 62 teachers (43 male and 19 female) of mathematics from six public secondary schools in Ndola district of Zambia. A questionnaire was administered to all the 62 teachers followed by lesson observations in six randomly selected grade 11 mathematics classrooms, whose teachers later attended a focus group discussion. Research findings revealed that the majority of participants prefer expository teaching to cooperative learning. More than 64% of the participants indicated that they resisted implementing cooperative learning in their classrooms due to shortcomings in; assessing learners, ensuring a disciplined class environment, completing the already bulky syllabus, handling large classes, students’ low reasoning abilities and preparation time versus high teaching loads. These results provide evidence on the need for more attention to how the identified challenges could be addressed not only in Zambian mathematics classrooms but in other educational settings elsewhere.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">745-757</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nadiia Horishna</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hanna Slozanska</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Olha Soroka</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lyudmila Romanovska</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EXPLORING THE LEADERSHIP SKILLS OF PRE-SERVICE SOCIAL WORK STUDENTS: IMPLICATIONS FOR SOCIAL WORK EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">descriptive cross-sectional survey</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">leadership development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">leadership skills</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pre-service social work students</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social work</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1571384446.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The importance of leadership is discussed widely in the social work literature. However, little is known about the leadership skills of social work students and factors affecting their development in the environment specific to higher educational institutions (HEIs). This research aimed to find out what skills pre-service social work students had related to leadership and to determine if significant differences existed in terms of such predictor variables as level and form of study, employment status, and involvement in co-curricular activities. The research employed the quantitative approach based on a descriptive cross-sectional survey involving a sample of 158 social work students from three Ukrainian universities. The research group consisted of 88% female and 12% male respondents, aged between 19 and 31. Data were obtained through the Student Leadership Outcomes Inventory, which contained 60 items measuring skills on 8 scales: (a) self-management, (b) interpersonal communication, (c) problem-solving and decision-making, (e) cognitive development and critical analysis, (f) organization and planning, (g) self-confidence, (h) diversity awareness, and (h) technology which served as outcome variables. All items were rated along a 5-point Likert scale, from poor (1) to excellent (5). The results of the research revealed lower than average levels of leadership skills and existing significant differences by outcome variables for the sample population. The findings suggest the need to strengthen the leadership skills of social work students through the implementation of formal and informal developmental activities and recognition of leadership participation within the social work curriculum. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">598-615</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lindelani Mnguni</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EXPLORING THE STUDENT AND SOCIAL ACCOUNTABILITY OF THE LIFE SCIENCES CURRICULUM:  A CASE OF HIV/AIDS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">curriculum ideologies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HIV/AIDS education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">life sciences</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school science curriculum</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1561382310.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Science is generally expected to respond to students and societal needs by adopting student and social accountability principles. Therefore, school science curricula are revised regularly to address emerging socio-economic, political, and scientific issues. Similarly, the National Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement of South Africa was introduced to foster a student and social accountable education that adopts relevant curriculum ideologies. Partly, it attempts to equip students with relevant skills and knowledge related to emerging societal challenges such as HIV/AIDS. The aim of the present research, therefore, was to determine the extent to which the curriculum is student and social accountable concerning HIV/AIDS. The current research explored the extent to which HIV/AIDS knowledge was presented in the CAPS Life Sciences curriculum and selected textbooks, and how curriculum ideologies informed this presentation of HIV/AIDS knowledge. Data were collected from the Life Sciences CAPS document and selected textbooks. Results revealed several HIV/AIDS-related topics, which were taught in Life Sciences. While the literature suggests that the citizenship-centered ideology is most relevant for student and social accountability, the present study found that the Life Sciences curriculum adopted a predominantly discipline-centered ideology. It is concluded that Life Sciences may not provide students with HIV/AIDS-related skills and knowledge required in a student and socially accountable curriculum. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">410-423</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marika Ratnik</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eha   Rüütel</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE FIELD OF WORK OF THE SCHOOL ART THERAPIST AND ITS UNIQUE POTENTIAL FOR THE SCHOOL’S SUPPORT TEAM</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">art therapeutic relationship</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">artistic expression</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">content of school art therapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school art therapy</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1550425422.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Qualitative research was carried out to examine the first experiences of the implementation of art therapy in Estonian schools. The aim was to ascertain the facets of the activities of the school art therapists and the potential of art therapy in the work of a school’s support team.
Within the framework of the research, art therapists and management staff from four general education schools were interviewed. The work foci and specifics of the art therapist’s work were described on this basis, and the potential of school art therapy in reaching educational goals was highlighted. The interviewees characterised the work of a school art therapist in terms of the artistic and creative nature of art therapy, the co-operation-based supportive therapeutic relationship; the variability of the forms of work; and the mitigating, relaxing, and school-adaptation-supporting effect of art therapy. Management staff indicated that the art therapist enriches the work of the school’s support system, as creativity-based methods make the strengths and development potential of students more visible, it is possible to choose from among various specialists to help children, and art therapy can be applied as a primary preventive intervention.
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">142-155</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mendoza Velazco, D. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Irma Abrigo Córdova</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Janela Romero Chávez</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fredy Cueva Bravo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magda Francisca Cejas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE FORMATIVE RESEARCH OF ECUADORIAN UNIVERSITY TEACHING STAFF</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">complex thinking</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational innovation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational theory</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">formation of teaching staff</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">university education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1561382097.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">University research is the way in which lecturers can perceive, analyze and be illustrated about unknown topics or something that has been omitted and that is why it is important and is the key in the academic researcher´s life, the gathering of information, the analysis and the search for a solution to an existing or detected problem. This research includes three phases: the first, where the search, collection and data analysis is proposed; the second, where models of teacher formation and theorization are included and the third, where the final idea of formation of university researchers and lecturers is proposed. This research was developed from a qualitative perspective, since it is implemented in an epistemic conceptualization that corresponds to its nature, highlighting the interest of deepening the intuition of the object research. As key informants, the participation of 15 (fifteen) lecturers from different universities of Ecuador is highlighted. The constant comparison of theories and grounded theory was applied for the analysis of the subtracted data, in order to make a theoretical approach through the emerging categories and sub-categories, through the operating software Atlas.ti version 8; with the aim to contribute to the theoretical and methodological basis. The subcategories were derived: professional teaching function and novel teaching profile. The conclusions mention the idea or model of formation for higher education teaching staff. It also mentions the importance of improving the formation of lecturers through scientific research to promote knowledge and strategies that require the need to theorize, produce and increase the level of thinking.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">364-378</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agnaldo Arroio</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FOSTERING PEACE CULTURE BY INTERCULTURAL DIALOGUE IN EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">peace culture</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">universal respect</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">universal responsibility</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1571384179.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This manuscript wishes to discuss something that could be considered the oldest and the newest of themes: Peace.
Peace is not just the absence of war. It may be that in your country or region there is no armed conflict. But is there peace? But then what does living in peace mean if it is not just the absence of war or conflict? It is living together with each other's differences - gender, ethnicity, language, religion and culture - while nurturing universal respect for justice and human rights is shared and coexistence based. In this sense, peace is permanently under construction and needs the participation of all, as it is the choice that encompasses sincere dialogue with other individuals and communities. And here we have a key role for education in promoting a culture of peace, from young children to adult.
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">568-571</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simon Adjei Tachie</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FOUNDATION PHASE STUDENTS’ METACOGNITIVE ABILITIES IN MATHEMATICS CLASSES: REFLECTIVE CLASSROOM DISCOURSE USING AN OPEN APPROACH</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematics class</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">metacognitive strategies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">open approach</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">preservice teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reflective classroom</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school learners</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">student teachers</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1566969399.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The research findings describe a model of experiential learning that promotes the development of foundation phase student teachers’ metacognitive abilities for mathematics through classroom reflective discourse using an open approach. A case study was carried out on two foundation phase mathematics classes in South Africa’s universities; data were collected through observation and focus group interviews. The research’s main findings indicated that student teachers’ interest in reflective classroom discourse is important using an open-approach-based mathematics class, which helped pave the way for the student teachers to exhibit metacognitive abilities relevant to the teaching and learning steps of a foundation phase mathematics class. Deciding on the type of problem to work on, posing open-ended problems to colleagues for discussion in class, stimulating students’ reflective self-centred learning, whole-class discussion, comparison of a particular problem and summarising important information for self-development in teaching and learning through connecting students’ mathematical ideas all formed part of reflective classroom discourse. Recommendations were made for further development of metacognitive abilities. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">528-544</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marjanca Kos</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Janez Jerman</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GARDENING ACTIVITIES AT SCHOOL AND THEIR IMPACT ON CHILDREN’S KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDES TO THE CONSUMPTION OF GARDEN VEGETABLES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">active learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">garden-based learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">organic gardening</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">outdoor education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school garden</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1556863930.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Learning through gardening is known to be an educational strategy in which a garden is used as a teaching tool. Systemic reviews of the impact of school gardening on academic performance and dietary habits foreground the need for additional quantitative studies that would use strong experimental designs. The aim of the present research was to establish the impact of school gardening on children’s knowledge of and attitude to the consumption of garden vegetables. A quasi-experiment was conducted including one control and one experimental group, with each group consisting of 15 children aged 6–7 years. The children’s prior knowledge and attitude toward the consumption of garden vegetables was identified through individual interviews. Participants in the experimental group then carried out their activities in a school garden that was built in co-operation with an organic farm located in close vicinity of the school. Following these activities, interviews were repeated in both groups to establish any newly acquired knowledge of and changes in the children’s attitude to garden vegetables. The results revealed that the children in both groups had poor general knowledge about garden vegetables at the beginning of the experiment. After their work in the garden was concluded, the knowledge of garden vegetables in the experimental group of children improved to a statistically significant degree. The children’s attitude to consuming garden vegetables also became more positive than before they engaged in the gardening activities. The results of this research indicated that school gardening activities improved academic outcomes and the children’s attitude to the consumption of vegetables. Therefore, the research suggests that gardening should be considered a vital part of school education.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">270-291</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Luong Tran</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Son Van Huynh</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hoi Duc Dinh</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vu Thien Giang</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IMPROVING THE SELF-AWARENESS CAPACITY OF SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS BY FORMING A SCHOOL COUNSELING MODEL BASED ON STUDENT CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT ORIENTATION  IN VIETNAM</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school counseling activities</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school counseling model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">self-awareness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">self-awareness capacity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">student capacity development orientation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1575642480.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The self-awareness capacity has long been no stranger in the foreign education, but in Vietnam, self-awareness capacity has only been developed in education in recent years. The self-awareness capacity related problems among Vietnamese students have been exacerbated such as gender-based violence, gender bias, wrong career choices, disorientation and school counseling activities currently could not support this difficulty for students. Based on the theoretical framework of self-awareness capacity from previous studies in Vietnam and further developing the aspects of self-awareness by age, the questionnaire had been done to survey of 726 lower-secondary school students and 474 upper-secondary school students to find the situation of their self-awareness capacity problems, as well as the need for self-awareness capacity problems counseling. The results demonstrated a positive correlation between self-awareness capacity problems and students’ need for self-awareness capacity problems counseling. In addition, identifying self-awareness capacity problems encountered by students helps us to develop a new school counseling model, as well as a process to counsel self-awareness capacity problems for students to enhance the self-awareness capacity and support school counseling activities effectively, also meeting the requirements of renewing the general curriculum in the students’ capacity development orientation in Vietnam.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">722-733</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Happy Ngwira</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Onoriode Collins Potokri</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INDUCTION OF WOMEN BEGINNER TEACHERS AT TWO SOUTH AFRICAN COMMUNITY SECONDARY SCHOOLS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">beginner teacher; community practice; education leadership; teachers’ induction; women teacher</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1575642762.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The quest of beginner teachers becoming experienced teachers remains a major issue within the educational terrain. Induction experience(s) of beginner teachers particularly women in selected community secondary schools in South Africa was the focus of this research. In this research, the problems that women beginner teachers face at some selected schools, as well as the types of induction programmes used to support them, as they grappled with the problems, were explored. A qualitative research approach involving semi-structured interviews and non-participant observation was used in the collection of the requisite data. A sample comprising two community secondary schools and four women beginner teachers were selected to take part in the research. To make meaning of the data which were collected, inductive analysis of the data was conducted. Communities of Practice was used as the theory that underpinned the research findings reported in this paper. Based on the data analysis and the communities of practice theory that served as the framework, the paper among other findings reports that induction programmes used in sampled/selected schools were highly ineffective in supporting the women beginner teachers to overcome the problems revealed. The research contributes to the body of knowledge on the lived experiences of beginner teachers at the beginning of their teaching career and provides recommendations on classroom management and dealing with ill-disciplined learners.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">774-789</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Julius Ssegantebuka</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT EDUCATIONAL CONTEXTS ON TUTOR PRESENTATIONS OF VISUAL ARTS IN TEACHER COLLEGES IN UGANDA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational context</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pre-service visual arts teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teachers’ learning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1566969340.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Different educational contexts or learning environments differently influence visual arts tutor’s performance and pre-service teachers’ learning. The purpose of this research was to examine the role the college context plays in the tutors’ presentation of knowledge and the pre-service teachers’ learning in visual arts in National Teacher Colleges in Uganda. The researcher used interviews, observations, document reviews and focus group discussions to collect data. The results revealed that there were inadequate teaching resources, poor infrastructure and limiting educational policies and administrative support. The research recommended that the ministry of education and sports provide adequate teaching resources, review the limiting educational policies and conduct refresher courses and professional development programs for tutors in National Teacher Colleges in Uganda.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">515-527</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shu-Chen Cheng</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shing-Lin Chang</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AN INNOVATIVE ASSESSMENT METHOD TO ESTABLISH EMPLOYABILITY MAP BASED ON STUDENTS’ LEARNING PORTFOLIO</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">employability indices</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">employability map</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning achievement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning portfolio</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1556863691.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This research focuses on the approach adopted by a university of science and technology in Taiwan (hereinafter the university) to develop students’ employability indices and to explore the questionnaire analyses. The university developed the “Employability Map; E-Map” by weighting the learning hours, which was used to evaluate students’ various employability items over the course of their schooling. Considering it not so appropriate to use students’ credits on courses to be the standard of judgment, the Department of Computer Science &amp; Information Engineering (hereinafter the department) proposed an innovative method to convert the E-Map of weighting by learning achievement to conduct assessments that is more reflection students' employability indices for graduate, and analyzed the questionnaires of alumni and their employers’ various core employability indices. From those questionaires, finding the graduating students and alumni are lack of self-confidentce. The statistical data shall serve as a reference for guiding students at course selection, as well as improving department courses and planning. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">209-227</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nora A. Altaweel</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INTEGRATION OF MOBILE TECHNOLOGY INTO EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICES FOR STUDENTS WITH EMOTIONAL AND CONDUCT DISORDERS IN CLASSROOM</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">conduct disorders</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational setting</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">emerging practices</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">emotional disorders</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">evidence-based practices</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mobile technology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1556863622.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mobile technology (MT) may create new opportunities for teachers to enhance the implementation of evidence-based practices (EBPs) for students with emotional and conduct disorders (ECD) in United States.  However, there remains a relative paucity of research reviewing the effectiveness of integrating MT into EBPs, also referred to as emerging practices (EPs).  This integrative review provides a synthesis of the research on the effectiveness of EPs for students with ECD in the K-12 classroom environment.  A total of 11 empirical studies, published from 2008 to 2018, were reviewed. Results suggest that EPs may increase academic engagement for students with ECD during academic situations. Yet, drawing conclusions remains challenging due to limitations in relation to: (a) the unique power of EPs in isolation from some interfering variables, (b) generalizability of documented findings to various settings. Future research studies should ideally further address the areas of limitation toward conclusive claims concerning the effectiveness of EPs for students with ECD.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">195-208</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vimolan Mudaly</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sihlobosenkosi Mpofu</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LEARNERS’ VIEWS ON ASYMPTOTES OF A HYPERBOLA AND EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION: A COMMOGNITIVE APPROACH</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">commognition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">realization tree</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ritualised learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">visual mediators</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1575642547.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Learners in South African schools often respond poorly in questions related to the asymptote. Despite the fact that there are only a few functions in the South African curriculum that actually explore the asymptote, learners still show some deficiency in their understanding of the concept. This research examined Grade 11 learners’ mathematical discourses about the asymptotes of the hyperbola and exponential functions. Data were analysed using the Realisation Tree of a Function, an adaptation of the Realisation Tree Assessment tool from Weingarden, Heyd-Metzuyanim and Nachlieli. While the Realisation Tree Assessment tool focused on teacher talk, the Realisation Tree of a Function focused on learner expression and responses. 
A qualitative research design was essentially adopted, with exploratory, descriptive and interpretive elements complementing both its data collection and analysis. A purposive sampling strategy was implemented. Data were collected by means of a test administered to a total of 112 Grade 11 participants from four selected secondary schools. Focus group interviews were conducted with 24 of the best-performing participants by using their responses from the written mathematical tests. 
The results revealed that the learners’ mathematical discourse is not coherent. While learners’ work on each representation was often mathematical there seemed to be a struggle when the task had an unusual orientation. Different expressions of the same mathematical object elicited different responses. The challenge is that learners exhibited a fragmented relationship between the mathematical objects of the function.
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">734-744</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eva Stranovská</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anikó Ficzere</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silvia Hvozdíková</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beáta Hockicková</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LEARNING EXPERIENCE AS A FACTOR OF MOTIVATION IN LOWER-SECONDARY SCHOOL IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE LEARNING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">foreign language</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning experience</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">motivation in education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">qualitative research methods</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quantitative research methods</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1561382464.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This research focusses on the analysis of learning experience. Together with the other factors of motivational structure: Intrinsic motivation, Personal goals, Attractivity of foreign language community, and Worries about learning, it creates motivational profile of foreign language (FL) learners. The analysis is based on the theoretical concept of foreign language motivational self-system by Dörnyei.  
The research aim was to find out the perception of learning experience and the level of its dependence on the category of the Associations with the expression “German” in the selected categories. Moreover, it was to find out the differences in perception of learning experience, motivational structure, and the length of foreign language studying. The research sample consisted of German FL learners from six different lower-secondary schools within Slovakia. Motivational Structure Questionnaire was used as a research tool to obtain the research data. The data were processed by the selected quantitative and qualitative research methods. The research results supported ambivalence of learning experience. 
The statistical significance was found in the two categories: the category of Negative emotions related to the category negative perception of educational situation, and the category of German speaking countries related to the higher level of motivation in the factor of learning experience. Furthermore, significant relations were found between the factor of learning experience and the factors of the ideal self of the motivational structure and the length of studying a foreign language. The results in the qualitative part of the research opened up a possible intervention steps towards foreign language motivation reinforcement.
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">437-448</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Olugbenga Adedayo Ige</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Loyiso C. Jita</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thuthukile Jita</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MAJOR PERSONALITY TRAITS INFLUENCING ENVIRONMENTAL KNOWLEDGE: A CASE OF URBAN LEARNING ECOLOGIES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">environmental education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">environmental knowledge</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">field-based research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">major personality traits</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">students</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">urban learning spaces</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1550425039.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The grim actualities of modern societies have shifted the attention of human beings from civil wars and beggary to environmental issues such as pollution and climate change. The subtle shifts in environmental balance that are observable from global warming, water scarcity, and poor harvest resulting from erratic rainfall distributions across different countries of the world has led to global campaigns in order to promote positive environment behavioural change. Several change agents have advocated the use of mitigation practices such as using emerging western and indigenous technologies and renewable energies, they have overlooked the major personality traits that will implement the proposed changes. Hence, this research explores the influence of major personality traits on students' environmental knowledge in urban learning spaces. The social cognitive theory was used to untangle the conforming and non-conforming environmental behaviours of students in urban learning spaces. The research adopts a 'field-based' MO to gather data from four hundred and sixty-two students that were randomly selected from thirteen secondary schools in urban centres in Nigeria. Research instruments such as the NEO Five-Factor Inventory and Environmental Knowledge Test were adapted to collect data from the selected students. The quantitative data were subjected to multiple regression analysis. Results showed that there was a significant influence of the major personality factors on students' environmental knowledge (R= 0.297). The research recommends that teachers should include these major personality traits in the environmental education programme of their schools.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39-54</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Feyzi Osman Pekel</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MISCONCEPTIONS AND “LEARNING DOCTORS”</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">conceptual learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">information networks</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning environments</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">scientific issues</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1550424789.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We all talk about scientific issues such as plants, genetically modified organisms, air-water-environmental pollution, and education etc. in everyday life. But such small talks are not as simple job as it was thought, because, it is necessary to have a scientific qualification in order to state true opinions about the discussed topics. However, in order to fully understand the problem here, we must answer the following questions. Do we understand these issues in a way that does not conflict with scientific facts, and can we say we fully taught the students what we understand? Are we able to use scientific concepts correctly? What matter is our answer to these questions.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-7</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vallberg Roth, A. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ylva Holmberg</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Camilla Löf</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Catrin Stensson</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MULTIVOCAL DIDACTIC MODELLING: COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH REGARDING TEACHING AND CO-ASSESSMENT IN SWEDISH PRESCHOOLS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">co-assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">didactic models</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multivocal didactic modelling</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">preschool education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swedish preschools</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching arrangements</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1575642882.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In Swedish preschools teachers seem to struggle with the concept of “teaching” in their day-to-day practices. A three-year collaborative research project involving preschool teachers, managers and researchers therefore aimed to describe and further develop knowledge about what could characterize teaching and co-assessment based on scientific grounds and proven experience. The research was carried out in between 93 and 137 preschools/or preschool departments in ten municipalities in Sweden between 2016 and 2017. The method was based on a praxiographic approach where preschool teachers tested four different theory-informed teaching arrangements. The material consisted of about 895 co-plans, 740 co-evaluations and 110 hours of video. Analysis was based on a didactic premise and can be methodologically described in terms of abductive analysis. The analysis was merged and tested in a communicable entity through the “multivocal didactic modelling” concept. The results indicated that teaching is modelled through co-assessment. Multivocal traces related to didactic questions and didactic levels emerge from theory-informed teaching arrangements. The research stands to make a highly significant contribution to knowledge development concerning teaching and co-assessment in preschool. Theory-informed teaching arrangements, with integrated didactic models, have been tried and shown to support teachers in conducting teaching that is based on scientific grounds and proven experience. The concept “multivocal didactic modelling” paves the way for alternative (meta)theoretical trajectories for critical reflection and for more cohesive and finely tuned teaching. In conclusion, the contribution to the development of knowledge can be described in terms of theory-informed practical development and practically grounded conceptual development.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">806-834</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ivana Rochovska</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zlatica Huľová</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vladimír Klein</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miroslava Gašparová</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE OPINIONS OF PRE-PRIMARY EDUCATION TEACHERS ON THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF HETEROGENEOUS AGE GROUPS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mixed-age groups</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nursery school</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nursery school teacher</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pre-primary education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1561382404.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The research focuses on the issue of mixed-aged children in nursery schools. The aim of the research was to find out the opinions of the nursery school teachers on the advantages and disadvantages of a heterogeneous age groups based on their practical experiences. In order to find out the opinions of the respondents, a questionnaire was constructed and used. Based on the results, it can be said that 243 respondents consider an advantage to be the better social and emotional development of children, regardless of whether the respondent prefers to work in a homogeneous or heterogeneous age group. However, they did not agree with the disadvantages of heterogeneous age groups. The respondents teaching homogeneous age groups have generally identified far more disadvantages, and the greatest disadvantage being that children in a heterogeneous age group have worse conditions for cognitive development and do not have the opportunity to compete with each other. It has also been confirmed that those respondents with more years of work experience prefer a more heterogeneous age composition of groups than respondents with fewer years of work experience.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">424-436</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Natalia M. Mezhennaya</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oleg V. Pugachev</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ON PERCEPTION OF COMPUTER ALGEBRA SYSTEMS AND MICROSOFT EXCEL BY ENGINEERING STUDENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">computer algebra system</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education statistics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">engineering education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mathcad</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mathematica</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematical education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MATLAB</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microsoft Excel</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1561382162.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This research presents the analysis of image of the popular program packages: CAS (Computer Algebra Systems) Matlab, Mathcad, Mathematica, and the spreadsheet ‘Microsoft Excel’ among students of engineering specializations studying in Bauman Moscow State Technical University (BMSTU). The research has explored perception of program packages by all students (N=164), and by male students (N=110) and female students (N=54) separately. Image of the program packages, convenience of their interfaces, usage scenarios, and applicability for solution of tasks of certain types have been explored via questioning the students. Moreover, the students assessed likelihood of using the programs in the future. It was established that all the program packages under consideration can be successfully used in the process of education, but some of them (Matlab and Mathematica) require additional lessons to learn their interface and peculiarities. Gender differences in perception of the program packages do not determine the education outcomes. The differences of perception of the programs are mainly caused by their popularity and the students’ skills of using certain programs. The following gender differences have been detected: in the female students’ sample, the programs Mathcad and Excel are leading, Matlab is performed a little worse; Matlab is associated with the statement “difficult / inconvenient interface”. In the male students’ sample, the three programs Matlab, Mathcad, and Microsoft Excel got nearly equal grades. Female students estimate future usage of Microsoft Excel higher than male students do. The CAS Mathematica takes the lowest places for both samples; as a possible cause of such result, it has been found that Mathematica is not widespread as compared to the other programs under consideration.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">379-395</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Petr Benda</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jan Pavlík</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jan Masner</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PRACTICAL EDUCATION OF ADULTS WITH INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES USING A WEB COURSE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">adult education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">intellectual disabilities</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">professional education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">web course</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1566969094.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Education of adults with intellectual disabilities in labor activities can help them to successfully and repeatedly carry out their work tasks and significantly help their self-realization. The problem is that the need for frequent repetition of already learned skills requires the constant presence of a teacher or caregiver since such a worker is not able to work independently. This situation increases the cost of employing people with disabilities. The aim is to find a way to reduce the necessary number of caregivers needed in this kind of activity and enable greater self-sufficiency of workers. The presented research intended to verify whether a web course could be an effective educational tool for people with intellectual disabilities. During the research, a group of ten participants with intellectual disabilities was educated to acquire basic skills in horticulture. The first teaching was realized through practical demonstrations at the workplace in the university production garden by professional gardeners. After these demonstrations skills of all participants were verified and so the basic level for further verification and comparison of knowledge was set. Subsequently, using three approaches of repeating the already learned practical curriculum (verbal repetition, no repetition, and repetition using the web course) and different time intervals, the level of knowledge of each participant was verified. Statistical methods were used to compare the results of different repetition approaches. Research results demonstrated that a web course, with specific content that consists of video or animation, combined with the use of pictograms for confident navigation, can be used by people with intellectual disabilities with good results. At the same time, in addition to practical teaching, this was the second best-rated approach of repeating knowledge. Using a web course, participants achieved similar work results as they did in practical teaching.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">463-477</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Millicent Ngema</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mapheleba Lekhetho</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PRINCIPALS’ ROLE IN MANAGING TEACHER PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT THROUGH A TRAINING NEEDS ANALYSIS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">integrated quality management system</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">interpretive paradigm</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">professional development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">training needs analysis</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1575642686.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Despite South Africa’s high spending in education compared to other sub-Saharan countries, its education system is often criticized as ineffective as evidenced by poor student outcomes in both national and international assessments. This educational inefficiency is often linked to poor teacher quality, particularly in mathematics and science where some teachers are considered to have content knowledge below the level at which they are teaching. The researchers interviewed five primary school principals in KwaZulu-Natal on the training needs analysis methods they used to identify the training needs of foundation phase teachers. They all reported that they only used the Integrated Quality Management System template provided by the Department of Basic Education. However, they did not use it optimally due to a lack of comprehensive knowledge of how it should be implemented. In order to address this, it is recommended that principals should receive thorough training on the implementation of the Integrated Quality Management System, and that training needs analysis should be conducted on a quarterly basis rather than once a year.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">758-773</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michal Podzimek</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PROBLEMS OF NARCISSISM IN EDUCATION: THE CULTURE OF NARCISSISM AS A DANGEROUS GLOBAL PHENOMENON FOR THE FUTURE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contemporary individualism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cultural narcissism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning difficulties</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">narcissistic pathology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pedagogical research</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1566969219.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modernism, which appeared as a result of industrialization, has since then developed further, resulting in a postmodern society, characterized by a significant change in values. This shift in values is particularly evident in the quality of education, and man's subsequent relation towards work as a result. Schools have become social institutions in which learners spend their time in the role of served clients. The teacher is therefore assigned the social role of the servant, in which he is to primarily satisfy the pupil in his personal needs. This kind of relationship stems from the phenomenon of narcissism, which is already a cultural phenomenon. Studies of cultural narcissism are presented here, sampling relevant research of American provenience (with special focus on the USA). These studies suggest that cultural narcissism may become a global phenomenon in the future.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">489-501</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mirosław   Kowalski</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">REFLECTIONS ON EDUCATIONAL EFFECTS IN THE AGE OF CRISES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cultural conditions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cultural functioning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">environmental influences</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social institutions</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1556863461.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The beginning of the XXI century can be considered as the decade of “everything”. A crisis, by its own nature, causes destabilization in various areas of social and cultural functioning as it affects the entire system without bypassing any function or structure. As a consequence, the weaknesses of a given socio-cultural system are revealed, all the while pointing towards a need for change.  The process in question also applies to education which is responsible for creating the appropriate environment and conditions for human learning in a given cultural-economic context. Therefore, a person - along with his surroundings creates a specific system - in which he becomes sensitive to changes in a sociocultural context both on the macro-, exo- and micro-level. Bearing in mind the assumptions of psycho-pedagogical and educational concepts, the individual along with the systems he creates is subjected to environmental influences not just directly - through entering specific interpersonal interactions, but also indirectly - through the influence exerted by its products. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">172-178</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ugorji I. Ogbonnaya</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE RELIABILITY OF STUDENTS’ EVALUATION OF TEACHING AT SECONDARY SCHOOL LEVEL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Average Deviation Index</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Intraclass Correlation Coefficient</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reliability of SET</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">secondary school</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">student evaluation of teaching (SET)</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1550425217.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Student Evaluation of Teaching (SET), although controversial, is a common practice at the higher education level for faculty appraisals and promotions, but seldom at secondary school level. Concerns have been raised as to whether students are informed and experienced enough to evaluate teachers’ teaching practices in a reliable way and arrive at valid outcomes. The purpose of this research was to explore the reliability of students’ evaluations of mathematics teaching at secondary school level. This research involved eight teachers, and 194 Grade 11 students from eight secondary schools in Bojanala District, North West province in South Africa. A SET questionnaire was developed, validated and used for data collection. The data were analysed by calculating the average deviation index of the students’ evaluations of each teacher per item and the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) with SPSS. This was done using one-way random effects, absolute agreement and a multiple raters/measurements model. Both the ADI and ICC values showed a high degree of reliability of the SET. Hence, SET at secondary school level may provide a reliable indication of teachers’ educational practices that might be used for the formative assessment of teachers’ instruction. It can also assist in designing teacher training programmes for pre-service teachers and professional development programmes for in-service teachers.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">97-109</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE PREPARATION: A COMPREHENSIVE INTRODUCTION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">academic publishing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">comprehensive introduction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">scientific writing</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1575642232.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Writing and publishing scientific articles (research, review, position etc. articles) are referred to as responsible academic activities. Any scientist/researcher is somehow involved in scientific writing. Thus, this is a technique assisting the researcher with demonstrating individual performance. Most of the main scientific/research journals are published in English, and therefore scientific information is made internationally available by a wide audience and actually becomes accessible to every scientist and/or researcher. On the other hand, a valid point is that scientific/research journals are published in different national languages. Nevertheless, it should be noted that science policy has recently become one-dimensional and resulting in a blind orientation towards support for scientific/research journals published in English. As noted by Poviliunas and Ramanauskas (2008), national languages face a legitimate risk of becoming domesticated and to one degree or another being excluded from scientific, cultural, education and public areas of life. However, this is material for another discussion.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">688-694</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE PREPARATION: TITLE, ABSTRACT AND KEYWORDS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">academic activity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">academic environment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">academic literacy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">scientific writing</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1566969025.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scientific article writing is undoubtedly an inseparable part of academic activity. Every researcher/scientist, in one way or another, has to declare scientific research activity results, i.e., to publish in scientific press. If this is not done, it is considered that a scientific work is not finished regardless of the size of the research/experiments carried out and so on. Such information has to be completely understandable not only in the academic environment but also in society. Publications in the international and independent science journals acknowledged in the academic community show the real value of the scientist and his works. This does not mean in any way that the other level publications are not necessary (Lamanauskas, 2013). Every publication has its auditorium, purpose, aims and so on. Regardless of the type of publication broadly speaking, it has to be appropriately prepared. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">456-462</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Loyiso C. Jita</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Olugbenga Adedayo Ige</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SOUTH AFRICAN TEACHERS’ MATHEMATICAL KNOWLEDGE: REFLECTIONS FROM SHORT LEARNING INTERVENTION PROGRAMME (SLIP)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematical knowledge</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">short learning intervention programme</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">South African teachers</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1575642364.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This qualitative research reports the results of a short learning intervention programme conducted by South African National Roads Agency Limited (SANRAL) Chair in Science and Mathematics Education to enhance the mathematical knowledge of teachers in some South African schools. The short learning programme comprised the fostering of teachers’ mathematical knowledge and the formation of lesson study groups to apply the knowledge gained from the intervention programme in different schools in the country. The sample comprised 53 male and 72 female Mathematics teachers who were nominated from several school districts in the country. The participants were trained using Mathematical Knowledge for Teaching (MKT) which included the topics of probability/ratio and proportion (grades 1-9). The MKT consisted of these sets of expertise: Common Content Knowledge (CCK), Specialised Content Knowledge (SCK), Knowledge of Contents and Students (KCS), and Knowledge of Content and Teaching (KCT). The lesson study groups applied the knowledge acquired from the short learning intervention programme to engage in group activities, lesson studies, and to report the major challenges in doing the lesson studies. This model research comprised three stages: the first stage involved active participation in the workshops that took place at the University of the Free State; the teachers that attended the training workshops implemented the knowledge gained in the respective schools in their districts in the second stage; and the third stage  involved the compilation and submission of a Portfolio of Evidence (PoE) by the teachers that participated in the training workshops.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">705-721</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Līga  Paula</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ilze Priževoite</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE STATUS OF THE TEACHING PROFESSION IN LATVIA: VIEWS OF THE TEACHERS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">occupational prestige</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching profession</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching status</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">trade union</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1550425348.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Professionals who are respected in the wider community can influence public opinion and shape societal value system. While in a number of European countries teaching profession is popular and respected, in many other including Latvia its prestige is rather low. There is an ongoing debate in Latvia how to raise it; therefore, the aim of this research was to study teachers’ views about the status and prestige of their occupation. The quantitative research design was developed. The web survey of teachers (n=1773) confirmed that teachers perceived their occupational prestige in Latvia as low and believed that in other European countries it is much higher. Teachers did not feel assessed adequately to their contribution. In general, teachers were concerned about their professional autonomy and freedom as they felt frustrated, overloaded and over-controlled from different sides. The respondents believed that teachers are authorities and opinion leaders also outside school that indicated positive aspects of occupational prestige. They admitted that teachers should have an ability to adapt in order to respond on contemporary societal and technological changes. Some suggestions were developed on how to improve occupational prestige: from a system perspective, more positive and supportive attitude towards education system and teachers is expected from municipalities, policy makers and the line ministry. Meanwhile great part of the respondents believed that teachers themselves should be responsible for the forming of positive image of their profession and should communicate with society more effectively on the specificity of teaching and challenges they face in contemporary conditions.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">126-141</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Svetlana N. Dvoryatkina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vladimir S. Karapetyan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alla M. Dallakyan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Svetlana A. Rozanova</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eugeny I. Smirnov</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SYNERGETIC EFFECTS MANIFESTATION BY FOUNDING COMPLEXES DEPLOYMENT OF MATHEMATICAL TASKS ON THE CHESSBOARD</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">creativity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fundamental problem complexes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematical problems on a chessboard</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">synergistic effect</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">uncertainty resolution</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1550424887.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The urgency of the problem is due to the insufficient development of theoretical, content-technological and methodological aspects of the integration of mathematical knowledge and chess skills. The manifestations of synergistic effects arising in the course of the integration of mathematical and game chess activity, while resolving uncertainties on the chessboard due to the activation of key components of creativity, have not been sufficiently studied. The synergistic effect of the integration of mathematical knowledge and chess skills is considered from the perspective of the components of theoretical thinking and is evaluated by the student’s creative choice in the search for alternative solutions. The purpose of the study is to describe and evaluate the manifestations of the structural components of the creative effect in the context of the introduction of funded complexes of mathematical problems on a chessboard. The hypothesis of the research: theoretical analysis of educational material, reflection and an internal plan of action as comparable processes for solving mathematical problems in terms of implementation substantiate complexes will lead to manifestations of arguments-heuristic, intellectual and logical and motivational components of creative activity.
The research assumed the measurement of the manifestations of the structural components of creativity in the context of the introduction of funding complexes of mathematical problems on a chessboard.  In the process of identifying the structural components of creativity, psychodiagnostic diagnostics tools were developed for intellectual-heuristic, intellectual-logical, motivational and reflexive aspects, comparative diagnostics were carried out for all structural components, the average level and integral indicators in the control and experimental groups were calculated. 
The formation of creativity was carried out by developing the ability to argue in the process of solving multi-stage mathematical problems on the chessboard. The choice of cause-and-effect relationships stimulated creative independence and reflexivity, enhancing the manifestations of the synergistic effect. On the basis of internal cognitive consonance, non-standard original ideas were identified; by overcoming emotional instability, the logical component of argumentation was strengthened.
The results of the research revealed a positive trend in the key components of creativity in the context of the introduction of a chess game in the process of learning mathematics. In the future, it is possible to upgrade the methodological educational material for the system of inclusive mathematical education.
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8-21</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mona Holmqvist</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lotta Anderson</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lisa Hellström</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TEACHER EDUCATORS’ SELF-REPORTED PREPAREDNESS TO TEACH STUDENTS WITH SPECIAL EDUCATIONAL NEEDS IN HIGHER EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">disability research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">inclusive teaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">professional development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">special educational needs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1571384344.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This research explores teacher educators’ self-reported preparedness to teach students with special educational needs. Teacher educators are concerned with preparing the next generation of teachers who will, in turn, be addressing the needs of students with special educational needs within schools. Being able to address this important task also in their own teaching at the teacher education program is important for their own credibility. In total, 104 teacher educators at two university faculties completed an online questionnaire with questions about teaching students with special education needs. The results showed a significant difference between the educators’ self-reported professional development needs. At University B, educators rated their own competence as well as the organizational ability to meet students with special educational needs higher than educators at University A, regardless of disability. One explanation for the differences in self-rated competence might be due to the mandatory courses about how to teach students with special educational needs, shaping a community of practice with a shared knowledge among the teacher educators at University B. However, the experienced challenge lies in difficulties to transform the knowledge of what is required and expected into practical solutions for teaching students with special educational needs.  </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">584-597</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hassan, Ul. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TEACHERS’ SELF-EFFICACY: EFFECTIVE INDICATOR TOWARDS STUDENTS’ SUCCESS IN MEDIUM OF EDUCATION PERSPECTIVE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">achievement scores</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">classroom management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education medium</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">instructional strategies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">secondary level</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">self-efficacy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">students’ engagement</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1571384846.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">School is a subculture of any society having different educational diversity. This diversity affects on teachers and students achievements; pillars of teaching learning process. Teachers have great concerns towards students’ success. They deliver plethora of information to improve students’ achievements. Present quantitative ex-post-facto research was framed to explore the effect of teachers’ self-efficacy on students’ achievement scores applying multilingual instructions for students’ success on sample of randomly selected 1100 male respondents; 300 secondary school teachers and 800 students of District Kasur, of Lahore Division. Data from teachers were collected by administering long form of Teachers’ Self-Efficacy Scale whereas students’ achievement scores were obtained from annual gazette notification of Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education, Lahore. Cronbach’s Alpha Score was applied to confirm instrument’s reliability .851. Normality of the data were confirmed by calculating Shapiro-Wilk’s test. Findings of regression analysis depict that overall teachers’ self-efficacy has affected 65 % whereas students’ engagement 59 %, educational strategies 60 %, classroom management 59 % and teachers’ medium of education has affected 30 % on students’ achievement scores. Present research recommends that Government structure teachers’ self-efficacious believes through providing training, conducting workshops before joining teaching professions and ensuring certificates; once teachers’ confidence structure, less possible to alter to obtained desired achievements during teaching learning process. Furthermore, it is dire need to implement single medium of instructions; English / Urdu in public sector secondary schools of Punjab as bilingual medium of education have been remaining one of the barrier that lead students towards poor achievements.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">667-679</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kalai Selvan Arumugham</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TEACHERS’ UNDERSTANDING TOWARDS PORTFOLIO ASSESSMENT: A CASE STUDY AMONG MALAYSIAN PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">classroom assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning process</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">portfolio assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teachers’ understanding</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1575642296.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alternative assessment plays an important role in gathering information about students’ learning. Introduction of new curriculum in Malaysian primary school education namely Standard Curriculum of Primary School has highlighted portfolio as an assessment tool. Therefore, research has been conducted to examine teachers’ understanding towards this new alternative assessment method. The qualitative data used in this research were gathered from three interview sessions and classroom observations. Five primary school teachers were selected as participants of this research. They are teaching core subject such as English, Mathematics and Science. Thematic analysis was conducted to examine the themes emerged to represent their understandings towards portfolio. Teachers’ understandings towards portfolio were grouped into three major themes: As students’ work collections, as feedback and improvement tools and as teaching, learning and grading tools. They used portfolio in classroom as they understood. Different understandings were revealed as these teachers are also teaching different subjects. This may be the reason why these teachers were having different understandings towards portfolio assessments. This research is significant to teachers, stakeholders, school administration and even society about portfolio assessment.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">695-704</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Valentina Piacentini</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ana Raquel Simões</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rui Marques Vieira</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TEACHERS’ VIEW OF LANGUAGE(S) IN (CLIL) SCIENCE EDUCATION: A CASE STUDY IN PORTUGAL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CLIL (Content and Language Integrated Learning)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EFL (English as a foreign language)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">language-focused science education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">qualitative design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reflections on teaching</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1572076366.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The development of meaningful environments at school for the learning of Science as well as of foreign languages is an educational concern. CLIL (Content and Language Integrated Learning), aimed at the students’ acquisition of both the foreign Language and specific subject Content, is an approach that may promote the learning of English in use during subject classes and could result in the improvement of conditions and practices of Science education. Research, actually, reveals that teaching methodologies aware of language – such as CLIL – and other semiotic modes implied in Science are beneficial for the learning of Science. Studying a CLIL programme (“English Plus” project, EP), in which Science is taught/learnt with/in English, is thus relevant. A case study on the EP project and its participants (English and Science teachers, students involved in different school years) in one lower secondary state school in Portugal was carried out. In the present research, qualitative data collected through teacher interviews are presented and discussed, with the goal of understanding the role of Language(s) (verbal language in the mother tongue or English and other representation modalities) in the teaching of Science for EP teachers, both in conventional and project classes. A greater teacher awareness and use of Language(s), when an additional language (English, here) is also present for Science education, results from this work. This contributes to research on CLIL Science studies and teacher reflections on adopting a language-focused approach for Science education, also when the mother tongue is spoken.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">636-649</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alejandro Valencia-Arias</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laura Duque Cano</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diana Arango-Botero</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TRENDS IN THE M-LEARNING SUBJECT AREA OVER A 15-YEAR PERIOD (2002-2017) USING SCOPUS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bibliometric analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">high education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mobile learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">research trends</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1556864001.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The current social dynamics perceive education as an impeller of social and economic change.  However, there are problems of coverage, relevance and methodology in the educational process, mainly in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs). Recently, tools have emerged that adopt and appropriate ICTS in learning processes, such as mobile learning, which seeks to meet the requirements of mobility, accessibility and interactivity that traditional teaching mechanisms have not covered satisfactorily.  Based on the necessity to identify the factors that drive the adoption of mobile learning by different HEIs, this research identifies the factors that encourage the adoption of mobile learning in the institutions. For this, results of an exercise of technological surveillance in indexed database (Scopus) were analyzed by means of scientometric indicators. Some of the most significant factors detected are: preparation of the professor, perceptions and attitudes of students, technological culture, and technological environment that leverages new learning models.  </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">292-306</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amirul Mukminin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Akhmad Habibi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Muhaimin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Asrial</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eddy Haryanto</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Panut Setiono</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sofyan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">VOCATIONAL TECHNICAL HIGH SCHOOL TEACHERS’ BELIEFS TOWARDS ICT FOR THE 21ST CENTURY EDUCATION: INDONESIAN CONTEXT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">beliefs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ICT</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mix method</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vocational technical education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2019/457-1550561549.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">To facilitate educational staff, especially teachers with adequate information and communication technology (ICT) tools and its integration, has been one of the main agendas in vocational high schools around the world. One of the key factors of the ICT integration success in education is teachers’ beliefs. To understand the phenomenon, this mix method study aimed at elaborating Vocational Technical High School (VTHS) teachers’ beliefs on the ICT and its integration in education and differences of the teachers’ beliefs between demographic information. Quantitatively, a survey was addressed to 765 respondents; the analysis was descriptive using mean, percentage, and standard deviation, as well as t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) for a difference between the demographic information namely genders, ages, and teaching experiences. Following the quantitative phase, interview was conducted with 10 teachers to get in-depth information through a thematic process. Findings suggest that the VTHS teacher’s beliefs on ICT and its integration in education mainly focused on 1) student engagement and effective learning, varied use of ICT regarding grades and content (behavioral beliefs); 2) needs of digital-age students and expectations of authorities, administrators, and colleagues (normative beliefs); 3) varied self-efficacy for using ICT in VTHSs, access to learning, access to ICT and human resource support (control beliefs).</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22-38</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aleksandra Tłuściak-Deliowska</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ABOUT THE SCHOOL AND THE STUDENT-TEACHER RELATIONSHIP  IN THE 21ST CENTURY: SOME PERSPECTIVES AND CHALLENGES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contemporary school</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational thinking</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">human development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school community</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school reality</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1533495296.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contemporaneity, defined as post-modernity, is a stage of civilization changes, which in its nature entails changes in the sphere of didactic and educational thinking and practice. The rapid pace of social change, shaping new interpersonal relationships, progressive axiological chaos, enforce a kind of revision of views on the school as a place and the role of the teacher in it.
Challenges in education are caused by a variety of factors, which have affected not only teachers and students and relationships between them, but also the school community as a whole. Challenges in education have changed over the social development and technological progress indicated above.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">422-424</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sara Zamir</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">APPRAISING THE IMAGE OF FORMAL EDUCATION BY INFORMAL EDUCATORS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">formal education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">informal code</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">informal education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">semiotics</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1529089986.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discussion about the need for professionalization has accompanied the development of informal education from its very early stages. Some people believe informal education is staffed by temporary players whose main value derived in part from the fact that their work embodies the principles of altruism, hence they need no professional training. In contrast, others believe that work in this field is complex, hence appropriate training settings should be set up for those working in informal education as well. 
The aim of this research was to evaluate the perception of formal education by informal education educators. 
The research methodology is qualitative; it employs a structured interview of the participants and a semiotic analysis of pictures that  participants were asked to provide that they felt represented the formal education system.  
The main findings of the semiotic analysis clearly show that the pictures chosen raise connotations of rigidity, emptiness, loneliness, sadness, insufficiency and boredom.
Those images are strongly connected to the debate of recruiting resourceful and capable teachers to formal education systems in the era of accountability. 
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">406-414</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin  Bílek</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Małgorzata Nodzyńska</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wioleta Kopek-Putała</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paulina Zimak-Piekarczyk</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS USING SANDWICH MAKING COMPUTER SIMULATION GAMES AS A SUPPORTING TEACHING METHOD</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">balancing chemical equations</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">computer simulation game</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">experimental research design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning transfer</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1545498517.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Writing and balancing equations of chemical reactions is one of the \most difficult elements of chemistry education for students, which is why it was decided to analyse part of the process which is the most difficult. The process itself consists of multiple stages. it is important to highlight that the focus of research was not only on balancing the chemical equations. This stage can be independent of chemical skills and knowledge and is based on combinatorial and mathematical skills. 
The aim of the research was to examine whether using computer simulations can help younger children to balance chemical equations before they start to learn chemistry by using the psychological theory of transfer. It was decided first to teach children how to “make sandwiches” using a computer simulation game. When they have mastered in this activity, they can balance chemical equations. If the children learned how many pieces of cheese, ham and bread would be necessary to “make sandwiches” they began to learn how to balance chemical equations. The children were acquainted with the elements of chemical knowledge necessary to understand the simulation, and then they worked independently with it. Tests were carried out to check the acquired level of ability to balancing chemical equations. 
The obtained results proved that the balancing of the simple equation of reaction was mastered by over 50% of the children tested. 
It seems, therefore, a good solution that elements of reconciliation of chemical reaction equations should be introduced at an earlier stage of education, for example during maths lessons.
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">779-799</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Linda Palla</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vallberg Roth, A. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CHARACTERISTICS OF PRESCHOOL TEACHING IN LANGUAGE, COMMUNICATION AND MULTILINGUALISM: EXPRESSIONS FROM TEN SWEDISH MUNICIPALITIES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">communication teaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">didactic analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">language teaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multilingualism teaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swedish preschool</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1524597539.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The aim of this research is to explore what may characterise teaching in language, communication and multilingualism in preschools, as expressed in writing by preschool teachers and managers in 10 Swedish municipalities in 2016. The data consists of written answers to an open-ended question in a reflective document. The reflective document was sent to 243 preschool teachers and managers, of whom 222 responded. A didactically oriented analysis was performed based on three levels: practice-related action level, theoretical level and meta-theoretical level. The results of the analysis are distributed in distinctive traces that more clearly refer to the practice-related action level than to the theoretical level or meta-theoretical level. Child-centred teaching, which may or may not be delimited, is characteristic of language, communication and multilingualism. Teaching is said to be constant: spontaneous but deliberate in all contexts and situations but also delivered through planned activities, projects and themes. Verbal communication is predominant in teaching. Vague and low-frequency traces of multivoiced teaching related to multilingualism and special support have emerged. The multivoiced teaching described mainly ends with general teaching of children in preschool – a multivoiced approach in general.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">189-214</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Robert Tomšik</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Viktor Gatial</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CHOOSING TEACHING AS A PROFESSION: INFLUENCE OF BIG FIVE PERSONALITY TRAITS ON FALLBACK CAREER</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Big Five</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">career choice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fallback career</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">personality traits</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1519988297.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Personality plays a significant role in influencing motivation for choosing a perspective profession. As empirical evidence confirmed, personality traits conscientiousness, openness to experience, extraversion are in positive correlation with intrinsic motives for choosing teaching as a profession (in negative with personality trait neuroticism), and in negative correlation with extrinsic motivation and fallback career (in positive with personality trait neuroticism). The primary aim of research is to point out the importance of personality traits in career choices via detecting which personality traits are predictors of fallback career. In the research first grade university students (teacher trainees; N = 402) completed the Five Factor Inventory and SMVUP-4-S scale. As results show, Big Five personality traits are in correlation with fallback career and are a significant predictor of fallback career. The Big Five model together explained 17.4% of the variance in fallback career, where personality traits agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness to experience and neuroticism has been shown as a statistically significant predictor of fallback career of teacher trainees.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">100-108</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ephraim Zulu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Theodore Haupt</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vittorio Tramontin</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COGNITIVE LOADING DUE TO SELF-DIRECTED LEARNING, COMPLEX QUESTIONS AND TASKS IN THE ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT OF STUDENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cognitive loading</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">complex questions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">self-directed learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">zone of proximal development</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1545497920.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The aim of the research was to explore the levels of cognitive loading induced by certain tenets of constructivist pedagogy namely self-directed learning complex questions and zone of proximal development. The study also sought to investigate the associations between these constructs and with cognitive loading and complex questions. Data for the research were collected using a questionnaire survey of a sample of students studying towards undergraduate degrees in construction-related studies at - public universities in South Africa. The data were factor analyzed to determine the factor structure of the constructs and to assess instrument validity and reliability. The relationships between the various constructs were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). Consistent with other studies, the research found that complex questions induce a statistically significant amount of cognitive loading in students. The study also found that self-directed learning does not induce cognitive loading while subjecting students to tasks which are in their zone of proximal development is likely to induce some cognitive loading albeit much less than that from complex questions. Locating tasks in the zone of proximal development of students is likely to lead students to engage in some self-directed learning. It was also found that complex questions had a small significant association with self-directed learning. To reduce the amount of cognitive loading which students are subjected to, complex questions should be avoided for students with little subject prior knowledge, otherwise, students should be appropriately scaffolded. Students should be encouraged to engage in self-directed learning in order to reduce cognitive loading. Learning tasks assigned for self-directed learning should not be complex relative to the knowledge of the students as this discourages students from persisting with self-directed learning due to high cognitive loading.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">864-880</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kateřina Berková</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kristýna Krejčová</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alena Králová</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pavel Krpálek</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Katarína Krpálková Krelová</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dana Kolářová</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE CONCEPTUAL FOUR-SECTOR MODEL OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE COGNITIVE PROCESS DIMENSIONS IN ABSTRACT VISUAL THINKING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">abstract visual thinking</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">academic achievement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cognitive process dimensions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">intellectual level</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">motivation to learn</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1524597299.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The research deals with the development of cognitive process dimensions in economic education. The aim is to research factors that influence academic achievement of students according to their intellectual level and grades. The researchers used quantitative design of research based on standardized assessment of intelligence and non-standardized questionnaire. The questionnaire was used to analyse the pedagogical competences of the teachers of economic subjects from the students' point of view in close relation to the teaching management and the impact on the motivation to learn and the achievement of students in these subjects. The respondents were 277 Czech students aged 16-17 who were divided into groups according to their intellectual level and grades. The data were analysed by a correlation analysis and a multiple regression model. In conclusion, the following can be stated: (a) From the point of view of the above average intelligent students, expertise can be considered as an important competency of the teacher; teaching average intelligent students, communication and presentation skills seem to be important. (b) It is desirable to develop cognitive processes, critical thinking actively, to lead students to become aware of changes in their own thinking and to orient them towards mastery goals. (c) Particularly for students with weaker results it is necessary to create intrinsic motivation, which develops cognition and thus is able to develop higher cognitive dimensions further. The links between these areas are of utmost importance for education and, above all, for developing of students' scholarship. Each student can be educated, and it is necessary to influence them to develop their personality and all of their potential abilities. The conceptual four-sector model represents the initial pathway to lead students who are differentiated according to the intellectual level and academic achievement to the active development of thinking, learning and critical insight.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">121-139</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1544951700.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents, Vol. 76, No. 6, 2018, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">759</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1519987667.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents, Vol. 76, No. 1, 2018</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1529089208.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents, Vol. 76, No. 3, 2018</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">285</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1524597093.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents, Vol. 76, No. 2, 2018</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">115</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1540319713.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents, Vol. 76, No. 5, 2018</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">581-582</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1533495182.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents, Vol. 76, No. 4, 2018</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">421</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">André Machado Rodrigues</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cristiano Rodrigues de Mattos</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE CONTRADICTORY NATURE OF TEACHER EDUCATION IN THE PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN UNIVERSITY AND SCHOOL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">initial teacher education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">practicum</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">qualitative research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">university-school partnership</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1519988243.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">There is a growing understanding that teacher education should not be handled either exclusively by the University or in School settings. Nevertheless, the issues on how to foster a fruitful partnership between these two different institutions remains an open and challenging point. The practicum is a critical point in the pre-service teacher’s development, usually because it is the first time they have to face the concrete professional issues, which they only had a partial view of as students. This research is a year-long inquiry on practicum in the Physics teaching program developed in the Institute of Physics at the University of São Paulo, Brazil. Drawing on cultural-historical activity theory, contradiction is used as an explanatory principle to examine change and development in the practitioners’ activity. Therefore, the research includes in the analytical framework the contradictions and the processes of overcoming it. Examples are provided in which there is little control therefore demanding extra efforts but makes room for active participation. The data analysis indicates that the source of agency and activities transformation is precisely a contradictory process, which might be overlooked. The pre-service teachers’ agency is shaped by contradictory process within the activity – practicum - rather than aligned forces pushing it toward autonomy, student sensitiveness or professional identity.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">87-99</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Katia Lehraus</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Géry Marcoux</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CO-REGULATION PROCESSES WITHIN INTERACTIVE DYNAMICS: INSIGHTS FROM SECOND GRADERS’ COOPERATIVE WRITING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">collaborative writing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cooperative learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">interactive dynamics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning processes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">qualitative analysis</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1533495354.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This research aims at analyzing the features of interactive dynamics in second graders’ peer interactions (age 7-8) during cooperative writing in classroom settings. Focused on in-depth qualitative analyses of videotaped data, four pupil pairs’ interactions have been examined in light of three dimensions: social, cooperative and cognitive. Within two main types of dynamics (favoring vs. not favoring learning), conjectures have been drawn about co-regulation processes in peer learning. While negative dynamics have shown to be detrimental for the cognitive processing of the task, thus needing teacher contextual regulation, positive dynamics have revealed three forms of teamwork, labelled self-reliant, autonomous and dependent. The results show that young learners, even when engaged in positive dynamics, are not always able to co-regulate peer learning. These findings call for teacher’s careful observation in order to scaffold learners’ cognitive processing.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">425-436</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1529089167.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page, Vol. 76, No. 3, 2018 </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">283</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1533495145.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page, Vol. 76, No. 4, 2018</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">419</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1545498490.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page, Vol. 76, No. 6, 2018, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">757</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1540319679.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page, Vol. 76, No. 5, 2018</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">579</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1519987609.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page, Vol. 76, No. 1, 2018</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1524597060.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page, Vol. 76, No. 2, 2018</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">113</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sibel Er Nas</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Muammer   Çalık</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A CROSS-AGE COMPARISON OF SCIENCE STUDENT TEACHERS’ CONCEPTUAL UNDERSTANDING OF SOIL EROSION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">conceptual understanding</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cross-age</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mental model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science student teacher</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil erosion</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1540319925.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The relevant literature has shown that student teachers hold alternative conceptions of soil erosion. Even though Turkish science student teachers are expected to teach the concept of ‘soil erosion’ in lower secondary schools (grades 5-8), none of the earlier studies have explored their conceptual growth and/or mental models throughout a 4-year undergraduate program. Indeed, science (student) teachers, who play a pivotal role in teaching the sustainability of soil as an environmental heritage, are able to transfer their environmental knowledge and mental models to younger generations. Therefore, the aim of this research was to elicit science student teachers’ (SSTs) understanding of soil erosion. In a cross-age comparison, the sample of the research was comprised of the first-year (n=54), second-year (n=62), third-year (n=60), and fourth-year of a four-year science education program (n=65), a total of 241 SSTs, enrolled at the Department of Science Education in Karadeniz Technical University in Turkey. A questionnaire with 4 open-ended questions and semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. The results indicated that the majority of the SSTs confused the concept of ‘soil erosion’ with the one ‘landslide’. For this reason, the current research suggests the development of analogies and computer simulations to overcome this confusion.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">601-619</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maimunah</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lenny Marzulina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herizal</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Muhamad Holandyah</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amirul Mukminin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Robin Pratama</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Akhmad Habibi</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CUTTING THE PREVALENCE OF PLAGIARISM IN THE DIGITAL ERA: STUDENT TEACHERS’ PERCEPTIONS ON PLAGIARISM IN INDONESIAN HIGHER EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Indonesian higher education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">plagiarism in higher education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">student teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1540320224.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">It seems that plagiarism has not been seen as misconduct in higher education in some developing countries including in Indonesia which might be affected by cultural, economic, and technological issues. The research aimed at exploring the perceptions of Indonesian student teachers towards plagiarism in four higher education institutions. The research was undertaken as a mixed-method research. Questionnaire and face to face interviews were the instruments to collect data. A paper-based questionnaire was administered to 534 student teachers while face to face interviews were conducted with twenty voluntary participants. The data from the questionnaire were analyzed and presented in the form of percentages, frequencies, and standard deviation while interview data were first analyzed by transcribing the audiotaped interviews into texts, which were then read line-by-line to find and list every significant statement relevant to knowledge of plagiarism definition, research ethic, and research misconduct types, attitudes towards plagiarism,  practicing of plagiarism, and  reasons of plagiarism among twenty participants. Results showed that most student teachers knew the definition of plagiarism, but they did not know the types of research misconduct. They considered plagiarism as an act of stealing but being unable to avoid in for their study. They tended to do plagiarism because they wanted to save time and they considered about the pressure of their study. Based on the findings of this study, it is important that participants should be required to have more education on plagiarism and its effects and consequences on the ethics of research and education. More strict policies should be implemented to evaluate and supervise plagiarism emerged in Indonesian higher education institutions for undergraduate programs.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">663-677</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soo Eun Chae</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mi-Suk Lee</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DETERMINANTS OF LATENT PROFILES IN HIGHER-ORDER THINKING SKILLS OF KOREAN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">higher-order thinking skill</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">latent profile analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multinomial logistic analysis</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1533495613.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Past research on higher-order thinking (HOT) was mainly conducted on the bases of educational context in U.S. or western countries. This research aimed to see what kinds of HOT styles actually appear in universtiy students in South Korea.  The use of HOT skills were explored in Korean universtiy students and the factors influencing the classification were examined. 1,138 Korean university students were called to respond to Lee’s (2016) Higher-Order-Thinking-Scale for Korean University Students (HOTUS). Then, a latent profile analysis and the multinomial logistic analysis were conducted. The latent profile analysis revealed that the use of HOT skills could be classified into four classes (i.e., a lower-order thinking class, a creative-argumentative class, an analytical-caring class, and a higher-order thinking class). Gender, year, and instructional approach were the determinants of latent profile types. However, there were no differences when measured by academic fields. Students with lower years were likely to fall under lower-order thinking class. The probability that men was classified as a caring class was statistically significantly lower than that of women. Students who received lecturer-centered learning were more likely to fall under the analytical and caring class.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">483-498</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silvia Rogošić</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branislava Baranović</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DIFFERENCES IN SOCIAL BACKGROUND, STUDY CHOICE MOTIVATION AND HIGHER EDUCATION EXPERIENCE BETWEEN PRE-SERVICE CLASS TEACHERS AND PRE-SERVICE SUBJECT TEACHERS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pre-service class teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pre-service subject teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quantitative research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social background</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">study choice motivation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">study experience</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1540320405.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Considering that the disregard in teacher profession seems to be an observed problem in contemporary western societies which can result in a deficit of teachers, it is important to research reasons for enrolment into faculties of teacher education, factors which create a resistance towards the teacher education and teaching profession and possible differences between pre-service subject and pre-service class teachers related to these issues. Thus, the purpose of this research was to examine the differences in social background (level of human, financial, and social capital), motivation for selection of program of study and the experience of studying in higher education between pre-service class teachers and pre-service subject teachers. Theoretical background of research was based on Coleman’s theory of social mobility (1988) and the theory of motivation (Watt &amp; Richardson, 2007). A quantitative research design was employed, and the survey was conducted. Sample comprised 455 pre-service (subject and class) teachers studying at the University of Zagreb, Croatia. The results of Welch ANOVA test showed that pre-service subject teachers possess a higher level of financial and human capital, more often are extrinsically motivated in choosing the program of study and have more positive experiences of studying than pre-service class teachers. The results of logistic binary regression showed that participants are more likely to select the subject teaching profession (instead of class teaching profession) if they take into consideration status and financial benefit of their future occupation more frequently, if, on average, they spend more money and if they have more family members who held university degrees. Findings led to the conclusion that programs of study for the education of subject teachers are more prestigious which is not in line with the Coleman’s theory of social mobility (1988) but are closer to the theory of cultural reproduction (Bourdieu, 1986). </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">706-719</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Samsul Hadi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heri Retnawati</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sudji Munadi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ezi Apino</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nidya F. Wulandari</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE DIFFICULTIES OF HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IN SOLVING HIGHER-ORDER THINKING SKILLS PROBLEMS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">case study</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HOTS problem in mathematics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Newman’s error procedure</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">students’ difficulties</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1533495738.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International surveys, such as TIMSS and PISA, frequently put Indonesia in the low ranks. It is an indication that the higher-order thinking skills (HOTS) of students in Indonesia are still low.  This research aims to analyze students’ difficulties in solving problems that measure HOTS. This is a case study research with a qualitative approach. Participants studied were 93 high school students in grade XI. Data were collected using test instruments that measure HOTS, which was developed based on the standard contents of high school mathematics. The difficulties were analyzed descriptively by observing students’ errors in answering HOTS test items. Students’ errors were classified based on Newman’s Error Procedure (NEP). The result shows that around 8.33% of the students had difficulties in comprehension, 15.59% in transformation, 32.53% in process skills, and 1.34 % in encoding. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">520-532</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Artyom Sergeyevich Dontsov</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elena Ivanovna Burdina</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EDUCATING TEACHERS FOR CONTENT AND LANGUAGE INTEGRATED LEARNING IN KAZAKHSTAN: DEVELOPING POSITIVE ATTITUDES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">affective filter</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">anxiety</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">attitude</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CLIL</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">content and language integrated learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning motivation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">self-esteem</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher training</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1524597360.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The aim of the present research is to identify whether teachers' attitudes towards the use of Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) in the Republic of Kazakhstan can undergo significant changes if they study a course introducing them to the fundamentals of CLIL. Despite the country's plans to adopt English as one of the languages of education, stakeholders’ attitudes towards teaching through the medium of this language remain rather skeptical. A survey was held among Master’s degree students majoring in Education (n = 59) at Pavlodar State University before the course and after its completion. Since it is the affective component that largely determines the quality of attitudes, the levels of participants' anxiety, self-esteem and motivation were used as the indicators. The tools for measuring these variables were the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Dembo-Rubinstein's Method of Self-esteem Measurement and Dubovitskaya's Diagnostics of Learning Motivation Orientation. The end-of-course results show a marked reduction in the level of participants' state anxiety, a growth in self-esteem in terms of the readiness to use CLIL, and a shift towards intrinsic motivation. It is argued that for attitudes shift to take place, it is necessary to adopt a constructivist approach to teaching and learning.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">140-158</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cheng, C.-C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huang, K.-H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EDUCATION REFORM AND TEACHER AGENCY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education reform</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational organizations</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quality improvement</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1529089317.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The rapid change of technology, society, and economy creates pressure for education reform on a national level. In respond to the demand for quality improvement, educational organizations are engaging in educational innovation including curriculum, teacher competency, and effective teaching. Nevertheless, this top-down approach for change is likely to fail and lead to an unintended consequence if teachers are antithetical to the reform policy. As institutional agents, teachers make instructional choices to shape implementation of reform and thus influence the educational change in institutionalized practices (Bridwell-Mitchell, 2015). Briggs, Russel, and Wanless (2018) point out that teacher buy-in is a critical factor in educational change. As “an alignment between teacher beliefs and the goals of a change or reform, as well as feelings of competence in implementation” (p. 126), teacher buy-in for reform plays a crucial role in times of change. Teachers’ receptivity to reform is closely related to how they perceive the policy-level change. In addition to meeting the external demands, teachers characterized as real change agents are willing to change from the internal drive to reflect and learn (van der Heijden, Geldens, Beijaard, &amp; Popeijus, 2015).</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">286-288</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gabriel Gorghiu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dragos Daniel Iordache</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costin   Pribeanu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EDUCATIONAL POTENTIAL OF ONLINE SOCIAL NETWORKS: GENDER AND CROSS-COUNTRY ANALYSIS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cross-country differences</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational opportunities</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gender differences</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">invariance analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">online social networks</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1540320007.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The social media technologies are blurring the boundaries between formal and informal/non-formal learning and provide new educational opportunities. Recent work shows that online social networks provide various kinds of educational support, such as social learning, informal/non-formal education, information, interaction, and collaboration. The aim of this research was to analyze the gender and cross-country differences in the perception of the educational opportunities provided by Facebook. The educational opportunities have been specified as a global factor that manifests along four dimensions: information, collaboration, personal development, and professional development. The model has been tested on two samples of university students, one from Romania and the other from Lithuania. An analysis of invariance has been carried on that shows that the educational opportunities model is invariant across groups. The results showed that female students have a higher perception of the educational opportunities provided by Facebook.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">620-632</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Murugan Mini Ratamun</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kamisah Osman</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE EFFECTIVENESS OF VIRTUAL LAB COMPARED TO PHYSICAL LAB IN THE MASTERY OF SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS FOR   CHEMISTRY EXPERIMENT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gender effectiveness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">physical lab</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">salt topic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SPS mastery</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">virtual lab</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1533495873.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The aim of the research is to assess the effectiveness of Virtual Lab (experimental group) compared to Physical Lab (control group) in the level of Science Process Skill mastery of topic salt experiment. This research also was done to compare the students’ level of Science Process Skill mastery by gender and to find interaction effect between groups and gender on the level of Science Process Skill mastery. The instrument that used to evaluate the effectiveness is “Science Process Skill mastery test (SPST)”. A quasi-experimental research design with nonequivalent control group pre-test and post-test was used in this research. The participants of this research were chosen by purposive sampling from Malaysian 4th grade science stream students. This research involved a total of 147 participants, which is 64 male and 83 female. The two-way ANCOVA analysis showed that the effectiveness of group (VLab and PLab) on the mean score of SPST post-test was significant. The SPST post-test mean score of PLab is higher than the post-test mean score of Virtual Lab. It concluded that the students’ level of Science Process Skill mastery in experiments for confirmatory tests for anions and cations is better when Physical Lab is used. The effectiveness of gender on the mean score of SPST was not significant. The analysis also showed that the interaction effectiveness between group and gender in SPST was not significant. This means the group's influence on the mean score of SPST is not caused by the gender as well as the gender influence on the mean score of SPST is not caused by groups.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">544-560</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inga Biscevic</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arnela Pasalic</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Haris Memisevic</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE EFFECTS OF EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS AND THEORY OF MIND ON SEMANTIC FLUENCY IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">executive functions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">preschool children</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">semantic fluency</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">theory of mind</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1519987908.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Semantic fluency (SF) is a suitable indicator of preschool verbal abilities and can be used as a predictor of later school success. This research examined the effects of executive functions (EF) and theory of mind (TOM) on semantic fluency in preschool children. Dimensional Card Sorting test was used as an instrument of executive functions and the Sally-Anne test was used as a measure of theory of mind. The sample for this research comprised 116 preschool children, 60 boys, 56 girls, aged 38-72 months. The results of this research revealed a statistically significant effect of EF on SF (p=.03). The effect of TOM on SF was statistically non-significant, although approaching statistical significance (p=.06). There were no interaction effects of EF and TOM on SF. Findings of this research strongly suggest the need for EF training activities in preschool children. Preschool institutions of 21st century need to have curricula aimed at fostering EF skills. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21-28</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lee Jin Choi</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EMBRACING IDENTITIES IN SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNING: CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bilingual literacy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">English language learners</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">language learner identity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multiple identities</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">second language acquisition</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1545498556.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Despite increasing scholarly interest in language learners’ identities, little effort has been devoted to critically reviewing the latest research on second language learners’ identities and providing future directions for study. This recent increase in research then raises an important set of questions: (a) How have second language learners’ identities been portrayed and explained in empirical research?, (b) What are the general trends in language identity research, and what are the key factors that have driven such development?, and (c) What are the limitations of current studies and the future directions for research on second language learners’ identities? To answer the above questions, the paper critically reviewed and analyzed 109 major studies about second language learners’ identities since the 1990s. This critical review of current studies of second language learners’ identities aimed to address an important issue related to ESL/EFL students’ identity, which may be used to shape an international agenda on how to best support and meet the needs of these students. It also enables educators, school administrators, and policy makers at all levels to better understand the increasing number of second language learners and their multiple identities, as well as providing researchers a new perspective on conducting research in language learners’ identities. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">800-815</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1524597766.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page, Vol. 76, No. 2, 2018</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">282</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1540320597.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page, Vol. 76, No. 5, 2018</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">756</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1533495966.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page, Vol. 76, No. 4, 2018</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">578</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1545498580.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page, Vol. 76, No. 6, 2018, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">904</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1529090025.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page, Vol. 76, No. 3, 2018</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">418</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1519988333.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page, Vol. 76, No. 1, 2018</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">112</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Qismullah Yusuf</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yunisrina Qismullah Yusuf</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nira Erdiana</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arif Rizky Pratama</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ENGAGING WITH EDMODO TO TEACH ENGLISH WRITING OF NARRATIVE TEXTS TO EFL STUDENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">blended learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Edmodo</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EFL students</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">English writing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">narrative texts</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1529089676.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This experimental research aimed to explore the effect of teaching English writing of narrative texts by using Edmodo learning media through blended learning on the tenth-grade students in one of the senior high schools in Banda Aceh, Indonesia. It further looks into the students’ responses on the use of this media in learning English writing of narrative text. To study the development of the students’ writing before and after using Edmodo learning media in the classroom, the writing tests were given to the students. The data were gained quantitatively and qualitatively. The quantitative data were collected from the pre-test, treatments for three class meetings and the post-test, while the qualitative data was collected through the open-ended questionnaire which was distributed to the students after the treatments were done. Statistical formulas were used to calculate the mean, standard deviation, and t-test for the students’ pre-test and post-test scores. The hand coding and computer coding were used to analyze the data from the questionnaire. The results from the analysis of quantitative data showed that there was an improvement in students’ writing of narrative texts; their scores improved from the pre-test to the post-test after treatments with Edmodo were done. Furthermore, the analysis of the questionnaire revealed a majority of positive responses from the students. Those who negatively responded towards the use of this online learning media said that it was due to the necessity of the Internet connection and computers, laptops or mobile phones to operate Edmodo. Not all students have the privilege of possessing such devises and the Internet quota can also be costly. Thus, they recommended the school to provide them with free access to the Internet and computers should learning by using this media is to be continued in the future.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">333-349</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin Kustati</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yunisrina Qismullah Yusuf</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nooreiny Maarof</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ENGLISH TEACHERS’ VOICES ON COMMUNICATIVE LANGUAGE TEACHING FOR READING IN INDONESIAN RURAL CLASSROOMS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">communicative language teaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">English as a foreign language</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reading</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rural areas</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teachers’ voices</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1540320144.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The aim of this research was to find out whether English teachers teaching in rural areas in Indonesia are incorporating the Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) approach in their reading classes. The mixed research design included questionnaires, observations and interviews. A questionnaire was administered to 144 teachers in 68 rural high schools in Padang, West Sumatra. Out of these teachers, eight were chosen to be interviewed, and observations were conducted in their classes. Findings of the questionnaire showed that English teachers’ perceptions and attitudes are generally positive towards CLT in teaching reading. However, the results from observations and interviews with the teachers indicated that a majority of teachers still implemented the traditional (teacher-centred) approach in teaching reading compared to the student-centred approach as suggested by CLT. The preferred choice of teaching methods in teaching reading was influenced by several factors; namely, the students’ low proficiency level, their low degree of self-confidence and motivation, large class sizes, limited teaching schedule, and the teachers’ insufficient knowledge on CLT implementation. Finally, this research suggests that if Indonesia expects its policy of learning reform to be successful, intensive and consistent teacher development must be well-organized, and sufficient resources must be allocated so that all schools, especially those in rural areas, can meet the objectives. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">649-662</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Suzana Ursi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Naomi Towata</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ENVIRONMENTAL PERCEPTION ABOUT MARINE AND COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS: EVALUATION THROUGH A RESEARCH INSTRUMENT BASED ON MODEL OF ECOLOGICAL VALUES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">basic education students</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coastal Environment Questionnaire (CEQ)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">environmental perception</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Model of Ecological Value</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pre-service biology teachers</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1529405483.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The first aim of research is to propose a research instrument based on Wiseman and Bogner’s Model of Ecological Values, the “Coastal Environment Questionnaire” (CEQ), specifically developed to evaluate the Environmental Perception about marine and coastal ecosystems. The second aim is to explore, using CEQ, the position on the categories from Model of Ecological Values of some basic education students and some pre-service biology teachers from cities located near coastal areas from Brazil. CEQ was modified from “The Environment Questionnaire” (TEQ), which consists of a questionnaire composed of 16 items with Likert-type responses. The first process to have elaborated the new instrument changed the general situations described in the items of TEQ (most related with land environments) to situations related to marine and coastal environments. CEQ has been used with: 63 pre-service biology teachers from a non-coastal city; 79 basic education students from a non-coastal city; and 74 basic education students from a coastal city. All pre-service teachers were placed at Preservation+Utilization- category (100%). However, most students were placed at the Preservation+Utilization- category (around 70%), followed by Preservation+Utilization+ (around 25%), regardless their city location. It is expected that CEQ can be useful on research aim to better understand the perception about marine and coastal environments, contributing to development and evaluation of future Environmental Educational program focus on these important ecosystems.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">393-405</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shih-Tseng Tina Huang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vinh-Long Tran-Chi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tung-En Hsiao</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AN EXPLORATION OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF VIETNAMESE CHILDREN’S SELF-CONTROL ABILITY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">academic performance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">self-control</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">self-ratings</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vietnamese children</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1529089541.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The purpose of the present research is to explore the development of self-control ability during childhood. A group of 360 children (185 boys and 175 girls from grades 2, 4, and 6) participated in the survey. They completed the Children’s Perceived Self-Control Scale (CPSC) which included the interpersonal self-control (ISC), the personal self-control (PSC), and the self-evaluation (SE) subscales. Results showed significant differences in ISC, SE and total scores among the second, fourth and sixth graders. On the total scores, the fourth graders had higher scores than the second and the sixth graders. Moreover, the scores of ISC of the fourth graders were higher than those of the sixth grades. There was no gender difference and interaction of gender and grade found. The results suggested that the development of self-control following a quadratic pattern increased and reached a peak in the fourth grade and then decreased during sixth grade time.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">309-317</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Katja Jeznik</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ermenc, K. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jasna Mažgon</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A FESTIVAL AS A PEDAGOGICAL TOOL TO PROMOTE INCLUSION IN THE COMMUNITY AND IN SCHOOLS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">inclusion understanding</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">intellectual disabilities</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">positive attitudes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">special educational institution</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1524597419.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The focus of education policies on greater equity and accessibility of education for all exposes an important difference between narrow and broad definitions of the concept of inclusion. The narrow definition is tied above all to the school context, where responsibility for the realisation of inclusion lies with pedagogical workers. The broad definition refers to an understanding of inclusion as the embracing of diversity as a positive value for the community, regardless of the institutional context in which we endeavour to achieve inclusion. The research discussed the inclusive educational practice of a special educational institution catering for individuals with intellectual disabilities. Using a sample of 139 participants at the international inclusive festival Play With Me, the attitudes towards inclusion and towards persons with special needs (a Likert scale was created) were researched. The results indicate that respondents generally had positive attitudes towards inclusion; there were differences between them, depending on the roles they undertook at the festival (mentors of students taking part in the festival and volunteers running various festival activities), the institutions they came from (special or mainstream educational institutions, associations, NGOs), and whether or not they had experience of individuals with special educational needs (SEN), either in their work or in their studies. Although a broad understanding of inclusive culture is present in the statements of respondents, it appears that both general and special teachers (in the role of mentors) still incline slightly more towards a narrow understanding of inclusion than volunteers do, which raises questions about pedagogical workers' conception of education. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">159-174</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Veronika Végh</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gergely Horzsa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zsolt B. Nagy</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gábor Elbert</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Henriette Pusztafalvi</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HUNGARIAN SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS’ PHYSICAL ACTIVITY PATTERNS WITH REGARD TO GENDER</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eating habits</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">physical activity patterns</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">physical education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1540320558.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The rationale behind the research is the Hungarian government’s decision to introduce daily physical education lessons in schools. The system was expanded to all grades by the 2016/2017 academic year. It aims to improve students’ health consciousness and sports habits. Hungarian high school students’ physical activity, participation in competitive sport, body mass index and lifestyle determiners were examined with regard to gender. Altogether, 333 students completed the anonymous questionnaire, their average age was 16.12. Their Body Mass Index (BMI) was used to estimate the prevalence of obesity. The association between BMI and lifestyle determiners was analysed. 63.8% of girls and 70.4% of boys exercise daily or several times a week. Girls love individual sports, while boys would rather choose team sports. More boys participate in competitive sports (26.2%) than girls (16.5%). Both genders’ biology marks are better than those of students who do no sport. 46.81% of girls and 27.59% of boys have been on a slimming diet, and a high percentage of girls were on a slimming diet, even those with a normal BMI.  The results suggest that despite having five physical education (PE) lessons every week, students want to get more exercise. However, a lack of time and fatigue prevents them from doing so. Most children chose PE as their favourite subject, but out of all sporting venues it is at school that they like doing sport the least.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">739-752</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zurqoni</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heri Retnawati</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ezi Apino</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rizqa D. Anazifa</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IMPACT OF CHARACTER EDUCATION IMPLEMENTATION: A GOAL-FREE EVALUATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">character education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">character value</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">goal-free evaluation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">impact evaluation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1545497975.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Many studies reported the importance of character education for students to support their future success. Currently, the countries have strengthened the implementation of character education in their educational system, including Indonesia. Related to the previous statements, this research aimed to describe the impact of character education implementation as well as challenges and strategies of teachers in implementing the character education. This research was an evaluation research type using a goal-free evaluation model (impact evaluation) with a qualitative approach. The participants of the research were principals, teachers, students, parents, and community members from three provinces in Indonesia; East Kalimantan, Special Region of Yogyakarta, and West Nusa Tenggara. Data were collected through Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and also in-depth interviews. The data were then analysed using a model of Bogdan and Biklen to find out the refinement among themes and generate a detailed understanding. The findings showed that character education had a positive impact on increasing the students’ character values including religiosity, personality, social attitude, and competitive attitude. Role-modelling by teachers and other members of the school community and parents, character-oriented activities, and moral and material support from educational stakeholders are key factors in character education implementation. However, some improvements need to be made, such as improving the teacher training and workshops and giving financial support (funding) for character education implementation. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">881-899</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitza Davidovitch</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roman Yavich</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE IMPACT OF MOBILE TABLET USE ON STUDENTS' PERCEPTION OF LEARNING PROCESSES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational pedagogy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning processes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STEM</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tablet</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1519987967.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The purpose of the current research was to explore the impact of tablet use for various subjects in Israeli schools on students' perception of learning processes in the cognitive and affective dimensions. For this purpose, 122 ninth and tenth grade students from the Boyar School in Jerusalem completed an online questionnaire. The main hypotheses were that a difference would be found between STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) and non-STEM subjects in the weight attributed to the cognitive dimension of tablet use, as well as in the weight attributed to the affective dimension of tablet use. These hypotheses were not confirmed. In contrast, the hypothesis concerning gender differences in the weight attributed to cognitive and affective dimensions was partially confirmed. Males attributed more weight than female adolescents to both the cognitive and affective dimensions of tablet use. A possible explanation of the findings is the male inclination towards STEM subjects that include more cognitive use of learning. In future studies, it is advisable to utilize a larger sample and to thoroughly explore gender differences regarding this topic.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29-42</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anna-Karin Svensson</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE IMPORTANCE OF ‘SIGNIFICANT OTHERS’ IN BRIDGING THE GAPS BETWEEN DIFFERENT READING CONTEXTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pre-service teachers’ narratives</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reading contexts</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reading trajectories</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">significant others</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1524597655.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The current research is an in-depth study of four pre-service teachers’ own experience of reading in various contexts and for different reasons. The aim is to analyse what has been significant regarding reading in a life history perspective by the use of narratives.  A socio-cultural perspective on reading is used as analysis tool. The over-arching result from analysing pre-service teachers’ narratives is that reading is a relational process regardless of the context reading takes place in. The emerging themes allow a deeper understanding on critical aspects for developing reading in various contexts and at different levels. Significant others seem important in every reading practice, from new readers in primary school to pre-service teachers’ reading at university level. The narratives reveal a need for bridging the gaps that arise between the reading practices in the various contexts that students meet in school and university.  </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">231-249</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Durmuş Karci</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cemal Özdemir</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nuri Balta</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IN-CLASS AND OUT-OF-CLASS ANXIETY IN SPEAKING TURKISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">anxiety in speaking</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">language anxiety</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Turkish as a second language</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1545497715.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Turkish is spoken by a large number of people in a wide geographical area and teaching Turkish as a foreign language is a subject that gains importance nowadays. This research employed a quantitative survey strategy to address the issue of anxiety in learning Turkish language in and outside the classroom. Participants were 356 students of two high schools, one college and one university in Kazakhstan. Participants were given the Second Language Speaking Anxiety Scale (SLSAS), which was analyzed with: correlation to search for possible relations between anxiety, age, duration of studying Turkish, and Turkish course grades; MANOVA to assess the effect of gender and school type on students’ anxiety in speaking Turkish; and an exploratory factor analysis to identify factor structure of SLSAS. Additionally, an ANOVA was carried out on a second data set with 52 students to see any differences between students’ anxiety in speaking Turkish and English. The results of this research indicated that anxiety in speaking Turkish is weak and not related to students’ age, gender, years studying Turkish, and Turkish course grades. In addition, no significant differences were found between students’ anxiety in speaking Turkish and English. The only significant result was the relatively high anxiety of college students in the classroom. This research implies that anxiety in speaking Turkish does not differ so much from anxiety in speaking English.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">816-833</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mª del Carmen Pegalajar Palomino</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AND INCLUSIVE TEACHING: PERCEPTIONS AND ATTITUDES OF FUTURE EARLY CHILDHOOD AND PRIMARY EDUCATION TEACHERS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">early childhood education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational inclusion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">future teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">information and communication technologies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1529089863.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This research analysed future teachers’ perceptions and attitudes towards the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in the development of inclusive educational practices. Adopting a quantitative research approach, data were collected through an ad hoc questionnaire administered to fourth-year early childhood education and primary education degree students from the Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), southeast Spain (n=231). Results revealed favourable perceptions towards ICT use in the classroom, with students viewing these resources as contributing to their professional development and improving digital competence. Furthermore, they report how ICTs present didactic opportunities for the development of the teaching-learning process when working with learners with specific educational support needs. Lastly, the research highlights statistically significant differences in future teachers’ perceptions towards the implications of ICT for teaching when developing inclusive educational processes as well as in their attitudes towards professional development and the training needs required for supporting learners with special educational needs. These differences are appreciated between early childhood education degree students and their primary education peers, the latter reporting more favourable assessments.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">380-392</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barbara Baschiera</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sara Santini</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marco Socci</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INTERGENERATIONAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION: OLDER ENTREPRENEURS REDUCING YOUNGSTERS’ SOCIAL AND WORK DISENGAGEMENT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">active participation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">intergenerational entrepreneurship education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NEETs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">senior entrepreneurs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social inclusion</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1519987832.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The current generation of young Italians leaving education have never entered the labour market with more years of schooling and higher levels of academic certifications as now. Nevertheless, they are losing out in the struggle for employment. It is a paradox experienced not only across Europe and poses questions about whether young people are being trained efficiently for twenty-first century employment.
Nowadays employers require that young people possess skills-oriented learning that emphasises adaptability and preparedness for change. 
Italian Education systems, however, have not been responsive in this way. 
The intergenerational education approach may be an effective method for covering the mismatch between provided education and competences required on the labour market. Experienced older entrepreneurs may give young people Not in Employment, Education, or Training (NEETs) the confidence and intellectual resources to deal with the problems they will encounter through professional life, creating new spaces of autonomy and responsibility.
Two focus-groups and questionnaires with 15 NEETs and 15 qualitative interviews and questionnaires to 50+ entrepreneurs were carried out in five European countries, Italy included, to understand how an entrepreneur could help youth to start their own business. Results from Italy demonstrate that to spread a culture of entrepreneurship, senior entrepreneurs are required to strengthen NEETs’ confidence, initiative and courage, the ability to take risks and to invest in the future.
Considering Lev Vygotsky’s cognitive and social development theory as applied to intergenerational learning seniors need to act as a trigger to promote NEETs’ entrepreneurial attitudes, capabilities and aspirations for life.
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7-20</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dawit Legesse Edamo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tshilidzi Netshitangani</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LEADERSHIP, SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT AND EFFECTIVENESS: THE EXPERIENCES OF THE SCHOOLS COMMUNITY IN ETHIOPIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">qualitative research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school community</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school support</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">stakeholder collaboration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Student performance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">theory of change</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1540319866.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This was a qualitative research, which explored how the school community experienced the outcomes of leadership on the effectiveness of the school improvement program (SIP) on Sidama Zone schools, Ethiopia. Four schools were purposively selected. Data were collected using interviews, focus group discussions, observation and documents, which included school plans, reports, minutes of meetings, memos, letters and the students' examination results were analyzed as they reflected issues related to the outcomes of the SIP on the school’s effectiveness. Principals, teachers, students, supervisors, parent teacher association members and SIP experts were interviewed. The findings indicate that in schools where there is strong collaboration of the school community in the planning, decision-making, monitoring and evaluation processes, the improvement initiatives are owned by all in the school and the performance of the schools is enhanced. It is recommended that the roles of the principals be redirected, the number of supervisors be increased, diverse professional development opportunities for principals and teachers be created, the recruitment, appointment and retention of principals be reconsidered and mechanisms to check school plans and performance reports be created.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">587-600</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Helena Brožová</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jana Horáková</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jiří Fiedler</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LECTURERS’ MANAGERIAL COMPETENCIES IMPORTANT FOR STUDENTS AT THE CZECH UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Analytic Hierarchy Process</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">higher educational institutions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lecturer’s managerial competencies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">students’ perception</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1533495547.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This research identifies the lecturers’ competencies which are the most important from the students’ perspective at the Czech University of Life Sciences Prague and compares students’ opinion and their change over the whole study period. It does not deal with the knowledge competencies of lecturers that students cannot objectively evaluate, but with lecturers’ managerial competencies that affect the organization, forms and ways of teaching. The examined competencies are hierarchically organized into three groups of particular competencies comprising of bipolar characteristics. Based on survey of students at the University, the evaluation of importance of managerial competencies using the Analytic Hierarchy Process was performed. The findings show that Innovative education, Good communication skills, Ability of improvisation, and Democratic way of teaching are the most important lecturers’ competencies from students’ point of view. Surprisingly, Oral based presentation is preferred to IT based one. Knowledge of the most important managerial competencies can help lecturers and universities to increase quality of educational process and attractiveness of the university for students. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">465-482</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stanisława Nazaruk</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Joanna Waszczuk</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Joanna Marchel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Helena Kowaluk-Nikitin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anna Klim-Klimaszewska</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE LEVEL OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY OF CHILDREN IN KINDERGARTEN IN THE LIGHT OF SELECTED INDIVIDUAL FACTORS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">accelerometer</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">actigraph</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">kindergarten</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">physical activity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pre-school child</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1519988124.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Taking into account the psychophysical development of a young person, a child in particular, attention should be paid to forming certain habits related to physical activity, health, nutrition, hygiene, and aesthetics during the preschool period as such habits will be of utmost importance in his/ her adult life. Physical activity of children affects various health parameters both today and in the future. Specialists draw attention to the correlation between physical activity and the development of the musculoskeletal system, body posture, the nervous, respiratory and vegetative systems. The lack of physical activity may result in cardiovascular diseases or obesity. These are just some of the reasons for which people need physical activity in their lives. Bearing in mind the lack of research on this issue, it was decided to conduct research on the physical activity of children (210 students) aged 4-6 attending selected kindergartens located in the town of Biała Podlaska, Poland. The level of physical activity of children was measured with the use of special devices, so called actigraph units (accelerometers in Polish). Due to a small size of this wrist-watch-like device, movements of children or their participation in games and different forms of activities in kindergarten were not hampered. On the basis of the collected data, statistical analysis was performed.  Non-parametric statistical tests were used in order to identify the relationship between variables of the physical activity level and sex, age and weight of a child. Data analysis revealed statistically significant differences between the level of physical activity and some personal characteristics. The research conclusions, which will be helpful in providing effective education in the field of physical activity, were made available to kindergartens. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">58-68</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hare Kiliçaslan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE LEVELS OF CRITICAL THINKING TENDENCIES IN ARCHITECTURAL EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">academic achievement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">architectural students</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">critical thinking</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">critical thinking tendency</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1540320066.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Students who receive architectural education are expected to be individuals who can think critically. For this reason, it becomes a necessity to cultivate creative individuals who are curious, inquiring and multi-faceted thinkers. The aim of this research was to determine the levels of tendency for critical thinking of first-year and fourth-year architecture students. The research sample consisted of 88 (54 females, 34 males) first-year and 83 (47 females, 36 males) fourth-year students who are studying at Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Architecture. The &quot;California Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory (CCTDI)&quot; was used as data collection tool in the research. In addition, information about the demographic characteristics of students were collected through the Personal Information Form. Findings of the research showed that there was no statistically significant difference between the GPAs and critical thinking tendency levels of the first-year and fourth-year students. It can be argued that all students need some guidance to attach importance on critical thinking starting from the first year of the program.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">633-648</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pilnam Yi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In-soo Shin</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MULTILEVEL RELATIONS BETWEEN EXTERNAL ACCOUNTABILITY, INTERNAL ACCOUNTABILITY, AND MATH ACHIEVEMENT: A CROSS-COUNTRY ANALYSIS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational equity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">external accountability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">internal accountability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">math achievement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PISA</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1529089614.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">External accountability policies have spread fast across various educational systems over the past decades. This research examines the relations of internal and external accountability with students’ math achievement drawing on PISA 2012. With a sample of 44 educational systems, of which external accountability policies were identified, the research conducted three-level hierarchical linear modelling (HLM) analyses. This research found that some internal accountability factors had tighter relations with math achievement, while the relations of external accountability policies with student performance were rather tenuous. However, equity of student math achievement was better ensured under strong accountability systems. The results suggest that policy makers of each country should consider strengths and weaknesses of external accountability in their own educational contexts.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">318-332</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dalibor Gonda</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anna Tirpakova</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A NEW TEACHING METHOD AIMED AT ELIMINATING THE CAUSES OF STUDENTS’ UNSUCCESSFUL ALGORITHMIC PROBLEM SOLVING WITH PARAMETER</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">algorithmic solution</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">formal conditions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematical didactics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">problems with the parameter</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">understanding of the concept</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1533495680.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The new method of teaching the problems with a parameter was designed based on the identification of the reasons for the low success rate of the kids in solving the problems. In order to identify these causes and to find ways of their elimination, pedagogical research was carried out in two phases at selected universities of Slovakia (126 students) in 2016-2017. In the first stage the validity of the research hypothesis was confirmed, that the cause of the kids´ poor success in solving problems with the parameter is an algorithmic approach to their solution, a misunderstanding of the concept of a parameter and a formal determination of solvability conditions. Based on this, a new method of teaching the tasks with a parameter was developed.  Its main idea is focusing on understanding the term parameter and showing its creative use in solving multiple tasks. In the second stage of the research, the success of the new teaching method was also verified experimentally. The results of the experiment confirmed the success of the students in solving the problems with the parameter, confirming that the basis of the success in solving the problems is the understanding of the term parameter and the ability to find their own solution to the task. It has turned out that the transition from the method of solving equations with a parameter by algorithms to the solution method by understanding the basic concepts and possibilities of their use is one of the methods to improve the teaching of mathematics.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">499-519</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johan Bäcklund</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin Hugo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE PARADOX OF THE FLIPPED CLASSROOM: ONE METHOD, MANY INTENTIONS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flipped classroom</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flipped education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">qualitative interviews</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching methodology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1533495491.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Flipped Classroom is a teaching model where content attainment is shifted forward to outside of class, to be followed up by the teacher in class. In Sweden this way of teaching has become very popular during recent years. But what is gained by this way of teaching? Research on the Flipped Classroom in the context of the Swedish High School system is close to non-existent; why studies within this field are of great importance.
In order to find appropriate informants, an electronic survey was constructed. Informants matching the selection criteria were then selected for qualitative interviews. In total nine informants agreed to participate in interviews (semi-structured) to describe their experiences from flipping their own classrooms.
The informants reported that the transition from more conventional ways of teaching to using the Flipped Classroom entailed major changes. The informants pointed out that the process of moving away from the more conventional way of teaching improved their teaching. All of the informants expressed they all used the Flipped Classroom methodology but they all did it with different goals in mind and their approach varied a lot. By using the same terminology, it might seem that they worked with the Flipped Classroom in similar ways, but the results show they did not. Herein lies the problem: Teachers say they flip their classrooms, which they do, but they do not share the same goals or approaches, just the term: The Flipped Classroom.
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">451-464</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ifunanya Julie Adaobi Ubah</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sarah Bansilal</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PRE-SERVICE MATHEMATICS TEACHERS’ KNOWLEDGE OF MATHEMATICS FOR TEACHING: QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">graphical representation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">parabola</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pre-service mathematics teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quadratic functions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">symbolic representation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1545497857.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Many researchers and education stakeholders in South Africa point to the need to develop teachers' personal knowledge of the mathematics concepts that they teach to their learners.  In this research study we explore the understanding of 42 pre-service mathematics teachers of one aspect of school level mathematics, that of quadratic functions. Data were generated from the written responses to an assessment as well as semi-structured interviews. The purpose was to explore the methods used by pre-service mathematics teachers to derive a symbolic equation for a quadratic function expressed in graphical form. Furthermore, we looked at whether the pre-service teachers were able to use different methods to generate the symbolic equation.  The results showed that 25 participants were able to determine the equation of a parabola using one method, while 11 of them were able to use two different methods. The most common method used was based on the intercept form of the equation. Some students identified different forms that the equation of a quadratic function could be expressed as but were unable to apply this to derive the equation. These results indicate that these students are not yet ready to teach these school level concepts even though they have studied advanced mathematics topics as part of their pre-service training. The study recommends that pre-service teachers should also be provided with more structured opportunities to help develop pedagogic content knowledge of the school level content as part of their teacher training programme.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">847-863</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ján  Záhorec</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alena  Hašková</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michal  Munk</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin  Bílek</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">QUALITY ASSURANCE OF INFORMATICS EDUCATION WITHIN TERTIARY ECONOMY AND MANAGERIAL STUDY FIELDS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">career profiles</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">curricula innovation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">evaluation of the education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">informatics education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quality assurance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tertiary education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1524597729.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">One of the key issues of the EU educational policy is quality assurance. The presented research represents a contribution to solving the issue of quality assurance of informatics education on the tertiary level of education in economy and managerial study fields. Within the research current state of informatics education in selected economy and managerial study programmes was analysed based on students` views and opinions. Necessary research data were collected through questionnaire survey respondents, who were students of the relevant study programmes in the Slovak and Czech Republics. The paper presents in more detail results of the questionnaire part which was focused on finding out how the students evaluate informatics education incorporated in their pre-graduate education considering its relevance to their study and career profiles. Another task of the research was to find out whether the students` evaluations depend on their gender and study specializations, and also whether there are some differences in the evaluations done by the students of the same or at least similar study programmes studying either in Slovakia or in the Czech Republic. As the results showed, students of the economy and managerial study programmes do not connect their future career with the information technologies and they do not have ambitions to be employed in the IT area. But at the same time, they are aware of the fact that the knowledge and skills obtained within their informatics preparation are important for their everyday life and future career. On the other hand, they are not satisfied with the quality of the informatics subjects they are taught. So, to assure the quality of their pre-gradual preparation does not mean only to innovate curricula of the informatics preparation but also to deal with the issues of an efficient transfer of these curricula content to students.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">250-278</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kateřina Berková</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jana Borůvková</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lenka Lízalová</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RECOGNITION OF INDICATORS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE COGNITIVE DIMENSIONS IN TERTIARY EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cognitive dimensions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">logical reasoning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problem-Based Learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tertiary education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1544951884.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The aim of the research was to find out what factors influence the development of cognitive dimensions in college students. The following factors were considered: field of study, academic achievement in a selected economic subject and abstract visual intellectual level. The reason for doing this research was to increase the quality of teaching economic subjects across bachelor study fields in the conditions of a practically oriented College of Polytechnics, Jihlava in the Czech Republic. Two fields of study were selected - the economic field - Finance and Management (N = 52 students) and the technical field - Applied Computer Science (N = 30 students). Study plans of both fields included the subject Corporate Economy in the first term of studies. Methodological research was based on the theory of problem-based learning. It was built on a test method that was used to gain data to identify the context of variables with the development of cognitive dimensions in the context of an internationally recognized framework for evaluating the success - the Bloom's Taxonomy. Two tests were used to collect the data: (a) a test measuring the abstract visual intellectual level; (b) a non-standardized test to measure students' achievement in the six cognitive dimensions of the Bloom's Taxonomy. The initial knowledge of students was comparable. The data were analyzed by factor analysis, followed by the Spearman and Pearson correlation coefficients. Cognitive dimensions could be grouped into two factors. Factor 1 - Application-Evaluation Dimension that was explained by the dimensions of Knowledge, Application, Evaluation; Factor 2 - Analytical Dimension that was explained by the dimensions of Comprehension, Analysis, Synthesis. The results showed that an individual did not have to be competent in the whole complexity of the Bloom's Taxonomy. The development of cognitive dimensions correlated with the field of study, the economic field was correlated with factor 2 and the technical field with factor 1. The development of cognitive dimensions did not correlate with the abstract-visual intellectual level. Factor 2 weakly negatively correlated with academic achievement in the subject Corporate Economy. This means that students who were successful in developing lower-order cognitive dimensions had a weak analytical orientation in the economic area, and vice versa. The results brought by the research will help improve teaching of economic subjects across the two disciplines, especially with regard to the innovation of learning and teaching strategies with a positive impact on the desired cognitive development of students.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">762-778</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stojan Kostanjevec</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lovšin Kozina, F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martina Erjavšek</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TEACHERS’ EDUCATION AND THEIR SELF-PERCEIVED COMPETENCE FOR TEACHING HOME ECONOMICS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Home Economics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">home economics education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Home Economics teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teachers' competencies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teachers' education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1524597478.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Relevant teacher qualifications that include specialist knowledge and knowledge in didactics significantly influence the level of achievement of education goals during the teaching process. Teacher's perception of their own professional competence to teach may depend on their qualification which is linked to the education obtained. The purpose of the research was to find out how teachers who teach Home Economics in Slovenian elementary schools estimate their competence to teach Home Economics contents, in reference to their formal education. 89 teachers of 5th and 6th grade Home Economics participated in the research. They were classified according to their formal education, either in the group with completed Home Economics studies (relevant education) or in the group without these studies (irrelevant education). A questionnaire was developed for the teachers to assess their own teaching competence. The obtained data was analysed with descriptive and inferential statistical methods. Results indicated that teachers with completed home economics studies who teach Home Economics feel more competent to teach Home Economics contents than teachers without completed relevant studies. Differences in their perceptions exist in all four Home Economics modules, i.e. economics, textile and clothing, living and environment, food and nutrition. This leads to the conclusion that relevant teacher education is important for teaching Home Economics in all specialist areas of home economics education. As regards providing quality education process and achieving Home Economics education goals, the results indicate that relevant qualifications of teachers should be ensured. Teachers with irrelevant education should be provided with additional professional training.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">175-188</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Keysy S. C. Nogueira</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carmen   Fernandez</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE RELIABILITY OF AN INSTRUMENT TO MEASURE TEACHER KNOWLEDGE FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF LEARNERS IN THE CONTEXT OF PIBID</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">instrument reliability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PCK</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PIBID</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">redox reactions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching knowledge</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1519988181.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This research sought to analyze the reliability of an instrument to measure teacher knowledge of a group of pre-service chemistry teachers participating in the Institutional Program for Scholarships for Beginner Teachers in Brazil (PIBID).. Thus, it was analyzed  the evaluation of a group of students about the Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) of five pre-service chemistry teachers from the program. Accordingly, an instrument containing 28 statements and an open question was applied to a group of 70 students from a public school to whom the pre-service teachers had applied their didactic proposals. The purpose of the instrument was to measure the perception of the students' about the components of the teacher knowledge (Subject Matter Knowledge - SMK, Instructional Representation and Strategies - IRS, Instructional Objective and Context - IOC and Knowledge of Students’ Understanding - KSU) of the pre-service teachers. The results of the analysis revealed that the instrument about teacher’s knowledge has a high reliability based on the alpha Cronbach values. The results of the alpha coefficient for the pre-service teachers were all above 0.9 suggesting that the instrument is reliable and has consistent measurements. Regarding to the exploratory analysis, the main scale in the PCK evaluation of the undergraduates was four which means that the students consider that the aspects related to the SMK, IRS, IOC and KSU are frequently present in the classes of the future teachers.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">69-86</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Natalia M. Mezhennaya</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oleg V. Pugachev</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ON THE RESULTS OF USING INTERACTIVE EDUCATION METHODS IN TEACHING PROBABILITY THEORY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CAS Mathematica</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CAS – computer algebra system</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education outcomes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education statistics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematical education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">probability theory</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching methods</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1540320285.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The impact of a complex of interactive computer algebra system (CAS) based methods with usage of supplementary education materials (e.g., interactive presentations, computer modeling patterns and supplementary home tasks prepared in CAS Mathematica) on the education outcomes in the subject “Probability theory and mathematical statistics” was estimated. A comparative analysis of education outcomes for two groups of third-year students of engineering specialization taught in Bauman Moscow State Technical University was carried out. Group I of 72 students was taught in the year 2016-17 using teaching methods including only lectures and seminars, without usage of supplementary interactive materials. A written control work was chosen as a tool of examination; its results were used as a means of assessment of education outcomes achieved by the students in the first module “Probability theory” of the semester course. The results demonstrated by Group I proved not to be satisfactory for achieving the aims of education: successful continuation of learning the next modules, and further usage in professional practice. After detailed analysis of the students’ works and interviewing them, the basic difficulties in understanding and interpretation of the tasks were clarified. Consequently, Group II of 70 students taught in the year 2017-18 in the same specialization as Group I, was provided with new variants of home tasks and supplementary sets of interactive materials to study on lectures and seminars, as well as for independent study at home. The students of Group II have demonstrated significantly higher outcomes as compared to the students of Group I.  </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">678-692</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rymshash Toleubekova</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Engilika Zhumataeva</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE ROLE OF ETHNOPEDAGOGY IN SHAPING POSITIVE ATTITUDES TOWARDS TRADITIONAL VALUES OF KAZAKH PEOPLE AMONG MASTER’S STUDENTS MAJORING IN EDUCATION IN KAZAKHSTAN</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">attitude formation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ethnopedagogy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Master's degree students</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">postgraduate education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">survey-based methodology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">the Republic of Kazakhstan</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">traditional values</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1545497804.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Since gaining independence in 1991, the Republic of Kazakhstan has been consistently working on restoring the national identity. An important role in this process is played by education, therefore, there is a growing Government interest in instilling national values in pre-service and in-service teachers. The aim of the research was to establish whether the attitudes towards the traditional values of the Kazakh people held by Master's students majoring in Education would change as a result of studying an elective course in Ethnopedagogy. Based on an analysis of the traditional values of the Kazakh people undertaken by Kazakh researchers, a classification of these values was developed and used as a basis for a questionnaire designed to identify attitudes towards these values. A survey was conducted with the students from two universities. The sample of the research was 119 people: 59 students formed the experimental group (the one where the elective course was taught), the remaining 60 were in the control group (that did not study the course). The survey was conducted twice: before the beginning and after the end of the course. The results of the first survey showed no statistically significant differences between the experimental and control groups. The second survey clearly showed positive changes in the attitudes towards the traditional values of the Kazakh people in the experimental group, while in the control group the results remained approximately at the level of the first survey. A conclusion was made that it is necessary to strengthen the national and cultural components in the content of pedagogical education in the Republic of Kazakhstan.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">834-846</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Līga  Paula</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aiga Grīnfelde</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE ROLE OF MENTORING IN PROFESSIONAL SOCIALIZATION OF NOVICE TEACHERS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mentoring</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">novice teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">professional socialization</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher retention</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching profession</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1529089806.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Entering teaching profession is considered as the most determining stage in a teacher’s professional life. The aim of this research is to explore opinions of novice teachers in Latvia about the role of mentoring in their professional socialization. The following research questions were defined: (1) what difficulties novice teachers faced during their in-service experience? (2) what support novice teachers needed when they started teaching? (3) what the role of mentoring in teachers’ professional socialization is? Qualitative research design was developed for the research. Empirical data were obtained during the focus group discussion with ten teachers representing Council of young teachers (in age below 35) of the Latvian Trade Union of Education and Science Employees, nine semi-structured interviews with novice teachers, and interview with a mentor. 
Novice teachers face teaching reality which often differs from perceptions about the profession developed during the studies at university. The research shows that teachers from the sample faced following challenges during their first years of in-service: establishing teacher’s authority and self-positioning as a teacher, time management, problems with discipline in a classroom, lack of skills to develop curriculum and lesson plans, difficulties in communication with parents. During socialization novice teachers learned their responsibilities and acquired specific knowledge; appropriate support such as mentoring reduced level of stress and uncertainty while novice teachers adapted to school during the period of transition from pre-service period to in-service period. In relation to mentoring, novice teachers expected that a mentor would introduce them to school traditions and internal rules and would advise on discipline in a classroom as well as would help to develop curriculum. Policy makers should focus on teachers’ support guidelines at national level, which would allow schools to ensure the most appropriate environment for novice teachers so that they would like to continue their careers in teaching profession.
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">364-379</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Larisa Nikitina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ma Tin Cho Mar</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fumitaka Furuoka</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RUSSIAN LANGUAGE NEEDS AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN MALAYSIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">higher education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">language needs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Malaysia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Russian language</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1540320341.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In the context of higher education foreign language courses are viewed as skills-oriented subjects that aim to enable students to communicate in a foreign language. The main four language skills to be developed are listening, speaking, reading and writing. Until recently, decisions about which of the linguistic skills should be emphasized in a foreign language program have been taken without seeking the opinions of language learners. To address this issue, the present research examined needs for learning the Russian language among students in a Malaysian public university. To achieve this research aim, a survey questionnaire was distributed among prospective learners of Russian. Four different statistical methods were performed to analyse the data, namely, the descriptive statistics, the independent t-test, the exploratory factor analysis and the reliability test. The findings from the descriptive statistics revealed that the respondents considered developing face-to-face interactive skills, such as the speaking and listening skills, as most important. The findings of the t-test suggested that demographic variables might have some influence on the students’ perceptions of the skills’ importance. For example, the students who spoke Malay at home placed a higher value on developing their ability to speak in a polite manner and to understand non-verbal communitive acts, such as gestures. The results of the exploratory factor analysis revealed that the language skills as perceived by the students formed several dimensions where interactive and non-interactive skills tended to form distinct clusters. This research concludes with a discussion of pedagogical implications to be drawn from the findings. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">693-705</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alena  Hašková</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miriam Bitterová</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SCHOOL AUTONOMY AND SCHOOL LEADERSHIP: CASE STUDY OF SCHOOL OPERATION IN SLOVAKIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">power extension</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school autonomy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school deliberation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school leaders</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1529089481.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">During as near as three decades after the political changes in Slovakia its system of education has undergone many reforms. As an integral part of them have been changes regarding school autonomy as it influences quality of education. To achieve an optimal model of autonomy offered to schools is very difficult, as appropriate level of autonomy is dependent on time and social conditions. To improve democratic participation of primary and secondary school leaders in Slovakia, a research aimed at assessment of the current state of the level of school autonomy was carried out. The research data were obtained from a questionnaire survey, the respondents of which were 93 headmasters and deputy headmasters. These school leaders assessed the power they (the schools) have in five fields, namely in the fields of school activity in the whole, school curricula matters, school financing and budgeting, staff recruitment, selection, employing and sacking, administrative and operational management. The assessment they give once with respect to the level in which to them given autonomy matches the tasks and problems they have to cope with, and the second time with respect to their opinion where the scope of the autonomy should be changed. Although the school leaders assessed the level of the powers they are given in a positive way, as average or broader, they still feel a need to have a broader scope of the powers and responsibilities, mainly in the field of financing and budgeting.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">299-308</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antti Laherto</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frederike Tirre</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ilka Parchmann</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lorenz Kampschulte</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stefan Schwarzer</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SCIENTISTS’ PERCEPTIONS ON THE NATURE OF NANOSCIENCE AND ITS PUBLIC COMMUNICATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">authenticity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nanoscience</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nature of science</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science communication</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">scientist interviews</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1519988052.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Some level of understanding of and about nanoscience and nanotechnology (NST) has been suggested as being relevant in up-to-date scientific literacy for all. Research scientists working in these fields are central in current efforts to inform and engage the public in NST. Earlier research has shown that scientists can contribute to authentic science learning, but communication always entails roles that affect the choice of content. This study investigated NST researchers’ views on the nature of their research and their preferences in NST communication. Eight experienced professors working in various fields of NST were interviewed. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews focused on the scientists’ views on 1) the nature of their research, and 2) aspects of NST that should be communicated to the public. Qualitative content analysis of the interviews revealed that the themes the interviewees highlighted when describing their research (interdisciplinarity, size scale, methods, objects, nature of NST in general) were somewhat different from the ones they considered as important for communication to the public (applications and products, risks and benefits, visualizations). The results problematize the simplistic notion that exposure to real scientists would unquestionably enhance the authenticity of science learning. This study gives insight for research and development of science communication, especially scientists’ role and training in it.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">43-57</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saleh A. Alabdulkareem</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SOCIAL MEDIA IN EDUCATION: THE ABSENT ATTENDEE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ICT</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning environments</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social media applications</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social network</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1540319805.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interaction and Information technologies have reshaped our live today, and nowadays' students and teachers have a massive use of smart phones, iPads and other portable devices; moreover, they are continually looking for cutting edge technologies. But often the use of these devices is not in ways anticipated by technology proponents. All these smart phones and other portable devices are equipped or ready for social media applications like Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, WhatsApp, Telegram, and Instagram, Snapchat, which are part of what is known as Social Web 2.0, best characterized by the notions of social interaction, content sharing, and collective intelligence.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">583-586</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TEACHER HEALTH LITERACY: WHY DOES IT MATTER?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">health competence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">health education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">health literacy</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1519987761.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">It is obvious, that education is one of the main social factors having influence on health. Health education is most effective at school, because it reaches a man at his most receptive period of life - childhood and adolescence. A demand to live a healthy life is formed not only by family, but also by school. Teachers’ role in health education process is very significant, therefore, their health literacy and health competence are the main components realising health education at school. During the studies at university pre-service teachers in one way or another develop health competence, however hopefully not enough attention is paid to this, and study process poorly contributes to health literacy improvement, health competence formation. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4-6</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miriam N. Kyule</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jacob J. J. O. Konyango</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agnes O. Nkurumwa</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TEACHERS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PRACTICAL AGRICULTURE CURRICULUM IN KENYA’S ARID AND SEMI ARID SECONDARY SCHOOLS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">agriculture teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">arid and semi arid lands</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">curriculum implementation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dry land agriculture</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1533495814.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">One of the major challenges of the 21st century is the increasing level of academic qualifications at the expense of relevance in education. School agriculture is one of the subjects which require teachers who as the principal implementers of the curriculum must be able to interpret agriculture curriculum objectives to meet societal needs. However, implementation of agriculture curriculum in Arid and Semi Arid Land (ASAL) secondary schools has fallen short of its expectations as it has not significantly influenced agricultural activities both in school and surrounding communities. Thus, the benefit of implementing agriculture curriculum in ASALs is yet to be fully achieved. The research sought to document the teacher factors influencing implementation of secondary school agriculture curriculum in ASAL schools in Kenya. The research focused on teacher training, teacher technical knowledge and skills about Dry Land Agriculture [DLA] practices and training and support. The research was carried out in ASAL counties of Baringo, Makueni and Narok. Survey research design was used. The researcher developed a semi-structured questionnaire to obtain data on the teacher factors from 88 agriculture teachers. The research results showed that most teachers were trained and professionally qualified thus expected to translate the curriculum objectives to learning activities relevant to ASALS. However, agriculture teachers were found to be deficient in terms of technical knowhow on DLA practices among them, insitu water harvesting and use of sunken beds. Agriculture teachers received insufficient support towards professional development. The support did not aim at DLA knowledge and skill enhancement towards agriculture curriculum implementation. Agriculture teachers’ inadequacy on DLA practices’ technical knowhow and lack of support towards professional development was impacting negatively on agriculture curriculum implementation in ASAL schools. The Government has a responsibility of ensuring that all ASAL schools are staffed with qualified teacher. Secondary school administrations in ASALs need to support teachers on continuous trainings that are relevant to agriculture curriculum implementation. Agriculture training program developers need to focus more on the acquisition of technical know on all DLA practices. Addressing the training inadequacies among agriculture teachers in ASAL schools will lead to a competent staff who can translate curriculum objectives into learning experiences that promote DLA in ASALs. This translation will in turn influence agricultural activities both in school and in the society for improved agricultural production.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">533-543</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heri Retnawati</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hasan Djidu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kartianom</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ezi Apino</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risqa D. Anazifa</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TEACHERS’ KNOWLEDGE ABOUT HIGHER-ORDER THINKING SKILLS AND ITS LEARNING STRATEGY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HOTS</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">measurement and assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teachers’ knowledge</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching and learning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1524597598.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Higher order thinking skill (HOTS) is one of the students’ abilities that should be developed through teaching and learning. Teachers’ knowledge about HOTS and its teaching and learning tactics is a key to successful education. The purpose of this research is to describe teachers’ knowledge about higher order thinking skills (HOTS). The research involves qualitative study with the phenomenological approach. The research participants are 27 mathematics teachers from state and private junior high schools across 7 provinces in Indonesia. The researcher collected data with a test followed by focus group discussion (FGD) and interviews. The analysis of data involved Bogdan &amp; Biklen model and descriptive statistics for data from the test. The analysis of FGD, and test data intends to get information on 6 sub-themes; teachers’ knowledge about HOTS, importance of HOTS, teaching about HOTS to students, improving students’ HOTS, measuring and assessing HOTS, and teachers’ ability for solving HOTS-based problems. The results indicate that teachers’ knowledge about HOTS, their ability to improve students’ HOTS, solve HOTS-based problems, and measure students' HOTS is still low. There are facts, however, that teachers already understand the importance of HOTS and teaching it by using various innovative learning models. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">215-230</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eva Stranovská</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mária Lalinská</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ivana Boboňová</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TEACHERS MOTIVATION TOWARDS ASSESSMENT OF THEIR PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational process</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher competences assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teachers' motivation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teachers' professional competences</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1533495930.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A relevant field of research in teacher’s professional competence assessment is taking the factor of motivation into account, as this enables teachers to differentiate between, i. e. to be aware of the significance of the individual professional competences and their development through their assessment. This research supports the understanding of how important motivation is in the process of the (continual) development of a teacher’s professional competence, taking his/her perception of the importance of competences in the educational process into account. The emphasis of the current research lays on the perception of the assessment by the selected number of primary and secondary school teachers. The following is the range of teacher's motivation perception: 1) motivating, 2) discouraging, 3) unnecessary, and 4) unfair in the process of life-long development of their professional competences. The research aim is to find out the differences in the individual motivational degrees in mutual assessment (motivating, discouraging, unnecessary, unfair, and other) relating to professional competences and find out the differences between the perception of the importance of the respective professional competences in the motivational category. Seven hundred thirty respondents - primary and secondary school teachers from Slovakia – participated in the research. The results showed the difference between the perception of the importance of professional competences among teachers who consider assessment to be motivating, discouraging, unnecessary, or unfair concept. Motivation towards assessment supports student-oriented competences, educational process and self-development of the teacher. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">561-574</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ivana Z. Bogdanović</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TEACHING HOW TO LEARN</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational system</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Learning Strategies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">metacognitive knowledge</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching practice</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1544951803.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The problem that teachers meet in every educational system is how to teach efficiently, while at the same time students are facing the problem how to learn efficiently. These two problems are closely related and if they are not treated well, they result in poor students’ performance. Teachers should find the way to help students to learn better and that should result in better students’ performance. Moreover, if the learning process is efficient, students would need less time for learning, and their mental effort would decrease, while their motivation for learning would increase. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">760-761</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nicos Valanides</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TECHNOLOGICAL TOOLS: FROM TECHNICAL AFFORDANCES TO EDUCATIONAL AFFORDANCES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning/teaching environments</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">technological tools</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1524597237.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The integration of these tools in education and in authentic and effective learning/teaching environments has become an issue of great concern among educators, researchers and other related audiences. All emphasize the need to design and develop technology-enhanced curricula and teaching/learning environments (formal, non-formal and informal) that are developmentally appropriate for young and/or older learners. The vision is to integrate the tools and their associated technical affordance in teaching/learning environments in such a way, so that all learners, irrespective of their cognitive differences and abilities, could increase their learning gains, and develop the abilities and skills that are needed for citizens of the 21st century.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">116-120</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nyet   Moi Siew</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scott Jones</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TRAINING APPROACHES FOR IMPROVING SCHOOL MANAGERS’ CONFLICT RESOLUTION SKILLS: A CASE STUDY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">conflict management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">conflict resolution</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">customary approaches</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GROW coaching model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">professional development workshop</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school managers</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1540320471.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This research took a case study approach to researching the common conflicts faced by school managers, their sources, impacts and the approaches used to manage them. The research involved 18 in-service Malaysian school managers who undertook a 16-hour professional development workshop where they engaged with different conflict management tools. Data on participants’ workplace experience in resolving conflicts were captured through written diaries collected before and two months after the workshop, and face-to-face semi-structured interviews during the following months. Intragroup conflicts due to goal incompatibility were the most common conflicts faced. Negative impacts of conflicts on school communities far outweighed the benefits. Participants reported that the most effective approaches to resolving workplace conflicts were sincere efforts in problem-solving coupled with (1) culturally relevant negotiations and coaching (e.g. using a GROW coaching model); (2) stakeholder and conflict analysis, to consider and respond to everyone’s needs and feelings; and (3) reflecting on personal conflict management styles and adopting a positive attitude to personal and professional development. Certain elements in customary approaches such as respectful discussion and consultation were found relevant in resolving several of the participants’ workplace conflicts. It is suggested that practical training courses on conflict management that build on people’s strengths should be included in the curricula of further and higher education institutions and teacher training institutes.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">720-738</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marilou Ioakimidis</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">George Papakonstantinou</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE TRUE PRIVATE COST OF A “FREE” UNIVERSITY EDUCATION: A COMPARATIVE STUDY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Greece</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">higher education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">private tutoring</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">university finance</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1533495427.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The ostensibly free university education in Greece actually has several private costs. A comparative research design was used to compare Greek families’ private expenditures for university education in 2014-2015 to families’ costs for the same education in the year 2000 to determine whether there have been any changes during ensuring years. Data were gathered from a 2014-2015 survey of a random sample of over 2.300 Greek first-year university students and compared to results from a similar survey of over 3.000 first-year university students conducted in the year 2000. Income elasticity of demand was the theoretical framework used to examine and compare results. As with the older survey data, it is shown that despite the “free education” supposedly available in Greece, families actually still spend more than the state in preparing students for and supporting them at a university. It is also demonstrated that lower-income families spend a higher share of income on a university education for their children, a discrepancy that has grown over the past 13 years. Finally, it is shown that private expenditures for a university education appear to remain a necessity in Greece, with income elasticity calculated at between 0.2 and 0.3. Results suggest the need to reallocate the Greek university budget to help relieve the financial burden on families of lower-income students. Results also suggest the importance of reducing the Greek emphasis on expensive preparation of secondary students for national university entrance examinations. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">437-450</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maria da Graça Breganha</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betina da Silva Lopes</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nilza Costa</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">USING STUDENTS’ VOICE TOWARDS QUALITY IMPROVEMENT OF ANGOLAN SECONDARY PHYSIC CLASSES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Angola</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">physics classes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quality education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">secondary education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">students’ voice</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1529089411.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Educational research points to similar learning experiences across different countries, in particular that physical science tends to be an unpopular discipline among students from secondary school. The use of students’ voice to adapt curriculum and implement innovative teaching practice has been gaining relevance towards the effort of potentiating positive and meaningful learning experiences. The present research discusses the voice of 1139 Angolan students from one public school attending the first cycle of secondary education (7th to 9th grade) considering their physics classes. Students’ voice was accessed through the application of a questionnaire which included open and closed questions, some in the format of statements requiring students to indicate their individual opinion. Descriptive statistics to ten specific aspects of their physics classes points to a global scenario of transmissive teaching and a lack of laboratorial and technological resources. Moreover, laboratorial work, suggested in national curriculum to cover topics in Physics, and students’ involvement in assessment seems to decrease from 7th to 9th grade. Identified patterns revealed to be statistically significant.  Based on these results three specific recommendations for educational stakeholders are presented. The consideration of students’ voice in curriculum and school management is particularly innovative, not only but also for Angolan contexts and particularly relevant considering that the Angolan curriculum reform is presently under evaluation. Finally, educational researchers around the world may find relevant insights for their own educational challenges taking into account the milestones associated to the fourth goal of the Sustainable Development Goals, which is focused in assuring a quality education for all.  </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">289-298</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mārīte Kravale-Pauliņa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eridiana Olehnoviča</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inta Ostrovska</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alīna Ivanova</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Viktorija Šipilova</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">YOUTH POLICY MONITORING AS A TOOL FOR DEVELOPING SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY IN LOCAL MUNICIPALITY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">local municipality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social sustainability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">youth policy monitoring</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">“youth policy implementation index”</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1529089740.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The social capital of youth as a social segment is a major resource to contribute to any country’s social sustainability. Social sustainability requires active youth participation in solving the issues that are important for local communities and education as a main source for youth knowledge, skills and opinions. Youth policy is a tool, which enables the state and municipalities to work with youth and stimulate their interest to participate. Ongoing research activities concerning youth policy significance for developing social sustainability usually are prepared at a more global scale, although, there is also a need at local municipality level. Scientific experience indicates that youth policy monitoring contributes to wider understanding of youth needs, as well as possible participation forms in solving the topical issues for local society. Additionally, youth policy monitoring that is based on youth knowledge and opinions brightly demonstrates the results of the previous and areas for the future educational work with youth. In Latvia, to date, youth research has been fragmentary and still has not gained the position of an independent discipline. Additionally, there is no sufficient experience in youth policy monitoring at municipal level. The aim of the article is to analyse youth policy at municipal level and provide feedback for municipality and non-formal education that is more flexible and allows to realize youth policy and may support needs of each municipality. A case study in one Latvian municipality is presented as an example, which includes a youth policy monitoring, a survey conducted among 401 respondents using eight major youth policy fields as stipulated in the European Union’s Strategy for Youth. Results from the obtained data, recommendations are proposed for a more effective implementation of youth policy, understanding fields for more active educational work for promoting social sustainability in a local community. The results and discussed approach for youth policy monitoring can be applied practically at the level of local municipality for planning educational work with youth.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">350-363</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nino Rachvelishvili</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION TOWARD LEARNING ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN MODERN EDUCATIONAL CONTEXT OF GEORGIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">achievement goal orientation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">achievement motivation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">master approach</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">master avoidance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">performance approach</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">performance avoidance</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1503750847.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The aim of the research is to identify an achievement goal as a motivational factor of learning the English language among Georgian students. In the current research, a four-factor structure of achievement goal orientation (master-approach, master-avoidance, performance-approach, performance-avoidance) and attitude toward the language acquisition were researched.  The data obtained were evaluated using the Achievement Goal Questionnaire (AGQ) (2008) and Attitude/Motivation Test Battery (AMTB). The main finding of this research is that in different forms of language learning are different leading achievement goals. The results showed that different speciality learners were determined to achieve different motivational goals. Different forms of language learning cause differences between strong and weak learners and raise different goal orientations. Students, who have high scores and are successful, have strong ability of the Master Goals. Language learners, who do not have high grades and are not successful, have a high level of Performance goals. The 2x2 achievement goal framework (master-approach, master-avoidance, performance-approach, performance-avoidance) were closely connected with a positive attitude. Positive attitude defines language learning effectively and stimulates students to perform their goal perfectly.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">366-374</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alzira A. M. Manuel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Domingos Buque</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rosário Quive</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ADULT EDUCATION IN MOZAMBIQUE: BETWEEN EXPECTATIONS AND POSSIBILITIES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">adult education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">poverty reduction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social inclusion</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1513710609.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult education has been and continues being an important area of education. In developing contexts, it is considered the way for social inclusion and poverty reduction and it is expected to provide knowledge, skills and values to youth and adults who did not get opportunity to education in their early age. Adult education also serves as a way to improve people’s competences throughout their life span. However, the concept of adult education in Mozambique has been used as literacy, referring only to the development of reading, writing and calculation skills. Using content analysis of documents, this research attempts to gain insight of adult education in the context of Mozambique. The findings reveal that adult education in the perspective of change and development as it is in Mozambique is linked to the objectives of poverty reduction and social inclusion. In this sense quality and relevance in adult education, as in other type of education, is needed to be able to develop functional knowledge and skills to youth and adults and allow them continuing learning in their life. Literacy and adult education have been considered an important field for social and economic development in the country, but contextual factors contribute to a narrow perspective of adult education, focusing mainly on literacy and numeracy as its final goal.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">581-590</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Milan Kubiatko</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ARE ICT BEING USED CORRECTLY? SMALL REFLECTION ABOUT CORRECT USING OF ICT IN EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational applications</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ICT application</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning environments</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1232389</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dear readers, I would like to thank for the space for writing a short reflection about one of the problems, which is occurring in education. Information and communication technologies (ICT) are considered a tool, which could help understanding of the curriculum by the pupils and also the attitude toward any school subject will be better, when ICT are used. The probability, that it is true is very high, but it depends on many facts, which are very often neglected. There are still existing teachers, who think, that using of computer and the preparation of power point presentation is sufficient. It can be appropriate at the beginning of ICT application in the schools. Nowadays the situation is different. In the digital world, many software, applications and other things connected with ICT are existing. And this fact can cause the problems on the side of pupils and also on the side of teachers. The persons, who are interested in the learning and teaching process (not teachers) want to use ICT from teachers, but the reason is only administrative “the using of ICT in the classes”. But this situation can be damaging and not effective for the teaching process.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4-5</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lotta Anderson</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Daniel Östlund</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ASSESSMENTS FOR LEARNING IN GRADES 1-9 IN A SPECIAL SCHOOL FOR STUDENTS WITH INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY IN SWEDEN</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">assessment for learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">intellectual disability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">paraprofessional</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">special school</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1513710227.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The aim of this research is to analyze teachers’ and paraprofessionals’ work and reflections on assessments for learning in a Swedish compulsory special school. Research has shown that assessment for learning is a powerful tool to improve student achievement. The theoretical perspectives discuss concepts such as situated learning and collaboration. The research adopted a participatory design; the researchers followed four teams, totally 20 teachers and paraprofessionals’ work through video observation, discussions, feedback and lectures on assessment. The teams documented classroom teaching and assessment of students' abilities in different subject. The data in this study are based on teams’ written texts. The texts are analyzed using a qualitative content analysis and contribute to research on formative assessment by including teachers as well as paraprofessionals. Results show, that professions have developed their educational philosophy and their ability to give children feedback, which will help their learning. The results also highlight the discussion between learning and caring, regarding the duties of teachers and paraprofessionals. A challenge for the teams is to unite the children’s care needs with the curriculum knowledge requirements and ensure them to learn within a holistic perspective.  Teaching and assessing students with extensive learning difficulties and in need of alternative communication is another challenge for the teams as well as awareness that change processes take time.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">508-524</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bisera S. Jevtić</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE ATTITUDE OF TEACHERS TOWARDS PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOUR AND ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT IN SERBIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">academic achievement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">comparative analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">encouragement of prosocial behaviour</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">interrelatedness of predictors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school indicators</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1232392</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Analyzing the significance and the role of school and teachers in the encouragement of prosocial behaviour of the learners in secondary schools, the following problem appeared: the connection between the teachers’ encouragement of prosocial behaviour and the academic achievement in the secondary schools in Serbia through the following segments: procedures and activities used by teachers, and the interrelatedness of prosocial behaviour and academic achievement. A review of theoretical findings and a study conducted on the sample of 695 respondents are presented. The method of theoretical analysis and synthesis, the causal non-experimental method and the descriptive method are applied. The applied techniques include content analysis, scaling and evaluation. The results showed that teachers’ activities partly promoted prosocial behaviour. The results of the research pointed to certain pedagogical implications: the reform of the educational system in Serbia; a change of educational objectives and tasks; establishing a continuity between all levels of the educational system and raising cooperation with parents; educational professional services to teachers in the area of raising their interest in acquiring and applying strategies and skills directed at educating prosocially oriented personalities and improving the quality of their work.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34-53</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miha Lovšin</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CAREER IN THE LIGHT OF EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT AND CAREER MANAGEMENT SKILLS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">career guidance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">career management skills</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">career relevance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">policy making</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">socio–economic status</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1513710549.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The career usually refers to individuals’ working life, education and training and to life in general. The studies and reports evaluating the relations between these components mainly justify the power of educational attainment level in gaining employment or higher socio-economic status. In contrast to Bourdieu’s concept of cultural capital providing the theoretical background of these reports and studies, the concept of career management paradigm shift, elaborated by Jarvis, justifies the power of career management skills over the educational attainment level in gaining employment or higher socio-economic status.
Such approach towards the evaluation of someone’s career entirely overlooks the individuals’ notion of what would be relevant for their working life, education and training or life in general. Secondly, neither the concept of career relevance from the individuals’ point of view nor the career management skills were included when the relation between different career components was evaluated. The survey addressing these two problems was based on quantitative empirical methodology, conducted in 2016 in Slovenia. The non-random sample of 150 men and 468 women, born between 1940 and 1998, was collected through an online questionnaire.
Four different variables were set: career relevance, career management skills, social, cultural and economic capital. The indicators of career relevance were built upon various definitions of career. Career management skills were conceptualised according to Law’s and Krumboltz’s theoretical discourse of social learning and career learning. Their forms of capital were conceptualised according to the Bourdieu’s conception of social, cultural and economic capital which is in direct relation to the OECD concept of socio-economic status.
Bivariate analysis proved a statistically significant correlation between career relevance from individuals’ perspective and career management skills, educational attainment level, social, cultural and economic capital. However, the multivariate linear regression model confirms that only career management skills and economic capital, as independent variables, influence the dependent variable career relevance from individual’s perspective. One-way ANOVA proved that employed and unemployed differ statistically significant in the level of career management skills, career relevance, social and economic capital. In this respect, the results imply more systemic approach to career management skills learning in formal education.
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">568-580</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Luis Manuel Tobaja Márquez</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Julia Gil Llinás</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Francisco Solano Macías</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COLLABORATIVE LEARNING: USE OF THE JIGSAW TECHNIQUE IN MAPPING CONCEPTS OF PHYSICS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">collaborative learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">concept map</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">jigsaw technique</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">physics education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching radioactivity</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1232395</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The aim of the present research was to compare two methodological tools with two groups of pre-university secondary education students (17-18 years old). The experimental group worked constructing concept maps using the jigsaw technique (experimental teaching approach, ETA) on the topic of radioactivity in five sessions of their physics course. The control group worked on the same subject in a traditional teaching method (lecture-based teaching approach, LTA). The research design was quasi-experimental, with 28 students of a school in Extremadura (Spain). The results of a pre-test and a post-test were compared for the two groups. The working hypotheses were: (a) students who work collaboratively in constructing concept maps using the jigsaw technique perform better in learning the topic of radioactivity; and (b) this method fosters a positive attitude of the students towards how the topic is taught. With respect to Hypothesis (a), the results appeared to show an improvement in learning in the experimental group, although without reaching statistical significance. Neither were there any statistically significant differences between the post-test results of the two groups. With respect to Hypothesis (b), most of the experimental group students found the method to be very encouraging; despite the insecurity they felt with something new that they were not used to. The experimental group's pre-test and post-test results were strongly correlated (r=0.707), so that the ETA can be regarded as fairly effective since the students learnt more meaningfully and with less effort.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">92-101</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lucia Machado de Andrade</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Káthia Maria Honório</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marco Antonio Bueno Filho</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COLLECTIVE ACTION AND COLLECTIVE SCHEME IN THE MOBILIZATION OF LEARNING CHEMISTRY ACCORDING TO VERGNAUD’S THEORY OF CONCEPTUAL FIELDS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">collective action</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">collective scheme</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">space of knowledge of chemistry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Theory of Conceptual Fields</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1509895362.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This research’s aim was to analyze the mobilization in learning chemistry promoted by the collective action of three entrant students in higher education courses, in a college located in Santo André. For such, cognitive indicators mobilized by them while living individual and group situations on water’s boiling point, using Screencast video lessons as a motivational strategy, were analyzed. The fulfilment of these situations’ corresponding tasks was filmed, and the recordings were transcribed and analyzed with the help from the Transana software. The indicators used for the Discursive Textual Analysis were created by associating Vicente Talanquer’s Chemistry Knowledge Space to Gérard Vergnaud’s Theory of Conceptual Fields.  The results displayed higher quantity and better quality to the indicators in situations with collective character, to the detriment to the ones with individual character.  Thus, one might conclude that, under this research’s conditions, collective action, generated by a collective scheme, was capable of mobilizing the learning of chemistry.  </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">419-433</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skaistė Kovienė</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COMPETENCE CONDITIONS ENABLING EDUCATION IN PRE-SCHOOL EDUCATION ESTABLISHMENTS: PARENTS’ EVALUATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">communication and collaboration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">competence conditions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational environment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">parent education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">parent involvement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pre-school education establishment</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1237090</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Competence, psychological and material-organisational conditions determine favourable educational environment for parent education in pre-school education establishments. The aim of this research is - to identify competence conditions determining favourable educational environment for parent education in pre-school education establishment. Competence conditions, determining favourable educational environment for parent education in pre-school education establishments, which are formed of pedagogues and parents’ collaboration and parents’ communication between themselves, have been examined in the research. One of the determining factors, forming favourable educational environment for parent education is- pre-school educational establishment pedagogues, therefore both professional and personal pedagogues’ abilities were analysed to apply the most suitable communication and collaboration forms with parents in a concrete situation, to give parents pedagogical-psychological support. Standardised interview was applied for the research (for gathering empiric research data) and content analysis (empiric data analysis). Parents of the children attending pre-school education establishments participated in the research. The obtained results allowed making concrete conclusions about competence conditions determining favourable environment for parent education and to identify, according to parents, the most necessary for parents’ education improvement educational environment area, – pedagogues and parents’ communication and collaboration. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">157-169</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Theresa Adrião</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teise Garcia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Juliana Azevedo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COMPULSORY EDUCATION IN BRAZIL: PRIVATIZATION TRENDS AND LIMITS THE RIGHT TO EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">privatization of education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">public primary education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">right to education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1503906007.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This research aims to present a result on three educational policies in force in Brazil that link public education at the stage of compulsory schooling to the interests of corporations or sectors linked to them. The first is called Integral Secondary Education and was implemented in one of the poorest regions of the country, the state of Pernambuco; The second identified as Education - Commitment Program São Paulo is being developed in the richest region of Brazil, the state of São Paulo, where the third policy was also disseminated with the adoption of so - called Private Education Systems in public schools. The research, of a qualitative nature, derives from research in primary documentary sources and semi-structured interviews with educational managers. The results confirm the trends identified in the literature, according to which education, when it is a field for business expansion through the performance of private companies directly in the management of public education, accentuates inequalities of access to schooling processes. In the analyzed cases, these inequalities are observed in the unequal access to the time of permanence in the school; In the unequal working conditions of teachers and in the allocation of public funds to profitable companies, to the detriment of investment in public education.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">324-334</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1509895925.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">415</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1498500835.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">E-ISSN 2538-7111</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">211</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1503750080.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents, issue 4</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">321</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1513710020.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">501-502</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1513709968.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page and Editorial Board</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">499-500</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1498500704.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">E-ISSN 2538-7111</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">209</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover Page</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">editorial board</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover Page</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">117</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1509895896.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">413</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1503750021.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">319</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Valentin Cosmin  Blândul</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adela Bradea</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DEVELOPING PSYCHOPEDAGOGICAL AND METHODICAL COMPETENCES IN SPECIAL / INCLUSIVE EDUCATION TEACHERS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">didactic competences</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">people with disabilities</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">special / inclusive education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1503750561.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In a general sense, competence represents a higher finality which ensures the transfer of acquired theoretical knowledge to effective teaching practices. In the teaching profession, there are three types of competences: professional (they show the teacher's theoretical knowledge), psycho-pedagogical (they concern the teacher's ability to know their students and to establish interhuman relationships with them) and methodical (concerns the teacher's ability to teach effectively the elements of the didactic content). Due to the particularities of special / inclusive education, teachers involved in this form of education should possess mainly psycho-pedagogical and methodical competences so that they can meet successfully the educational needs of students with disabilities. The aim of the research was to identify the psycho-pedagogical and methodical competences of special / inclusive education teachers, as well as ways to improve them using continued professional training activities. The sample consisted of 225 teachers, who work in various forms of special education in Bihor County, Romania. The instrument consisted of a questionnaire with 21 items. The research was conducted in April 2017. The results of the research showed that special education teachers are more empathetic and use a more diversified range of didactic strategies, while inclusive education teachers are concerned with continued professional training in the field of special education.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">335-344</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Didimus Tanah Boleng</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sonya V.T Lumowa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evie Palenewen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aloysius Duran Corebima</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE EFFECT OF LEARNING MODELS ON BIOLOGY CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS OF MULTIETHNIC STUDENTS AT SENIOR HIGH SCHOOLS IN INDONESIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">critical thinking skills</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multiethnic students</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">problem based learning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1237084</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teachers play an important role in the world of education, including in the process of planning the learning activities. A meaningful learning will be able to provide a good effect on students’ thinking ability. One of the students’ thinking skills that can be empowered is the critical thinking. Critical thinking skills can help a person to face the challenges of a globalized world. This research aimed at revealing the effect of PBL learning model on the critical thinking skills of multiethnic students. The design of this research was quasi experimental in non-equivalent pretest-posttest control group design. This research was conducted on multiethnic students of class XI Science in July-December 2016, in Samarinda, Indonesia. The results of the data analysis showed that learning model had an effect on students’ critical thinking skills. PBL model had a mean score of students’ critical thinking skill 73.81% higher than that of the conventional learning. Ethnics had an effect on students' critical thinking skills. The mean score of students’ critical thinking skills of Javanese was 11.94% higher than that of the Kutai ethnic, and 13.17% higher than that of the Banjar ethnic. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">136-143</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Veronika Végh</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zsolt B. Nagy</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Csilla Zsigmond</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gábor Elbert</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE EFFECTS OF USING EDMODO IN BIOLOGY EDUCATION ON STUDENTS’ ATTITUDES TOWARDS BIOLOGY AND ICT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biology learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biology teaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Edmodo</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ICT in biology teaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ICT in education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1509895649.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ICT has gained a vital role within education, helping to facilitate the teaching-learning process. This paper examines the efficacy of the Edmodo interface within biology education in high schools. Two 10th grade classes were studied for a one semester period. Both classes followed the same curriculum, however Edmodo usage was compulsory for the experimental class. Anonymous pre-and post-test questionnaires were filled out by the students and statistically analyzed. The research included 58 students; 34 females and 24 males. Over the course of the semester, the experimental group developed increased feelings of importance towards Biology, whereas no change was observed in the control group. At the end of the semester, the experimental group scores leant favorable towards the positive impact of Edmodo use in the classroom, in comparison to the control group. These results show a positive impact of using Edmodo in the classroom, as a facilitative tool, to improve student comprehension in the participating Hungarian students.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">483-495</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1509895852.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">498</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1503751016.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">412</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">James Edomwonyi Edokpolor</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kayode Somorin</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION PROGRAMME AND ITS INFLUENCE IN DEVELOPING ENTREPRENEURSHIP KEY COMPETENCIES AMONG UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">creative skills</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">entrepreneurship education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">innovative skills</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">operating business</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">starting business</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">unemployment situation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1237087</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The intent of this research is to assess the implementation state of entrepreneurship programme and its influence in developing entrepreneurship key competencies among undergraduate students. The survey design was employed for the research. A total population of 8,101 undergraduate students from University of Benin was used. A sample of 382 undergraduate students was used for the research. A structured questionnaire, validated by two experts was used for the data collection. The Cronbach alpha statistical method was employed to determine the reliability of the instrument, which yielded the coefficient alpha value of 0.87. Twenty items questionnaire was administered to the respondents with the help of two trained research assistants. The data were analyzed using the mean, standard deviation, and t-test statistics. The research revealed that entrepreneurship programme is not properly implemented particularly at the university level. It also revealed that students are not well-equipped with entrepreneurship key competencies such as creative and innovative skills that would have helped them in starting and running their own business. It also revealed that there was no significant difference between the mean responses of Science and Arts/Humanity-based students regarding the implementation state of entrepreneurship programme. It further revealed that there was no significant difference between the mean responses of Science and Arts/Humanity-based students regarding the extent to which entrepreneurship programme has equipped students with creative and innovative skills. Consequently, the authors drew a useful conclusion for the subject matter. Providing sufficient amount of financial resources, involving employers of labour, sourcing for qualified teaching and non-teaching personnel, procuring the state-of-the-art infrastructural facilities, as well as utilizing appropriate instructional methods, that would help in equipping students with creative and innovative skills for starting and operating their own businesses were further recommended.  </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">144-156</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Özgür Özcan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EXAMINING THE STUDENTS’ UNDERSTANDING LEVEL TOWARDS THE CONCEPTS OF SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Length contraction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reference frames</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">special relativity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">time dilatation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">understanding level</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1498501129.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">E-ISSN 2538-7111</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Special theory of relativity is one of the difficult subjects of physics to be understood by the students. The current research designed as a qualitative research aim to determine the pre-service physics teachers’ understanding level and the alternative conceptions about three core concepts of special theory of relativity, such as time dilatation, length contraction and reference frames. The data were collected through semi structured interviews and were analyzed by using content analysis. At the end of the analysis process the understanding level of the students was determined to be “complete understanding”, “incomplete understanding” and “misunderstanding”. In order to achieve this, the students’ conceptual frameworks based on the operational definitions made by the students were determined firstly. The findings obtained in this research indicate that high school teachers as well as university instructors should take special care with some points in the teaching of the subjects related with special theory of relativity. This research might be useful to other studies to be done in the future, especially for investigating the students’ mental models related to special theory of relativity.  </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">263-269</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nizaruddin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Muhtarom</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yanuar Hery Murtianto</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EXPLORING OF MULTI MATHEMATICAL REPRESENTATION CAPABILITY IN PROBLEM SOLVING ON SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multiple representations</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">problem solving</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">two-variable linear equation system</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1513710677.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The students’ multi-mathematical representation capability in problem solving is very important and interesting to discuss, specifically for problems in the two-variable linear equation system. Data was collected from 48 students using written tests and in-depth interviews with selected participants. The research findings showed that few students are using three representations namely symbolic - verbal - table representation, and symbolic representation, however most of the students are using three representations namely symbolic - verbal - images representation, and two representations namely symbolic – verbal representations, and the rest used symbolic representation. In the use of verbal representation, some students had difficulty composing words and all students encountered difficulties in the translational process from symbolic representation and verbal representation to other types of representation. The ability to understand concepts and relationships between mathematical concepts was found to be a necessary condition for the achievement of multi-mathematical representation capability. It is therefore recommended that teachers use a variety of different types of representation, such as verbal, tables and images, to enhance students' understanding of the material. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">591-598</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tatjana   Koķe</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nora Jansone-Ratinika</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rudīte Koka</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT ON AN INDIVIDUAL AND AN INSTITUTIONAL LEVEL ON THE WAY TO QUALITY CULTURE IN HIGHER EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">formative assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">higher education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quality assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quality assurance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quality culture</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1232393</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Several issues are always on the agenda in higher education, most notably quality assessment methods and whether this methodology has a direct influence on teaching, and the improvement of teaching quality by including effectiveness, efficiency, reliability, responsiveness as well as empathy. On the one hand it is a logical and a justified movement towards the standardisation of quality assessment procedures, but on the other hand, integration of an individualised approach, which would allow assessing one’s performance in essence and providing solutions for different higher education practice specifics, which we can see both in higher education institutions internationally as well as locally.
The purpose of quality assessment is to define must-do and must-have things, so that higher education institutions would integrate emerging tendencies.
Transforming assessment is crucial for the performance of the entire institution, both in planning and in managing the everyday work of the institution, as well as by applying assessment methods to the academic staff and students individually. By acknowledging the results, additional decisions should be made, e.g., what strategies and methods should be used to promote teacher motivation, what should be done to achieve better study results, what do better performing students need, and how to approach those students who are performing poorly. This research aims to explore the formative assessment experience at the Rīga Stradiņš University (hereinafter RSU), which is crucial to nurture quality culture in higher education. The formative approach in quality allows you to build and strengthen the understanding of quality within the organisation showing that quality assessment is quality forming and altogether it is a continuous process.
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">54-71</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nyet   Moi Siew</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FOSTERING STUDENTS’ SCIENTIFIC IMAGINATION IN STEM THROUGH AN ENGINEERING DESIGN PROCESS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">engineering design process</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">scientific imagination</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STEM</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1503750916.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This research was conducted to evaluate the scientific imagination of Grade 10 students from one Malaysian rural secondary school that adopted the integration of the imagination process in an Engineering Design Process (EDPI) through an outreach program in STEM. Three stages of scientific imagination process were evaluated: initiation, dynamic adjustment, and virtual implementation. A total of 50 students aged 16 participated in a 10-hour program, which engaged them in designing and building two different prototypes. Data on students’ scientific imagination were captured through a pre-test and post-test, and teachers’ field notes based on focus group interviews and observations. The results of paired sample t-tests showed significant differences in all three stages of scientific imagination process, except in the brainstorming of the initiation stage. The findings reveal that students required both personal experience and social or environment interactions in order to progress from the initiation stage to the virtual implementation stage. The findings also suggested that the EDPI approach is able to create a supportive environment for fostering scientific imagination among rural secondary school students.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">375-393</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heri Retnawati</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Samsul Hadi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ariadie C. Nugraha</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Janu Arlinwibowo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eny Sulistyaningsih</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hasan Djidu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ezi Apino</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heni D. Iryanti</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IMPLEMENTING THE COMPUTER-BASED NATIONAL EXAMINATION  IN INDONESIAN SCHOOLS: THE CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">challenges in implementing CBNE</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">computer-based national examination</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">strategies for implementing CBNE</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1513710818.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In line with technological development, the computer-based national examination (CBNE) has become an urgent matter as its implementation faces various challenges, especially in developing countries. Strategies in implementing CBNE are thus needed to face the challenges. The aim of this research was to analyse the challenges and strategies of Indonesian schools in implementing CBNE. This research was qualitative phenomenological in nature. The data were collected through a questionnaire and a focus group discussion. The research participants were teachers who were test supervisors and technicians at junior high schools and senior high schools (i.e. Level 1 and 2) and vocational high schools implementing CBNE in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The data were analysed using the Bogdan and Biklen model. The results indicate that (1) in implementing CBNE, the schools should initially make efforts to provide the electronic equipment supporting it; (2) the implementation of CBNE is challenged by problems concerning the Internet and the electricity supply; (3) the test supervisors have to learn their duties by themselves and (4) the students are not yet familiar with the beneficial use of information technology. To deal with such challenges, the schools employed strategies by making efforts to provide the standard electronic equipment through collaboration with the students’ parents and improving the curriculum content by adding information technology as a school subject. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">612-633</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agustín Freiberg-Hoffmann</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Juliana Beatriz Stover</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Natalia Donis</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INFLUENCE OF LEARNING STRATEGIES ON LEARNING STYLES:  THEIR IMPACT ON ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT OF COLLEGE STUDENTS FROM BUENOS AIRES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">academic achievement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">college students</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Learning Strategies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning styles</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1232390</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frequently, college students have issues to learn academic contents included in the subjects of their courses. Such low quality learning is reflected in failures and academic dropout, therefore being matters of concern for teachers and governments.
Learning processes in college depend, in part, on the coincidence between teaching methods and students’ learning styles. They are defined as the preference of students when they have to deal with information, particularly the way to perceive it and process it. Learning styles can be trained by the repeated use of specific learning strategies. In such cases, when learning styles coincide with the learning context in order to facilitate the acquisition of new knowledge and its integration with previous information, academic success can be achieved more naturally. To get this match it is required from teachers to adapt their styles and strategies to their students’ learning preferences. Other alternative rests on the design of actions to train students in the use of the appropriate learning styles able to enhance learning. Focused on the second option, the present study aims at: 1) the description of the influence of different learning strategies on each learning style, and 2) the analysis of the way each style explains students’ academic achievement. A transversal, non-experimental, explicative design was employed. 763 college students from Buenos Aires with ages ranging from 17 to 36 years were included in the sample. Locally adapted versions of the Honey-Alonso Questionnaire of Learning Styles -CHAEA as its Spanish acronym-, and Learning and Study Strategies Inventory –LASSI- were used for data gathering. Results showed that the Accommodating style is explained positively and significantly by the Collaborative Learning, Resources for Learning and Information 2.0 Management Competence strategies. Besides, it is observed that the strategies Collaborative Learning, Resources for Learning and Motivation explain to the Assimilating style in a significant and positive way. The Pragmatist and Converging styles are explained significantly but negatively by the Motivation and Information 2.0 Management Competence strategies respectively. Finally, Converging style explained Academic Achievement in a significant and negative way. These findings led to the possibility to plan specific actions to train students' learning styles. Furthermore, this information could be useful for different actors in higher education, such as -institutions, teachers, educational psychologists, students, etc., in order to design academic activities which require the repeated use of the specific learning strategies which each student needs to train, aiming at the improvement of particular learning styles able to facilitate learning. At this point, it seems important to discourage the use of Converging style given the negative effect it would have on the students’ performance. Results and limitations of the study are discussed and future research lines are proposed.
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6-18</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nina  Raud</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Olga Orehhova</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IN-SERVICE TRAINING OF TEACHERS OF ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE IN ESTONIA: MAPPING OF TRENDS AND OPPORTUNITIES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous professional development (CPD)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">English language teaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">in-service teacher training</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1237101</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In-service training of teachers of English as a foreign language (EFL) is as a core instrument of continuous professional development of EFL teachers. Within the context of nowadays education policies, the issue of in-service training has become of topical importance. It requires systematic approach based on the analysis of individual EFL teachers’ needs and receptive practices in developing in-service teacher-training programmes. In view of that, a survey was conducted among EFL teachers in Estonia to discover the areas of in-service training they are interested in. Based on the survey results, a model of an in-service training module to implement in order to meet the needs of EFL teachers in Estonia is proposed, and it is placed against the background of in-service teacher training provided in Estonia. The module could be included into in-service teaching training programmes not only in Estonia, but in a wider European context.   </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">194-203</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marco Antonio Bueno Filho</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JUST A MATTER OF CHOICE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cognitive process</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">concept fields</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">thinking operations</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1237077</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">What is learning? What is teaching? What would be students and teachers’ role regarding the process of learning and teaching? These are basic questions that have been answered in different ways throughout the twentieth century by various currents of thought in the field of education. As teachers we also tend to respond to them based on our past pedagogical readings and experiences, resulting in a plurality of positions where cognitivism, socio-cultural, behavioral, and political aspects can be appreciated jointly or to some degree polarized relative to each other.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">120-122</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roni Tinell</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mervi A. Asikainen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pekka E. Hirvonen</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LEARNING ASSESSMENT VIEWS AND PERCEPTIONS OF FINNISH TEACHERS AND INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS IN POSTGRADUATE PHYSICS STUDIES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational programmes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">higher education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">international students</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">postgraduate studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">views of assessment</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1498501191.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">E-ISSN 2538-7111</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The way teachers view assessment has a considerable impact on their practice of assessment.  Student perceptions of assessment, in turn, affect the ways in which they take advantage of its potential to direct their learning processes and to develop metacognitive skills. In this research, physics teachers and international postgraduate students at a Finnish university were surveyed for their views of assessment.  The teachers were found to use assessment in a restricted fashion, which indicates that their conceptions of assessment are also limited in scope.  The international students appeared to have a loose grasp of the concepts pertaining to assessment.  Furthermore, clear differences were found in the purposes ascribed to assessment by the teachers and students.  The implications of the findings are discussed and suggestions are made for the development of assessment practices to ensure a better use of its potential as a tool for achieving learning objectives.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">270-287</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peter  Karlsudd</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marianne Dahl</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berit Willén Lundgren</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LESS TRADITION FOR MORE PROFESSION: AN ATTEMPT WITH THESIS PROJECTS IN PRACTICAL DEVELOPMENT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">action research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher training</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">thesis projects</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1498501062.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">E-ISSN 2538-7111</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This research scrutinises the question whether an education profile with development-oriented thesis projects in teacher education programs can provide an increased professional relevance without losing scientific quality. The methodology used in the survey can be defined as a participatory approach in which field work, document studies and interviews form the basis for data collection. The suggested activities that students used were development-oriented methods. Before the project's implementation, instructional texts and supplementary examination criteria were written with a view to guaranteeing scientific excellence, with the main aim of improving professional relevance. The results show that the course tutor initially had some trouble communicating disposition and structure, which meant that some of the students at first had doubts. Despite this, the summary assessment is that the development-oriented approach implemented with scientific quality enhanced the students` readiness for future professions.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">252-262</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paolo   Bussotti</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MATHEMATICS EDUCATION: SOME ASPECTS CONNECTED TO ITS CONTENT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematics education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">philosophical discussions</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1513710148.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The literature concerning the various methods by means of which the teaching of mathematics can be developed is simply huge and is increasing more and more. Several aspects are dealt with: the use of new technologies, especially as far as new computer programs or web sources are concerned; new techniques to develop calculations; researches concerning the possible relations between the everyday life of the pupils/students and the mathematical concepts; the best way to frame a lesson (frontal lessons, interactive lessons, discussions), and so on. This literature covers the entire school-life of a young boy/girl: from the elementary school to the university. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">503-507</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agnaldo Arroio</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IS MEDIA LITERACY AN URGENT ISSUE IN EDUCATION FOR ALL?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">media literacy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">new technologies</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1509895265.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Today it is possible to consider that the new technologies can offer many possibilities to be explored. There is no doubt about the changes in society when it is adequately supported by the new technologies. In fact, people from all over the world used to have high hopes that new technologies will be able to improve and promote healthier life, as well they also expect a huge impulse to promoting social freedoms, and at least to increase knowledge and more productive livelihoods.
But for this scenario become true the traditional education goals should change to a different direction to gaining locally relevant goals and skills. In order to establish networks for all kind of partnerships, the new technologies could be used as the means for providing an access to and engaging in the lifelong learning programs all social groups of population around the world.
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">416-418</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mohammad Hasan Mirzamohammadi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hamdollah Mohammadi</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NEOLIBERALISM AND HIGHER EDUCATION IN IRAN: A CRITICAL PERSPECTIVE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Henry Giroux</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">higher education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Iran</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">neoliberalism</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1509895565.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Present research aims to explore the effects of Neoliberalism on higher education based on the Henry Giroux's artistic view points and to examine the process of commercialization and privatization of higher education in Iran, from the same perspective. Giroux considers market-oriented reforms in higher education as a part of the hegemony of Neoliberalism, which seeks to realize the competitive homo economicus, as the ideal man, through using the new techniques of governmentality. Today market-oriented reforms in higher education are prevalent throughout the world. But what is currently in progress as privatization and commercialization in the higher education of Iran is a pale copy of Neoliberalism’s logic which is to justify the profit-oriented view of the knowledge and university. Market-oriented reforms of this type are not compatible with Islamic educational goals and will do much harm to Iranian higher education and will have negative impacts on Iranian universities.   </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">467-482</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anneli Hermanoff</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaarina   Määttä</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Satu   Uusiautti</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE OPPORTUNITIES AND OBSTACLES OF SCHOOL PATHS OF FINNISH YOUNG PEOPLE WITH INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY (ID)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">intellectual disability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">narrative research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">personal study plan</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">study path</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vocational special education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1232391</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The experiences and perceptions that people with intellectual disability (ID) who have participated in vocational education have about their study paths is a less studied theme in Finland and also internationally. The purpose of  this research was to find out whether their transitions from basic education to vocational education have been successful in their opinion and how their parents perceived the study paths. The purpose of this research  was to analyze  the study paths of young adults with ID and their school experiences as described by themselves and their parents. The focus was on memories of basic education, transition to vocational education, and studies at the vocational special education school. The research participants comprised 14 young adults with ID (aged 17-23, 10 boys and 4 girls) and their parents (N= 14). They all had personal study plans in basic education, and except for one, they all had completed basic education according to their study plans. The research leaned on the narrative research approach. The youngsters and their parents were interviewed personally in 2012 and 2014. The study paths of young people with ID could be grouped into three narratives: the fluent, complex, and interrupted study paths. Study success in young people with ID is a sum of many factors. The study illustrates four core factors directing the study processes: the student, school community, curriculum, and teacher. In addition, support from home is extremely important to the fluency of study paths. The purpose of education should be to prepare train, rehabilitate, and guide students with ID into good life that includes work, health, and relationships. Based on this study, educational options for people with ID are limited and should be developed so that secondary education would educate future experts to work markets and promote learning and societal participation in the young who need special support.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19-33</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Christy Belardo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andrea   C. Burrows</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lydia Dambekalns</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PARTNERING SCIENCE AND ART: PRE-SERVICE TEACHERS’ EXPERIENCES FOR USE IN PRE-COLLEGIATE CLASSROOMS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">art</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pre-collegiate students</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pre-service teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STEM classrooms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STEM education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1498500916.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">E-ISSN 2538-7111</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research on teaching through discipline integration is currently emphasized as a gap in educational literature, and this study bridges discipline silos between the arts and sciences by indicating how science and art compliment content learning. A study of secondary education pre-service teachers (3 years, n = 52) participating in a science/art integration unit the semester before their last college experience, explores how integrated sessions capture both scientific and artistic discipline concepts. A mixed methods research approach measured changes in confidence of science and art knowledge, skills, and experiences of the participants. Quantitative and qualitative data support increased awareness and confidence in pre-service teachers’ perceptions of how science and art can be incorporated into pre-collegiate classrooms, recognition of discipline similarities, and significant common themes when teaching both disciplines together. The researchers utilized a social constructivist framework with the qualitative data. Conclusions and implications include: 1) instructors can provide examples and modeling of interdisciplinary learning, which inspire pre-service teachers to explore new integrated disciplines in their own future classrooms, and 2) instructors can influence perspectives of pre-service teachers by offering integrated units, which produces open-mindedness of future teachers to use various teaching strategies.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">215-234</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Manuel Joaquín Fernández González</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dmitrijs Semjonovs</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Irma Narica</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diāna Strautmane</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sandra Ozola</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PREDICTING A FAST-TRACK MARITIME CAREER: CHARACTERISTICS OF SUCCESSFUL OFFICERS DURING TEENAGE YEARS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">career success predictors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fast-track career</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">maritime career</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">maritime officers</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1513710449.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fast-track maritime career is a topical question worldwide due to the shortage of seafarers in maritime industry. Assuming that the fast-track career officers’ relevant common characteristics in adolescence could predict future maritime career speed, the research questions of this research are: What were the common characteristics of fast-track career officers when they were 16-18? Were there any statistically significant differences between the fast-track career groups and the officers with a slower career at that age? 
A questionnaire survey involving 175 maritime officers was conducted in Latvia in January – October 2016, regarding officers’ family context, school achievement, involvement in sports, and personality traits when they were 16-18. 
Fast-track career officers perceived themselves as more conscientious, calm and more leadership oriented than the whole group in adolescence. Statistically significant differences among career-speed groups were found regarding family socioeconomic status, family atmosphere and family career support at that age.
Based on those communalities among maritime officers with a fast-track carrier when they were 16-18, maritime education and training institutions could better find and give appropriate career guidance to prospective maritime officers. Even if maritime career speed is a very individualized phenomenon, family characteristics could be studied further as a potential good predictor of fast-track maritime career. 
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">550-567</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roni Tinell</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mervi A. Asikainen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pekka E. Hirvonen</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PREPAREDNESS AND PHYSICS-RELATED EPISTEMOLOGICAL VIEWS OF INTERNATIONAL PHYSICS MAJORS AT A FINNISH UNIVERSITY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">epistemological views</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">higher education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">international students</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">postgraduate studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pre-knowledge</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1498501259.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">E-ISSN 2538-7111</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The aim of this research is to depict foreign entrant students’ preparedness for studies in an international Master’s degree programme of physics at a Finnish university in order to lay the ground for a research-based development of the study programme.  Interviews were conducted with the academic staff involved in the programme to investigate their views on the international physics students as learners.  Conceptual tests were deployed to assess international students’ conceptual understanding of the areas fundamental to acquiring a solid expertise in physics. To enrich the data, a survey was conducted to obtain information about students’ physics-related epistemological views.  Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used for the data analysis.  The main results suggest that the entrant international students comprise a very heterogeneous group with regard to their preparedness for commencing physics studies.  The staff were specifically concerned with the international students’ pre-knowledge of physics, a notion that is supported by the test results. Suggestions based on present findings are made for further development of international degree programmes such as the one considered in this article.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">288-314</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Daria Becker-Pestka</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PRISON EDUCATION IN POLAND: SPECIFICS AND CHALLENGES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education of convicts</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">penitentiary correctional measures</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">prison education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social re-adaptation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social rehabilitation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1237079</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The problems presented in the text refer to the education of convicts in Poland. It has been based on current Polish legal regulations, statistical data and specialist literature. The problems which refer to the education of convicts in Poland are regulated by the Act of 6th June 1997, the Executive Penal Code, the Act on the Education System and executive acts to the above-mentioned regulations. The current situation in the labour market requires people to acquire education and to improve their qualifications. People without education, who are excluded from the access to professional development and in-service training, find themselves in an extremely difficult situation. The lack of qualification and vocational skills usually leads to exclusion from the labour market. People who serve their sentences in prisons find themselves in a particularly difficult situation, because their lack of education may push them back into crime. A very positive tendency that may be observed in Poland is a growing demand for prison education. Convicts may acquire knowledge and raise their qualifications at various levels and in various fields. They may follow the curricula at the level of a primary or secondary school; they may pass their Matura certificate and, after the consent of relevant authorities, they can continue their education at the university level. Convicts may also learn a new profession, change their professional qualifications or acquire new additional skills during specialist courses. The qualifications acquired in this way shall meet current demand in the labour market, and convicts may find employment after they leave prisons. Education allows them to improve their self-esteem and self-reliance, to catch up with any deficiencies and to work on their self-discipline. At the same time, education offers opportunities to expand knowledge, to return to the society and to the labour market. 
It is important for convicts to obtain opportunities for education, since such a chance comes as a significant factor of their social re-adaptation. Considering social values, it is important to foster the pursuit for education among convicts. A lot of prisoners still do not want to learn, and this fact may result from their previous school failures, the sense of embarrassment caused by their knowledge deficiencies, the lack of interest and faith in their own potential. 
The material for the text has been collected on the basis of the method of theoretical analysis, and it includes available statistical data, legal regulations and literature which refers to the discussed problems. The article aims at the presentation of prison education, how it is organised in Poland and what advantages it presents for both: convicts and the society. The text also presents programmes of prison education which are implemented by correctional staff in prisons. 
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">123-135</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marcus Samuelsson</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Joakim Samuelsson</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PROFICIENT CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT THROUGH FOCUSED MATHEMATIC TEACHING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">classroom management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematics teaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">proficient teacher</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1513710893.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A not entirely unusual position among teachers is that they believe that they must first establish a peaceful classroom before they can begin to teach the subject. This research, shows how a proficient mathematics teacher teaches his subject and thereby creates a quiet and focused classroom and exerts effective leadership, just by teaching mathematics. The researchers observed a male mathematics teacher for almost half a year, i.e. one semester. The results of research present several patterns that the researchers saw during the observations of his teaching. The teacher showed an interest in each student’s mathematical thinking and expressed explicitly how students were expected to learn mathematics. He also directed students’ attention to mathematics and established a culture where all solutions were important in the teaching process. In the teaching process, he used multiple representations to motivate students and a lot of supportive expressions that made them feel that they were able to learn mathematics. He worked patiently to establish structures, and there was almost no disruptive behaviour. Students simply did not have time to interfere because they were so engaged in learning mathematics.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">634-651</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Md. Mamun-ur-Rashid</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Md. Zillur Rhman</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">QUALITY OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN BANGLADESH: APPLICATION OF A MODIFIED SERVQUAL MODEL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bangladesh</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">higher education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">service quality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SERVQUAL</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1232394</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Progressive importance, swelling investment, and mounting national and global competition necessitate evaluation of the service quality of higher education. Quantifiable indicators such as student teacher ratio, student number, women participation, establishing new departments, and increase in the number of universities are no longer enough unless the student’s stand point is considered. This research probed the service quality of higher education in a public university in southern Bangladesh utilizing modified SERVQUAL gap model. The t-test results suggest that there is a significant service gap in all the selected service dimensions such as learning, teaching, recognition, assessment system, internet and library facilities, campus life, and non-academic administration. The results also mirror that little more than half (54.1%) students are satisfied with the service quality of the selected university and almost similar proportion (52.1 %) of the students have future interest in studying in the same university. Regression analysis reveals that learning and recognition are two important determinants of client’s overall satisfaction with the service of selected university. Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) advocates that the university should take immediate step in improving internet and library facilities, campus life, and non-academic administration. Factor analysis output confirms that slight modification of the proposed seven set model into six set factors can be employed by the management as off-the-rack service quality measurement tool. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">72-91</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Julius Ssegantebuka</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE RELEVANCE OF THE VISUAL ARTS CURRICULUM IN THE PREPARATION OF PRE-SERVICE VISUAL ARTS TEACHERS IN UGANDA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">case study</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pre-service teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">relevant visual arts curriculum</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1503750983.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The research examined the relevance of the visual arts curriculum content with the view of assessing the extent to which it equips pre-service visual arts teachers with the knowledge and skills required for effective teaching. The study adopted a descriptive case study design. Data were collected from three purposively selected National Teacher Colleges (NTCs), six tutors and 90 final year pre-service visual arts teachers participated in this study. The research findings showed that teacher education institutions are inadequately preparing pre-service visual arts teachers because of the gaps in the Visual Arts Curriculum (VAC) used in NTCs. Some of these gaps are attributed to the structure of the visual arts curriculum tutors use in NTCs. The visual arts curriculum lacks explicit visual arts assessment strategies; it has wide and combined visual arts content to be covered within a short period of two years and the limited knowledge of the available art materials, tools and equipment. The research recommended the restructuring of the VAC to accommodate more practical; and the introduction of specialized knowledge in the visual arts education (VAE) to enable tutors decipher practical knowledge from the theory studied so as to adopt an integrated approach in VAE curriculum. 
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">394-409</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cheng Chieh Chang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sari Muthia Silalahi</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A REVIEW AND CONTENT ANALYSIS OF MATHEMATICS TEXTBOOKS IN EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">content analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematics textbooks</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1498500995.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">E-ISSN 2538-7111</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research collected and reviewed a number of empirical studies in the field of educational research regarding the analysis of mathematics textbooks to provide summary and overview the information there in. The questions were identified via Google Scholar and collected from different data sources. A total of 44 papers published from 1953 to 2015 were selected based specific criteria, with 24 articles include in the SSCI database. Descriptive statistics were used to evaluate and interpret the results. A perspective on the learning analysis methods was used to collect studies and showed the mathematics textbooks analyzed were investigated under four themes: The analysis of standards, distributive property, language in mathematics, and others. School’s level which is investigated textbooks: Kindergarten, elementary, junior school, and senior school. Subjects covered in the mathematics textbooks included algebra and arithmetic, geometry, measurement, data analysis and probability, number and operations, among others. Research found the most frequently discussed in perspective on learning was the analysis of the standards and the distributive property (15 studies), the most common subject was  number and operations (16 studies), and the highest number in school’s level was elementary school (18 studies). Nevertheless, fewer studies have been found to analyzing mathematics textbooks. Future research can pay attention for the relevant theoretical issues and collaborate studies in more perspective learning analysis. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">235-251</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marika Ratnik</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eha   Rüütel</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SCHOOL FACTORS AFFECTING ESTONIAN STUDENTS’ SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING AT THE BASIC SCHOOL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">adolescence academic performance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">perceived learning environment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">perceived school relationships</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">subjective well-being</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1513710735.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This research focuses on the personal well-being of basic school students and on the school environment factors affecting it. The authors were also interested to know whether there are any differences between two age groups (6th grade and 9th grade) in the perception of the school environment and school relations. 
The research included 934 students (426 boys and 508 girls) aged 12 to 17 years. The well-being was measured by the WHO-5 Well-Being Index; school factors included perceived school relationships, perceived learning environment and academic performance. The indicators differentiating between the groups with low and high well-being were: obtaining help from the school, the pleasantness of lessons, relationships with teachers, and relationships with schoolmates. In both age groups, higher well-being was predicted by relationships with teachers and schoolmates, obtaining help from the school, and parents’ relationships with the school. The results indicated that students establish relationships supporting their well-being not only in their class. It is rather the wider communication culture in the school that supports the students’ well-being. The results also indicate the wider effect of school relationships in that the factor of obtaining help from the school (the school`s pro-social organization) is more significant for the students’ well-being that the pro-social behaviour of the classmates.
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">599-611</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anna Klim-Klimaszewska</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stanisława Nazaruk</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE SCOPE OF IMPLEMENTATION OF GEOMETRIC CONCEPTS IN SELECTED KINDERGARTENS IN POLAND</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">content analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">geometrical concepts</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">geometrical education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">preschool education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1503750700.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The core curriculum of preschool education stipulates that the child that is prepared to study Mathematics in school can distinguish between basic geometric figures (circles, squares, triangles, rectangles). Nevertheless, a review of the records of student training in kindergarten revealed that there were no geometry-related subjects in any of them. Therefore, it was decided to further explore whether it was the teachers who did not implement geometrical concepts or just the students, who had no opportunity to observe or conduct classes in the field. In addition, if the latter was the case, the analysis was to include the extent to which teachers implement geometric concepts.A total of 150 teachers (females only), 78 teachers from 19 kindergartens located in Siedlce and 72 teachers from 18 kindergartens located in Biala Podlaska, participated in the research. The research methods of a diagnostic survey and document review were employed. Structured interviews were conducted with the teachers in order to identify the factors having an influence on the implementation of geometric concepts in kindergartens. The content analysis of geometry topics recorded in class registers was performed for the period of 8 months. The analysis of research results revealed that, in most cases, there was no systematic mathematical education with geometric content provided by most of the teachers participating in the research. 
They do not use children’s potential, i.e. geometric intuition, in an effective way. However, if properly shaped in kindergarten, this intuition may be a baseline for a more systematic study of Mathematics, including geometry, in school. On the basis of this research, conclusions may be drawn about the scope of geometrical education in kindergartens. 
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">345-353</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dragos Daniel Iordache</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costin   Pribeanu</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SOCIAL INFLUENCE AND DEPENDENCE IN THE FACEBOOK USE BY ROMANIAN AND LITHUANIAN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e-learning process</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Facebook dependence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">invariance analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social influence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1503750787.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The time spent on Facebook by university students is continuously increasing. This fact is raising many questions as regards the relation between the social networking websites and the university. The educators are challenged to understand the factors that are driving the adoption of social networking websites, the characteristics of the daily use as well as the positive and negative effects on the university work. The social influence has been recognized as one of the factors that are driving the adoption of information systems. On another hand, the excessive use may lead to addiction. The first objective of this research is to explore the correlation between the social influence and the Facebook dependence. A model with these latent variables has been specified and tested on two samples of university students, the first from Romania and the second from Lithuania. The second objective of the research is to comparatively discuss the measures in each country. A multi-group confirmatory factor analysis has been carried on to test the configural and metric invariance. The comparison of means shows that university students reporting higher social influence have a higher risk of Facebook dependence. The comparative analysis revealed that for both variables, the mean values are higher for the Romanian sample.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">354-365</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abolanle O. Lasode</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Olanrewaju O. Lawal</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modester C. Ofodile</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STUDENTS’ NEED FOR, AWARENESS, PERCEPTION AND USE OF GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING SERVICES IN FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, ABEOKUTA, NIGERIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">guidance and counselling</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">student awareness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">student needs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">student perception</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1237098</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This research investigated students’ needs, awareness, perception and use of Guidance and Counselling Services (G&amp;CS) in Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (FUNAAB). Simple random sampling technique was used to sample 283 respondents across the ten (10) colleges in the institution. Data were collected with the aid of questionnaire and analysed using descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentages, and mean. The questionnaire was subjected to a pilot study that revealed psychometric properties of Cronbach’s Apha 0.86. Result revealed that 91.1% of the respondents were aware of G&amp;CS and 74.6% of the respondents currently using the services indicated that it was very helpful. The rating of the counselling needs of the respondents revealed that academic issues with a mean of 3.62 ranked first, and exam pressure management had a mean of 3.51 ranked second. Furthermore, the rating of the perception of students on the quality and effectiveness of G&amp;CS indicated that organized orientation services for fresh students ranked first (mean = 2.55), while effective counselling on personal, social, academic and vocational challenges ranked second (mean = 2.49).  The study concluded that the G&amp;CS needs of the students across the colleges differ due to the dissimilarities in their disciplines across the University. The G&amp;CS was assisting students to attain competencies needed to overcome academic, career and personal concerns.  The fresher’s orientation service received the highest perception (mean = 2.55) among respondents on the quality and effectiveness of G&amp;CS in the institution.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">170-181</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Janos Mika</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andrea Farkas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ON SYNERGIES AND CONFLICTS BETWEEN THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (2016-2030) AND RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES FOR EDUCATION OF AND BY SUSTAINABILITY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">environmental education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">renewable energy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sustainable development</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1237099</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In September 2015 the United Nations (UN) accepted the Sustainable Development Goals (2016-2030) for mankind, including 17 Goals and 169 detailed Targets. Sustainability is understood in the wider sense by the document, considering society and economy not just as conditions for environmental sustainability, but as equally important pillar of the „building of sustainability”. Fulfilment of these goals and targets needs active participation of present and future generations, hence education of these tasks is inevitable. The aim of the research is to specify those goals and detailed targets in which renewable energy sources are involved. The latter is just one aspect for bringing the whole complex closer to the adults and youngsters to educate. This topic, however, is characterised by three features that make this aspect appealing: renewable energies are (i) fast developing, (ii) future oriented by saving the environment and (iii) they represent relatively new pieces of knowledge, so contemporary information should not fight with older learning. Before turning to these goals and targets, a reasonable classification of the 17 goals, listed without any systematic order in the UN document, is provided. The presented classification of the goals recommends the following groups: (i) Primary needs of humans (Goals 2, 3, 6 and 7) (ii) Equality between humans (1, 4, 5 and 10), (iii) Efficient, sustainable production (8, 9, 12 and 13), (iv) Landscapes in danger (11, 14 and 15) and (v) Worldwide cooperation (16, 17). From these Goals, No. 7 (affordable and clean energy) and No 13 (climate action) are in full synergy with the aim of extended renewable energy utilisation, but No 2 (zero hunger) might be in contradiction with extensive land use for bio-energy. If consumption of timber for bio-energy continues to be intense than No. 15 (life on land) may also contradict to other goals of sustainable development. Six further targets are identified as related to renewable energies without relatedness of the complete goals. So, we may consider 14 targets belonging to 9 goals to be related to energy sources. The recommended classification of the goals and quotations of the energy-relevant targets are illustrated by some world-wide and Hungarian indicators. Being acquainted with these objectives is useful for all youngsters, presented at their level of knowledge, and it provides a good basis to refresh one’s activity expressed in the environmental education. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">182-193</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Angela James</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TEACHING AND LEARNING – WHAT IS THIS IN TROUBLED SPACES?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">higher education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">schooling</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sustainable living</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1503750186.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teaching for five, 10, 15 years. Why are you still teaching? Why are you still teaching science subjects?
So, what is it about teaching that attracts you or in other words – What is in it for you? Most importantly, what is in it for the learners, the community and the world?
Teaching is a double-binded affair with yourself and with others (learners, colleagues and others).  With every aspect of what you do the introspective and reflexive questioning and responses to why you teach how and what you teach has a historical and almost umbilical cord to your first days of teaching or even learning how to teach or becoming a teacher. Reflecting on these days may reveal much about the decision to teach or was it just an act of putting pen to the teacher degree application form because there was nothing else? Or was it – “My daughter has been working for an insurance company for five years and she is now unemployed. I told her to do teaching because she will always have a job” (a conversation with a school principal).
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">322-323</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">James Edomwonyi Edokpolor</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Robinson Osarumwense Owenvbiugie</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING SKILLS: AN ANTIDOTE FOR JOB CREATION AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF NIGERIAN ECONOMY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">job creation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nigerian economy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social ills</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sustainable development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TVET skills</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1513710378.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The research is aimed at assessing the important role of TVET on job creation and sustainable development of Nigerian economy. Two research questions were answered using mean and standard deviation statistics, while two hypotheses were tested using t-test statistic. A survey method was employed for the research. A four-point scale questionnaire was employed as the instrument for collection of data. The population consists of 332 TVET lecturers in 3 universities and 4 colleges of education in Edo and Delta States. There was no need to adopt sampling technique, nor select any sample size, since the entire population is of a manageable size. The instrument was validated by two experts and its reliability coefficient value using Cronbach alpha method was 0.81. The research revealed that TVET can equip students with skills for job creation and sustainable development of Nigerian economy. It also revealed that there was no significant difference between the mean ratings of TVET lecturers in Edo and Delta States on the extent to which TVET can equip students with skills for job creation. It further revealed that there was no significant difference between the mean ratings of male and female TVET lecturers on the extent to which TVET can equip students with skills for sustainable development of Nigerian economy. Optimizing sufficient amount of financial resources, regular supplies of state-of-the-art facilities, sourcing for qualified manpower, and organization of advocacy programme, that would help in effective management delivery of TVET were further recommended.      </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">535-549</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Luca Bussotti</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paolo   Bussotti</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TRENDS AND CHALLENGES OF MATHEMATICS EDUCATION IN MOZAMBIQUE (1975-2016)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ethnomatematics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">international agencies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematics education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mozambique</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school reforms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching methods</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1509895430.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mathematics has always been a difficult issue, especially in the African countries. Mozambique is not an exception. This country had been colonized by Portugal until 1975. When the independence was obtained, a socialist regime was adopted (1977). The learning of mathematics entered the struggle against colonial and imperialistic ideas. Its best ally was Paulus Gerdes, one of the most relevant ethnomatematicians of the world, who carried out an intense promotion of this approach to mathematics in Mozambican school system. Albeit the great international impact of Gerdes’ ideas, Mozambique never implemented his methodology. When, at the end of the 80s, the country changed from socialism to liberalism, voting a democratic Constitution in 1990, its school system was aligned to the measures of International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank (WB). The most recent ones are represented by the Millennium Development Goals. Despite the various reforms of Mozambican school system, the results of Mozambican children in mathematics are among the worst in Africa. The reasons of such a failure are here explained, through a historical approach based on national documents. The most recent experiences of school reform carried out by international agencies together with national institutions are stressed. The negative results obtained by the Mozambican learners as to mathematics are due to several reasons: 1) a lack of consideration of the Mozambican cultural substrate; 2) an improper massification of the school system, where the quality of instruction has been neglected; 3) the specific choice to marginalize mathematics education.  </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">434-451</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitza Davidovitch</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eran Druckman</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">UTILIZATION OF LEISURE TIME AND ACADEMIC CAREERS: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY GENDER PERSPECTIVE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">academic careers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">academic output</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gender perspective</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">leisure activities</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social life</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1509895498.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This research focuses on the advancement of women in academia from an interdisciplinary perspective. It examines the leisure activities of faculty from various departments from a gender-based point of view, with regard to the association between time devoted to research and teaching and time devoted to family and social life. In addition, other possible correlations between academic output (number of articles per year, number of conferences attended, research grants submitted, teaching feedback scores) and personal background data (marital status, size of family, age, country of birth, and ethnicity) were also explored.
Many studies have dealt with the &quot;glass ceiling&quot; encountered by women in academia. The following case study is the first to explore performance measures of personnel at an academic institution in Israel from a gender perspective, in light of their leisure choices. The point of departure guiding the researchers was that the representation of women in academic personnel, including their research and teaching output, has a significance and influence on the system of higher education and, both in Israel and internationally. The research findings might help identify and develop interventions for utilization of time, with the goal of increasing academic output.
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">452-466</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elaine A. Colagrande</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simone Alves de Assis Martorano</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agnaldo Arroio</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">VIEWS OF A GROUP OF PRE-SERVICE SCIENCE TEACHERS ON THE USE OF EXPERIMENTAL ACTIVITIES IN SCIENCE TEACHING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">experimental activities</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nature of science</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1513710311.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teachers often consider experimental activities to be fundamental to the teaching of scientific concepts. However, there are different views about their purpose in science classes; these views are linked to teachers' different understandings of the construction of scientific knowledge. It was analyzed the views of 19 pre-service science teachers (PST) on the use of experimental activities in science classes. These PSTs were enrolled in the subject of science teacher training course of a Brazilian federal university. In their course work, the PSTS were organized into groups and they participated in a pedagogical activity during which they reported their views on two experimental scripts. They answered questions about how they would use these experiments in the future. The activity occurred in two stages: the first was before studying texts on the nature of science with an emphasis on the role of experimentation in the foundation of hypotheses; the second stage was after this. The data analysis was performed using the content analysis technique. The results suggest the importance of debates and deep themes in training courses for science teachers, so that experimental activities are not seen reductively and only as ways to motivate classes or to complement theory, but rather as potential aids in the construction of scientific meaning. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">525-534</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mónica Baptista</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">WHAT IS A GOOD PRACTICE OF SCIENCE TEACHING? SOME PATHS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">academic success</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science teaching</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1498500799.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">E-ISSN 2538-7111</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maria is a 17 year old 9th grade student with low academic success. Her school history is marked by several stories of failure in Physics and Chemistry. Yet, the 9th grade of Maria was different; as she says, she managed to achieve “a great mark &quot;. Therefore, what has taken Maria to find the Physics classes so good? The answer to this question leads us to another one, more complex, that can have various possible answers: After all, what is a good practice of science teaching?
To answer this question requires, first of all, to think about what students are expected to learn and what competencies they should obtain in school to meet the challenges of today's society, in all its uncertainty and endless changes. Nowadays, it is widely acknowledged that to understand and act in an informed and reflected manner in such a society it is essential that students develop their critical thinking and creativity as well as problem solving, communication, digital, social, intercultural and linguistic skills.
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">212-214</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anastasia Kitiashvili</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tamar Abashidze</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Irine Zhvania</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ACCESS AND BARRIERS TO EDUCATION: ATTITUDES AND PERCEPTIONS OF ETHNIC MINORITIES LIVING IN GEORGIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">access to education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">barriers to education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ethnic minorities</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1221618</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">72</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The aim of this research is to analyse the attitudes and perceptions by Georgian Azeri and Armenian ethnic minorities about the accessibility and barriers to acquire an education. The research includes three types of education: general, vocational education and training (VET), and higher education. The survey was carried out with 800 participants of both ethnic minorities in two regions of Georgia, Samtskhe-Javakheti and Kvemo Kartli . In-depth interviews were carried out with four experts working in the field of education for ethnic minorities. Respondents believe that they have more equal access to general education and VET while local Georgians have better access to higher education than ethnic minorities do. Attitudes of Ethnic Minorities correspond to their limited participation in Higher Education. The respondents identified poor knowledge of Georgian language (state language of Georgia) as the most significant barrier that excludes them from educational opportunities. This research provides evidence and a basis for formulating education policies for the Azeri and Armenian ethnic minorities living in Georgia.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">53-64</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hernan   Casakin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arjan van Timmeren</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Petra Badke-Schaub</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">APPROACHES IN DESIGN EDUCATION: THE ROLE OF PATTERNS AND SCENARIOS IN THE DESIGN STUDIO</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">design education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">design studio</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">design thinking</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational setting</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">problem solving session</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">students teamwork</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1199718</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">69</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The studio is the educational setting where architectural students dedicate a large part of their study career working individually and in groups. Supporting students with adequate methods to deal with ill-defined problems in the design studio is a major challenge for design education. Whereas different approaches such as using design patterns and developing scenarios are reported to improve the design activity, they were never investigated in the design studio. An empirical investigation was conducted in order to explore whether and how scenarios and patterns can help students in developing a useful knowledge base and enhance their abilities to solve design problems in the design studio. Students were requested to solve a series of design problems using these educational methods, while working individually and as a team. They were asked to produce as many design ideas as possible, while in the team setting were instructed to think aloud. The data assessed is gathered from surveys, problem solving sessions, and interviews. Thus, qualitative and quantitative analyses had to be done to find out about the different impact of the two methods in design. The results showed that as an educational approach, patterns aided in defining problems and analyzing idea solutions, mainly from a technical and functional perspective. Scenarios, on the other hand, were helpful to generate new ideas, and to enhance design creativity. Independently of the pedagogical method used in the design studio, working in teams showed to be central to enrich and enhance many aspects of the design activity. The findings have important implications for intervention programs in the design studio.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6-21</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andrea   C. Burrows</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michael A. DiPompeo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adam D. Myers</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ryan C. Hickox</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mike   Borowczak</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Debbie A. French</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andria C. Schwortz</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AUTHENTIC SCIENCE EXPERIENCES: PRE-COLLEGIATE SCIENCE EDUCATORS’ SUCCESSES AND CHALLENGES DURING PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">astronomy outreach</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">authentic science</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">inquiry activities</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">partnership building</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">professional development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STEM education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1203605</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">70</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Twenty-three pre-collegiate educators of elementary students (ages 5-10 years) and secondary students (ages 11-18 years) attended a two-week science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) astronomy focused professional development in the summer of 2015 with activities focused on authentic science experiences, inquiry, and partnership building. ‘Authentic’ in this research refers to scientific skills and are defined. The study explores the authentic science education experience of the pre-collegiate educators, detailing the components of authentic science as seen through a social constructionism lens. Using qualitative and quantitative methods, the researchers analyzed the successes and challenges of pre-collegiate science and mathematics educators when immersed in STEM and astronomy authentic science practices, the educators’ perceptions before and after the authentic science practices, and the educators’ performance on pre to post content tests during the authentic science practices. Findings show that the educators were initially engaged, then disengaged, and then finally re-engaged with the authentic experience. Qualitative responses are shared, as are the significant results of the quantitative pre to post content learning scores of the educators. Conclusions include the necessity for PD team delivery of detailed explanations to the participants - before, during, and after – for the entire authentic science experience and partnership building processes. Furthermore, expert structure and support is vital for participant research question generation, data collection, and data analysis (successes, failures, and reattempts). Overall, in order to include authentic science in pre-collegiate classrooms, elementary and secondary educators need experience, instruction, scaffolding, and continued support with the STEM processes.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">59–73</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alzira Manuel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oleg Popov</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE CHALLENGES OF ADULT EDUCATION POLICY IMPLEMENTATION IN MOZAMBIQUE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">activity theory</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">adult education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">power and development</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1210961</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">71</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The current socio-economic development in Mozambique is characterized by growing social inequalities, in particular concerning the imbalanced access to education and the increased poverty of women and the unemployed. Adult education is a way to provide youth and adults with opportunities to improve their knowledge and skills. Through education they can gain power and they can learn how to cope with social and economic challenges. The purpose of this research is to examine how far policies concerning adult education, especially with respect to Non-Formal Vocational Education and Training (NFVET) are implemented. The research is qualitative in nature, based on document analysis with a focus on the policies that have guided the implementation of adult education and training in Mozambique during the period 2000-2015. The findings reveal that Mozambique has been strongly influenced by international initiatives within the framework of ‘Education for all’ and ‘Education for development’. There is an apparent need to strengthen policy implementation strategies, particularly in the area of NFVET in order to ensure the real empowerment of learners and teachers.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">71</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">53-61</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1622302559.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">70</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents, Vol. 70, 2016, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1621964724.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">72</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents, Vol. 72, 2016, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1622364417.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">69</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents, PEC, Vol. 69, 2016</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1622013567.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">71</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents, Vol. 71, 2016, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1622364378.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">69</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page, Vol. 69, PEC, 2016</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1622302511.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">70</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page, Vol. 70, 2016, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1621964677.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">72</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page, Vol. 72, PEC, 2016</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1622013529.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">71</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page, Vol. 71, 2016, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jonas Christensen</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A CRITICAL REFLECTION OF BRONFENBRENNER´S DEVELOPMENT ECOLOGY MODEL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">development ecology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">organisation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">resilience</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social ties</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1199720</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">69</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This analysis is a theory based reflection out of the development ecology. When studying an organisation, transformation and spheres of influence of professions and in education, the Development Ecology model provides a tool for understanding the encounter between societal, organisational and individual dimensions, a continual meeting point where phenomena and actors occur on different levels, including those of the organisation and society at large. However, the theory of development ecology may be questioned for how it looks at the individual’s role in relation to other actors in order to define and understand the forces underlying the professional development. The focus on the individual might prevent the understanding of group wise development. Resilience capacity on a mental, intra level and an entrepreneurial way of building, developing and keeping networks gives the different levels in the Development Ecology model a broader understanding of what stimulates learning processes. Factors relating to both the inside of the individual and social ties between individuals in a group context in relation to global factors need to be discussed. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22-28</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rita Maria de Souza Couto</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roberta G. R. Portas</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Flavia Nizia F. Ribeiro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maria A. C. Mamede-Neves</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DESIGN OF DIDACTIC MATERIAL FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING SITUATIONS: THE CASE OF SÃO TOMÉ AND PRÍNCIPE, AFRICA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">design in partnership</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">early childhood education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching materials</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1227392</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">74</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Much of the didactic material of São Tomé and Príncipe for teaching and learning situations for early childhood education is not guided by interdisciplinary dialogue between design and education suitable to the country’s context. A proposal is presented for a system of objects that support the early childhood education curriculum, designed to be used as a guide and supporting material for preschool teachers of São Tomé and Principe and illustrates the various ways in which design can contribute to teaching-learning processes, strengthening knowledge building through the development of artefacts, environments, and education systems. This material is one of the outcomes of the project developed by the Interdisciplinary Education Design Lab¬ (LIDE), from PUC-Rio, Brazil, using the Design in Partnership methodology for the development of curriculum content for early childhood education. The project is being developed by researchers at LIDE/PUC-Rio, the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science of the Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe, Africa, and UNICEF, and has other spheres of action, including the development of early childhood education curriculum content, ongoing teacher and assistant training courses, the recycling course offering for educators and assistants, the teaching materials project, and the redesign of physical spaces in kindergartens. This material contributes to the application of the curriculum under development.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16-30</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cem Gerçek</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Özgür Özcan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DETERMINING THE STUDENTS’ VIEWS TOWARDS THE LEARNING STATIONS DEVELOPED FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">environment education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning station</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">out of school learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">recycling</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1199764</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">69</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study aims to increase awareness in students in relation to environmental consciousness. Therefore, the prepared presentations and the adapted learning stations were used to create awareness of students in the out-of-the-school learning environment supported by the municipality of a county in Ankara the capital city of Turkey. Learning stations serve to people’s individual study. The basic goal here is to develop higher order skills and to make sure that students work in stations according to their abilities in a pre-determined order. The study group was composed of volunteering 15 fifth graders of a private school in Ankara. Firstly, the content to be applied in the study was developed. Prior to the application, a readiness presentation was made so as to raise students’ interest and awareness in terms of the importance of waste and recycling the waste. As a conclusion of the current study, it may be said that students’ interest in and awareness of the environment and collecting the waste developed. Enlarging this pilot project and applying it to bigger groups is important in terms of the success of the educational activities for separating the waste and in terms of the durability of the relevant behavior. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29-36</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costin   Pribeanu</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE EDUCATIONAL USE OF SOCIAL NETWORKING WEBSITES: FROM PROMISE TO REALITY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multidimensional concept</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social networking activities</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social networks</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">university students</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1210956</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">71</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The platforms supporting social networking activities on the Internet are applications for the creation, sharing and exchange of user-generated content that manifests in various forms. Users can freely express their ideas and opinions, and have opportunities to launch and participate in collaborative projects and virtual communities. Facebook (FB) is a social networking website featuring an explosive growth in the last years and an increased popularity among university students. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">71</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4-5</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brunno Carvalho Gastaldo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paula Homem-de-Mello</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sérgio Henrique Leal</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE EFFECT OF TEACHER INSTRUCTIONS ON PRESERVICE TEACHER’S DEVELOPMENT OF PEDAGOGICAL CONTENT KNOWLEDGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">knowledge integration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pedagogical content knowledge</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pre-service teacher</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher formation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1224698</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">73</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trying to understand the knowledge base for teaching, the Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) was proposed as the main teacher’s knowledge. It amalgamates the specific knowledge and it is the difference between a teacher and a specialist. It can be both personal, deriving from practice, and canonical, which is cultural accumulation of what makes a good teacher. To acquire the last, preservice teachers (PSTE) take university classes, where theoretically their apprenticeship could be facilitated by the university teacher. Thus, it is important to understand how the university teacher best exerts his influence on PSTEs. In this paper, we show the impact of the university teacher’s interventions in the development of PCK based on analysis of a course taught to chemistry PSTE. The research was conducted in a qualitative approach, in a case study strategy. The classes from a chemistry teacher’s course from a federal university in São Paulo, Brazil were recorded for four months, to follow the development of the PCK. Qualitative forms of assessing the PCK, as CoRe, were used, and the tasks given by the teacher were collected to support the analysis. Our results show that the students’ knowledge integration responds to teacher interventions, particularly when those were customised to each individual. When the intervention was made by means of written exercises the influence on PSTE was lower than orally and when made by peers even lower or null. Being so, teacher’s interventions could be considered an INUS condition for the development of PCK in those students.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">45-61</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Milena   Kerndl</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kordigel Aberšek, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DISTANCED E-LEARNING IN TEACHERS’ EDUCATION: A CASE STUDY IN SLOVENIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">distanced e-learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lifelong learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reader’s reception metacognition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teachers’ training</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1221616</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">72</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In the last two decades a remarkable shift from conventional forms of teaching toward e-learning happened on all levels of education. This shift included also teachers’ permanent, lifelong education. The purpose of the study was to find and compare the effectiveness of conventional workshop and an e-learning module in teachers’ lifelong/permanent professional training. A study included 30 mother tongue teachers. The aim of the teachers training course curriculum was focused in their competence for developing students’/reader’s reception metacognition (RRM), a competence which is a prerequisite for differentiation/individualization in the process of implementation of literature curriculum in the frame of mother tongue education. Pre- intervention and post- intervention teaching practice of both groups of teachers were observed and compared to find out, which form of lifelong education influenced participants’ teaching practice in a more effective way. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of data, gained in e-module and compared with those, gained in the traditional workshop education, shows a significantly bigger effect of education on the case study participants teaching practice for the group of teachers, which participated in traditional educational form – a workshop.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16-30</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1621964771.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">72</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page, Vol. 72, 2016, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">106</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1622302602.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">70</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page, Vol. 70, 2016, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1622364462.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">69</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page, Vol. 69, PEC, 2016</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1622013615.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">71</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page, Vol. 71, 2016, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magdalena Kugiejko</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE ERASMUS PLUS PROGRAM AS A FACTOR TO INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN SCHOOLS: A CASE STUDY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">case study</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Erasmus Plus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">international mobility</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1210960</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">71</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Content and methods of education implemented in schools are changing rapidly. One of the reasons fuelling these changes is implementation of such programs like the Lifelong Learning Program (LLP) Erasmus Plus, which motto „Learning for life” is gaining more and more followers. For the purpose of proving this theory, the researcher presents below the profiles of two primary schools (Primary School in Krosno and CEIP Villa Romana in Spain), which participate in this international cultural and educational exchange. The researcher paid special attention to the assumptions of the LLP project, tourism mobility and achievements resulting from the international cooperation between the educational institutions. To present the problem, the researcher used one of the qualitative research methods for case studies. It determined the careful analysis of the individual interviews as well as participating observation of the program coordinators and teachers’ behavior showed how much potential lies in the cooperation of teachers and pupils participating in such educational exchanges. The undertaken research (including interviews with the staff and observation of the projects management) and its analysis confirmed the hypothesis that every type of school, regardless of its location (city or countryside) can benefit from participation in an international exchange. The main limiting factor, noticeable especially in the schools located in rural areas, is the mentality and fear from participation in an international program, challenging the language skills of the staff and resulting in more administrative work. However, the success of the Erasmus Plus program is best measured by the fact that after initial participating, both village schools continued the project in the following years. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">71</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">44-52</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tony Burner</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ETHICAL DIMENSIONS WHEN INTERVENING IN CLASSROOM RESEARCH</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">formative interventions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">intervention research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">professional development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">research ethics</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1224696</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">73</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">There is an increasing amount of educational research that aims at intervening in classroom teaching and learning practices, partly as a response to “what works” in education. However, few researchers ask the fundamental question of who actually “owns” the interventions, and not the least which ethical dimensions arise from intervening in classrooms. The present research investigates these two questions and relates them to the role of the researcher in formative intervention research, and by relating ethical dimensions to ethics of principles, consequences, relations and virtues. It suggests that interventionist researchers need to develop their reflexive sensitivity, both epistemologically and methodologically when they conduct formative interventions in classrooms, and that the idea of intervening requires different responses depending on the type of ethics that is applied. Interventionist researchers need to be more humble, more open to new ideas and changes in their original plans, and more able to share their contributions with the field of education compared to descriptive research designs. Also, they need to question the very idea of intervening in classrooms, legitimize it and reflect on it with ethical dimensions in mind. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18-26</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">David Pundak</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EVALUATION OF CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS IN ASTRONOMY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">astronomy education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">conceptual framework</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">diagnostic tool</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">engineering students</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1199766</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">69</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Even though astronomy is the oldest science, it is still an open question how to evaluate students’ understanding in astronomy. In spite of the fact that some methods and evaluation tools have been developed for that purpose, the sources of students' difficulties in astronomy are still unclear. This paper presents an investigation of the changes in conceptual frameworks in astronomy among 50 engineering students as a result of learning a general course in astronomy. A special tool called Conceptual Frameworks in Astronomy (CFA), which was initially used in 1989, was adopted to gather data for the present research. In its new version, the tool includes 23 questions and five to six optional answers to each question. Each of the answers characterizes one of the four conceptual frameworks: pre-scientific, geocentric, heliocentric and sidereal. These four conceptual frameworks act as a taxonomical system that enables us to evaluate astronomical understanding. The paper describes the background of the CFA, its development, and discusses its validity and reliability. Using the CFA we were able to: (1) identify the students’ conceptual frameworks at the beginning of the course and at its end, (2) to evaluate the students’ paradigmatic change following the course. It was found that the measure of the students’ improvement (gain index) was g = 0.37. Approximately 45% of the students in the course improved their conceptual frameworks in astronomy and 26% deepened their understanding of the heliocentric or sidereal conceptual frameworks. The CFA can also be applied as an evaluation tool in all schools and institutions that teach astronomy.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">57-75</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jingoo Kang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tuula Keinonen</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EXAMINING FACTORS AFFECTING IMPLEMENTATION OF INQUIRY-BASED LEARNING IN FINLAND AND SOUTH KOREA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">inquiry-based learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher collaboration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher confidence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1227393</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">74</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Using inquiry has become a universal factor in science education, but teachers often face challenges in implementing inquiry-based learning (IBL) because of, for instance, teachers’ low confidence in conducting inquiry or insufficient school resources. Much research has been conducted to identify the barriers that impede inquiry practice. However, most studies have employed small-scale qualitative methods from a single-country sample, and, thus, the effects of each factor on conducting inquiry in different educational systems have yet to be measured in one statistical model. Accordingly, this research was aimed to explore the extent to which various teacher- and school-factors have respectively affected teachers’ implementation of inquiry-based learning at lower secondary schools. To examine this issue, samples of 496 Finnish teachers in 135 lower secondary schools and 184 Korean teachers in 147 lower secondary schools were selected from the TIMSS 2011 science data set. The findings reveal that teachers’ confidence in teaching science and their collaboration to improve science teaching were strongly associated with facilitating inquiry in both countries, and these two factors’ positive effects on the implementation were partially derived from inquiry-related professional development in the Finnish sample. In addition, class size and school resources were also significantly related to inquiry practice in Finland, and the teachers’ education levels were negatively correlated with the frequency of inquiry practice in Korea. However, in both countries, the teachers’ emphasis on exams was indicated as a non-significant factor in predicting inquiry frequency. The results have implications in respect of the roles of professional development and school environment in increasing IBL practice in school science.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31-48</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gabriel Gorghiu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costin   Pribeanu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ON THE FACEBOOK DEPENDENCE AND ITS NEGATIVE EFFECTS ON UNIVERSITY STUDENTS’ WORK: A MULTI-GROUP ANALYSIS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e-learning process</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational value</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">formative measurement models</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">motivation to learn</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1224699</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">73</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The explosion of social networking websites in general, and Facebook in particular, impacts the educational context both positively and negatively. Too much time spent on Facebook leads to negative effects on the university work of students. The objectives of this research are to measure and analyse the relationship between the Facebook dependence and the negative consequences of the excessive use of Facebook on the university work of students. In this respect, a conceptual model has been tested that has two inter-correlated latent variables: the withdrawal syndrome, measuring the Facebook dependence and the negative consequences onto the university work. The analysis of results has been done onto three groups featuring the user’s profile according to the network size (number of Facebook friends) of students. The findings show that the larger the Facebook network, the higher the frequency and duration of Facebook use. The analysis of measurement invariance shows that the model exhibits factorial, metric, and scalar invariance on the three user profiles. The comparison between groups shows that students having larger networks and spending more time on Facebook have a higher level of dependence and their university work is more affected.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">62-74</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Łukasz Albański</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HIGHER EDUCATION AND THE GROWTH OF MENIAL JOBS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education at post-secondary level</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">inequality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">liberal arts</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Poland</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">youth unemployment</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1203600</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">70</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Young people are confronting a world in which they may not achieve economic strides their parents did. Almost all will have been awarded university degree, worth far less (in the terms and conditions of their employment) than that of their parents, if they themselves graduated from university. In the article the author discusses the relationship between higher education and stratification. The concepts of meritocracy and credentialism are considered and a particular attention is paid to an equal/unequal access to education dilemma. Discussed is why a liberal arts education is losing ground and why it is being made a scapegoat for graduate unemployment. Does the nightmare of Weber’s “iron cage of rationalization” come true and is the contemporary university in the service of an economic order with all the related technical requirements of machine production? In the second part of the article the role of meritocratic discourse and educational credential inflation is considered as well as the growth of menial jobs for young people as a case in Poland. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8–20</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betina Silva Lopes</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nilza Costa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bernardo Filipe Matias</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IMPACT EVALUATION OF TWO MASTER COURSES ATTENDED BY TEACHERS: AN EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN ANGOLA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Angola</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">impact evaluation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">master courses</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">post-graduation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teachers’ professional development</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1227394</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">74</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The present research aims to evaluate the impact of two master courses offered by one public higher education institution in Angola on the professional development of Angolan teachers and also on the broader educational community. The two courses were attended by 393 teachers. The data of 45 answered questionnaires and six verbatim transcripts of individual semi-structured interviews were analysed. According to the teachers perspective the courses contributed to teachers’ personal growth and changes of practices, as well as improved students’ learning (micro context of impact). Although to a lesser extent, impact on broader contexts was also identified, indicating that changes occurred also within other teachers and elements of the surrounding school community (meso context of impact) as well as the community of educational research (macro context of impact). The results in discussion are of relevance for further investment on post graduation courses (master level) for teachers offered by higher education institutions. Outlined recommendations could potentially contribute to impact enhancement (and understanding) of academic post-graduation courses’ attended by in-service teachers, particularly those integrated in  recent higher education systems of post conflict countries, such as the Republic of Angola. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">49-60</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Milan Kubiatko</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IS THE INQUIRY-BASED SCIENCE EDUCATION THE BEST?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IBSE</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science subjects</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching process</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1224694</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">73</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The science education is fighting with a relatively big problem. Many academicians, teachers and also laic society are still perceiving difficulty in understanding of concepts from science subject and lack of interest about this group of subjects. In the past the teaching process was very formal focused on the memorizing of the facts without any deeper understanding of the processes in the nature. Pupils and students knew all definitions about concepts in the science subjects, but practical application was on the low level. The academicians, teachers and other people interested in the science education were eager to change system of education. They wanted to include new approach into science education. The inquiry-based science education (IBSE) seemed to be as the right way for the better understanding of science process by pupils and students. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4-5</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zuzana Naštická</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INTERCULTURAL FEATURES AND THE THEME OF TRAVELLING IN BILINGUAL MATHEMATICS LESSONS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bilingual mathematics education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CLIL</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land area</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">per cents</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">thousands-separator</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1221620</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">72</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The present qualitative research is focused on bilingual mathematics education. The research presents findings of a case study of one bilingual Slovak and English mathematics 40-minute lesson within an after school elective bilingual mathematics course running weekly since October, 2015. The lesson took place in March, 2016, and was attended by nine learners aged 12-13, eight boys and one girl. The learners are cases of successive school additive bilingual education. The elective course as a whole is a case of immerse bilingual educational programme. In terms of sociolinguistic settings, the course lessons are cases of bilingual education with external second language. The researcher designed and realized the course lessons in terms of CLIL approach, i.e. Content and Language Integrated Learning. The main aim of the case study was to examine if bilingual mathematics instruction does or does not prevent learners from solving math word problems. Secondly, the analysis of transcription of the lesson audio-record served for identification of intercultural features which might hinder the learning process. The analysis of the transcribed audio-record indicates that the bilingual context did not prevent students from solving math word problems, although each of the students worked at their individual rate. On the other hand, some students were confused by the comma as a thousands-separator in multi-digit numbers, and this actually hindered their learning and problem solving process. This fact has been identified as an intercultural difference which had to be explicitly explained to the students. In order to lessen the possible negative influences of bilingual context on mathematics education, teachers need to predict students’ responses to various intercultural differences which students are unfamiliar with.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76-88</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Samuel Olugbenga King</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INVESTIGATING THE MOST NEGLECTED STUDENT LEARNING DOMAIN IN HIGHER EDUCATION: A CASE STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON STUDENT BEHAVIOUR AND EMOTIONS IN UNIVERSITY MATHEMATICS LEARNING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">digital natives</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">emotional/behavioural engagement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">engineering mathematics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EVS/Clickers</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1221617</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">72</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Do students’ emotions and behaviours influence their learning in mathematics classes, and if yes, how and why? Based on a qualitative research design, evidence on how the use of Electronic Voting Systems (EVS) has influenced students’ emotional and behavioural engagement with university mathematics learning is presented. The results show that the use of EVS enables students to diagnose their level of understanding of learning material, relative to the rest of the class. EVS use also helps, in real time, to stimulate, maintain, and re-focus student attention during mathematics instruction. A favourable perception of the learning environment as being altruistic appears to have influenced students to emotionally identify and align themselves with mathematics learning goals. There is enhanced interactivity in EVS-facilitated lectures, including positive student competitiveness, while the EVS anonymity utility also enhances increased student participation rates. However, a major disincentive to student engagement is the use of EVS-based mathematics questions with low cognitive demand. This research is a contribution to how specific educational technology-based interventions influence student engagement.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31-52</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Suleyman Goksoy</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LEADERSHIP PERCEPTIONS AND COMPETENCIES OF DEPUTY PRINCIPALS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">case study</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">deputy principals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">leadership competencies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">leadership roles and attitudes</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1210958</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">71</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The research aims to determine the leadership levels the deputy principals feel, their perceptions of their personal features and the environment of the organization in which they demonstrate leadership role. In the research, case study method from qualitative research methods was used. The data were collected by one of the qualitative data collection tools; interviewing. The data were analysed with descriptive analysis techniques. The following results were obtained in the research: Deputy Principals consider themselves as leaders in terms of personal features and behaviours. The competencies of deputy principals in terms of leadership are; technical competencies, interpersonal competencies, conceptual and cognitive competencies. The aspects that deputy principals think that they need to improve and enhance are; human relations, determinedness, consistency, sensitivity, talkativeness and hurriedness. According to research results, it is found that deputy principals are of the opinion that schools have the centralist, inflexible, disaggregated, officialised and non-creative features of the organizational structure in terms of institution, culture, legislation and management.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">71</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16-30</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Camila S. Miani</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ana M. A. Caldeira</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fernanda R. Brando</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MAKING DECISIONS ABOUT BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION: A STUDY IN PRE-SERVICE TEACHER EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biodiversity conservation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">decision making</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pre-service training</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1227396</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">74</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biodiversity conservation is a current environmental concern that reveals the competing priorities of economic development and environmental preservation. These issues are currently being debated at various levels of society, and decisions are made based not only on scientific knowledge but also on opinions and values. Among the reasons commonly used to justify current environmental demands for biodiversity conservation, Sarkar (2005) has identified three “flawed arguments” to be avoided. Because the discussion of biodiversity conservation is a current demand, it should also be addressed in the field of education. Biology teachers should be prepared to engage their students in discussion about all aspects of biodiversity conservation. In light of the need to train professionals who are capable of addressing complex issues such as this, the following may be asked: What do biology students consider when making decisions about the use and conservation of biodiversity? Do the flawed arguments identified by Sarkar (2005) factor into their reasoning? This research analyzes reports produced following a teaching activity known as “decision making.” The results reveal not only students’ concern for environmental issues, particularly regarding water resources, but also the presence of two of Sarkar’s flawed arguments. The limits of students’ knowledge of the subject also become evident.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">71-78</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ebenezer Anohah</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jarkko  Suhonen</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MEASURING EFFECT OF CULTURALLY RESPONSIVE LEARNING ENVIRONMENT FOR COMPUTING EDUCATION IN AFRICAN CONTEXT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">computer achievement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">computer attitude</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">indigenous knowledge</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">integrationist approach</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">object-oriented concepts</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oware game</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1224695</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">73</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A relevant research area in computing education is to explore aspects that motivate and promote learning in culturally responsive learning environments. This research contributes towards understanding how indigenous knowledge can be used to create a meaningful learning environment for learning object-oriented programming. The aim of research is to explore the effect of a culturally responsive learning environment for computing education in Ghana high school context. This research comprised teaching interventions that emphasized cultural significance and stimulation of Oware game as metaphors and related analogies to teach object oriented programming. The results indicated that a culturally responsive environment had a positive effect on high school students’ conceptual understanding of object-oriented programming concepts and attitudinal change to computing education. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6-17</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johanna Hokkanen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anna-Liisa Elorinne</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kirsti Vainio</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tuula Keinonen</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MEDICINE CASE STUDY HIGHLIGHT THE PROBLEMS OF FINNISH HOUSEHOLDS IN MEDICINE CONSUMPTION PRACTICES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">medicine consumption</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">medicine education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">medicine safety</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">medicine storage</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1210959</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">71</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Medicine education as part of health education aims to educate about rational medicine use: the right medicine taken in the right way at the right time for the right problem. Storage places of medicines are one issue discussed in medicine education. This participative observation research of Finnish households’ (n = 10) medicine storage places was conducted together with interviews of 12 mothers and 12 children concerning medicine consumption habits. Data were analysed using directed content analysis. In all interviewed households (n = 12), children and mothers confirmed the same storage places for the medicines. None of the households locked the medicine storage places even if the cabinets had a lock and key. The number of medicine types varied widely among the studied households (n=10), from 8 to 33. The number of expired medicines ranged from 1 to 10 pieces per household. At home medicines are discussed consciously when the child, family member, relative or a friend has a long-term illness, when being sick and while taking medication. Mothers identified themselves as being responsible for the medicine cabinet at home. Mothers were categorised into four groups − home nurses (2), forgetful (2), reckless (2) and health conscious (4) − based on their medicine consumption and storage practices. Some of these practices do not demonstrate the appropriate use and storage of medicines. Based on the findings, we recommend that educational material should be developed on medicine storage and use.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">71</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31-43</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Şenol Şen</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MODELING THE STRUCTURAL RELATIONS AMONG LEARNING STRATEGIES, SELF-EFFICACY BELIEFS, AND EFFORT REGULATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">effort regulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">high school students</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Learning Strategies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">self-efficacy beliefs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">structural equation modeling</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1210962</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">71</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This research examined the relations among students’ learning strategies (elaboration, organization, critical thinking and metacognitive learning strategies), self-efficacy beliefs, and effort regulation. The Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) was used to measure students’ learning strategies, self-efficacy beliefs, and effort regulation. A total of 227 high school students participated in the research. Confirmatory factor analysis and path analysis were performed to examine the relations among the variables of the research. Results revealed that students’ metacognitive learning strategies and self-efficacy beliefs statistically and significantly predicted their effort regulation. In addition, the students’ self-efficacy beliefs directly affected deep cognitive learning strategies and effort regulation but indirectly affected metacognitive learning strategies. Furthermore, 88.6 % of the variance in effort regulation was explained by metacognitive learning strategies and self-efficacy beliefs. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">71</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">62-72</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sarah Bansilal</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Angela James</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PHYSICAL SCIENCE TEACHERS’ PERCEPTIONS OF AN ADVANCED CERTIFICATE IN EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">content knowledge</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pedagogic content knowledge</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">physical science teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">professional development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher beliefs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher confidence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1203601</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">70</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Advanced Certificate in Education programmes was offered by many South African universities to provide opportunities for teachers to upgrade their positions. The purpose of the study was to explore Physical Science teachers’ perceptions of their professional development. In this study we considered three domains of professional development which are content knowledge, pedagogic content knowledge and teacher beliefs and attitudes. This study used a mixed method approach using the form of an embedded design. The study was conducted with 156 students enrolled in an ACE Physical Science programme. The teachers stated that their content knowledge and pedagogic content knowledge had not only improved, but also their engagement with actual laboratories, and conducting experiments contributed to their teaching experiences. Hence, their self-confidence of physical science teaching evolved. The authors recommend that the ACE programme should also include a mentoring system with teaching practicum via school leadership and subject advisers.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21–33 </style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Feyzi Osman Pekel</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PISA RESULTS OR X-RAY FILMS OF EDUCATION SYSTEMS?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PISA assessments</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Student performance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">well-equipped students</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1227390</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">74</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">To be able to develop well-equipped students in accordance with the expectations of the society is one of the objectives of every education system in every country. In this sense, monitoring student performance comparatively at international level, assessing students and schools characteristics is crucially important in order to structuring individuals’ future lives. Determining student performances in different subject areas is a way for the countries examining the performance of their education systems (Anagün, 2011). Results of these assessments and evaluations enable steering the educational policy by diagnosing/revising the failures of the system. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4-5</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Matti Hiltunen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sirpa Kärkkäinen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tuula Keinonen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Markus Hähkiöniemi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sami Lehesvuori</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pirjo Tikkanen</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENT TEACHERS´ CLASSROOM TALK DURING INQUIRY-BASED BIOLOGY LESSONS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">authoritative talk</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dialogic talk</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">inquiry-based lesson</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary school</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1199765</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">69</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In schools, classroom talk is often dominated by teachers´ lecturing or asking closed questions followed by teachers’ evaluative feedback. When the teacher presents ideas to students or uses the question-response feedback, the talk is considered as authoritative talk. On the other side, during dialogic talk, the teacher reacts to students´ views and responses. The important role of the teachers in promoting dialogic classroom talk has been demonstrated in many previous studies. However, little is known about how student teachers use different talk forms, especially in inquiry-based biology lessons which is the focus of this research. The primary school student teachers’ lessons – a total of 14 lessons of five student teachers – were videotaped and audiotaped. The data were analysed using theory-based content analysis. The results show that the primary school student teachers used more authoritative classroom talk than dialogical classroom talk in their inquiry-based lessons. Mainly, non-interactive authoritative talk form was used by all student teachers, and interactive dialogic talk form was used least. Authoritative talk was used in all stages of the inquiry-based lesson. Dialogic talk was used more during introduction and examination stages. The findings suggest that in teacher education, student teachers need scaffold in talking with pupils when carrying out inquiry-based teaching.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37-56</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sarah Bansilal</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thelma Rosenberg</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">REFLECTIONS OF SOUTH AFRICAN TEACHERS TEACHING UNDER ADVERSARIAL CONDITIONS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">classroom practice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">non-prototype classes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">problems of practice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher learning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1203603</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">70</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teachers often teach under difficult conditions of which they do not have oversight. In order for teacher development programmes to be responsive to teachers’ needs, it is necessary to understand the teaching contexts of their participant teachers. Accordingly the purpose of the research was to identify the problems of practice reported by 41 Mathematical Literacy teachers who teach under impoverished conditions in South Africa. The participants identified their problems of practice and focused on one problem which they tried to address during a two-week teaching intervention. They were required to generate a reflective research report based on their teaching intervention, which formed the primary data source. The findings indicate that of the 305 citations of problems, 174 were attributed to socio-economic factors, 111 to pedagogic factors and 51 to school management factors. With most of these problems being out of their locus of control, these teachers are forced to spend time dealing with the consequences of these problems, instead of focusing their energy to find ways to improve their pedagogic practice. Teacher development agencies need to consider how such teachers could be more appropriately supported.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34–44 </style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Getachew Fetahi Gobaw</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harrison Ifeanyichukwu Atagana</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STUDENTS’ BIOLOGY LABORATORY SKILL PERFORMANCE AND THEIR COURSE ACHIEVEMENT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">high school achievement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">practical skill test</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">undergraduate biology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1221615</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">72</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The focus of this research study was to investigate the relationship between students’ prior achievement in higher education entrance examination score and their course achievement in undergraduate biology program. It also examined the relationship between students’ high school and college preparatory school biology laboratory experience and their undergraduate biology laboratory skill performance. A correlational study was used. The sample consisted of 55 third year undergraduate biology students. The findings of the study showed that there is significant and positive linear correlation between students’ competences in practical skills and performance in higher education entrance examination scores. There is a significant and a positively linear relationship between the students’ cumulative grade point average (CGPA) with higher education entrance exam scores and biology laboratory skill test score. However, laboratory skill performance test score was not correlated with students’ high school laboratory background and sex. The findings implicated that the Ministry of Education should foster secondary high schools and college preparatory schools to put greater efforts at preparing undergraduate admitted students for students’ better outcome and their retention in universities. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6-15</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saeed Almuntasheri</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SAUDI TEACHERS’ PRACTICES OF FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT: A QUALITATIVE STUDY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">assessment conversations</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">formative assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science inquiry</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1227391</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">74</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shifting from teacher-centred to student-centred practices requires teachers to understand strategies to interact with students in science classes. Formative assessment strategies are very critical component of classroom interaction where teachers obtain information about student learning wherever possible. Traditionally, however, teachers ask questions and evaluate student responses but without investigating student contributions to the classroom interaction. This qualitative study aimed at developing teachers’ knowledge of formative assessment strategies when teaching science-based inquiry in Saudi Arabia. 12 teachers were observed when teaching science and details of one teachers’ practices of formative assessment is presented in this study. Formative assessment framework that describes assessment conversations is used and modified to observe teachers’ assessment practices. Assessment conversation consists of four-step cycles, where the teacher elicits information from students through questioning, the student responds, the teacher recognizes the student’s response, and then uses the information to develop further inquiry. Findings indicate that teachers ask questions and receive responses but rarely allow students to share their own ideas or discuss their own thinking. The study underlines the importance of integrating formative assessment strategies during scientific inquiry teaching for professional development as a way to increase student participation and allow opportunities for students’ inquiry in science classes.    </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6-15</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Milan Kubiatko</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SCIENCE SUBJECT AND THE ROLE OF A TEACHER</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning process</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">practical knowledge</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">problems of education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science subjects</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1199714</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">69</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">I would like to thank the editor of the journal, who gave me space to write some sentences about some actual problems of education. I am interested in science education, so the problems occurring in science education are close to me. So I would like to introduce you some problems of science subjects, which are well known, but solutions are searched for, how to improve the interest in science subjects among pupils and students. All below presented ideas are the opinions of the authors, you can disagree with or agree. The purpose is to evoke the discussion about the presented problematic. This problematic is still present in many articles, which are warning on the decreasing interest in this group of subject. So, where is the reason, that only a small amount of pupils and students like science subjects? There are plenty of answers, but which of them is correct? </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4-5</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Radka Borůvková</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Petr  Emanovský</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SMALL GROUP LEARNING METHODS AND THEIR EFFECT ON LEARNERS’ RELATIONSHIPS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cooperative learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">isolated learners</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learners’ relationships</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">small group learning methods</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sociometric methods</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1203604</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">70</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Building relationships in the classroom is an essential part of any teacher's career. Having healthy teacher-to-learner and learner-to-learner relationships is an effective way to help prevent pedagogical failure, social conflict and quarrelsome behavior. Many strategies are available that can be used to achieve good long-lasting relationships in the classroom setting. Successful teachers’ pedagogical work in the classroom requires detailed knowledge of learners’ relationships. Good understanding of the relationships is necessary, especially in the case of teenagers’ class. This sensitive period of adolescence demands attention of all teachers who should deal with the problems of their learners. Special care should be focused on children that are out of their classmates’ interest (so called isolated learners or isolates) in such class and on possibilities to integrate them into the class. Natural idea how to do it is that of using some modern non-traditional teaching/learning methods, especially the methods based on work in small groups involving learners’ cooperation. Small group education (especially problem-based learning, project-based learning, cooperative learning, collaborative learning or inquire-based learning) as one of these methods involves a high degree of interaction. The effectiveness of learning groups is determined by the extent to which the interaction enables members to clarify their own understanding, build upon each other's contributions, sift out meanings, ask and answer questions. An influence of this kind of methods (especially cooperative learning (CL)) on learners’ relationships was a subject of the further described research. Within the small group education, students work with their classmates to solve complex and authentic problems that help develop content knowledge as well as problem-solving, reasoning, communication, and self-assessment skills. The aim of the research was to answer the question: Can the cooperative learning methods help to integrate isolated learners into the class? The research was realized as a pre-test-post-test design for the sample of 207 learners of first, second and third grades of lower secondary school. Standardized sociometric questionnaire B-3 was used to determine the number of isolated learners before and after using the CL methods. Consequently, using the Wilcoxon statistic test of significance, the hypothesis was verified that the number of isolates after the CL methods is statistically significantly lower than that of the case before using the non-traditional teaching/learning method. Accordingly, the research results justify implementation CL methods into education.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">45–58 </style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frederick T. Tucker</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SOCIOLOGICAL MEDIA: MAXIMIZING STUDENT INTEREST IN QUANTITATIVE METHODS VIA COLLABORATIVE USE OF DIGITAL MEDIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">community college</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">digital media</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sociological methods</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">transformative pedagogy</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1224700</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">73</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">College sociology lecturers are tasked with inspiring student interest in quantitative methods despite widespread student anxiety about the subject, and a tendency for students to relieve classroom anxiety through habitual web browsing. In this paper, the author details the results of a pedagogical program whereby students at a New York City community college used industry-standard software to design, conduct, and analyze sociological surveys of one another, with the aim of inspiring student interest in quantitative methods and enhancing technical literacy. A chi-square test of independence was performed to determine the effect of the pedagogical process on the students’ ability to discuss sociological methods unrelated to their surveys in their final papers, compared with the author’s students from the previous semester who did not undergo the pedagogical program. The relation between these variables was significant, χ 2(3, N=36) = 9.8, p = .02. Findings suggest that community college students, under lecturer supervision, with minimal prior statistical knowledge, and access to digital media can collaborate in small groups to create and conduct sociological surveys, and discuss methods and results in limited classroom time. College sociology lecturers, instead of combatting student desire to use digital media, should harness this desire to advance student mastery of quantitative methods.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75-88</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Valentin Cosmin  Blândul</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adela Bradea</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE STATUS AND ROLE OF ICT IN THE EDUCATION OF STUDENTS WITH SPECIAL EDUCATIONAL NEEDS: A RESEARCH FROM BIHOR COUNTY, ROMANIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ICT</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">special education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">students with disabilities</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1210957</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">71</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ICT plays a very important role in education, as, on the one hand, it improves the educational attainment of students and, on the other hand, it contributes to a better communication between the education agents, while also speeding up students' personal development. By using educational software adjusted to the specific nature of different types of disabilities, the benefits of ICT can be very well exploited in special education too. The impact can be a significant one, both in the therapeutic process and in the educational one, and the literature in the area has recorded several examples of successes achieved by students with disabilities assisted by ICT. In Romania, however, few studies have been conducted so far to assess the way ICT is used by teachers in their work with students having different types of disabilities. For that reason, the main aim of the present research was to identify to what extent pre-university teachers are open and prepared to use ICT applications in special education. The sample consisted of 105 pre-university teachers from Bihor, Romania. The instrument used was a questionnaire having 76 multiple choice items, and the implementation period was January-March 2016. The results show that even though they are aware of the importance and have a positive attitude towards using ICT in special education, the majority of the teachers included in the study feel that they are ill-prepared and want to deepen their knowledge in this field during their continued professional training. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">71</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6-15</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaarina   Määttä</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Satu   Uusiautti</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STUDENTS’ PERCEPTIONS OF FACTORS SLOWING DOWN THEIR STUDY PROGRESS: THE CASE OF UNIVERSITY OF LAPLAND</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">smooth studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">study process</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">study skills</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">university education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">university teaching</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1221619</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">72</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fast graduation, smooth studies, and fluent study progress are the goals of today’s university education. How do students themselves perceive their study processes and what do they think about the factors hindering them from succeeding? The purpose of this research was to find out from the first-year-students of one Finnish university their experiences and opinions. The research investigated what the most difficult issues the students have faced during their first year of university studies have been and what factors have hindered their study progress according to their own perceptions. The students (N=186) answered to an internet-based open-ended questionnaire. The data were analysed in a qualitative data-based manner which resulted in seven most frequently mentioned hindrances in the questionnaire data. The main hindrances were deficiencies in study skills, difficulties in adjustment to academic studies, unclear directions in studies, difficulties in making study plans and scheduling, lack of guidance in studies and difficulties in finding help, lack of community, and overlapping courses and busy study periods. Based on the findings, it is possible to pay attention to the difficulties mentioned by students. 
 </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">65-75</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TEACHER-EDUCATOR VERSUS TEACHER-LEADER</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational discourse</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">leadership phenomenon</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1221614</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">72</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Recently, in Lithuanian educational discourse there has been a lot of discussion about leadership. This has become so popular phenomenon that quite often one even does not go deep into the most important parameters of this phenomenon. Leadership phenomenon is not a very new thing, having started to be investigated more exhaustively as far back as the second half of the 20th century, however, over the last decade a lot of attention has been devoted to this in Lithuania. One can reasonably assert, that this is even a matter of fashion. During the aforementioned period, various questions such as teacher leadership, leadership development in schools (as if everyone has to be only a leader), leadership influence on organisation management and other have been investigated in one way or another. On the other hand, quite a lot of attention has been devoted to school managers, having in mind that they should not be just managers, but real managers – leaders. There is no intention to discuss various leadership concepts or to give any recipes how to turn teachers and managers to leaders. Moreover, there exists a vast diversity of concepts. It is obvious, that poor, ineffective and unsuitable management affects the teachers and the teaching learning process itself. It is logical, that this aspect has to be evaluated, and only people suitably prepared and ready for this should become managers of educational institutions. On the other hand, it wouldn’t be fair to identify managers and management with leadership.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4-5</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monika Diehl</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TEACHERS’ AND LEARNERS’ EXPERIENCES OF ENTREPRENEURIAL EDUCATION: PRACTICE AND CHALLENGES IN RELATION TO VISIBLE AND INVISIBLE PEDAGOGY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">entrepreneurial education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lower secondary school</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">parental background</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teachers’ and learners’ experiences</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">visible and invisible pedagogy</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1224697</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">73</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Entrepreneurial education is described as gaining abilities that enable the future workforce to develop, be part of and adapt to the changing society. International policy texts, from for instance the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the European Commission, agree that entrepreneurial abilities are to be taught and learned in school. Even if this has been on the agenda for decades, it wasn’t inscribed in the Swedish curricula until 2011. This research focuses on lower secondary schools and what is called the broad approach or entrepreneurial education. To foster entrepreneurially, different progressive theories of instruction are often suggested.  Basil Bernstein has outlined two generic forms of instructional theories: visible and invisible pedagogy; visible pedagogy can be described as “traditional”, while invisible pedagogy requires progressive teaching and learning. Based on classroom observations, interviews with teachers and learners, this study elaborates on these concepts in relation to experiences of entrepreneurial education. Different challenges, due to contradictory messages in curricula, learners’ backgrounds and experiences, as well as teachers’ approaches, are revealed. The study suggests that, even though more or less ambitious attempts are being made, “pure” entrepreneurial education is difficult to enable in a practice where visible pedagogy is the standard educational practice. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27-44</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gláucia Nolasco de Almeida Mello</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TEACHERS' PERSPECTIVE ABOUT FACTORS THAT PREVENT SUCCESS IN TEACHING AND LEARNING PROCESS IN HIGHER EDUCATION OF ENGINEERING IN BRAZIL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">higher education of engineering in Brazil</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">problems in engineering education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">professor's perspective</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">qualitative research</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1227395</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">74</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The last fifteen years, in Brazil, the number of engineering freshmen had a huge increased and, although the number of graduated  also had increased over the same period, the percentage of engineering freshmen are by far higher than engineers graduated. In this context, there is a clear evidence of the high dropout rate in higher education courses of engineering in Brazil. Once most of developed researches about engineering courses dropout in Brazil are focused in the students and institutions point of view about factors that affect dropout rate, in this research it was investigated the professors perspective to answer the three questions: (1) What are the main factors which prevent success in teaching and learning process identified by professors of engineering during the classes? (2) How can professors to improve the teaching and learning process in higher education courses of engineering in Brazil? (3) How can Higher Education Institutions (HEI) support the professors? The research data were collected through team activities developed with 134 professors of higher education courses of engineering. This research reveals that the most important factors that affect negatively the teaching and learning process are related to inadequate high school preparation and behaviour of students. Main suggestions of professors for improving the teaching and learning process and also students' motivation are related to pedagogical aspects such as: use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) as support of classes and implementation of professor and student support programs with significant participation of HEI.  </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">61-70</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boris Aberšek</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TEACHING WITH ANALOGIES: EXAMPLES OF A SELF-HEALING POROUS MATERIAL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">conceptual representation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">effective analogy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">initial models</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning process</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1203599</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">70</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">As disciplines reach maturity, a dynamic meta-structure is needed, which facilitates merging and new divisions of disciplines. Under such a meta-structure, the disciplines propel the evolution of knowledge, but adapt themselves when driving forces emerge sufficient to provoke their adaptation (Suarez-Orozco, Satin-Bajaj, 2010). This means that on the science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) education must give transdisciplinary view (Flogie, Aberšek, 2015). Science-education research studies and STEM teachers’ classroom experiences have shown that analogies and transdisciplinar point of view, when used properly, can help make science concepts meaningful to students. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4-7</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dragica   Pešaković</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andrej   Šafhalter</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">UNIFIED TAXONOMY OF COMPETENCES FOR VERIFICATION OF STUDENT'S SKILLS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">generic competences</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">students' skills</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">unified taxonomy for competences</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2016</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2016</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1221621</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">72</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skills, which students have to manage, are divided on a lower and higher taxonomic (»competent«) level, which allows differentiation and individualization in the lessons. It also allows easier monitoring and verifying of skills. The combination of taxonomies in all three fields, cognitive, affective and psychomotor has been searched and combined in competent taxonomic levels, which allows development and verification of student's skills on a lower and higher taxonomic level. Special attention was on verification and assessment of student's knowledge, where it can be found out once more that the greatest emphasis is on the knowledge, whereas skills are put in the background. Derived from introduced taxonomies, Bloom's cognitive and affective and Dave's and Simpson's psychomotor the lower and higher competent taxonomic level were defined and unified taxonomy of competences was developed. The paraphernalia was made, which allows monitoring and evaluating of student's skills on cognitive, affective and psychomotor field at technical subjects. Paraphernalia is transferable also on those fields of education, where student's skills are important.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">89-100</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marcelo G. Nascimento</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marco Antonio Bueno Filho</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ANALYSING EXPERIENCED ORGANIC CHEMISTRY TEACHERS’ TEACHING PLANS AND TASK PERFORMANCES BASED ON THE THEORY OF CONCEPTUAL FIELDS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">organic chemistry teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching planning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Theory of Conceptual Fields</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1449642605.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">67</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This research analyses two experienced Organic Chemistry teachers’ teaching plans and task performances. The recorded audiovisual interviews were analyzed with computer assisted qualitative data analysis software (CAQDAS). Based on the Theory of Conceptual Fields, the teachers used an energetic-structural resolution approach characterized by the simultaneous use of structural field (SCF) and thermodynamics (TCF) articulated electronegativity, polar covalent bond, steric effects, inductive effects, resonance, aromaticity and stereochemistry. The development of the lesson plans indicated more emphasis to the structural field (SCF). The performance schemes of Organic Chemistry Tasks were not reflected into the lesson plans. Lesson planning knowledge that is subtly dependent on a teacher’s career often has an implicit impact on the mobilization of the schemes. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81-94</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tereza Odcházelová</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BELIEFS OF THE BIOLOGY TEACHERS ABOUT USING MULTIMEDIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">motivation of learners</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multimedia support of education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">popularization of biology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1430294397.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">63</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Science disciplines suffer from neglect of the learners. Therefore, the teachers are looking for strategies how to increase the popularity and the efficiency of teaching biology. Biology as a discipline is suitable for using different kinds of visualization, including multimedia support as one of the possibilities for increasing the popularity of this subject. The implementation of multimedia in teaching process can be successful only if the teachers are aware of the needs and the advantages of these teaching aids. Confidence of the efficiency of application of multimedia support into the biology lessons was analysed by means of a questionnaire with the main focus on learning strategies and mental abilities of the learners. The questionnaire was distributed on-line in the Czech Republic to 422 teachers working at primary schools, secondary schools and high schools and to 222 pre-service biology teachers. Respondents identified the importance of using multimedia in everyday life. They determined many educational opportunities arising from the use of multimedia in education. According to their beliefs, the main roles of using multimedia are related to motivation, cognitive activity and learning activity. Besides, the teachers evaluate themselves as not very well experienced in using multimedia tools. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">71-83</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Audrey Paradis</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sonja Lutovac</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Raimo   Kaasila</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A CANADIAN TEACHER'S PERCEIVED AUTONOMY AND SELF-CONFIDENCE IN THE MIDST OF AN EDUCATIONAL REFORM</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational reform</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">narrative inquiry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">perceived self-confidence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teacher autonomy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher isolation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1441442110.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">66</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Autonomy is essential for teachers’ commitment, satisfaction and retention. However, teacher autonomy is consistently being reduced in the current era of reforms and the sharing of global policies. In this narrative case study, the account of one Canadian teacher (Nora) was examined in relation to how an educational reform influenced her work life in terms of her perceived autonomy and self-confidence. The relation between teacher autonomy and self-confidence was addressed, and the ramifications prompted by the fluctuations in both constructs. The findings suggest that the relationship between Nora’s perceptions of teacher’s professional autonomy and her self-confidence is complex. Nora’s self-confidence was strongly related to her perceived autonomy and the reduction of autonomy triggered significant downward spiralling, leading to isolation. Some discussion on the possible ways to help teachers break this downward spiralling is provided. Finally, this research broadens the collection of stories by teachers on challenges introduced by educational reform and gives voice to teachers suffering in isolation.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">42-53</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boris Aberšek</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CHANGING EDUCATIONAL THEORY AND PRACTICE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">artificial Intelligence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cognitive neuroeducation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cognitive Science</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational systems</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1441441743.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">66</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">How do we think, how do we learn, memorize and dream, how does pleasure come to be, where are the emotions hidden and how do we reach decisions? Cognitive science and neuroscience tries to answer such questions. It tackles the fields of the human mind in an interdisciplinary, even transdisciplinary way – by connecting discoveries from all the disciplines that could shed light on cognitive occurrences. Cognitive science brings together psychology, philosophy, linguistics, artificial intelligence, social sciences and many others. It tries to deal with mental processes in a holistic way and to create a deeper understanding of the field that is empirically closest to us.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4-6</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marcelo Gouveia Nascimento</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gabriel Nicolas Garcia Alves</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marco Antonio Bueno Filho</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CHEMICAL CONCEPTS IN MOTION: THE ROLE OF COLLECTIVE SCHEMES ON THE LEARNING ABOUT INTERMOLECULAR INTERACTIONS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">collective schemes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">intermolecular interactions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Theory of Conceptual Fields</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1191867</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">68</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The purpose of this research is to access data related to how College students collectively develop structural schemes during the resolution of experimental problems of investigative nature. This research included two situations presented to six students in the Undergraduate and Teacher’s Licensure Chemistry Course at the Federal University of ABC (Brazil) involving Liquid Chromatography contents. The students were divided into groups and asked to make a decision about the best experimental conditions to separate a mixture of chlorophyll, xanthophyll and -carotene in spinach extract. They possessed different stationary phases and elements. The students’ explanations were recorded on an audio-visual device and analysed via computer assisted qualitative data analysis software (CAQDAS) supported by the Transana software. As a result, evidence of the collective development of a scheme characterized by conceptual relations pertinent to the structural field was identified; however, such evidence was incomplete. The interference of the teacher in the students’ decision making was a relevant factor during the resolution of the problems. Conceptual and logical operations of thinking (operative invariants) gaps may be an opportunity for a pedagogical intervention during the resolution of problems in the classroom. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">64–73</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thomas McCloughlin</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CLOSENESS OF FIT TO THE IDEAL: CLASSIFICATION AND SIMILARITY OF TEACHERS’ REFLECTIONS USING MULTI-DIMENSIONAL SCALING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">measuring to the ideal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Multidimensional scaling</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teachers' reflections</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1529249133.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">67</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The objectives of this research are to provide the theoretical basis for the analysis of qualitative data, such as teachers' responses to reflective questions using quantitative methods such as multidimensional scaling. The starting point is Estes' assumption that classification is basic to all intellectual activities, and since reflections are artefacts of intellectual activities, they should be amenable to classificatory methods such as multidimensional scaling. Similarity relates to distance between perceptions and MDS can utilise this feature. By way of example, N=29 teachers - graduates, experienced primary and experienced secondary - were probed for reflections on a science lesson and the results reflections analysed by the application of a scoring rubric and subsequent MDS - they were compared to a hypothetical 'ideal'. This method is discussed and future possibilities for analysing teachers' perceptions and reflections. The results of this method provide a valuable means to adapt a standard classification tool to involve a comparative element thus moving beyond mere representation of data.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">72-80</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sotiria Tzivinikou</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COLLABORATION BETWEEN GENERAL AND SPECIAL EDUCATION TEACHERS: DEVELOPING CO-TEACHING SKILLS IN HETEROGENEOUS CLASSES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">co-teaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">parallel co-teaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">self-evaluation rubric</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">team-teaching</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1432232591.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">64</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A considerable amount of research evidence suggests that collaboration between general and special education teachers is a pillar of the effective teaching for all students, including those with learning difficulties. Adopting the above position the present study aimed to present and discuss fifteen cases regarding co-teaching in the context of “parallel support”, where a special education teacher supports a learning disabled student in a mainstream classroom. Particularly, after an in-service training for promoting effective instructional skills, fifteen pairs of general and special teachers were asked to record the co-teaching procedures in their classrooms. Data collection was carried out through the participants’ self-evaluation rubrics. The quantitative analysis showed that in almost all cases, the collaboration between the pairs of educators was improved, they applied the in-service training knowledge in order to meet the different needs of all students, using the most effective strategies and procedures. The most interesting finding was that in most cases the initially adopted model of co-teaching was replaced by the parallel co-teaching where each teacher provides instruction to different students to the ‘team teaching’, where both teachers are responsible for planning and they share the instruction of all students. Thus, it seems that it is achievable to build an effective co-teaching model for heterogeneous classrooms.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">108-119</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mike   Borowczak</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COMMUNICATION IN STEM EDUCATION: A NON-INTRUSIVE METHOD FOR ASSESSMENT &amp; K20 EDUCATOR FEEDBACK</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ABET</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">communication assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">communication in STEM</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">engineering education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">senior capstones</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1438197091.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">65</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The current push to educate highly qualified and productive Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) professionals typically culminates in collegiate capstone projects. These group projects attempt to prepare STEM professionals for entry into the real world as they exemplify early career group dynamics and expose the reality that communication and other soft-skills are often just as important as technical skills. Since attitudes of STEM students and early career professions are established throughout the entire K-20 curriculum, this article also provides some feedback to educators. The research presented utilized, a free cloud based collaboration tool to observe the communication habits of three senior capstone teams (n= 13 participants) and was able to predict communication success and failures through straight-forward analysis of several key parameters, including: discussion frequency, number of responses and the distribution of work over time.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18-27</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grzegorz P. Karwasz</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Krzysztof Służewski</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anna Kamińska</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONSTRUCTIVISTIC PATHS IN TEACHING PHYSICS: FROM INTERACTIVE EXPERIMENTS TO STEP-BY-STEP TEXTBOOKS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cognitive sciences</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational systems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">interactive exhibitions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">simple experiments</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching physics</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1432232064.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">64</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teaching Physics, in-between theory and technical applications is nowadays a tedious task. Apparent abundance of web resources makes access to information easy, but its use by pupils is quite unclear. These difficulties, added to less importance held by physics nowadays than in the last decades, inside the national educative system, caused in many countries a fall of interest in studying science and technology. Within several national and international programs, involving mainly Poland and Italy, various recipes for school education at lower and higher secondary level were developed in our group. All these recipes were oriented towards real experiments and constructing the discovery paths with pupils. The school (and extra-scholastic activities for primary-age pupils) included: collections of simple experiments “Physics and Toys”, interactive lectures for children, itinerary exhibitions, innovative textbooks inviting the reader to a heuristic dialog, computer-guided experiments, and collections of problems in physic solved step-by-step. We resume some of these implementations and draw main results. Actions were undertaken with three cultural goals: trigger a wide interest in physics through “Fun in Physics” activities, improve didactical efficiency at schools, induce students’ initiative in an independent discovery of science. In detail, for a lower secondary school simple interactive experiments on electromagnetism were introduced, and a textbook on mechanics. For higher secondary schools – a textbook on modern physics and computer-guided experiments; for children aged 5-10 – interactive lectures on mechanics, electricity, acoustics. Evaluations were performed by qualitative and quantitative measures, in Poland and Italy, in collaboration with several teachers and PhD students. All these, constructivist applications show an improved efficiency and find positive evaluations among teachers and pupils. However, partial and sporadic actions do not lead to significant results. Only conjugated implementations of new experimental tools (real objects) and didactical methods (inquiry-based teaching) shows achievements congruent with the Lisbon EU declaration on Knowledge-based Societies (EU Commission White Paper: Education and Training, 1995). </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6-23</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1626702375.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">63</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents, Vol. 63, 2015, PEC </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1623483932.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">64</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents, Vol. 64, PEC, 2015</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1622441628.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">68</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents, Vol. 68, PEC, 2015</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1623335648.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">66</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents, Vol. 66, PEC, 2015</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1623403344.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">65</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents, Vol. 65, 2015, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1623262207.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">67</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents, Vol. 67, 2015, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-4</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Samson Onyeluka Chukwuedo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anthony U. Ainetor</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CORRECTIVE MAINTENANCE SKILLS REQUIREMENTS IN DVD HOME THEATRE FOR INTEGRATION INTO TECHNICAL COLLEGE CURRICULUM</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">corrective maintenance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DVD home theatre sound system</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">electronic technology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">technical college</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1441441849.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">66</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">As the world experiences changes in all facets of life, it is equally expected that the school curriculum should not remain static but change in the same direction. The electronic technology workshop practice in technical colleges in Nigeria has overtime been dominated with the teaching of practical skills in radio and television that are gradually phasing away in the electronic world, hence the need to upgrade it by integrating the practical contents of modern digital electronics, of which DVD home theatre sound system is one of the electronic gadgets. This study therefore determined the corrective maintenance skills requirements in DVD home theatre sound system necessary for improving the workshop practice of electronic technology via curriculum innovation in technical colleges. Three research questions were raised and answered using mean statistic, while one hypothesis was formulated and tested using t-test statistic. The descriptive survey research design was employed in the study. A five point scaled questionnaire was the instrument used for data collection. The sample size was 164, comprising electronic technology teachers in universities and technical colleges and DVD home theatre sound system technicians in Edo State. The instrument was validated by experts and its reliability coefficient obtained using Cronbach’s alpha formula was 0.876. It was found that the corrective maintenance skills requirements in DVD home theatre sound system necessary for integration into technical college curriculum for electronic technology workshop practice are skills in the use of tools and equipment to perform such maintenance, fault diagnosis skills in order to carry out the maintenance and the actual repairs (corrective maintenance) skills. It was therefore recommended that electronic technology teachers should be trained in the teaching of practical skills in maintenance of DVD home theatre sound system for capacity building.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7-17</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1623403304.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">65</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page, Vol. 65, 2015, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1623335611.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">66</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page, Vol. 66, PEC, 2015</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1626702332.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">63</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page, Vol. 63, 2015, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1623262164.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">67</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page, Vol. 67, 2015, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1622441589.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">68</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover, Vol. 68, PEC, 2015</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1623483897.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">64</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page, Vol. 64, PEC, 2015</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andrea Molinari</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DESIGNING LEARNING OBJECTS FOR ITALIAN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: A CASE STUDY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dematerialization</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e-learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning objects</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">public administration</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1191866</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">68</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This research aims at analyzing the effectiveness of SCORM-based e-learning material in introducing companies to innovative practices, specifically the use of Digital Signature and Certified Electronic emails. These two tools have recently become mandatory in the Italian Public Administration, thus forcing them to pursue innovation through dematerialization processes. This innovation involves millions of Italian citizens and companies that now have the opportunity to interact with public bodies in a more efficient and effective way. Nevertheless, neither the Public Administration nor most of the companies (especially Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises - SME) were ready for this radical change in the use of electronic communication. A significant training effort has been delivered to allow end-users to absorb the concepts, tools, methods and procedures that take advantage of citizen-to-government and business-to-government communication. Most of this effort relied on e-learning and virtual communities’ tools and services, providing support to citizens and organizations facing this new technical and organizational challenge. The authors present the successful experience in the design, creation and delivery of the distance learning materials designed for these purposes, together with the best practices and lessons learned.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">52–63 </style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kateřina Chroustová</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin  Bílek</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andrej  Šorgo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DEVELOPMENT OF THE RESEARCH TOOL TO IDENTIFY FACTORS AFFECTING THE USE OF CHEMISTRY EDUCATIONAL SOFTWARE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chemistry education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational software</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teachers´ attitudes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Unified Theory of Use and Acceptance of Technology (UTAUT)</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1191862</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">68</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Currently, the implementation of information and communication technologies (ICT) has been strongly recommended to science teachers. For identification the factors of successful ICT implementation the Unified Theory of Use and Acceptance of Technology (UTAUT) is applied, which works as the theoretical background of planned monitoring of Czech chemistry teachers´ attitudes to this problem. This theoretical review introduces the process of creating the modified UTAUT model serving as the basis for a research tool to be exploited for the future survey. Within this process three sources were exploited: (1) theories dealing with factors which influence user behaviour in relation to the use of modern technologies, (2) the analysis of research results focused on the acceptance and use of ICT in chemistry instruction and (3) results of researches conducted by the authors in the field of the effectiveness of the educational software used in chemistry teaching and learning. The conducted analysis of these three sources resulted in defining the presented survey and designing the appropriate theoretical model and research tool. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6–21 </style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paolo   Bussotti</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS: THE USE OF NEWTON’S METHODUS FLUXIONUM ET SERIERUM INFINITARUM IN AN EDUCATION CONTEXT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fluxions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">history of mathematics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematics education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">maxima and minima</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Newton</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">problem solving approach to mathematics education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tangents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1438197199.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">65</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">What is the possible use of history of mathematics for mathematics education? History of mathematics can play an important role in a didactical context, but a general theory of its use cannot be constructed. Rather a series of cases, in which the resort to history is useful to clarify mathematical concepts and procedures, can be shown. A significant example concerns differential calculus: Newton’s Methodus fluxionum et serierum infinitarum is a possible access-key to differential calculus. For, many concepts introduced by Newton ought be useful for the pupils/students (last or last but one year at the high school and first year at the university) to reach a more intuitive, geometrical and problem-oriented approach to calculus. The motivation to consider history of mathematics as an important didactical support is that the pupils/students often learn mathematics in a too formal manner, without understanding the real reasons for the introduction of several mathematical concepts. The problem is that the potential of such support is not exploited. The educational proposal is hence to show a concrete case to highlight what the teaching of mathematics based on history means. The conclusion is that a general theory, as differential calculus, should be considered by the pupils/students as a necessity, deriving from a specification, improvement and extension of the techniques used to solve significant problems posed and developed in the course of history. In this manner, mathematics appears as a human activity comparable with other activities and not as a merely formal exercise. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39-65</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marjanca Kos</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brigita Šuperger</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Janez Jerman</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EARLY SCIENCE OUTDOORS: LEARNING ABOUT TREES IN THE PRESCHOOL PERIOD</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">early science education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">individual interviews</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">observational skills</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">outdoor play and learning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1432232132.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">64</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The natural environment is known to be a perfect place for learning early science and there is a lot of literature describing activities for children in the forest. Yet there is a lack of concrete data illustrating how much children can actually learn through such activities. The aim of the research was to establish children’s progress in their knowledge about trees and in process skills they gained through structured activities and free play in the forest. A quasi-experiment with one control and one experimental group was carried out, each comprising 16 children aged 5–6 years. The state of the children's previous knowledge and observational skills regarding trees was established through individual interviews. The children were given three tasks: naming a leaf (10 leaves); connecting a fruit or cone (8 fruits) to the corresponding leaf; and choosing the leaf they recognise as the same as each of the 10 given test leaves among a total of 17 leaves (this activity sought to investigate the progress in the children's observational skills). Children from the experimental group then continued with the activities in the forest. Following those activities, the knowledge and skills they had acquired were established via repeated interviews in both groups. The results show that at the beginning of the experiment the children's prior knowledge of trees was poor. After the activities were performed, children in the experimental group showed a statistically significant improvement in their results for naming the leaves and connecting the fruits or cones to the corresponding leaf. Progress in observational skills through the task of choosing a pair of leaves from among many could not be identified since the result had also significantly improved in the control group. Familiarity with the task may well have had a stronger influence on the results than the forest activities themselves. The result of the research allows the conclusion that appropriate forest activities enable children to progress in the field of early science, and it is therefore suggested that outdoor activities form an essential part of preschool education.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24-37</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agnaldo Arroio</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IS EDUCATION THE SOLUTION TO PROBLEMS IN AFRICA?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dakar Framework</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">early childhood care</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gender disparities</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quality of education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">trained teachers</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1432232003.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">64</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In the last weeks the world has been facing a dramatic situation called as “Mediterranean migration”. In one week at least 1.000 migrants have died trying to cross the Mediterranean Sea to reach European territories. More than 2.500 lives have been lost since June 2014, the United Nation refugee agency UNHCR believes, and the majority of them are coming from Africa and Middle East countries. Recently the Malta's prime minister warned after the Lampedusa tragedy, that the Mediterranean Sea was in danger of becoming a &quot;cemetery&quot; for desperate migrants. The situation is dramatic, considering that UNHCR figures suggest that some 25.000 people fled to Italy from North Africa in 2005, a number which dwindled to 9.573 in 2009. As it can be seen, the problem is growing up, the number of migrants is increasing and there is no chance to solve this problem easily. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4-5</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Edwin K. Too</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Micah  C.  Chepchieng</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">John Ochola</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EFFECT OF ACADEMIC STAFF RETENTION ON QUALITY EDUCATION IN PRIVATE UNIVERSITIES IN KENYA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">academic staff retention</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">private universities</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quality education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quality of academic staff</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1432232452.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">64</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In recent years, there has been an increase of students’ enrollment in private universities in Kenya. In effect, there has been a great need to recruit and retain quality academic staff. Studies reveal that it has been difficult to retain academic staff especially in private universities in specialized areas and required experience. A literature gap exists in Kenya on the effect of academic staff retention on the quality of education in private universities. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of academic staff retention on quality education in private universities in Kenya. A survey design was considered appropriate for this study. A sample of 336 respondents was used to collect data which included the Human resource managers, academic staff, and students of the selected universities. The sample was selected using purposive stratified and simple random sampling techniques. Questionnaires were used to collect the data which was analyzed by use of frequencies and percentages. The study established that academic staff retention affects quality of education in private universities in Kenya. It was concluded that academic staff retention has a significant effect on quality education without which quality would be compromised. The study recommended that private universities should formulate and implement retention policies and allocate adequate resources to curb high academic staff turnover.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">86-94</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leila Bardasuc</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jose Luis Martinez Rubio</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nicusor Marcel Udrea</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monica Delia Domnica</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EFFECTIVENESS OF TEACHING METHODS USED IN HIGHER EDUCATION: A CASE STUDY OF EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY OF MADRID, SPAIN</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">creativity development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">innovative teaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">practical activities</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching methods</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1449572177.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">67</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The purpose of this research was to determine the effectiveness of various teaching methods used in higher education and the perception of the students regarding these methods. In order to determine the possible ways to obtain strategic advantages and benefit from the strengths, the university has to know what drives foreign students in choosing a certain study program, even if it is outside their country of origin. At the same time, knowing the disadvantages that prevent them from doing so, helps the university include ways to correct the weaknesses or to offer solutions to them. The students, participating in this research, are enrolled at the European University in Madrid, from different study programs and degrees (license, master and doctoral programs) and were asked to answer a questionnaire about the use of teaching methods, about their perceptions upon effective teaching and the reasons that have determined them to choose to follow a study program. The results were in favor of a higher use of projects, group activities and case studies during classes and seminars at the European University of Madrid and of using new technologies in the educational system (e-learning, simulations, use of intranet, and activities in laboratories). As a primer characteristic searched for when choosing a study program, the students mentioned practice, mainly for developing abilities useful for applying for a job as soon as possible. It is, therefore, important to analyze the teaching methods and this research helps us understand how students see the teaching process and which are the methods that help them to better understand and to be more active during classes. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17-28</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Şenol Şen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ayhan   Yılmaz</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ömer Geban</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE EFFECTS OF PROCESS ORIENTED GUIDED INQUIRY LEARNING ENVIRONMENT ON STUDENTS' SELF-REGULATED LEARNING SKILLS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">achievement goals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Learning Strategies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">POGIL</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">self-regulated learning skills</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1441442208.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">66</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teaching and learning trend has shifted gradually from a teacher-centered approach to a student-centered approach. Many educational researchers have suggested that teachers must use student-centered learning approaches, such as Process Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning (POGIL). POGIL is an instructional approach combining guided inquiry and cooperative learning in which students are involved in the learning process. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of POGIL method compared to traditionally designed chemistry instruction (teacher-centered approach) method on 11th grade students' Self-Regulated Learning Skills. The study was conducted during 2014-2015 spring semester. Participants were 115 students from one high school in Turkey. Non-equivalent control group design was used. Two experimental groups and two control groups were randomly selected. Experimental groups were instructed with POGIL, while control groups received traditionally designed chemistry instruction. Achievement Goal Questionnaire (AGQ) and Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) were administered to both groups as pre-test and post-test to determine students' self-regulated learning skills. Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) was used to investigate the effect of POGIL on the dependent variables. Results revealed that POGIL improved students' mastery approach, task value, control of learning beliefs, self-efficacy for learning and performance, critical thinking, help seeking, peer learning, metacognitive self-regulation, effort regulation, time/study environmental management. The results showed that POGIL was superior to the traditionally designed chemistry instruction on students’ self-regulated learning skills. Thus, POGIL is helpful for development of students’ self-regulated learning skills.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">54-66</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1622441676.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">68</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page, Vol. 68, PEC, 2015</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">104</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1623262258.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">67</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page, Vol. 67, 2015, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">110</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1623335708.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">66</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page, Vol. 66, PEC, 2015</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">92</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1623403387.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">65</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page, Vol. 65, 2015, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">90</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1623483978.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">64</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page, Vol. 64, PEC, 2015</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">124</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1626702425.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">63</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page, Vol. 63, 2015, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">98</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">David Moises Barreto dos Santos</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carlos Alberto dos Santos da Silva</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EVALUATION OF STUDENTS’ GENERAL PERCEPTIONS OF PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING IN A COMPUTER ENGINEERING PROGRAM IN BRAZIL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">computer engineering</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">evaluation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problem-Based Learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">students’ perception</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1191869</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">68</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This research aimed to evaluate students’ overall perceptions of Problem-based Learning use in a Computer Engineering program in Brazil. PBL is applied to nine interdisciplinary core courses of its curriculum. A 32-item questionnaire was administered to 115 students, with an average age of 20.9 (SD 2.7) between late 2014 and the beginning of 2015. It includes items on PBL general aspects, improved skills, PBL room and overall satisfaction. The results show that students’ degree of agreement with several items ranged from 4.1 to 5.9, in a seven-point scale. Some of these items revealed that 68.7% of the students got familiarized with PBL along the first year and there is a growing tendency among students to improve this familiarity with PBL over time. Moreover, the two items with lowest degree of disagreement were tutors’ feedback at the end of each tutorial session (35.7%) and the deadline to elaborate these solutions of problems (29.6%). Almost all students also agree with that PBL helps them to improve several skills, mainly problem-solving, self-directed learning and critical thinking. Repeating students in PBL courses scored higher than the non-repeating students. Many of them were statistically significant differences, inclusive for items on familiarization process. This can mean that their failures are not related to the familiarity with the method likely. Finally, most of the students are satisfied with PBL and like it, what indicates a successful use of it in the mentioned program. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">74–83</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oleg Popov</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Erik Sturesson</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FACING THE PEDAGOGICAL CHALLENGE OF TEACHING UNACCOMPANIED REFUGEE CHILDREN IN THE SWEDISH SCHOOL SYSTEM</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">intercultural education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">refugees</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1432232330.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">64</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The social inclusion of refugee children is an important issue in Sweden and many other European countries. Sweden accepts more than 20% of all unaccompanied immigrant children in the EU. Logically, effective schooling is needed for these children to create the necessary pre-conditions for their successful integration into society. However, political interest and state funding concentrates instead on assuring good quality living conditions and legal support for incoming minors, leaving the responsibility for their education to underfunded municipal schools. Accordingly, a study conducted in a municipal secondary school and a university teacher education in Northern Sweden revealed low preparedness to meet the educational needs of immigrant children. Sociocultural and socio-political theoretical lenses were used in the study to understand the situation. Pedagogical action was taken on the teacher education programme in Umeå to improve the situation and issues concerning the integration of unaccompanied immigrant minors in the Swedish school system were explored in an interdisciplinary course at the end of the students’ teacher training. In group interviews and guided discussions during the course, student teachers recognised existing systemic problems in the education of immigrant children and expressed a feeling of a lack of practical intercultural competence to meet such children. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">66-74</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maarika Veigel</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FORMATION OF YOUTH WORKER PROFESSIONALISM: PROBLEMS IN ESTONIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">competency</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">professional level</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">professionalism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">youth work</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">youth worker</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1191871</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">68</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Youth field has been in constant evolution during the restoration period of Estonian independence, since 1991. The theoretical overview is about youth worker professionalism, associated with the developments in the European and Estonian youth field and in the context of the Berliner competency levels development model. It explains the expectations set for youth workers, to teaching and youth field institutions.
Youth work is expected, like formal education, with more clearly defined educational goals, and it is emphasized that it is a non-formal education. An important aspect is enjoying of the activities and its educational elements. The National Curriculum for Basic Schools and Gymnasium (2011) sets the expectations that the non-formal education will give more support to students to complete the curriculum of formal education. Youth work in Estonia is an essential component of the educational system. Therefore, the professionalism of youth workers and their coping with new challenges is very important. Over the last ten years, major changes in the Estonian youth worker professionalism and in the aspects of professional development haven’t been mentioned. 
The answers are briefly: in Estonia youth worker profession has been associated with the development of youth field, but the staff preparation is very different and characterised by low working experience. Berliner presented development model of competency levels, treats the professional development as long-term, complex process, distinguishing between the five stages of development of the professional staff, which are also regarded in the context of the professional development of the youth worker. Youth work quality is dependent on the availability of professional youth workers and in order to gain it, the high mobility inside the sector should be reduced, a better situation and more support should be created for the formation of youth worker professionalism at the various levels of the professional growth. 
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">84–96</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hadassah  Littman-Ovadia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aryeh Lazar</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tamar Ovadia</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GENDER DIFFERENCES IN THE PERCEPTION OF PRESENCE OF, AND SEARCH FOR, CALLING DURING MEDICAL SCHOOL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Medical Students</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">presence of calling</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">search for calling</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1449572340.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">67</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study focused on the manner in which a sense of calling - presence and search - is perceived by first- and final-year male and female medical students. Differences in level of calling between first-year students and last-year students were predicted, more so for women than for men due to gender bias and family-work integration challenges. A total of 192 medical first and sixth (last) year students at the five Israeli medical schools filled-out a short self-report measure of calling and recorded demographic factors. Discriminate function analysis resulted in one significant discriminate function weighted positively on presence of calling and negatively on search for calling. Group centroids indicate that male medical students perceived presence of calling and search for calling as two poles of a bipolar continuum, whereas first-year students had a distinct feeling of the presence of calling coupled with a low need to search for calling and final-year students had a low feeling of presence of calling coupled with a distinct need to search for calling. In contrast, female medical students - both first-year and final-year - perceived presence and search as two independent dimensions that can coexist. Understanding these differences may be important in helping medical educators find gender-specific ways to maintain and enhance feelings of calling among tomorrow’s male and female physicians. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">52-60</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knut-Andreas   Christophersen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eyvind   Elstad</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trond Solhaug</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Are   Turmo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GENDER VARIATIONS IN NORWEGIAN PRE-SERVICE TEACHERS' MOTIVATIONAL ORIENTATIONS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">motivational orientations</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pre-service teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">self-efficacy</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1430294332.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">63</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pre-service teachers’ gender and its associations with motivational orientations are under-researched issues. This study, therefore, used a survey methodology to research gender variations in the motivational orientations of pre-service teachers in general. The research clearly shows that male pre-service teachers are less motivated than their female counterparts and have higher levels of disillusion motivation. Female pre-service teachers are more influenced by teacher role models and show higher levels of intrinsic motivation and self-efficacy in classroom management. Males seem to internalize external academic pressure to a lesser extent. Further research is needed to better understand these significant findings. The conclusion is that interactions between gender and pre-service teachers’ motivational orientations need to be further explored and explicitly addressed by teacher educators. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17-28</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Milan Kubiatko</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HOW TO CHOOSE THE RIGHT SUPERVISOR FOR THE PhD THESIS?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">academic degree</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PhD students</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">problematic of supervisors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">professional life of students</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1438196970.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">65</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">I would like to thank the editor for the place and possibility to write a brief contribution to the problematic of supervisors. I know it is possible to write about this topic more than one page. Here, only a very short kind of information is presented toward this problem and maybe in the future, it will be possible to read more about this. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4-5</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Milan Kubiatko</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HOW TO ELIMINATE THE GAP BETWEEN THE WORLD OF ACADEMICIANS AND TEACHERS?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">academic environment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Academicians</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">research studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">university students</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1449572023.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">67</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">I would like to thank the editor for the space to share my ideas about the selected problems of education. One of them is relative independence of college world and the world of elementary and high schools. There are in brief form described relative problems and suggested the possibilities how to solve them. What is the importance of research studies focused on the education for teachers or for future teachers? It is a very actual question, because the activity of researchers on education should also aim on the teachers and future teachers. But in many countries the world of academicians (in this case we are focused on the academicians working in the faculties of education) is detached from the world of teaching and problems of teachers. So, there is another question. Why the cooperation between academicians and teachers in some countries is functional and in some countries these two worlds are living separately? The mistake could be found in the activity of academicians. Their activity should also be focused on the improving of learning and teaching. The academicians have got many activities. They are teaching, predominantly future teachers, they are writing manuscripts (as we all are hoping), they are attending conferences, where they are changing kinds of information with their colleagues from other faculties. They are writing proposals of grants. They are working administrative and other kinds of jobs for department and other activities. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-6</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Piret   Lehiste</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE IMPACT OF A PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM ON IN-SERVICE TEACHERS’ TPACK: A STUDY FROM ESTONIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ICT</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">in-service teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">professional development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TPACK</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1441441936.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">66</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Recently there has been a considerable interest in the Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) framework for effective technology integration (Koehler et al., 2013). Researchers have been measuring how effective their professional development efforts have been for the development of teachers’ TPACK (Graham et al., 2009; Guzey &amp; Roehrig, 2009). So far research is based only on short-term courses, so longitudinal studies are needed to examine the TPACK development of teachers across time (Hoffer &amp; Grandgenett, 2012; Koh &amp; Sing, 2011). A two-year in-service training program of educational technology (60 ECTS), based on the TPACK framework, was developed at Tallinn University Haapsalu College to support in-service teachers to effectively embed ICT into their classroom teaching. The first group of teachers (n=20) enrolled in the program in January 2014. This paper reports some preliminary findings of a longitudinal action research, the main aim of which is to evaluate the impact of the in-service training program of educational technology on teachers’ TPACK. The key questions for this research were: how do teachers’ perceptions of their TPACK levels change after participating in the training program for a year; which of the seven knowledge domains of the TPACK framework develop more than others; what is the impact of different knowledge domains on teachers’ TPACK perceptions. The TPACK questionnaire developed by Schmidt et al. (2009) was used to measure in-service teachers’ self-assessments of their TPACK during the first meeting of the training program and at the end of the first academic year. The research results revealed increase in all the domains of the TPACK framework. There was significant development of the teachers’ TK and TPACK, but only limited growth in CK and PK. Strong positive correlations were found between TCK, TPK and TPACK in the post-course survey.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18-28</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sotiria Tzivinikou</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE IMPACT OF AN IN-SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM ON THE SELF-EFFICACY OF SPECIAL AND GENERAL EDUCATION TEACHERS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuing professional development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">in-service training</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">self-efficacy</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1432232539.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">64</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teachers’ professional development is the key to education improvement. On that basis, the present study aimed to investigate the impact of a 6-month in-service training program in the context of the continuing professional development for educators on educational practice. The main objective of the training program was to improve the educators’ teaching skills, to enrich their practices with the most effective strategies and with the newest findings from research evidence in order to increase the quality of their educational interventions for students with special educational needs. An innovation of that program was the simultaneous training of both general and special education teachers in pairs, smoothing the dividing lines between general and special education in their daily instructional practice. The participants were 30 educators, divided into 15 pairs. Each pair was working in the same inclusive school sharing the responsibility of the educational support of a student with learning problems. The estimation of the impact of the program was investigated by measuring the educators’ increasing sense of self-efficacy in relation to their instructional skills and overall effectiveness of their educational interventions for their students with learning difficulties. A pre and post evaluation research design was employed and the findings showed that the training program had a positive impact on the educators’ self-efficacy and their effectiveness regarding collaborative educational interventions for their students. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">95-107</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Natalia  Zamkovaja</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Irina  Moissejenko</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IMPLEMENTATION OF TEXT ORIENTED APPROACH IN TEXTBOOKS ON RUSSIAN LANGUAGE IN ESTONIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">foreign languages</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">needs of students</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Russian language</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">speech activity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">speech communication</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">text-centred approach</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1441453614.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">66</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Create a text filled with personal meaning, designed in according to the norms of the Russian literary language – a task that must be put and solved in the lessons of the Russian language as a native language and a foreign language. Human communication – is the exchange of texts is not by chance in the national curriculum for native and foreign (Russian) language is said that in the process of learning language student must master his verbal communication skills, learn how to express thoughts and feelings, analyse, heard and read summarizing information. Since the text activities – is one of the learning activities in its organization must be taken into account patterns of natural speech activity, are well known. This are motives, purpose of the activity, structure and its stages; availability of productive activity. The organization of educational process must be oriented to the natural patterns of speech communication, as students create products of speech as a result of interaction with each other. The authors of this article have tried to consider all this creating textbooks for students of different age groups, who study Russian language as native and foreign.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75-83</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tinatin Tiabashvili</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rusudan Mirtskhulava</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marine   Japaridze</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INCREASING EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AMONG EARLY ADOLESCENTS: MYTHODRAMA GROUP PSYCHOTHERAPY APPROACH</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">early adolescents</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">emotional intelligence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">group psychotherapy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mythodrama</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1441442312.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">66</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adolescents exhibit a range of behavior difficulties as a result of the many physical, emotional, and social stresses associated with this developmental stage. Conflicts and occasional aggressive outbursts are common in this period, but this behavior becomes problematic when it is persistent. Allan Guggenbühl’s Mythodrama group psychotherapy approach of resolving conflict and bullying in a school setting has been proven successful in Europe and in the USA. The aim of the current study was to provide further evaluation of Mythodrama group work to address emotional and behavioral problems with early adolescents. As emotional abilities and dispositions appear to play a crucial role for adjustment and well-being in adolescence period, the present study investigated, using a controlled experimental design, whether it is possible to increase Emotional Intelligence in pupils received Mythodrama group intervention during three months. Sixty three public school pupils aged 10- to 12-years-old (M of age =11.06, SD=0.59), identified by school staff as displaying emotional and behavioral difficulties, were administered with Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (TEIQue) – Child’s form (Petrides, 2008) twice, prior and post Mythodrama group intervention. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed a statistically significant change in seven domains of emotional intelligence, while no significant changes were observed in the control group, except three of the domains. These findings suggest that Emotional Intelligence can be improved using Mythodrama group intervention, but more follow-up research is required to reveal the persistence of the result and its influence on school performance.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">67-74</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agneta  Simeonsdotter  Svensson</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INTERDISCIPLINARY SCIENCE: A WAY TO BROADEN AND DEEPEN KNOWLEDGE IN RESEARCH AND EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education needs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">interdisciplinary research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">interdisciplinary theories</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1191861</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">68</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">How do we look at interdisciplinary theories and methods today and how do we welcome an interdisciplinary perspective in research? These questions are perhaps not the discussed in various research disciplines but the questions concern both research and education.
         Within each discipline, we have theories and methods that we want to protect and make into &quot;our own&quot;. We prefer that certain theories and methods belong to a particular discipline. We also keep ourselves happy within our own research area and develop it with &quot;inherited&quot; theories and practice what we consider to belong to &quot;our research&quot;. However, issues emanating from interdisciplinary theories and methods provide opportunities to broaden and deepen each research area.
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4-5</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Olubukola Oyediji</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eugenia Okwilagwe</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INVESTIGATING THE EFFECTS OF SELF-DIRECTED LEARNING AND COLLABORATIVE METHODS ON JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS SOCIAL STUDIES LEARNING OUTCOMES IN OYO STATE, NIGERIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">achievement motivation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">collaborative task method</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">self-directed learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social studies achievement</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1432232211.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">64</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Learner-centred methods of teaching are rarely used in most Nigerian classrooms. Pedagogic practices at the basic level of education encourage teacher-dominated methods that do not allow for students’ active participation and inculcation of behavioural changes that reflect the outcomes of learning Social studies. As a paradigm shift, the main effects of treatments (Self-directed learning, Collaborative task method and a combination of the two methods), gender and achievement motivation on the combined dependent variables of achievement in Social studies and critical thinking were investigated. Three hypotheses stated were tested at the 0.05 level of significance. A pre-test post-test non-randomised control group design was adopted in which treatments were crossed with two levels of achievement motivation and gender respectively. 223 males and 136 female students were randomly selected from 12 junior secondary schools in Oyo State. Three instruments: Academic Achievement Motivation Inventory (α = 0.83), Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory (α = 0.87) and Social Studies Achievement Test (r = 0.80) were used to collect data from the participants. Using Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA), Self-directed learning proved to be most significant in improving the learning of Social studies concepts, followed by a combination of Self-directed learning and Collaborative task methods while the Collaborative task method was the least effective. Gender and achievement motivation had significant effects on students’ achievement and not on critical thinking. The findings have implications for the teaching of Social studies in Nigeria. If the rationale of instruction is to enhance the acquisition of cognitive learning outcome with the teacher acting as a facilitator, then the Self-directed learning is most beneficial to students followed by a combination of Self-directed learning and Collaborative task method. When students are actively involved in the teaching-learning process, their academic achievement is more enhanced, especially when a conducive environment is provided.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38-52</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marianne Dahl</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peter  Karlsudd</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LEISURE-TIME TEACHERS IN A CHANGED PROFESSION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">leisure-time center</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">leisure-time pedagogy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">leisure-time teacher</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">professional development</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1191863</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">68</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This exploratory research focus on teaching and learning on the basis of Swedish leisure-time teachers with more than thirty years of experience. The purpose of this research was to bring to light the role of the Leisure time teachers, both in the past up to the present day and into the future. Based on important concepts for professional development, the qualities decisive for a long and sustainable career as a leisure-time teacher are sought.
In interviews ten leisure-time teachers describe their professional careers on the following question areas: teachers, children, parents, leisure-time centers and mission. The outcomes are discussed in relation to the professional concepts of knowledge, autonomy, responsibility, collegial decision-making, confidence and trust, closing off and professional development. The results show that there are a number of success factors for why the interviewees stayed in a profession that has undergone and is subject to significant changes. Children, challenges, leisure-time pedagogy, flexibility and teamwork are considered to be important qualities. One factor that in certain cases meant that one did not change profession is that there are no clear career paths within the profession. Change that has occurred regarding the focus of the work is perceived mainly as positive. Leisure-time teachers emphasize that the collaboration with the school has resulted in greater confidence in their own mission and competence. From this research some critical research areas are revealed, such as, children’s possible perceptions of learning requirements at the leisure-time center. 
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22–35</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agnieszka Kozerska</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LIFE SATISFACTION AMONG PEOPLE AGED 60 AND OVER, PARTICIPATING IN RESTRICTED SOCIAL NETWORKS IN POLAND: RELATED VARIABLES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">informal learning in the family</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">life satisfaction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social Isolation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social participation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1449572228.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">67</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">From the perspective of adult education, the engagement of older people in developing relationships with other people is related to their learning and creating their identities. The research conducted in the areas of various countries shows a relationship between a social participation of seniors and their well-being. Moreover, participation in rich social networks, composed of many people, coincides with a high quality of life. The article focuses on senior citizens functioning in restricted networks (less numerous social networks, consisting of several people).The study is to serve three purposes: firstly, to identify determinants of a subjective assessment of own life of senior citizens living in restricted networks; secondly, to analyse a relationship between seniors’ subjective, general assessment of life and their opinion on what determines a successful and happy life; thirdly, to analyse the relationship between seniors’ subjective, general assessment of life and the ways they handle problematic situations. The analysis has been conducted on the basis of the data collected in 2013, available to the general public on www.diagnoza.com. The data was collected within the Social Diagnosis (Diagnoza społeczna) project. The objective of the Social Diagnosis is an investigation of the conditions and quality of life in Poland. It is based on panel research. A questionnaire has been used as a research tool. The article presents information regarding 5623 individuals, aged 60+functioning in restricted social networks in Poland. The Mann-Whitney U test and the two proportions test helped to analyse the differences between variable distributions. The results show that a poor social life of the elderly does not have to be linked with a feeling of loneliness. The group of individuals with a high level of general satisfaction is more satisfied with a relationship with the family (especially children) than the group with a low level of life satisfaction. The analysis confirms that good relationships with family and friends are an important predictor of life satisfaction of the elderly. Health is considered to be a condition of a successful life by seniors with a high level of life satisfaction, as well as relationships with close family members: with children and a spouse. This group of respondents shows more confidence in other people, by whom they feel loved and confided in. In difficult situations people with a high level of life satisfaction turn to others for help, but they also act themselves. Seniors with a low level of satisfaction differ from the previous group in these terms. These are people who do not feel confided in by others and they also hardly ever turn to others for help. In difficult situations they are more often passive. In conclusion, the author highlights the significance of informal learning occurring in families to enhance older people’s quality of life. It is important, especially in case of poorly educated persons with low incomes who often function in small social networks.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29-39</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aina Strode</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OPPORTUNITIES FOR STUDENTS' INDEPENDENT PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES IN DESIGN STUDY PROCESS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">design education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">higher education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mixed methods design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">professionalism</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1529249565.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">67</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The research problem is determined by involvement and competitiveness of young designers in the labour market that is related to the opportunities of gaining professional experience within independent professional activities during the design studies in higher education. The aim of the research is to determine development of the formation of students’-prospective designers’ professionalism in the study process. Literature study, questionnaire and interview included in mixed methods design. Qualitative and quantitative data collected from six 4th year students of Rezekne Higher Education Institution Bachelor program &quot;Interior design&quot;. The research results show the opportunities for independent professional activities during the design study process in the context of interaction between personality and professional abilities.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">95-102</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andrea   C. Burrows</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PARTNERSHIPS: A SYSTEMIC STUDY OF TWO PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENTS WITH UNIVERSITY FACULTY AND K-12 TEACHERS OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">content knowledge</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Partnership</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">systemic nature</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher professional development</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1438197143.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">65</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">While it can take different forms, science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) K-12 teacher professional development (PD) is important around the world. Though all stakeholders play critical roles in PDs, the author focuses on the larger system that supports the PDs. As such, this research study focuses on the PD results, but also on the explanation of the systemic nature of the PDs studied. Partnerships, including building of relationships, are explored in that system. In this mixed methods study of two K-12 teacher PDs (n=31 and 19 total PD days), conducted in the western United States, the author utilizes quantitative and qualitative data collection methods to reinforce quality PD practices and suggested strategies. Results indicate that 90% of the K-12 teachers were highly engaged in the STEM content and partnership building. Pre to post K-12 teacher perception scores regarding astronomy use in STEM content courses showed noteworthy improvement from 16% to 84%. Furthermore, K-12 teacher perceptions regarding creation of partnerships and collaborations rose from 26% to 90%. Other findings showcase themes of reflection, collaboration, STEM integration, and inquiry as well as a need for partnership building time. Overall, when the K-12 teachers worked together in a structured PD over an academic year (2014-2015) for a selection of 19 days (13 summer days and 6 Saturdays during the academic year) partnerships were formed and provided added organization for the PD system. Faculty/PD team communications and continuous K-12 teacher support were also critical factors for systemic PD success. Access to K-12 teacher created lesson plans that use astronomy as a vehicle for STEM lessons can be accessed free of charge at the following websites: http://physics.uwyo.edu/~mike/workshop/index.html and http://www.physics.uwyo.edu/~aschwortz/LASSI/ </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28-38</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PEACE PEDAGOGY OR/AND EDUCATION FOR PEACE: SOME ACTUALITIES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continual process</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education for peace</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education process</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">peace pedagogy</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1430136706.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">63</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">It seems, that education questions and problems are analysed rather intensively. Educational researches of various sizes and on various subjects are constantly carried out - both at national, regional and international levels. There wouldn’t probably be a country on this planet, in which such theme researches in one way or another wouldn’t be carried out. Education is not only interdisciplinary, but a very diverse sphere. Where the man is in action, education is inevitable. If one could have a look at the publications of the education field, one could see that diversity is enormous. Leaders are brought up, career preparation is going on, creativity is encouraged, modern media and ICT are taught to be used, so - called 21st century skills are sought to be educated and so on. To tell the truth, hardly anyone could tell what these 21st century skills are, because hardly anyone could bring oneself to tell what skills will be necessary, let’s say, in 2050. However, education is such a sphere, that very often various insights, opinions, positions etc. are spread. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4-6</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Karol Dudek</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paweł Bernard</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">POLISH LOWER AND UPPER SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS’ CONCEPTIONS OF A SCIENTIST</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Draw-A-Scientist Test (DAST)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">images of a scientist</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">stereotype of a scientist</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1430294420.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">63</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">There is an increasing problem of a much smaller number of students in natural sciences or mathematics in Poland. The number of students is decreasing so dramatically that some courses are closed. Therefore, it becomes very important to look for the possible causes. The starting point for these considerations is the study on the image of a scientist. The image of a scientist and the factors that shape it have been the subject of research in various countries around the world for more than fifty years. The aim of the present research was to determine what the image of a scientist according to Polish students is. Additionally, the impact of the students’ age (in the range of 13-19 years old) on this image was analysed. The study involved 938 students of lower and upper secondary public schools from all over the country chosen randomly. The research was based on a questionnaire which was anonymous and community-based. The main questions were preceded by an enquiry about the respondent’s personal information such as gender, age, type of school they attend, and school locality. These data were needed for the analysis of such factors as, for example, the effect of gender. The obtained results showed that the image of a scientist according to Polish students is quite similar to the stereotype adopted by students from other countries. Contrary to some earlier reports, Polish students usually presented a scientist as a young person and paid more attention to personal safety equipment like a lab coat, gloves and goggles. It should be noted that this stereotype is quite archaic and is not associated with a real vision of a scientist. This lack of awareness may have an impact on shortage of students </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40-52</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">John Rafferty</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tuija  A.  Turunen</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PRINCIPALS’ WORK STORIES WITHIN NEO-LIBERAL SCHOOL REFORM</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">discourse analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">managed professionals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neo-Liberalism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school reform</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">work stories</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1432232389.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">64</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The purpose of this research is to investigate the work stories of four principals as they implement a neo-liberal school reform program in their schools. Work stories were defined as explanatory frameworks the principals used to explore the effects of the program. The work stories included several sub-themes, story lines. Discourse analysis was used to identify the work stories and the story lines within semi-structured interviews with the principals. The results indicate that the principals constructed the neo-liberal school reform program as a new, better school culture. The new culture needed to be promoted with enough firmness to establish social norms and to ensure conformity of teacher behaviour. To ensure the implementation of the program, the principals positioned themselves as corporate leaders or sporting coaches with little reference to educational considerations. The work stories positioned the teachers in their schools as ‘managed professionals’ with diminished trust and respect as teaching and educational professionals. Analysing work stories helps to understand what is happening to particular individuals within particular institutions at particular times. Within the neo-liberal landscape, there is a temptation to think that the social relations, meanings and assumptions of schooling are no longer problematic. Discourse analysis provides one way to see behind these temptations and provides an alternative analysis on neo-liberal reform programs.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75-85</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Petr  Emanovský</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING AND ITS EFFECT ON LEARNERS’ RELATIONSHIPS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">isolated learners</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learners’ relationships</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problem-Based Learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sociometric methods</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1430136964.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">63</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Detailed knowledge of learners’ relationships is very important for successful teacher pedagogical work in a classroom. The familiarity with the relationships is important, especially in the case of teenagers’ class. All teachers should deal with the problem of learners that are out of their classmates’ interest (so called isolated learners or isolates) in such class and think about possibilities to integrate them into the class. Natural idea how to do it is that of using some non-traditional learning methods, especially the methods based on working in small groups involving learners’ cooperation. Problem-based learning (PBL) as one of these methods with an influence on learners’ relationships was a subject of the further described research. Within PBL courses, students work with classmates to solve complex and authentic problems that help develop content knowledge as well as problem-solving, reasoning, communication, and self-assessment skills. The aim of the research was to answer the question: Can the problem-based learning help to integrate isolated learners into the class? The research was realized as a pretest-posttest design for the sample of 182 learners of seventh, eighth and ninth grades of basic school. Standardized sociometric questionnaire B-3 was used to determine the number of isolated learners before and after using the problem-based learning. Consequently, using the Wilcoxon statistic test of significance, the hypothesis was verified that the number of isolates after the problem-based learning is statistically significantly lower than that of the case before using the non-traditional learning method. Accordingly, the research results justify implementation PBL into education.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">53-61</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magdalena Kugiejko</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A PROFESIONAL SKILL SET OF A TEACHER AND UNIVERSITY LECTURER IN RELATION TO THE CAUSES AND PREVENTION OF JOB BURNOUT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">emotional exhaustion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">job environment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lack of motivation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1449572275.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">67</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The term &quot;burnout&quot; exists in vernacular for centuries. By saying that something is burned we usually have in front of our eyes the image after a fire, that ash and rubble. However, nowadays burnout is a pictorial representation of what may remain after a large and fervent commitment to ones careers. Job is an important factor in life, it influences the existence beyond work. Thus, it is important to create the conditions of appropriate, harmonic, and effective work. In particular, the specific features of the teaching profession are characterized by high workload and increasingly more complex requirements – the rush to keep up with the innovation, competitive pressure of the environment and continuous stress. This research aims to present an analysis of job burnout among teachers highlighting the risks and protective factors expressed by the potential &quot;victims&quot;, as well as the measures that can be taken to counteract. It also elaborates on personal and social factors which have an impact on occupational burnout issue among teachers in Poland. This study was undertaken because the problem has not been sufficiently studied before in Poland, and too little attention was paid to the issues which the target group is facing. This background led to two theoretical assumptions, meaning that – regardless of the school type – all teachers are exposed to occupational burnout in the same way. The second theory claims that most of them do not realize the threat or are afraid to admit they have the symptoms resulting from job burnout. In order to confirm both theories, the author used qualitative and quantitative methods (interview and survey form) and the results were used to form a set of recommendations how to protect oneself from occupational burnout. The survey was conducted among 141 Polish teachers from primary, secondary and high schools, from two age groups – below 30 years old and over 46 years old. Special focus was placed on the age and inclination to exhaustion at work, lack of motivation and feeling of frustration, considering such factors like e.g. atmosphere at school and cooperation with students, other teachers and principals.The analysis showed that in most cases teachers within the scope of the research declared not to feel burnout. However, slightly less than a half of them admitted to operate under daily stress and in fact undergoing the process of the job burnout without even realizing it. The findings of the research are important for the potential identification of an adequate and rapid prevention, which result is closely linked to better wellbeing and health of teachers who could be more successful and passionate about their work. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40-51</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Özge Özyalçin Oskay</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PROSPECTIVE TEACHERS’ CREATIVITY FOSTERING BEHAVIORS, PERCEPTIONS ON THEIR TECHNOLOGY SKILLS AND SUCCESS IN PROJECT BASED MATERIAL DEVELOPMENT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">creativity fostering behaviours</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">perceptions on technology skills</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pre-service chemistry teachers</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1430137098.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">63</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In this study it was determined how pre-service chemistry teachers’ creativity fostering behaviours and their perceptions of their technology skills predict their success in Project Based Educational Technology and Material Development course. A sample of the study consists of 45 pre-service teachers attending Department of Chemistry Education at Hacettepe University. After the applications which took 10 weeks, pre-service teachers presented their materials and evaluated their peers and themselves. In order to determine pre-service teachers’ creativity fostering behaviours, “Creativity Fostering Teacher Index Scale” which was developed by Soh (2000) and adapted into Turkish by Dikici (2013) was used. In order to determine pre-service chemistry teachers’ perceptions on their technology skills, “Application Based Educational Technology and Material Development Skills Scale” consisting 46 items and developed by Akgül (2010) was used. Descriptive Statistics of “Creativity Fostering Teacher Index Scale” and “Application Based Educational Technology and Material Development Skills Scale” show that prospective teachers have behaviours supporting creativity and their perceptions about their technology skills is over the average. And multiple regression analysis shows that pre-service teachers’ creativity fostering behaviours and their perceptions on their technology skills together predict their success in project based material development course.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">84-92</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yordanka Dimova</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kalina Kamarska</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">REDISCOVERING JOHN DEWEY’S MODEL OF LEARNING THROUGH REFLECTIVE INQUIRY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">inquiry-based learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reflection</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1430136867.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">63</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">During the 21st century, in the sphere of Science education, there has been an increasing interest in the problem of operationalizing reflection because it’s one of the most powerful mechanisms for developing students’ thinking and forming key competencies – learning to learn and science literacy. The classical legacy of the American philosopher and pedagogue John Dewey provides a source for valuable ideas for solving this problem. The goal of this qualitative study is to focus on John Dewey’s concept for reflective inquiry as well as on the interpretations of his ideas by other authors. The intention is to merge these interpretations into a whole for two reasons: 1) to reconstruct John Dewey’s model for reflective inquiry, 2) to adapt this model to the peculiarities of Science education practice. To realize this goal, a comparison should be drawn between the meanings of key concepts from Dewey’s texts and those in the texts of his followers and reviewers. As a result of this interpretive framework, the authors of this paper abandon the general understanding that the stages of reflective thinking comprise a main component in Dewey’s concept for reflective inquiry. The emphasis moves to the connection between reflection and the actions in the course of inquiry. On the basis of reconstructing Dewey’s model, the authors suggest ideas for actualizing and activating students’ reflection before, during and after completing different types of experiments. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29-39</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Emine Erdem</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELF-EFFICACY AND ATTITUDES OF CHEMISTRY TEACHER CANDIDATES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chemistry attitude</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chemistry laboratory applications</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">self-efficacy</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1430137011.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">63</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study has been carried out with the aim of investigating the relationship between the attitudes of chemistry teacher candidates towards chemistry in laboratory classes and their self-efficacy beliefs. Teacher candidates composed of undergraduate students who have already taken or are currently taking laboratory classes and study Chemistry Teaching have participated in this study. Relational survey model has been used in this study. Chemistry Attitude Scale (CAS) developed by Geban, Ertepınar, Yılmaz, Altın &amp; Şahbaz (1994) and Chemistry Self-efficacy Scale (CSS) were used as data collection tools. Simple correlation and one-way analysis of variance in independent groups have been used in order to analyse data. According to the results from study data, there is a meaningful linear relationship between self-efficacy scores and attitude scores of teacher candidates. An increase in self-efficacy scores and attitude scores of teacher candidates with regard to consecutive grade levels has also been observed. Self-efficacy and attitude scores of the students have been compared by using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). However, a meaningful difference in self-efficacy scores and attitude scores of students with regard to grade levels has not been observed.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">62-70</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Valentin Cosmin  Blândul</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adela Bradea</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE STATUS OF OPTIONAL DISCIPLINES IN THE SCHOOL BASED CURRICULUM OF UPPER-SECONDARY SCHOOL: A CASE OF ROMANIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">extracurricular activities</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">optional disciplines</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school-based curriculum</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1430136755.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">63</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The school curriculum includes the learning experiences students are invited to go through in an organized and systemic way. The curriculum has two main parts, the core curriculum and the school based curriculum (SBC) respectively. The latter one concerns the learning experiences, which school provides in addition to the minimum experiences that all students should gain and it can be achieved through optional school disciplines. However, education research has shown that the way these optional disciplines are chosen often expresses the teachers' options rather than those of the students. The main aim of this study was to analyze the subjective perception of upper-secondary school students with regard to the status of optional disciplines within the SBC. The sample consisted of 121 students, who study in 4 upper-secondary schools from Oradea, Bihor County, Romania. The instrument used was a questionnaire, and the implementation period was October-December 2014. The results show that the reasons why students choose a certain optional discipline are related to their need for personal and professional development. The most important subjects students want to study are foreign languages and sports activities, and the favored forms of organization include extracurricular and applied activities.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7-16</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hakan Aydoğan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Azamat Akbarov</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SUBJECTIVE ASSESSMENTS OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES AMONG BOSNIAN AND TURKISH STUDENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bosnian students</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gender differences</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multiple intelligences</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">subjective assessment</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1449572092.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">67</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">General intelligence is a good predictor of academic achievement. However, according to Howard Gardner, there are several types of intelligence. They have to be considered in the educational context because education requires various skills and abilities to be employed so that students could be successful. The main aim of our study was to examine subjective assessments of multiple intelligences among adolescents as well as to investigate possible gender differences. The questionnaire called ''Subjective assessment of multiple intelligences'' (SAMI) was applied, which serves us to collect data from the targeted sample of 162 participants in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Firstly, the results showed non-significant gender differences. Secondly, only verbal/linguistic ability significantly correlated with the age of participants. Lastly, almost all correlational coefficients calculated between different types of intelligence were statistically significant. For example, subjective assessment of logical/ mathematical intelligence correlated with intrapersonal abilities/skills, verbal/linguistic intelligence correlated with visual/spatial intelligence, and musical abilities correlated with visual/spatial intelligence as well.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7-16</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andrej   Šafhalter</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dragica   Pešaković</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TECHNICAL TALENT AND TECHNICAL CREATIVITY IN LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">basic education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">technical creativity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">technical talent</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">technique and technology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1438197313.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">65</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Technical subjects should include creative activities in order to foster the development of technical creativity in talented students. Talent should be regarded as a potential or a characteristic, which a certain student possesses. Creativity can be described as an activity through which such talent shows. The research on the correlation between technical talent and technical creativity included 109 students aged 11 to 15 years, in two Slovenian lower secondary schools. Students were tested by two modified tests on technical creativity and technical talent. The results show that a positive correlation between technical talent and technical creativity exists. It depends on the gender, age and closing assessment of the student. Females displayed a higher level of technical creativity in comparison to males; however, the males achieved higher scores in the technical talent test. The higher the closing assessment and the age of the students, the higher was the level of their technical talent and technical creativity. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">73-81</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parvin Bazghandi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saeid Zarghami-Hamrah</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yahya Ghaedi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alireza Mahmudnia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Khosrow Bagheri Noaparast</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THEORETICAL EXPLANATION OF THE IMPLICATIONS OF COMPLEX SYSTEMS THEORY FOR TEACHING SCIENCE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">complex systems theory</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nature</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teaching Science</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1438197042.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">65</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The present study seeks to explain the implications of triple levels of the complex systems theory, as a theory about nature, science, and education, for teaching science. The study has been conducted within a philosophical approach. On the first level, the characteristics of complex systems theory about nature including: top-down character, non-linear interactions, emergence, irreversibility, self-organization, modularity, hierarchy, adaptation and bifurcation are explained. In this regard the point to be mentioned is that the teachers could facilitate the students' understanding from the fundamental features of nature by offering diverse and suitable examples. On the second level, the complex systems theory mainly addresses the nature and methodology of science. Regarding the nature of science, scientific knowledge is defined as condition-structured knowledge and regarding the methodology of science, this theory highlights the features including condition-dependent generalisation, condition-dependent laws, condition-dependent explanation, condition-dependent confirmation, and the limitations of model-centered confirmation. The implications from this level of complex systems theory for teaching science encourage the teachers to clarify the methodology of science for the students. Regarding the third level, Complex systems theory orients attentions toward dynamic, complicated, and integrated levels, including the neurological, the experiential, the contextual/material, the symbolic, the cultural, and the ecological levels of education. So teachers might explain the basic features of the natural events through non-linear and holistic methods in teaching science. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6-17</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alzira Manuel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oleg Popov</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Domingos Buque</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TOWARDS PROGRAMME IMPROVEMENT IN NON-FORMAL VOCATIONAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING IN MOZAMBIQUE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">life skills</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">non-formal vocational education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social inclusion</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1449572410.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">67</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The current situation of Mozambique, characterized by limited but highly needed Formal Vocational Education, demands the development and improvement of Non-formal Vocational Education and Training (NFVET). NFVET can provide relevant knowledge and skills, particularly for out of school and unemployed youth and adults to promote social inclusion and development. This is a qualitative case study with some elements of action research. Semi-structured interviews with six educators, classroom observations and two focus group interviews with former participants were implemented. The research aims to explore ways by which NFVET programmes can be improved in order to increase people’s chances, not only to get work, but also to be able to participate actively in their own process of development. The findings suggest some directions for the improvement of NFVET in Mozambique in order to empower people to actively participate in the social and economic life of their local communities and broader society.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">61-71</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ewa Wanda Maruszewska</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aleksandra Szewieczek</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marzena Strojek-Filus</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TRUTH, FAITHFULLNESS AND RELIABILITY VAGUENESS IN THE ACCOUNTING THEORY AS A CHALLENGE FOR ACCOUNTING TEACHERS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">accounting education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">economic reality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">faithful representation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">faithfulness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">financial reporting</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">truth in accounting</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=1191864</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">68</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The study was aimed at examining the notion of truth, faithfulness and reliability approaches in chosen social sciences, and accounting theoretical foundations among them. In order to explore whether accounting conceptual framework together with accounting theoreticians have developed a satisfactory understanding of the notion of truth, faithfulness and reliability, a literature review was undertaken seeking the definitions and classifications of truth that might be useful in business practice, especially in accounting preparation of financial reports. The main method used in order to achieve the aim was a critical analysis of the contemporary English and Polish literature on accounting, philosophy, as well as psychology and sociology to go to the comparison of the truth and reality perception from various perspectives. The results have shown that the recent changes made in foundations of accounting theory did not provide a satisfactory solution to the problem. The researchers contribute to the existing literature as there is an on-going debate on the direction and extent of changes in the international harmonization and standardisation of accounting that is focused on the problem of faithfulness of the information disclosed in the financial reports. It is argued that the understanding of truth is a key to an understanding of accounting theory and an inevitable factor of proper practice of accounting. Considering accounting teaching process, there was a qualitative analysis conducted based on accounting curricula of Polish public university with long tradition in accounting undergraduate and graduate education. With regards to the accounting curricula of a chosen university, it has been observed that there is an urgent need for a discern of accounting curricula in order to make substantive contents corresponding with developing economic surroundings of business entities preparing financial reports. Moreover, the importance of non-algebraic approach is stressed as a result of the study.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> 36–51 </style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaarina   Määttä</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Satu   Uusiautti</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TWO PERSPECTIVES ON CARING RESEARCH: RESEARCH ON WELL-BEING AND RESEARCHER WELL-BEING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">caring research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">positive psychology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">researcher well-being</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">well-being at work</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1441442011.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">66</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Caring research is a new concept that is discussed and defined from two supplementary perspectives: (1) as research aiming at promoting well-being and (2) as a caring research community that cares for the researcher well-being and reciprocal relationships between colleagues and between supervisors and students. These dimensions are discussed in the light of the latest findings and theories of positive psychology as well as based on the authors’ studies in the field. The caring research ideology contributes a comprehensive viewpoint to the world of academic research because it also pays attention to the actual research process within the research community. This well-being focused approach can serve as a means to flourish within the ever-increasing demands of the academic world.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29-41</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Susan Poland</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Linda Plevyak</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">US STUDENT PERFORMANCE IN SCIENCE: A REVIEW OF THE FOUR MAJOR SCIENCE ASSESSMENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">standardized testing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STEM education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Student performance</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1432232267.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">64</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The purpose of this research is to review the nature of four major science assessments administered in the United States: the ACT, PISA, TIMSS, and NAEP. Each assessment provides a very different view into US student performance in science. The TIMSS and PISA are international assessments of student performance and are often cited as evidence that US students are underperforming in comparison to their international peers. The NAEP is used to assess student knowledge of science across multiple age ranges in the United States. Finally, the ACT is administered to college-bound students who elect to take the exam. The underlying philosophies and basic structures of each assessment are explored, and comparisons and contrasts between the assessments are drawn. Historical student performance on each assessment is also analyzed. Analysis of these assessments suggests that US students struggle to apply scientific skills at the high school level, while US middle and elementary students understand scientific content knowledge well. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">53-65</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geert Franzenburg</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">‘WHEN YOUR SON ASKS YOU’.... HOW REMEMBRANCE CAN TEACH LIFE-SATISFACTION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Life-satisfaction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">memory-learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">religiousness</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1438197252.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">65</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jewish-christian tradition is memory-tradition. Just from the beginning, people are confronted with the God of Abraham, Isaak and Jacob and with particular situations, which are worth remembering (Exodus, Ten Commandments). Because the Bible combines remembering and teaching („When your son”... (Dtn 6, 20)), religious education means memory-education. Like Israel in real Exile and Diaspora, young pupils and students suffer from „virtual Exile or Diaspora“, when they are dwelling within their digital global village, and in „patchwork-families“, often without real home-experience and without any sense of belonging. Suffering from such experiences of missed orientation and belonging, they feel – as discussions in schools and groups underline - unsatisfied and uncomfortable, and look for authentic coping-models. Therefore, the study emphasizes – based on narrations of elder people - on a particular religious education-approach, which facilitates life-satisfaction by memory-learning from other experiences. The focus of research is on the question, whether memory-learning, combined with religious contents, rituals and/or metaphoric, could encourage life-satisfaction, and whether there are significant differences between East (Latvia) and West (Germany). </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">66-72</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Christian Brandmo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dijana Tiplic</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eyvind   Elstad</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE ACHIEVEMENT GOAL THEORY AS AN APPROACH TO STUDY SCHOOL PRINCIPALS’ LEADERSHIP MOTIVATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">accountability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">achievement goals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational leadership</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420361199.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">58</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study investigates how the achievement goal theory and its measures can be utilized to understand the school principals’ achievement goals for leading. The achievement goal theory is an analytical tool little used when studying educational management. This explorative study aims at developing a measure of principals’ achievement goals for leading, by using a factor analysis of the scores of 270 Norwegian principals. The analysis shows a clear distinction between principals’ mastery and performance goals for leading. Mastery goals for leading were positively correlated with constructs such as principals’ efficacy beliefs for leading, autonomy and teacher-principal trust, while performance goals were weaker or not significantly correlated with these constructs. The study suggests that the context and organizational factors are influencing principals’ purposes of achievement behaviour. Given the increasing emphasis on the accountability of school leaders, the current study suggests the achievement goal theory as a fruitful approach when studying educational leadership. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27-38</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Deborah A. Chetcuti</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michael A. Buhagiar</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ASSESSING THE FIELD PLACEMENT IN INITIAL TEACHER EDUCATION: FINDING A BALANCE BETWEEN FORMATIVE AND SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">field placement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">formative assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">initial teacher education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">summative assessment</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420361243.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">58</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The research study reported in this paper explores the issues and challenges faced by teacher educators when assessing student-teachers during their field placement. The key research question is: What are the issues and challenges faced by teacher educators and university administrators in relation to the formative and summative assessment of student-teachers during their field placement in Initial Teacher Education? The research tries to address this question by drawing on qualitative data from interviews with key academics and administrators at the University of Malta. The data from the interviews suggests that finding a balance within a university setting between the formative and summative aspects of assessment can create a potential conflict. This results in teacher educators focusing more on administrative demands for accountability and standards through summative assessment (also known as ‘assessment of learning’) rather than on the learning process through formative assessment (also known as ‘assessment for learning’). The authors challenge this current view and, using examples from good practice, construct a model of assessment for the field placement that tries to improve the balance between formative and summative assessment.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39-52</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Isaac Olakanmi Abimbola</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Esther Ore Omosewo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johnson Enero Upahi</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION POLICY THRUST OF THE NATIONAL ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY (NEEDS) IN NIGERIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">targets and education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">the National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1421876455.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">60</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS) is Nigeria’s plan for prosperity. The plan focuses on four key strategies: reorienting values, reducing poverty, creating wealth and generating employment. In realizing the plan, education is recognized as the vital transformational tool and a formidable instrument for any socioeconomic empowerment. Policy frameworks for education were developed to propel and sustain the NEEDS initiative. The NEEDS set six goals (with targets) for education, and each of the goals is keyed to each of the policy thrust. This study, therefore, attempted to assess the extent to which the targets of NEEDS for education are implemented. A structured questionnaire was developed to elicit 250 university lecturers’ views on the extent of implementation of the education policy thrust of the NEEDS. It was found that, the targets of each of the goals of the plan that were originally designed to be a medium–term development strategy; spanning year (2004-2007) have not been fully realized 10 years after its inception. Conclusion was drawn and recommendations were made, among which are: the NEEDS planners and operators should set specific, realizable targets and time framework of human development, for students to become self-sufficient in the areas of basic needs through skills acquisition and job creation.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23-45</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aneta   Mechi</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BYSTANDER IN THE CLASSROOM? THE ROLE OF FEELING-OF-BEING-CONCERNED IN THE PERCEPTION OF THE POSSIBILITY TO HELP UNRULY BEHAVING PUPILS AND ITS RELATION WITH SOCIAL COGNITIVE FLEXIBILITY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bystander Effect</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">feeling-of-being-concerned</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Helping Behavior</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">unruly behavior</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1423570608.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">62</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">With the aim of dealing with educational cross-domain problems that are likely to appear in each course regardless of the teaching domain, the teachers can either take the initiative to help or they can choose not to intervene. Despite the helpful recommendations to make all pupils participate (UNESCO) or no child left behind (NCLB in the United States), most teachers are unaware of their differential helping behavior when they are faced with an ambiguous or problematic educational situation. In line with the bystander effect literature and stereotype content model, the mechanism that underlies the decision of not helping is identified as the feeling that drives an individual to get into the given situation: the feeling of being concerned (FBC). FBC is supposed to redirect individuals away from hasty, biased conclusions and lead them to some distance from any information (i.e., social cognitive flexibility). It is hypothesized that the more one feels concerned by the situation, the more distance he or she tends to take based on the available information. In a current online survey, the participating teachers in training first gave their opinions about the proposed statements (i.e., the social cognitive flexibility measures), then they read one standardized scenario of the educational situation, and finally they responded to questions related to the perceived possibility of helping the pupils in the scenario. The quantitative results (according to ANOVA) show that the teachers with a high FBC report a higher perceived possibility to help and show a higher level of social cognitive flexibility compared to those with a low FBC. These results are supported by significant correlations and are discussed in terms of their implications for the teachers’ practice. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">62-73</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magdalena Šverc</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Igor Pesek</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andrej Flogie</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE CHALLENGES OF COMPLETE INFORMATIZATION OF EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e-competent school</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e-competent teacher</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">innovative 1:1 pedagogy</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1422204234.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">61</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Since the methods of teaching and learning are currently changing, Slovenian society is challenged to respond. Ministries responsible for the development of the educational system encourage informatization of education by launching strategically oriented tenders. This research presents three such projects, which together propose guidelines on how to further develop the Slovenian educational system with an emphasis on the introduction of information and communication technologies into everyday life in Slovenian schools at all levels (teaching, learning, management, etc.). There are three main areas that are covered: (1) technical assistance and support, (2) development and deployment of e-learning materials and e-textbooks and (3) teacher training. Using these approaches it would be possible to achieve an increase in digital competences and a change in our pedagogical paradigm. Results show a better motivation, communication and improved teamwork among students. This is a consequence of changes in the way of thinking and teaching by both teachers and other school participants, especially the headmasters who put the student in the centre of activities. The whole process of school informatization depends on a coherent development of various fields. The focus is on a change of pedagogical paradigm and the consequential teacher and managerial staff training. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">121-131</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Majda   Fiksl</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boris Aberšek</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CLASSROOM CLIMATE AS A PART OF CONTEMPORARY DIDACTICAL APPROACHES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">active learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">classroom atmosphere</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">structure of education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1422203675.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">61</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">To achieve successful teaching in the 21st century school, teachers must change their didactical approaches in order to create a stimulating pro-activeness in a pleasant classroom climate for better development of student’s achievement. A classroom climate in the present research means the combination of variables within a classroom that work together to promote learning in a comfortable environment. In the present research, classroom’s climate will be evaluated, and what kind of influence different didactical approaches have on the atmosphere in the classroom. The classroom climate of two 6th grade classes at a lower secondary school will be studied: a class with traditional methods of teaching and a class with innovative methods, as regards searching for ideas, monitoring the students’ progress and giving instructions. Students in both classes filled out a questionnaire with thirteen statements, which included three dimensions of a classroom atmosphere: personal relationship, contribution to the class and research work. The results confirmed a change in the perception of the classroom climate, depending on different innovative didactical approaches. The values of individual dimensions are higher in the class with innovative methods, which was confirmed with a better atmosphere in this class and an increased activeness of the students. When introducing changes in an educational process, it is necessary to establish a positive classroom atmosphere. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28-36</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1627391473.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">61</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents, Vol. 61, 2014, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-4</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1627455314.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">60</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents, Vol. 60, PEC, 2014</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-4</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1628784013.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">58</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents, Vol. 58, 2014, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-4</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1626876572.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">62</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents, PEC, Vol. 62, 2014</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-4</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1628769302.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">59</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents, Vol. 59, PEC, 2014</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-4</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1628783966.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">58</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page, Vol. 58, 2014, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1627391432.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">61</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page, Vol. 61, PEC, 2014</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1626876534.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">62</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page, Vol. 62, 2014, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1627455269.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">60</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page, Vol. 60, 2014, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1628769256.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">59</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page, Vol. 59, 2014, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Janez  Bregant</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CRITICAL THINKING IN EDUCATION: WHY TO AVOID LOGICAL FALLACIES?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">critical thinking</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">deduction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">induction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">logical fallacy</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1422203618.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">61</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The study argues for the claim that a correct argumentation, i.e. a non-fallacious or good reasoning, should be the essential part of the education process, which is not always the case. The bad argumentation makes human standards and interpersonal relationships worse, and leads to the growth of social conflicts and an instable society. If the legislature, executive and judiciary branches of power did not listen to good arguments, our lives would not be as good as they are since the state might pass bad, dangerous and unjust laws. A person trained in critical thinking starting in their youth would be able to tell a difference between good and bad arguments and recognize the fact that accepting the former and dropping the latter is the only way to avoid the above mentioned negative characteristics of a society. By teaching pupils how to employ the prescribed standards of a correct argumentation using everyday examples helps them to avoid adopting certain views on the ground of their popularity, affections produced in observers, their popularity etc., which are classic examples of logical fallacies. An early training in critical thinking could make obvious the fact that, a democracy consisting among other things also in a social, racial and gender equality, after all, does not mean that sometimes left arguments win and sometimes the right ones, and that there is no difference between them in the long run.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18-27</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nyet   Moi Siew</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chin Lu Chong</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kim On Chin</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DEVELOPING A SCIENTIFIC CREATIVITY TEST FOR FIFTH GRADERS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Primary school students</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">scientific creativity test</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1423570799.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">62</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Testing creativity in general has been well researched, but little has been reported on the development of instruments to test scientific creativity among primary school students. This study describes the development and validation of scientific creativity test for primary school fifth graders. A Scientific Creativity Structure Model (SCSM) was used to guide the development of test items through three dimensions called trait, process and product. Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (TCTT) were used to evaluate test item answers. Two equivalent, parallel scientific creativity tests were developed each of which consisted of 4 items posed in the form of: technical product, advances in science or scientific knowledge, understanding of scientific phenomenon and scientific problem solving. The scientific creativity test was validated through analysis of item response data of 206 fifth grade students from two Malaysian primary schools. The scientific creativity test was found to have high internal consistency, inter-scorer reliability and face validity. Both Form A and Form B of the test had an acceptable discrimination index range. The test showed a weak positive, but significant correlation between the items in product and process dimensions, but a very strong correlation between the three trait dimensions of SCSM. Test items on science problem solving have a strong indication loading on spatial analytical thinking. The Item analysis suggests that this test would be useful in assessing scientific creativity of the fifth grade students with further review on test items measuring science problem solving.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">109-123</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Alexandre Pinto</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Bernardino  Lopes</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">António  Alberto Silva</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carla A.  Santos</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DEVELOPING A TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMME TO PROMOTE SCIENTIFIC LITERACY IMPROVING A POSITIVE ATTITUDE ABOUT SCIENCE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">scientific literacy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teachers STS attitudes</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1421876900.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">60</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Usually elementary teacher education has pitfalls in developing important dimensions of scientific literacy (SL) through science teaching. So, to refine some Teacher Education Program (TEP) characteristics is important to potentiate their positive attitudes towards links amongst science technology and society themes (STS) so that they may improve their students’ SL. This study aims at identifying characteristics of a TEP that promote teachers’ key attitudes about STS and develop dimensions of teaching practice transferral to teachers’ practices to foster their students’ SL. It reports a longitudinal case study (3 years) to refine characteristics of a TEP, answering the questions: a) what features should a TEP have, to improve consistently positive attitudes of teachers about STS?, (b) which gains in teachers' attitudes towards the STS were obtained from the implementation of TEP? The TEP incorporated, progressively, findings based on literature and other characteristics resulting from improvements, namely: (a) exploring contexts and using materials and equipment from daily routine; (b) developing epistemic practices related with experimental work in open challenge activities; (c) transferable teacher mediation traits. The TEP, with the referred characteristics, allowed teacher to develop important attitudes about: scientific inquiry, willingness to engage in issues related to science and science as a social enterprise.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">134-155</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andrej   Šafhalter</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Srečko   Glodež</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boris Aberšek</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Karin  Bakračevič  Vukman</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DEVELOPING SPATIAL ABILITY USING 3D MODELING IN LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cognitive development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spatial ability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">visualization</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1422204168.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">61</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In recent years 3D modeling has been increasingly utilized during product design in lower secondary schools as well. Its greatest advantage over classical technical drawing and 2D drawing software lies in the fact students are able to observe the object they are designing from all the viewpoints of a virtual three-dimensional space. Since thinking and visualization in the process of object design also appear in three dimensions, the mental manipulation and guesswork required from students in order to add another dimension to an object pictured on a level plane are no longer necessary. Additionally, 3D modeling has a range of contributions to the cognitive development of children, which was also the subject of this research. The central question raised was whether students are able to improve their spatial ability by using modeling tools. The research included 196 students aged between 11– 15 years, of which 95 were placed in the experimental group and 101 in the control group. Spatial ability was measured using pre-test and post-test. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">113-120</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Matthew Osaigbovo  Ovbiebo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EDUCATING RURAL SOUTH AFRICAN WORKERS IN THE EASTERN CAPE: IMPLICATIONS, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">empowerment theory</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rural development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rural workers</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1423570704.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">62</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Around 20-24% of South African rural workers in the Eastern Cape are illiterate and unfamiliar with modern and more productive methods of practicing their occupations. Given the challenges that are associated with rural workers, it is important to determine the problems and the prospects they experience, and the ways of providing them with training and skills acquisition. The researcher used empowerment theory as the point of departure for a theoretical framework, and a qualitative explorative study was followed to gather and analyse the data. Data were collected by means of focus group discussions, analysed ethical issues were not left out. The findings from the study revealed that the education which the rural worker would require would contain both formal and informal education. The significance of the findings is to develop the creative ability of the rural worker, to ultimately assist him through the process in creating necessary skills and knowledge for maximum production in their work and standard of living. It is also an articulation of the diversified programmes, which could allow many rural workers to become more productive and fulfilled in their endeavour.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">86-96</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Predrag Bejaković</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EDUCATION, EMPLOYABILITY AND LABOUR FORCE COMPETITIVENESS IN CROATIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational system</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">knowledge-based society</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">labour force</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420361157.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">58</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Employability and labour force competitiveness are important parts of an economy’s overall competitiveness. The key role of knowledge as a structural part of the competence in stimulating economic growth has been widely recognised by economists and other scientists. In modern societies, the acceptance and development of knowledge, skills and ideas have a crucial role in the creation of wealth. The key determinant of a knowledge-based economy is human capital, or more precisely its knowledge, competence and ability. In many modern employment strategies there has been great emphasis on worker employability. The general idea of employability is not new, although only in recent times efforts have been made to define it clearly as policy has shifted emphatically towards supply side issues. Employability can be defined as the extent to which employees have skills, which the market and employers regard as attractive and is of increasing importance for the economic sector. The aim of this research is to provide an overview of the relationship between education, employability and labour force competitiveness in Croatia. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13-26</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Serdar Aztekin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Haci Bayram Yilmaz</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE EFFECTS OF HUMAN AND MATERIAL RESOURCES ON STUDENTS’ MATH ACHIEVEMENT IN 45 COUNTRIES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hierarchical linear model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">human resources</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">material resources</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1423570349.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">62</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study aims to explore the effects of human and material resources on mathematical literacy. For this purpose, mathematical literacy test scores and questionnaire responses of 304,444 fifteen-year-olds in 45 countries participated in the 2012 cycle of Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) Project, were analysed through two-level and three-level hierarchical linear models (HLM). Selected indices and scales representing material and human resources’ effects on students’ mathematical literacy were investigated. The results revealed that 23% of the total variance in the literacy scores is attributable to between-countries, 34% of the variance is attributable to between-schools and the remaining 43% to individual student characteristics. Only two school factors, the quality of school educational resources and teacher morale, were found to have effects on students’ performance after accounting for the gender, the index of economic, social and cultural status, and the cumulative expenditure on education. The results of the study have potential to help policy makers determine their priorities in education and provide hints for future studies.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8-20</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marjan   Krašna</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomaž   Bratina</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">E-LEARNING MATERIALS FOR SOCIAL SCIENCE STUDENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">distance education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning materials</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Verification and Validation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1422203942.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">61</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Today's student population is rightfully categorized as digital natives. From the beginning of their education, they used ICT. The technological gadgets, internet, and social networks are like a glove to them. Such generation of students require more than just textbooks. In the 2013 University of Maribor establish a task force for e-learning materials development. The goal was to identify the optimal technological, didactical and financial approach to the long process of e-learning materials development. Members of the task force have many workshops presenting different views, acquired experiences from their previous projects, technological constraints, prediction, etc. During these workshops it was decided it would be the best to prepare different types of e-learning materials and test them by the students. From their feedbacks we could set the guidelines for large scale production. At the Faculty of Arts, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics and Faculty of Education students needs to acquire also the digital competences to become successful teachers. For special didactics study programs different types of e-learning materials were produced with different technological approach. The concept was to upgrade the previous deliverables (PowerPoint slides) and narrate them. Narrated slides would enable students to refresh their lectures and should be used as blended e-learning materials. Narrations were prepared in different format: textual narration, voice narration and video narration. But later it was decided that these types are not enough and a mix of narratives (integrated multimedia learning materials) could be used on individual slides depending on the content of the slide. Students first receive the lecture in the classroom and in the same week they need to study associated e-learning materials and write their review of corresponding e-learning materials. In their review students were required to log the required time for studying the e-learning materials; benefits and drawbacks; potential improvement of e-learning materials; and open text of impression of using e-learning materials. Effectiveness and outcomes were tested with the electronic quizzes. Students were highly motivated with these new types of learning materials and provide us valuable feedback. Most efficient were text narrated learning materials, but the favourite was integrated multimedia learning materials. Video and audio narrations take them more time to study since they were constrained with the speed of speech of the recorded lecturer. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77-87</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1626876618.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">62</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page, Vol. 62, PEC, 2014</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">152</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1627455371.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">60</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page, Vol. 60, 214, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">188</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1627391516.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">61</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page, Vol. 61, PEC, 2014</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">138</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1628769341.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">59</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page, Vol. 59, PEC, 2014</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">104</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1628784052.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">58</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page, Vol. 58, 2014, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">156</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lenita Hietanen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Satu   Uusiautti</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaarina   Määttä</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ENHANCING ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN LEARNERS – AN IMPLEMENTATION AND EVALUATION OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION THROUGH MUSIC EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">basic education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">entrepreneurship education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">music education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420361861.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">59</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Entrepreneurship education is recommended to be a part of education already from the beginning of children’s school paths. Often, entrepreneurship education has been defined in a political level and through economic ideologies. However, one of the goals of entrepreneurship education is to achieve entrepreneurial ways of acting regardless of the context or community. This study is a case study of the implementation of entrepreneurship education in music education in basic education. The findings introduce and evaluate the pedagogical solutions in the music education of one Finnish seventh grade. The pupils were given opportunities to set their own goals, experiment multiple options, make decisions and reflect on their actions. They were encouraged and guided to become aware of their entrepreneurial features, skills, and ways of acting. The most important result was that entrepreneurial education can be included in basic education. Suggestions for teachers are given based on the findings. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34-48</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Piotr Jagodziński</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Robert Wolski</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE EXAMINATION OF THE IMPACT ON STUDENTS’ USE OF GESTURES WHILE WORKING IN A VIRTUAL CHEMICAL LABORATORY FOR THEIR COGNITIVE ABILITIES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chemistry experiments</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">embodied cognition theory</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gesture based system</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1422203785.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">61</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">One of the cognitive theories is the embodied cognition theory. According to this theory, it is important to use appropriate gestures in the process of assimilating new information and the acquisition of new skills. The further development of information and communication technologies has enabled the development of interfaces that allow the user to control computer programs and electronic devices by using gestures. These Natural User Interfaces (NUI) were used in teaching Chemistry in middle school and secondary school. A virtual chemical laboratory was developed in which students can simulate the performance of laboratory activities, similar to those that are performed in a real lab. The Kinect sensor was used to detect and analyze hand movement. The conducted research established the educational effectiveness of a virtual laboratory, which is an example of a system based on GBS gestures (gesture-based system). The use of the teaching methods and to what extent they increase the student's complete understanding were examined. The results indicate that the use of the gesture-based system in teaching makes it more attractive and increases the quality of teaching Chemistry.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">46-57</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Charikleia Pitsou</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stathis Balias</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HUMAN RIGHTS EDUCATION: AN ANALYSING STUDY OF THE PROGRAMS OF STUDY OF GREEK PEDAGOGICAL DEPARTMENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">human rights education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary school teachers and preschool educators</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">programs of study</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420361982.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">59</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The United Nations (UN) declared 1995-2004 the Decade for Human Rights Education (HRE); as a follow-up, a HRE World Program (2005-2009) was initiated, aiming at the support and development of sustainable national strategies and programs in HRE. Many higher education institutions and universities seized upon the opportunity and infused their curricula with the philosophy and principles of HRE. HRE is a type of education that promotes training, dissemination, and information efforts aiming at building a universal culture of human rights (HR) by imparting knowledge and skills and shaping attitudes. This paper presents a thorough quantitative content analysis of a descriptive assessment of HRE in all Greek Pedagogical Departments’ (GPD) Undergraduate Programs of Study (PS), where future Primary School Teachers (PST) and Preschool Educators (PE) are educated. A review of course titles and descriptions of the 19 PS of GPD was conducted to identify HR content. The results suggest that HR content is present in a variety of GPD courses. It is especially evident in 17 courses. The question arising and discussed is whether the attendance of such courses can lead to a robust and consistent implementation of HRE. Recommendations for further development of HRE in Pedagogical Departments (PD) are provided.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">68-76</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin Skutil</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ICT AS ONE OF THE TEACHING METHODS AT PRIMARY SCHOOL FROM A TEACHER’S POINT OF VIEW</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ICT in education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">interview with teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching methods</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1422204114.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">61</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ICT is one of the driving elements of the current primary education. They often replace commonly used teaching methods, however, in many cases, they are also rejected as an element of eliminating the human factor in education. Based on a qualitative survey, the paper presents an interactive whiteboard as a teaching element from the perspective of primary education teachers. The main goal of the research is to point out the teachers' inner motives to use modern technologies in education and identify the broader context of a teachers' preparation with regard to the use of IT in school practice. The research is conducted using semi-structured interviews; the method of constant comparison was used for the qualitative data analysis. The most important findings show that teachers perceive information technology, especially as activating and motivating factor in education. Another important feature is the possibility of immediate and quick scan of the results. For most respondents, it is a replacement for traditional teaching resources, while they don´t forget to mention the importance of printed materials.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">105-112</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ana Koritnik</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kordigel Aberšek, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE IMPACT OF RECEPTION LITERATURE ON READING COMPETENCE IN CHILDREN WITH MILD MENTAL RETARDATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">adapted model of children’s literature didactics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">children with mild mental retardation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">functional literacy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">literature reception</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1422203837.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">61</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The study investigated the impact of children’s literature reception on literacy at children with mild mental retardation in the process designed on the adapted receptive model of children’s literature didactics. An experiment of a one-group pretest-posttest design was conducted on the sample of seven children with mild mental retardation. In the period of one semester their literacy program was supported with children’s literature education according to the adapted model of receptive children’s literature didactics. After that, their reading competence was tested with the Assessment scheme of reading competence (Pečjak at. al., 2011), which was focused on two dimensions of the reading process: reading comprehension and the quantitative and qualitative data of students’ reading performance. Among the last one a) reading speed was measured, b) reading rhythm was observed, c) reading mistakes were counted and classified, d) reading accurateness was observed and e) reading expression was measured. The results show the positive impact of the adapted model of receptive children’s literature didactics on students’ reading competence – the reading speed, the reading rhythm the accurateness of reading performance and the reading expression improved and the number of reading mistakes decreased. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">58-66</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marija Ropič</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE IMPACT OF THE ACQUISITION OF THE LETTERS IN A SYSTEMATIC LITERACY ON WRITING SKILLS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prior knowledge</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">the process of acquiring letters</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">writing skills</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1422204071.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">61</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Learning letters is associated with a long-term learning. Two basic models are present in obtaining letters in a systematic literacy in Slovenia and abroad. One represents a separate acquisition of the uppercase and lowercase printed letters (sequentially) and the other deals with letters simultaneously. In practice, teachers often asked themselves, especially in times of reforms in literacy, which model of the acquisition of the letters in initial literacy is more efficient. The research focused on the effect of the two most frequently chosen procedures for acquiring letters of structured literacy in Slovenia, namely the simultaneous treatment of the uppercase and lowercase printed letters (lowercase cursive letters and upper-case cursive letters) and consecutive treatment of letters (uppercase printed letters, lowercase printed letters, lowercase cursive letters, and at last, uppercase printed letters). Furthermore, the focus of the research was on the impact of gender on the ability to write. The incidence of errors was observed in terms of selected procedures for acquiring the letters in groups and gender. At the same time, the effect of consolidation of writing individual letters (uppercase and lowercase printed letters in 2nd class, and lowercase and uppercase cursive letters in 3rd class), was examined. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">98-104</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agneta  Simeonsdotter  Svensson</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE IMPACT OF THE ANIMALS ON CHILDREN'S LEARNING AND THEIR DEVELOPMENT - A STUDY OF WHAT CHILDREN LEARN FROM AND WITH PETS: THE EXAMPLE OF DOG AND CAT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">collaborative project</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">developmental pedagogy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">preschool learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">qualitative research</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420362030.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">59</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The purpose of this study is to produce knowledge about the impact of pets on preschool children's desire to learn and their development. The research question asked is: What do children learn from and with pets: The example of dog and cat? Socio-cultural theories and developmental pedagogy are used in order to study children’s learning in the preschool. The socio-cultural theories are based on a model describing interactions between people presented by Vygotskij (1978) and further developed by Säljö (2011). This study employed a qualitative exploratory research method with the aim of gaining knowledge concerning a group of 24 children, aged 4-5 years. Individual interviews were used as the method of data collection. The results are presented as two main categories: 1) The pet supports the child in their learning and development process 2) The child is the teacher of the pet. Each main category comprised two subcategories: 1a) Developing empathy and emotions, 1b) Being good at school-related tasks, 2a) Teaching the pet playful exercises, 2b) Teaching the pet to obey. The results show that pets provide children with positive experiences and a sense of feeling good. The children said that they could talk to all the animals and that the animals are listening. When a child is doing activities with an animal or tries to teach an animal some exercises, the child receives a response from the animal. This leads on to new experiences and an increased knowledge regarding social behavior. Using pets for educational purposes in the home, preschool and school, might stimulate an interest in animal care and a commitment to the world´s wildlife and fauna in general. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77-85</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paolo   Bussotti</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INFINITY: AN INTERDISCIPLINARY ACCESS KEY TO PHILOSOPHICAL EDUCATION THROUGH MATHEMATICS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">history of mathematics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">philosophical education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1421876334.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">60</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In some previous contributions of mine written for Scientia Educologica’s journals (Bussotti 2012; Bussotti, 2013; Bussotti, 2014) I dealt with the possible use of history of mathematics and science inside mathematics and science education. There is an abundant literature on this subject and I only tried to offer some ideas on possible educative itineraries in which history of mathematics and science could play a role. I had no claim to supply elements for a general theory on the relations history of mathematics-mathematics education and history of science-science education. In this editorial, I would like to deal with a possible interdisciplinary link between philosophical education and mathematics. This link is given by the infinity. The following considerations are valid for all those countries in which some high schools exist where philosophy is taught and, in general, for every course at a philosophical faculty in which the problem of the infinity is faced. Furthermore, they can also be useful in the teaching of mathematics at the high school when the concepts of infinity and infinitesimal (typically while dealing with calculus) are introduced.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-9</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Romilda Teodora Ens</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gisele Rietow Bertotti</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rudimar Gomes Bertotti</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INITIAL RESULTS OF A DIFFERENTIATE PROGRAM OF TEACHERS CONTINUING FORMATION IN BRAZIL: THE PDE/PARANA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IDEB</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">large scale exam</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher’s continuing formation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1421876608.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">60</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This research presents an innovative practice of continuing formation, which shows a connection between the public school and higher education, the Program of Educational Development of Parana/ Brazil (PDE-PR) and its relation to the results of IDEB (Index of Basic Education Development) in public state schools of Curitiba. This research aims to analyse the relation between the teacher’s formation and the index of development/knowledge presented by their students in the large scale exam applied in Brazil, based on a qualitative approach through a comparison among some factor based on the number of schools which had participants in PDE-PR, established goals and results obtained in the IDEB of 2007 and 2009 by students of the 9th grade. The results showed that 18 of 61 schools which had participants did not reach the established goal, but 23 presented an increase in their grade, in spite of not achieving the objective. The analyses indicate the per passed routes are opposed to the effectiveness of democratic spaces in the schools. Thus, at the same they emphasize the appreciation of the teacher in the legal documents, establish the formative process as the only way to access the last level of the teaching career, emphasizing mainly work time, in the entrance exam to the program, and seeking to achieve the established goals to improve the public schools which substantiate in the IDEB‘s grade.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">67-78</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boris Aberšek</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INTERDISCIPLINARITY IN EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">artificial Intelligence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cognitive modelling in education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cognitive scientists</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching/learning process</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1422203467.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">61</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Questions about the nature of the teaching/learning process originate in ancient Greek philosophy. What is the role of language? What is the relationship between the individuals? Are we free in our choices? Important ancient philosophers, Democritus, Plato, Aristotle and Lucretius answered these questions in different ways, while Descartes, Spinoza, Hume, Kant and many others continued where they left off. Even today in the Age of Technology, contemporary researchers from the fields of philosophy, cognitive science, neurobiology, and artificial intelligence ask similar, albeit technologically informed, questions. Among these, there are also questions about the relationship between humans and machines, and implications which they carry for solving traditional problems within philosophy, i.e. the mind-body problem, mental causation problem and the problem of consciousness. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-8</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anete Mežote</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vija Dišlere</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION COMPETENCES AND THEIR ASSESSMENT CRITERIA WITHIN THE PROCESS OF EDUCATING EXTERNAL RELATIONS SPECIALISTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">assessment criteria</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">competence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Cooperation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1421876821.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">60</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">To successfully develop certain competences in students, it is necessary to define the competences, as well as to set assessment criteria to be used in the process of developing, assessing and further developing of the competences. Due to the developing nature of international cooperation among organizations, the criteria for assessing international cooperation competences must comprise and assess all components of the particular competences that are necessary in typical job situations in the present time in the field where the prospective specialists (the current students) are planning to work, as well as all components of competences that individuals should possess in accordance with the constructivist learning theory, thus fostering a learning environment where students motivate themselves and construct their knowledge accordingly. The article defines international cooperation competences of external relations specialists, as well as sets, describes and justifies their assessment criteria, taking into account the prospective job environments of these specialists along with progressive learning theories. The set assessment criteria can also be used to assess international cooperation competences of students of other study fields where foreign language or communication courses are acquired. Apart from defining international cooperation competences and their assessment criteria, the study results present the comparison of the assessment of competences by means of using the set criteria and grades in simulations and in the standard written final examination, thus justifying the need for the set criteria to assess the most important components of the mentioned competences properly on the basis of practical competence demonstration and testing.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">125-133</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Samo   Kralj</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boris Aberšek</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Irena Kralj</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INTERPLAY BETWEEN ART AND SCIENCE IN EDUCATION: “MUSIC” BASED APPROACH IN NANOSCIENCES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">liquid crystalline shells</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soft materials</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching/learning strategies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">topological defects</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1422203894.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">61</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Music can be viewed as a structure formed by notes. Different structures in music have potential to yield enormously rich diversity of different melodies. Music is a typical example where a structure defines a property. Similar concepts could be also exploited in education, in presented case in nano-sciences, which are typical representatives of soft materials the structure of which can be strongly manipulated with local geometry and presence of appropriate nanoparticles. The objects of study, named also LC shells, will be exploited as basic unit elements for future soft colloidal crystals. A different arrangement of colloids within the crystal would result in different physical properties in a similar way as different packing of atoms results in different crystals made of real atoms. In presented research will be demonstrated, how relevant basic mechanisms in thin films of nematic liquid crystals could be explained in a classroom and used as a case study, also for explanation of many other physical properties. This research topic is still in its infancy. At this stage only various defect structures in relatively simple geometries (spherical and elliptical) will be analyzed. There is a need to find simple ways to control sensitively the valence of LC shells and in particular to develop strategies to assemble them in crystal structures of desired symmetry. This would allow tailoring specific optical dispersion relations or other physical property of interest and make new ways to teach different physical properties on the »music« based approach. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">67-76</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carmen   Fernandez</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">KNOWLEDGE BASE FOR TEACHING AND PEDAGOGICAL CONTENT KNOWLEDGE (PCK): SOME USEFUL MODELS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR TEACHERS’ TRAINING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">knowledge base of teaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pedagogical content knowledge</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">professional knowledge</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teachers’ education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1421876658.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">60</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In recent years the profession of teaching has reached a maturity to the point of being considered a producer of own knowledge necessary to the practice. The teacher is no longer seen as a technician, but as an intellectual actor and the specialized literature advocates teaching as a profession, and it recognizes that the teacher has “knowledge base”, a set of skills that are developed during his teaching activity. The Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) is a concept that seeks to represent the teachers’ professional knowledge and it has been widely used in the literature about teachers' knowledge. It has proved a fruitful model for investigations aimed to document the knowledge that makes one a good teacher. Despite the relevance that the PCK is, the consensus on what is the PCK is still far from being achieved and many researches propose different models and concepts for the PCK, sometimes conflicting. Many works brings the PCK and speak of it as if it were a clear concept and do not clarify which model / conception are using, which makes investigations on the PCK difficult and ends up attracting a lot of criticism. Thus, this study aims to look critically at the various models proposed in the literature most used and point differences and similarities so that an overview can be built with more insight and analyze their use and validity. The study will also present some ways to have access to PCK and the relation between PCK and teacher education is also discussed.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79-100</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marina Miyuko Akutagawa Tacoshi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carmen   Fernandez</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">KNOWLEDGE OF ASSESSMENT: AN IMPORTANT COMPONENT IN THE PCK OF CHEMISTRY TEACHERS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chemistry teacher education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">knowledge base of teaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pedagogical content knowledge</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1423570850.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">62</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessment of learning plays a central role in the teaching-learning process, and it has been extensively investigated due to the recognized necessity of adjusting didactic models to the new curricula and social demands. The knowledge of assessment is considered one of the components of pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) by some authors and for other authors is considered one component of the knowledge base for teaching. It is also recognized the strong link between knowledge of the educational ends, goals, purposes and values and the knowledge of assessment procedures. In this work, results focused on ten chemistry teachers are presented with the main goal of assessing and describing the knowledge of assessment practices and its close relationship with the purposes and educational aims. The results of the current study are based on semi-structured interviews, schools’ educational projects, questionnaires, evaluations and teacher lesson plans. The data suggest that there exists an inconsistency in the discourse regarding general education and chemistry education. Although the discourse at all levels, including educational projects, planning and interviews, can be considered as innovative, in actual practice we observed a strong tendency toward the teacher-centered approach and summative assessment. The results show that, in general, the investigated chemistry teachers lack the intrinsic knowledge to elaborate questions that assess students´ higher-order thinking, to use assessment results to improve teaching and learning, to inform planning, and ultimately, to perform assessments for learning that regulate and promote the learning process, in line with their own beliefs regarding the objectives of chemical education. As a result, we can infer problems in other PCK components of these teachers.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">124-127</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jelena Volkinsteine</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dace Namsone</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liga Cakane</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LATVIAN CHEMISTRY TEACHERS' SKILLS TO ORGANIZE STUDENT SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chemistry teachers’ skills</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lesson observation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">scientific inquiry</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420362076.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">59</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In 2005 a new chemistry subject standard for basic education was developed in Latvia. It includes a new component, ‘scientific inquiry’. In order to develop students’ inquiry skills, their teachers need to master them first. The purpose of this study was to examine Latvian chemistry teachers' skills to effectively organize student scientific inquiry within their lessons. From 2009 to 2011, experts from the project ‘Natural Sciences and Mathematics’ observed and analyzed the performance of 18 chemistry teachers at basic schools in 31 lessons. 56 lesson observation and analysis work sheets were analized on the student scientific inquiry. Chemistry teachers with experience in modernized chemistry contents have better skills to plan the study process towards the results, to apply study methods correctly and organize collaboration among students, to provide efficient feedback, analyze their performance in the lesson and reflect on it. In order to develop teachers’ skills to organize student scientific inquiry, it is important to focus on teachers’ skills to organize their work during the lesson and to reflect on it. This can be done through organizing teachers’ learning groups for investigating their professional performance, conferences and experience exchange seminars with lesson observation and analyses. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">86-98</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Robert   Podstawski</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dariusz Choszcz</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE LEGITIMACY OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION CLASSES FOR UNIVERSITY STUDENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">motor abilities</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">physical education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">university students</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420361530.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">58</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The aim of the study was to determine the influence of the current scope of P.E. classes organized at the University of Warmia &amp; Mazury in Olsztyn (Poland) during a period of one semester on the level of 1st year students’ motor abilities. A total of 337 full-time students aged 19-20 participated in the research. In order to calculate the students’ BMI, basic anthropometric parameters such as their body mass and height were measured. The students’ motor abilities were examined at the beginning as well as at the end of the summer semester of the academic year 2009/2010. The data were subjected to statistical analysis using the Statistica PL v. 10 software package. In the majority of motor trials (eight out of eleven) the students performed significantly worse after completing the semester-long P.E. course. In the other five trials the differences were found to be insignificant. Moreover, the study revealed that the participants’ average BMI increased over the course of the experiment. Based on the above it can be concluded that the current university P.E. program seems to be ineffective as it failed to result in noticeable positive physical changes, although the possible influence of the P.E. classes on the students’ attitudes toward physical education and their future lifestyles should not be ignored. If it is to lead to the desired physical changes in university youth, the amount of time devoted to physical education at the university must be increased, the classes distributed differently and their form rethought.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">118-126</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sabine Klinger</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ines Findenig</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MAKING GENDER A SUBJECT OF DISCUSSION - A MISSION (IM) POSSIBLE IN THE 21TH CENTURY?! STUDENTS OF EDUCATIONAL STUDIES AS AN EXAMPLE WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF ACADEMIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gender</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">higher education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">university students</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1421876706.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">60</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Higher education is supposed to create open-minded graduates within social topics. General assump-tions about educational science transfer a quiet sensitive picture across in particular gender issues and the awareness of gender inequalities. In contrast to other disciplines, scientific debates about gen-der issues do have a long tradition, even if not always thematised as such. The curriculum of educa-tional science offers a wide range of so called gender-seminars, where students can spend time on gender related topics and the awareness of gender equality. Women are overrepresented among edu-cational students and regarding to a “new deal for young women” (McRobbie 2009), which may influ-ence the way young woman and men think about the importance of gender-related topics, the question about the relevance of gender and gender issues for the discipline of educational studies often remains vague. According to this following research questions arose: how do students of educational science discuss gender issues, how does a de-articulation form gender issues, and how is rhetoric equality produced among university students of educational science. The data are based on a qualitative em-pirical survey composed of four group discussions carried out with 14 university students of educa-tional studies from German speaking universities. The aim was to reconstruct and analyse both - an individual and collective - understanding or interpretations regarding gender issues. The findings of this study have revealed that the reflection of gender issues and talking about gender is somehow caught between gender equality, difference and usurpation. This takes into account the mechanisms and masking effects of neoliberal activation. Deliberations about how educational studies can handle these challenges should imply a gender-reflected understanding of learning and educational processes.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">101-113</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jabulani E. Mpungose</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thengani H. Ngwenya</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MANAGING TEACHER PERFORMANCE AND ITS APPRAISAL: DILEMMAS OF SCHOOL PRINCIPALS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mplementation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">performance measurement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">salary increase</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1423570659.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">62</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Utilizing a grounded theory approach to understand the issues surrounding teachers’ performance appraisal, the researchers investigate the principals’ understanding of the Integrated Quality Management System (IQMS) and also explore the problems and flaws in its implementation. A purposive sampling procedure was used to select six school principals from three education regions in KwaZulu-Natal for the study. The results of the data analysis indicate that the implementation of the IQMS at schools has not been smooth. There has been a lot of hostility, negativity and resistance from the teachers that were appraised. The challenges that the principals were faced with, emanated from the lack of coordination, lack of trust, lack of clarity of roles and poor training. It is recommended that trust and better understanding be built between principals and teachers through information-sharing seminars and workshops, and regular feedback from the education officials. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">74-85</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clara Mauaie</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lucy Sayuri Ito</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agnaldo Arroio</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MEDIA LITERACY AND HEALTH EDUCATION: EMPOWERING TEACHERS IN THE REPUBLIC OF MOZAMBIQUE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Africa</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">media literacy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teachers’ empowerment</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1421876772.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">60</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Currently, the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Mozambique (MISAU) is developing a Project to strengthen the technical and pedagogical skills of health teachers at the training institute (FORSA-MZ), supported by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). The aim of this project is to prepare teachers for a decentralization process. In this context, Media Literacy is recognized as an essential area to promote the critical view of citizens to be able to contribute to the assessment of a democratic society. In this society, citizens should be able to access the mass media critically and to express themselves via this media, as producers. In this context, an educational program was designed to support the teachers’ improvement of skills in using different media in the classrooms in the Republic of Mozambique. This program was developed in 15 different health training institutes by JICA and MISAU. Data were collected for the analysis of pre and post questionnaires, interviews and the materials produced during the courses (comics, photonovels, videos, for example). The results showed that the decentralization of pedagogical tool production and teachers’ empowerment were an important achievement of this educational program, and the media literacy is supporting them to develop their autonomy.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">114-124</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Raffaele Pisano</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paolo   Bussotti</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NOTES ON MECHANICS AND MATHEMATICS IN TORRICELLI AS PHYSICS MATHEMATICS RELATIONSHIPS IN THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Archimedes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">history of science</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scientia de Ponderibus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Torricelli</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1422204022.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">61</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In ancient Greece, the term “mechanics” was used when referring to machines and devices in general and intended to mean the study of simple machines (winch, lever, pulley, wedge, screw and inclined plane) with reference to motive powers and displacements of bodies. Historically, works considering these arguments were referred to as Mechanics (from Aristotle, Heron, Pappus to Galileo). None of the treatises entitled Mechanics avoided theoretical considerations on its object, particularly on the lever law. Moreover, there were treatises which exhausted their role in proving this law; important among them are the book on the balance by Euclid and On the Equilibrium of Planes by Archimedes. The Greek conception of mechanics is revived in the Renaissance, with a synthesis of Archimedean and Aristotelian routes. This is best represented by Mechanicorum liber by Guidobaldo dal Monte who reconsiders Mechanics by Pappus Alexandrinus, maintaining that the original purpose was to reduce simple machines to the lever. During the Renaissance, mechanics was a theoretical science and it was mathematical, although its object had a physical nature and had social utility. Texts in the Latin and Arabic Middle Ages diverted from the Greek and Renaissance texts mainly because they divide mechanics into two parts. In particular, al-Farabi (ca. 870-950) differentiates between mechanics in the science of weights and that in the science of devices. The science of weights refers to the movement and equilibrium of weights suspended from a balance and aims to formulate principles. The science of devices refers to applications of mathematics to practical use and to machine construction. In the Latin world, a process similar to that registered in the Arabic world occurred. Even here a science of movement of weights was constituted, namely Scientia de ponderibus. Besides this there was a branch of learning called mechanics, sometimes considered an activity of craftsmen, other times of engineers (Scientia de ingeniis). In the Latin Middle Ages various treatises on the Scientia de ponderibus circulated. Some were Latin translations from Greek or Arabic, a few were written directly in Latin. Among them, the most important are the treatises attributed to Jordanus De Nemore, Elementa Jordani super demonstratione ponderum (version E), Liber Jordani de ponderibus (cum commento) (version P), Liber Jordani de Nemore de ratione ponderis (version R). They were the object of comments up to the 16th century. The distribution of the original manuscript is not well known; what is certain is that Liber Jordani de Nemore de ratione ponderis (version R), finished in Tartaglia’s (1499-1557) hands, was published posthumously in 1565 by Curtio Troiano as Iordani Opvsculum de Ponderositate. In order to show a mechanical tradition dating back to Archimedes’ science, at least till the 40s of the 17th century, we present Archimede's influence on Torricelli’s mechanics upon the centre of gravity (Opera geometrica). </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">88-97</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maya Bitsadze</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marine   Japaridze</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PERSONAL AND SOCIAL ASPECTS OF TEACHER BURNOUT IN GEORGIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">locus of control</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school climate</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher burnout</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420361738.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">59</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The study aimed to identify personal and social factors having impact on teacher burnout in Georgia. The survey was conducted on 373 Georgian school teachers. Teacher burnout phenomena was studied in connection with psychological factor such as locus of control and social factors - school climate dimensions: Principals' attitude to teachers, teachers' attitude to colleagues and to students. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used for the research. The highest teacher burnout was identified on Emotional Exhaustion subscale of burnout. Correlatios were confirmed between burnout and locus of control, school climate variables and burnout, teacher burnout and number of students. The research findings are important as teacher burnout identification and its prevention is closely connected to teacher well-being and health ultimately having impact on teaching quality.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7-14</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Selma Dundar-Coecke</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RAMIFICATIONS OF QUANTUM PHYSICS FOR EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational sciences</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">philosophical impacts</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quantum theory</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420361290.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">58</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The purpose of this study is to understand whether the developments in physics, particularly in quantum theory, can have an impact on education. Throughout the research a mixed method strategy was used. Previously, we obtained qualitative data from a focus group which consisted of six physicists working at CERN. From this qualitative data a research question emerged, on which we report here. The data were obtained by survey and subjected to chi-square analysis, as well as frequency distributions. Based on the obtained results, the possible impact of developments in quantum theory on education are discussed, hereby aiming to contribute to the philosophy of science in an educational framework. Consequently, this discussion produces three rich topics for future investigation.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">53-66</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sabina Kołodziej</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE RELATION BETWEEN FINANCIAL KNOWLEDGE AND ECONOMIC DECISIONS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">financial education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">financial knowledge</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">young people</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420361939.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">59</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nowadays policymakers, government agencies and educators in Poland and in many European countries emphasize the role of individual possibilities to take independent decisions regarding one’s financial resources. Consequently, the increased interest in financial education programs is observed. Moreover, the complexity of financial products further demonstrates the need for a financial knowledge when making decisions in this sphere. However, simultaneously, the common observation of numerous examples of irrelevant decision-making, consequently leading to financial (e.g. abundant debt) or professional (e.g. loss of work) problems as well as results of studies on the level of financial knowledge show that in many cases our society, most probably, does not have the indispensable level of analyzed knowledge. The article presents results of 2 studies on the relation between financial knowledge and economic decisions made by Polish young adults. The study 1 focuses on the correlation between financial knowledge and saving decisions while the study 2 financial knowledge and respondents debts. In both studies the level of financial knowledge was measured by the test relating to the current economic situation of Poland, knowledge of basic economic and financial concepts and understanding of basic market mechanisms. Specially designed questionnaires analyzed respondents’ savings (study 1) and debts (study 2) decisions. The results of those studies show that examined a group of Polish young adults has an average level of financial knowledge. Moreover, the first study found positive correlation (on the level of statistical trend) between financial knowledge and savings decisions. The results of study 2 showed the higher financial knowledge among people who took credits or loans from bank in comparison with people who take credit and loans outside the banking system. Results obtained in the studies reinforce the idea of the important role of financial education in preparing young people to make their own economic decisions.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">59-67</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aļesja Šapkova</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE TRADITIONAL BELIEFS AND PRACTICE OF MATHEMATICS TEACHERS AND THEIR STUDENTS’ ACHIEVEMENTS IN DOING MATHEMATICS TASKS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reported practice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teachers’ espoused beliefs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching of mathematics</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420361570.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">58</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The importance of teachers’ beliefs for students’ learning is highlighted from different sources showing that teachers’ beliefs affect their teaching approach that, in turn, affects students’ achievement. The studies of mathematics teachers’ beliefs in Latvia brought out a contradiction between teachers’ constructivist beliefs on teaching and learning and their traditional routine work while revealing match between some traditional beliefs on teaching and learning and traditionally-oriented instructional practice. The aim of the present study is to explore the possible relationships between the traditional beliefs and practice of mathematics teachers and their students’ achievement in mathematics. For this purpose the Latvian data from two international research projects was analyzed: Singapore National Education Institute project “Non-cognitive skills and Singapore learners – international comparison” and project “Nordic-Baltic comparative research in mathematics education” (NorBa). The sample included 190 mathematics teachers and their 2828 students from grade 9 representing different regions of Latvia, schools with different programs of education, rural areas and cities. The results suggest that the traditional beliefs of teachers are connected with lower students’ achievement in mathematics test, while teachers’ traditionally oriented self-reported practice is positively related to the achievement of their students. The research will discuss the reasons for the outcomes of this study that may refer to a certain extent to other European countries in the sphere of mathematics education that are currently trying to introduce reforms in their systems of education, as well as countries where students demonstrated lower achievements than OECD average in the mathematics test of PISA 2009.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">127-143</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monica Baptista</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RESEARCHING PRACTICE AND COLLABORATION AS A MEANS TO PROMOTE INQUIRY IN SCIENCE TEACHING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">changing society</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science teaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">scientific activity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">scientific literacy</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420361699.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">59</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We live in a very complex and ever changing society, which requires from its citizens a continuous involvement in decision-making and continuous learning. The issues that were exclusive experts’ responsibility today are brought to public, thus requiring the society active participation. Hence it is crucial that each citizen is informed, in order to be critical and adopt an intervening and sustained stance. Therefore, improving scientific literacy is a current concern of our times, considering the overall contradictory scenario. On the whole, it is recognized that fully participating in today’s society requires an understanding of science and scientific activity. Nevertheless, several studies show that scientific literacy levels, within the general population and among students, are not as high as would be expectable. So, to improve students’ scientific literacy levels is the main goal of science education research. But what learning situations can be created to improve students’ scientific literacy? Recently, a number of studies pointed out inquiry as one possible learning situation. But then the main question is: why inquiry? Inquiry emphasizes the development of scientific and procedural knowledge, as well as other relevant competencies (e. g. reasoning, communication and attitudes) and puts students in the centre of their learning. It engages students in different situations, namely in identifying problems, formulating hypotheses, researching in books and other sources of information, planning investigations, collecting and interpreting data, reviewing what they know about the experience, connecting explanations to scientific knowledge, reporting results, arguing with basis on evidences, and communicating (NRC, 2000) – all crucial competencies to foster scientific literacy. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-6</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adela Bradea</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Karla Peter</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE ROLE OF OPTIONAL DISCIPLINES IN DEVELOPING TRANSFERABLE COMPETENCES: A CASE OF ROMANIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning results</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">optional disciplines</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">transferable competences</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1423570400.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">62</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In Romania, the curriculum is traditionally strongly based on disciplines, the teachers being primarily specialised in one discipline only. Developing transferable competences requires new ways of teaching and learning, which transcend the traditional boundaries among disciplines. As they are being developed, these competences become important factors in the process of learning competences specific to certain disciplines, while also help the individual to adapt to the dynamics of a complex reality. Thus, given the importance of transferable competences, along with the reform of the curriculum, in the Romanian educational system optional disciplines were also included. The aim of this study was to analyse that, although there is a legislative framework, the development of activities that include multiple learning objectives or results that cross the traditional boundaries among disciplines, is still poor. The strategy used for the study was a complex one. It combined both quantitative research methods and qualitative ones: literature review (framework documents on educational policies), a statistic analysis, a questionnaire-based survey. The results have demonstrated the need for change in school organization and culture, so that the transferable competences acquired become indeed competences for life.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21-28</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sabina Kołodziej</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Katarzyna Lato</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magdalena Szymańska</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE ROLE OF PARENTAL INFLUENCES ON THE ECONOMIC SOCIALIZATION OF CHILDREN</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">economic education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">economic knowledge</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pocket money</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420361444.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">58</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knowledge and understanding of basic economic concepts is crucial for the future orientation of children in a world of economy and influences taken in this sphere behaviors. Therefore, the aim of formal and informal economic education is to prepare young people to make independent and smart decisions regarding his or her financial resources. Nowadays, children earlier and earlier begin activity on the market, thus the economic knowledge role increases. Article presents two studies analyzing the relation between parents behaviors and children economic knowledge, understanding of market mechanisms and their decisions regarding money. Study 1 focused on parents informal education activities in the sphere of economics. The research covered a group of 100 respondents (50 pairs – parent and a child) and used questionnaires (separately for children and parents) on parents activity in the sphere of economic socialization. As a second part of the study children solved the Basic Economic Test (Walstad &amp; Robson, 1990) designed to measure the level of economic knowledge among school-aged children. The study 2 analyzed the relations between parents activity connected with economic socialization and children economic knowledge as well as behaviors related to saving, borrowing, lending and repayment of one’s debt. In this study a group of 52 children took part and filled in a questionnaire on their economic knowledge and behaviors as well as their parents activities concerning economic socialization. Study 1 showed a positive correlation between parents informal education activity in the field of economics and the economic knowledge level of children. Study 2 showed higher levels of economic knowledge and more frequent attempts to earn money among children who receive pocket money. Results of both studies showed that the level of economic knowledge among children whose parents give them pocket money, explain economic issues and talk with children about planning household budget is significantly higher that among children who are not animated by parents. Moreover, parents activity in this field plays a vital role in shaping children’s first economic activities. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">99-107</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mati   Heidmets</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kadi Liik</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SCHOOL PRINCIPALS’ LEADERSHIP STYLE AND TEACHERS’ SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING AT SCHOOL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">burnout</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Job insecurity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Organizational identification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Turnover Intentions</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1423570521.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">62</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">There is a widely recognized concern over the poor reputation of the teaching profession and lack of attractiveness of the school as a workplace. The aim of this study is to ascertain to what extent the leadership style of the school principal is related to the set of variables describing different aspects of teachers’ wellbeing at the school - teachers’ burnout, job insecurity, teachers’ emotional and cognitive identification with the school and turnover intentions. 305 teachers working in 12 public schools in Estonia were surveyed. Results indicate that the more transformational leadership style prevails over transactional leadership style, the stronger affective and cognitive identification with their school teachers perceive, while the level of teachers’ job insecurity and burnout is lower and they consider the likelihood of leaving their school smaller. Thus, the school principals’ leadership style can be considered as a factor shaping the teachers’ wellbeing at school as well as their emotional attachment to the school as a workplace. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40-50</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SCIENCE AND MATH TEACHERS’ COLLABORATION: HOW TO DEVELOP IT SEEKING PUPIL’S SUCCESS AT SCHOOL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education practice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">good educational experience</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science and math teachers’ collaboration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science and technology education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1423570289.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">62</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The importance of science and technology is obviously increasing. Such spheres as biotechnology, environmental security, biochemistry, synthetic biology, neurobiology and other have been strongly affected and even changed by science and technology progress. And that affect is growing. It is paradoxical, but over the last decade a decreased youth interest in science and technologies has been observed in many world countries. Speaking about science and math teachers’ collaboration, several important questions arise: • How to develop teachers’ collaboration seeking pupil’s success at school? • How to plan and project collaboration process? • How to successfully collaborate seeking the pupils’ progress? • How to organise collaborative nets seeking teachers’ work and pupils’ educational success? • How to rally collaborating teachers? Science and math teachers’ collaboration in the educational process would strengthen not only professional teachers’ competence, but would develop collaboration abilities, which are very important seeking much more qualitative pupils’ science and technology education. It would be worth promoting more exhaustive educational research studies on this question and on the basis of them to prepare practical recommendations.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-7</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Claudia Beatriz Falicoff</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jose Manuel Domínguez Castiñeiras</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hector Santiago Odetti</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SCIENCE COMPETENCY OF ARGENTINIAN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN THE FIRST YEAR OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY COURSES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">higher education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science competency</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">scientific knowledge</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1423570474.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">62</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The aim of this study is to assess the science competency of university students enrolling in the School of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences (first year of the courses of Biochemistry and Biotechnology at the Universidad Nacional del Litoral de Santa Fe, Argentina) and examine the effects of these courses on their competencies of Chemistry proficiency. The concept of science competency has been drawn from the 2006 Program for International Student Assessment (PISA). To collect the information, two ad hoc questionnaires were drafted with questions addressing three science sub-competencies: identifying scientific issues (ISI), explaining phenomena scientifically (EPS) and using scientific evidence (USE). The first questionnaire was designed with the aim to inquire into the initial sub-competencies of the first-year students (n= 84). The second one (n= 50) was designed to explore the influence of the courses on their developments of such sub-competencies. The results indicate that first-year students started with a low performance level for all the sub-competencies assessed but the first-year of education influenced to develop the sub-competencies identifying scientific issues and explaining phenomena scientifically. Performance levels on using scientific evidence decreased. Therefore, the findings suggested that the courses in the first year need to help students or boost this sub-competency to be able to draw conclusions based on evidence about science-related issues. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29-39</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paolo   Bussotti</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION OF THE 17TH CENTURY. THE ASPECTS CONNECTED TO PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY: AN EDUCATIONAL ITINERARY IN SEVEN LESSONS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science and society</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">scientific revolution</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social modifications</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420361114.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">58</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In the period 2012-2013 I got the qualification (abilitazione) to teach history and philosophy in the Italian high schools. The course I followed was called TFA (Tirocinio Formativo Attivo, Active Formative Training). The final examination was constituted by various proofs. Two of them were the written presentations of one educational itinerary in history and one in philosophy. Both of them had to be structured in a series of interconnected lessons. In this editorial I will expose, with some minor modifications, the translation of the educational itinerary I prepared for philosophy. It concerns the scientific revolution of the 17th century. The interest of this itinerary is not limited to the schools in which philosophy is taught, but it can also provide ideas useful in a course of physics at the high school or of history and philosophy of science at the university. What follows is divided into two parts: 1) a general presentation of the aims and methods followed in the lessons; 2) the lessons of the educational itinerary. In my training in philosophy – developed in September and October 2013 in an Italian scientific high school – I presented the following lessons concerning the scientific revolution.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-12</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Viive-Riina Ruus</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inge Timoštšuk</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SEARCHING FOR CONSTANT INNOVATION IN TEACHER EDUCATION CURRICULA: THE CASE OF ESTONIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">adaptive competence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">curriculum design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estonian education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">practice in teacher education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1423570751.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">62</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The study addresses the tensions between the aims and objectives of global, national and local curricula and suggests solutions for mitigating these conflicts using the experience of Estonia as an example. In spite of the success of recent reforms and the good results of students in international comparisons, there are serious deficiencies: an Estonian teacher’s readiness to use professional freedom is modest, personal efficiency, job satisfaction, and students’ motivation to learn is low: there are few outstanding performers. The aim of the study is to propose and analyse a teacher education curriculum innovation model for overcoming the problem. Adaptive model for curriculum design is presented where the predominant outcome-oriented approach was replaced and focus on teaching and learning processes was highlighted, the logic of design in curriculum development was implemented. A model for the practice component of teacher education, based on Wenger`s situated learning model and Engeström’s expansive learning model, is in the focus. It is found that implementing this approach could encourage a development of standards and transform the attitudes of both students and teachers towards increased creativity and professional development. The implementation of the described curriculum innovation model enhances new type of learning and can generate new modules in teacher education curricula. 
  
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">97-108</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Emine Erdem</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sinem  Dinçol  Özgür</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zeki Bayram</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Özge Özyalçın Oskay</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Şenol Şen</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SELF-REGULATED LEARNING IN CONSTRUCTIVIST APPROACH BASED SCIENCE LABORATORY PRACTICES AND OPINIONS ON CONSTRUCTIVIST APPROACH</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chemistry laboratory applications</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">constructivist approach</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">self-regulated learning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420361821.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">59</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">With this study, it was aimed to determine the effect of constructivist chemistry laboratory on science and technology pre-service teachers’ opinions about constructivist approach and their self-regulated learning skills.The relationship between pre-service teachers’ opinions about constructivist approach and their self-regulated learning skills was investigated. The one group pre-test-post-test design was used in the study. The sample of the study was 58 pre-service teachers from Hacettepe University, Department of Science Education, who were attending chemistry experiments at Science Teaching Laboratory Applications II Course. Self-regulated Learning Skills Scale developed by Turan and Demirel (2010) and Opinion Scale of Constructivist Approach for Science Teachers developed by Balım, Kesercioğlu, Evrekli ve İnel (2009) were used as data collection tools. At the end of the study, it was determined that constructivist chemistry laboratory applications caused a positive increase in pre-service teachers’ self-regulated learning skills and opinions about constructivist approach. Also, there was a positive relationship between pre-service teachers’ self-regulated learning skills and opinions about constructivist approach that was observed. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25-33</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cheng, C.-C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SITUATED LEARNING AND PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT: A CASE STUDY OF APPLYING COGNITIVE APPRENTICESHIP AND COMMUNITY OF PRACTICES IN A KINDERGARTEN</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cognitive apprenticeship</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">community of practices</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">kindergarten teacher</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher training</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420361779.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">59</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The purpose of this study is to implement and evaluate a teacher training program based on the framework of situated learning. Adapting from the situated learning approaches, the author implemented two in-service teacher training programs based on cognitive apprenticeship and community of practices respectively. Each training program was adopted in a different campus of a private kindergarten. During the six-month training, researcher conducted a qualitative research to evaluate the effectiveness of the training program. To investigate how teachers improved their professional skills in constructive instruction, the researcher invited four supervisors and 10 kindergarten teachers to participate in the training program. The qualitative data included classroom observation, focus group, interviews, and teachers’ reflection notes. The results suggest that both programs may aid learning of engaging in constructivist instruction by providing external supports such as model instruction plans, mentoring, cooperating to solve problems. Nevertheless, the relationship or power hierarchy between mentors and learners is important in cultivating mentees’ capabilities. Practices sharing in community of practices approach, rather than supervisors’ expertise and diagnosis, will help the mentees to enhance their capabilities of solving problems. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15-24</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berit Willén Lundgren</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peter  Karlsudd</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SPECIAL NEEDS EDUCATION PERSPECTIVES IN THE PRACTICE OF LEISURE-TIME CENTRES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">leisure-time centres</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">leisure-time pedagogue students</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">normative method</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1423570565.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">62</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study carried out at Linnaeus University in the spring of 2012 where students in a special needs education module problematised the teacher’s mission with the focus on being able to face differences among children in a pedagogical activity. The aim of the study was to make visible how the teaching and learning of values and attitudes can be promoted in educational practice, as well as to examine student views on including values for leisure-time centre work as stated in the target documents. In the study the students were required to observe activities primarily from the perspective of special needs education concepts referred to as categorical and relational. The results of the observations point to a number of concrete professional pedagogical actions that can be linked to a relational special pedagogy approach.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">51-61</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lovšin Kozina, F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nina Ponikvar</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STUDENTS’ CONFIDENCE IN THEIR FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ABILITIES: THE ROLE OF SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS AND EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">confidence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">financial literacy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">money management</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420361486.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">58</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of gender, age, parent’s education, scholarship and students’ education on students’ confidence in their financial management capability and knowledge. In the research, 259 students participated from two different faculties – the Faculty of Education and the Faculty of Economics. This investigation has revealed that the likelihood of students’ confidence in their financial management capability and knowledge is significantly smaller for students who do not specialize in economics or business studies, and for female students. The likelihood of confidence in their financial management capability and knowledge also statistically significantly increases with the father’s educational level, but, interestingly, not with the mother’s. The results also showed, although it is not statistically significant, that students on scholarships on average express a higher confidence in their financial management capability and knowledge. Therefore, the adequacy of the current educational policy (formal and non-formal education) should be considered. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">108-117</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peter  Karlsudd</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TABLETS AS LEARNING SUPPORT IN SPECIAL SCHOOLS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cognitive disabilities</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">special schools</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tablets</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420361899.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">59</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Within special education research, ICT has occupied a relatively small space, especially when it comes to implementation and pupils’ learning effects. Few studies emphasize how ICT can promote a learning environment for pupils with cognitive disadvantages. The studies conducted in Sweden are about children and young people with physical rather than cognitive disabilities. Against this background and with the view to find new ways of learning for special school pupils the present research started. The overall aim was to increase pupil participation and promote learning in special schools by means of tablets. The research project involved researchers, teachers and student assistants in research circles, a method that can in many respects be compared with action research. Three special schools, two middle schools and one high school participated in the research project in which teachers and pupils were given Tablets. The data were using four different methods: Interview, Observation, Questionnaire and Essays. The data were tested against Professor Englund’s theory of Educational Philosophies. The theory has been a valuable tool for measuring and discussing how the discourse of change has occurred. The results show improved skills and a clear declaration of intent of staff to work in a reconstructive direction. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">49-58</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diana Carmela Di Gennaro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Erika Marie Pace</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Iolanda Zollo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paola  Aiello</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TEACHER CAPACITY BUILDING THROUGH CRITICAL REFLECTIVE PRACTICE FOR THE PROMOTION OF INCLUSIVE EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">critical reflective practice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">inclusive education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher training</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1421876550.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">60</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In a time where inclusive education has become the underpinning framework of reference for educational policies globally, effective strategies for a smooth and sustainable transformation of educational systems need to be identified. Recent literature on teachers’ attitudes has suggested that the adoption of inclusive policies, although necessary, is not sufficient for its implementation. Particularly, it has highlighted that the successful creation of inclusive environments requires critical reflection on the beliefs and values underpinning the attitudes towards the practical implementation and long-term sustainability of inclusive education. The research presented in this article outlines the historic evolution of the principles characterising inclusive education in Italy and Europe. It then delineates the competencies required for teacher capacity building in inclusive contexts and provides an overview of the founding principles supporting critical reflective practice. In conclusion, it proposes a guided strengths-oriented process aimed at enhancing critical reflection during initial and in-service teacher education courses in order to give teachers the opportunity to reflect on the beliefs and values shaping their practice, as well as explore new routes to bring about improvement and build strategic alliances to be able to handle the complex nature characterising current school contexts. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">54-66</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sirpa Kärkkäinen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Katri Hämeen-Anttila</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kirsti Vainio</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tuula Keinonen</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TEACHER EDUCATION AS A PROMOTER OF HEALTH: TEACHER STUDENTS’ PERCEPTIONS ABOUT MEDICINE EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">health education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">medicine education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420361404.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">58</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Being a part of health education from primary school to the university level, medicine education is a fairly new opening in the field of education. The purpose of this study was to clarify Finnish primary school teacher students’ (N=21) perceptions about medicine education. Data was collected in several ways: a questionnaire, shared blog writings and group discussions. Teacher students’ perceptions about the content of medicine education were quite limited. Although they were well aware of the importance of the proper use of medicines, they also highlighted the discussion of misuse, which is not in accordance with the aims and methods of medicine education. Teacher students only mentioned a few methods on how to teach the proper use of medicines, having themselves had few experiences of medicine education from their own time at school. In teacher education, medicine education could be developed using teaching methods that particularly concentrate on the critical search for information, also emphasizing the importance of modeling, and co-operation with parents and health experts. This study increases and broadens researchers’ and teacher educators’ knowledge about the challenges of medicine education both in teacher education and in schools.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82-98</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tanja Äärelä</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Satu   Uusiautti</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaarina   Määttä</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">“THE TEACHER SHOULD NOT JUST BOSS AROUND ALL THE TIME”. GOOD TEACHERHOOD IN THE LIGHT OF YOUNG PRISONERS’ EXPERIENCES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">exclusion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacherhood</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">young prisoners</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1421876400.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">60</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The purpose of this study is to analyze the essence of good teacherhood through young prisoners’ school experiences and memories in order to find means to prevent antisocial and exclusion-oriented development in youths. The assumption is that young prisoners’ teacher descriptions include also positive memories. How do they describe teachers who have supported them or could support children’s school going? How do the research participants perceive themselves in relation to teachers and teachers’ actions? The data consisted of young prisoners’ narratives regarding their school time. Twenty-nine young prisoners, aged 17-21, from two prisons in northern Finland participated in the study. This study employed the narrative research approach. The data were obtained through free-form interviews that resembled the narrative interview method. The qualitative content analysis and the narrative analyzing models were employed when analyzing the narrative data. According to the young prisoners’ perceptions, good teachers shared certain features and skills that could be categorized into three: interaction skills, pedagogical and didactic skills, and subject knowledge. The study contributed unique information about the positive actions and features of teacherhood that can support the school work also among the children in danger of exclusion.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10-22</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bisera Jevtić</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TEACHERS’ PEDAGOGICAL ACTIONS AFFECTING THE MORAL DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALITY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">moral education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">moral judgement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pedagogical action</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420361333.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">58</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The methodology of pedagogical actions within the process of moral education of personality is a part of basic, theoretical and empirical researches in pedagogy. When it is referred to moral training, it is primarily referred to the moral aspect of pedagogical actions affecting the development of personality - the formation of moral awareness as a characteristic of a certain individual’s values. Moral education of personality refers to the moral behaviour and action, the formation of attitudes and the development of moral reasonable interests, the introduction to the moral norms and demands, as well as the process of development of a personality’s moral traits. Moral capacity is expressed through the evaluation of moral acts and through moral action while being in accordance with intellectual capability and developmental logic. The educational role of school can be discussed in general or in a more specific way, depending on the extent up to which the school can contribute to the process of moralisation of individuals and the accomplishment of tasks of moral education. Primary and secondary schools in Serbia do not have moral education as a separate subject, but the curriculum sets certain specific tasks which should be accomplished through classes and all extracurricular activities. In accordance with that, this paper focuses on the problematisation of analysing the role of a teacher in moral education and personality development, as well as the analysis of the attitudes of teachers about the necessity of a separate subject or, at least, a “hidden curriculum” in schools which would refer to moral education. The factorisation of measurement variables shows that the awareness of teachers about techniques and methods of moral education and learning should be heightened, which provides a good direction towards a new research. The obtained results have helped us clarify the general problematisation of moral education, and it is believed that they will contribute to overcoming and advancing the existing situation of the school system in Serbia.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">67-81</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Uroš Jagodič</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jacob Staines</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Samo   Kralj</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Robert Repnik</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TEACHING COMPLEX FIELDS OF SOFT MATER, PROPOSAL OF A NEW LIQUID CRYSTAL ANALOGY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">City structure</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">liquid crystal analogy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soft mater education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1422203738.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">61</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The key reason behind the richness of different structures and patterns displayed in nature is the universal mechanism of symmetry breaking. It shapes configurations at all length scales encountered in universe. Structures reached via symmetry breaking transitions are commonly described in terms of order parameter fields. One of the simplest systems where symmetry breaking concepts have already been explored in detail, are various liquid crystal (LC) phases. The reason behind this is rich variety of structures exhibited by LCs and their convenient experimental accessibility. Consequently, a wide spectrum of different theoretical tools have been developed in LCs. In this contribution the orientational ordering of housing block in San Francisco, which we choose as a typical large-city representative, was studied. Following nematic LC analogy we determine the local degree of ordering. The structural pattern of the city displays a domain-type pattern. The average degree of ordering within a domain strongly correlates with crime rate within it. Therefore, the results confirm an intuitive expectation that structures define properties. This model can be used as a helpful tool in education as it provides a way of understanding complex topics with the help of well-known every day phenomena. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37-45</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bojan Borstner</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Smiljana Gartner</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TEACHING ETHICS AND CRITICAL THINKING IN CONTEMPORARY SCHOOLS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">critical thinking</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">decision-making</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching ethics</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1422203556.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">61</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Basic ethical questions, dilemmas and especially decisions do not only affect the life of an individual but can also affect lives of others. In some professional ethics, where decisions about a person’s life or death are made, decisions can even be irreversible. In this contribution three ways of deciding by highlighting critical, and reflective decision-making or systematic thought process as the most effective method in ethics have been pointed out. Therefore, taking ethics as a critically reflective morality highlights the fact that we can talk about ethical exploration, so ethics is a process of thinking, not a set of established answers that need only to be passively accepted. It could be concluded that the study of, and practice in, evaluating arguments and evidence (moral decision making) via critical thinking as well as using other important skills (raising questions according to Blooms taxonomy and doing a lot of case studies) is the best way to achieve the most fundamental goal in teaching an ethical course – becoming a better person. And is therefore something that should be in every curriculum.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9-17</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Valentin Cosmin  Blândul</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TOWARDS A POSSIBLE GOOD-PRACTICE MODEL IN NON-FORMAL EDUCATION: A CASE OF ROMANIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">extracurricular activities</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">non-formal education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school results</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1421876503.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">60</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">By its nature, education has 3 forms that are in a strong interdependence: formal, non-formal and informal. Non-formal education can be defined as a form of education implemented by schools in partnership with different educational institutions, using extracurricular activities, to help students deepen knowledge acquired in schools. A good example of this definition is the program “To know more, to be better!” implemented by the Romanian Ministry of Education since 2012. The main aim of this research was to analyze the impact of the above mentioned program upon students and teachers from Bihor County, Romania. The instrument used was a questionnaire with 18 questions. The sample consisted of 125 teachers from pre-primary, primary, secondary and high schools from Bihor County, Romania. The study was conducted in April 2014. The results of the research show that the majority of respondents have been pleased with this program, which has been popular among students as well. The latter ones were helped to better understand the theoretical knowledge they acquired during classes. The most frequent extracurricular activities of the program included visits, trips, workshops etc.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">46-53</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sotiria Tzivinikou</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">UNIVERSAL DESIGN FOR LEARNING - APPLICATION IN HIGHER EDUCATION: A GREEK PARADIGM</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">higher education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning disabilities</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">universal design for learning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1421876950.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">60</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Universal Design supported by literature as an appropriate and effective procedure can help all students including the learning disabled ones to improve their accessibility to written materials (Evans et al., 2010; Rose &amp; Meyer, 2002). The present study reports a UDL application in higher education. More specifically, it aimed to investigate if the revision of the study guide of a Pedagogical Department according to the UDL principles helped the students to improve their access to crucial information regarding their studies. A quantitative method based on pre and post evaluation of the UDL revision of the study guide was employed. The results showed that this revision was regarded by the students as helpful and efficient as they could be well-informed about their studies and ready for making decisions related to their future careers. These findings could have an important impact on higher education course design, instruction and the produced academic written stuff, and finally, the university could become more accessible for all students.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">156-166</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Katri-Liis  Vainio</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rea   Raus</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">USING SELECTED PERSONALITY VARIABLES IN A LEARNING PROCESS FOR HOLISTIC EDUCATION: A CASE OF A VOICE TRAINING COURSE PARTICIPANTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">adult learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecological paradigm</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learner individualities</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Voice Training</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1421877025.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">60</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This article aims to find ways to support a learner in a holistic manner, applying Myers-Briggs Typology Indicator (MBTI) as a methodological tool to facilitate learning process by considering learner individualities. Suggestions how to use MBTI in short-term courses of adult training, concentrating on feedback, performance, communication needs are made, based on the results of a study conducted among participants of the voice training. As the MBTI results can be understood and grouped in several ways, this study also compared the results with 3 different versions: Hanson &amp; Silver (1995), Schroeder (1993) and Keirsey &amp; Bates (1978, 1998) findings. Results were found matching most to the findings of Hanson &amp; Silver (1995). This study reveals the typology of learners as Introverts and Extroverts, Analytical Thinkers, Social-Reflective Feelers and Holistic Visionaries. Although the research gives only preliminary conclusions, it gives certain recommendations how to approach different learners during the learning process.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">167-184</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michelle Soares</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laêda Machado</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">VIOLENCE AGAINST TEACHERS: SPEECHES FROM BRAZILIAN’S DIGITAL MEDIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">digital media</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social representation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">violence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420361618.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">58</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This research aimed to understand the treatment given by digital media for violence against teachers. It was observed how violence manifests itself, where it comes from, how it happens and the reasons for its occurrence, from news that addressed the violence suffered by teachers. The theoretical referential that guided the work was the Social Representation Theory proposed by Moscovici (1978). This research examined 96 articles, published in mainstream news sites in Brazil, whose main content were cases of violence against teachers. For these analyses, the content analysis from Bardin (2009) was used. The results showed that the discourse that circulates in digital media on violence against teachers refers to any form of physical or moral violence performed by students or their parents in the school environment, causing physical and moral damages to teacher’s integrity. The violent acts are triggered by situations that alter the dynamics of the classroom, such as assigning low marks or making complaints. It’s emphasized that this characterization is important to the development of possible actions for combating violence against teachers</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">144-151</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Y.Gürcan   Ültanır</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ADEQUACY OF READING COMPREHENSION OF TURKISH LANGUAGE TEACHERS AND ELEMENTARY SCHOOL TEACHERS WORKING IN GAZIANTEP IN THE SOUTHEAST ANATOLIAN REGION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">efficiency of recognizing words</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fluent reading</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reading habits</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420054465.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">54</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Through the university entrance exam taken once a year in Turkey, language, mathematics, science and social studies proficiencies of high school students and graduates are tested. The results of this exam demonstrate the individual achievement of students and in light of these results, the achievement of each school, which in terms of the curriculum evaluation. Based on the outcomes of university entrance exam, the achievement level of each region can also be evaluated. According to the 2012 university entrance exam results out of 81 cities in Turkey. Gaziantep was among the least successful, ranked number 76 in mathematics and Turkish Language test results. The city of Gaziantep is located in the Southeast Anatolia region. The latest PISA 2009 results show that among the OECD countries, Turkey is the last but third in the list after Chile and Mexico. Again, according to 2009 PISA results, the Southeast Anatolian region is at the bottom among the other regions of Turkey in terms of reading competencies. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the reading habits of the Turkish Language teachers working in elementary and secondary schools in Gaziantep because these teachers have great influence on the development of reading proficiency of students. To collect the data, a questionnaire based on the components of reading comprehension was given to 407 teachers working in elementary and secondary schools. The collected data were interpreted through percentages and Chi-Square. The result of the study shows that reading habits of teachers differ in accordance with the socio economic level and education level of teachers’ parents, socio economic level of parental education and socio economic level of the family, time devoted to reading-and level interpreting what is read.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">112-124</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mare  Müürsepp</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AGE-APPROPRIATENESS OF THE SCIENTIFIC VOCABULARY FOR BEGINNING READERS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">beginning reading</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reading material</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vocabulary</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">zone of proximal development</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420056782.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">57</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The study concerning an experimental learning material was carried out in the primary school. A specific feature of the innovative material is topic based on notions related to physics. Seven years old pupils' pre-knowledge of scientific notions have been analysed in the current study. A sample of the vocabulary suggested by the physicists was tested with different groups of respondents: pupils of the first grade, pupils additionally involved in extracurricular activities in the club &quot;Friend of Science&quot; and the students of a teacher training department. The notions selected by the physicists denote the phenomena of energy, space science, atomic and digital study area that up till now were not included in the actual primary school curriculum. As a result of this study, the fact has to be reported that the pupils – not having had any previous lessons on these themes – have given 72% right answers altogether, but the pupils involved in the special club, know nearly all presented notions. There are conclusions drawn from the current study for compiling of texts for beginning reader and for introducing the scientific themes in primary school lessons. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78-89</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Valentin Cosmin  Blândul</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ANALYZING THE NEED FOR USING DIDACTIC STRATEGIES SPECIFIC TO NON-FORMAL EDUCATION IN THE CONTINUED PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF TEACHERS – A CASE STUDY FROM BIHOR COUNTY, ROMANIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continued professional training</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">didactic strategies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">non-formal education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420055404.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">56</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Non-formal education (NFE) is one of the most important forms of the education process and refers to those activities that professional training institutions offer to their students besides the mandatory instructive-educational programmes. The importance of NFE resides in the fact that it strengthens the theoretical knowledge received during formal education by giving this knowledge a practical character as it is applied in different life situations. The main aim of this study was to identify the teachers’ degree of openness towards NFE, as well as the existing need for continued training through didactic strategies specific to this form of education. The sample consisted of 155 teachers, mostly from pre-primary, secondary and tertiary educational institutions from Bihor County, Romania. The instrument used was a questionnaire with 18 multiple-choice items. The results of the research show that most of the respondents are interested in participating in professional training courses based on didactic strategies specific to NFE. The main themes of interest include health education, managing students’ behaviour problems, social and emotional learning, and so on.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8-15</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Qand’elihle G. S. N. Simelane</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">S’lungile Kindness   Thwala</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thuli Mamba</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AN ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE RE-ENTRY POLICY FOR GIRLS IN SWAZILAND: SCHOOL PRACTICES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR POLICY DEVELOPMENT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">counselling</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">policy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">practice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pregnancy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">re-entry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swaziland</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420056108.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">56</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swaziland has no stand-alone re-entry policy. Practices vary from school to school, but generally a pregnant adolescent girl has to drop out of school although those who become pregnant may be allowed to return to write their exams at the same school or they may be advised to find another examination centre.  The Swaziland Education and Training Sector Policy of 2011 (EDSEC) explicitly states that ‘every child, irrespective of their life circumstances… has the right to be re-integrated into the same institution that the girl was previously attending.’  The study documents school practices that appear to be informed by ignorance of the provisions of the EDSEC Policy of 2011 and historical developments in national policy; international conventions and declarations the country is signatory to, with missed opportunities.  Schools are not coping with the evolving and expanding role in helping children develop.  The study concludes that there is need for awareness raising as well as legislation which will compel schools not to expel such pupils but that they are given time to deliver their babies and be allowed to re-join the school.  It is thought that institutionalising and publicising the EDSEC policy should lead to more and better reporting, more re-entry, and fewer abortions.  There is necessity for awareness development among stakeholders, rigorous and vigorous campaigns and preparedness to tackle strong resistance which has been shown through the practices reported in this study to be hypocritical.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">115-127</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eduard   Hofmann</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hana   Svobodová</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BLENDING OF OLD AND NEW APPROACHES IN GEOGRAPHICAL EDUCATION: A CASE STUDY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">didactic image</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">geographical education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">panoramic sketch</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1419413543.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">53</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Field work often takes place in the countryside and the city environment is neglected, although we usually move there more often. Natural science education should, however, include not only the evaluation of the rural landscape, but also the city, because we can find there an explanation for a number of physical-geographical but also socioeconomic phenomena and their spatio-temporal evolution. Therefore, the authors focused on the goal to use urban landscape as a &quot;geography textbook&quot;. Urban landscape serves in this case as a didactic image.
 A study about significant viewpoints in Brno and its surroundings served as a basis for the experiment in which pupils and students had to sketch a view from these viewpoints and authors evaluated how they are able to perceive the urban landscape, locate the significant elements in an urban structure, identify their functions and relations among them. This concept can be understood as a use of nonverbal elements in teaching. The results of this experiment and namely the comparison of sketches produced by pupils and university students are described in the paper which also describes the blending of old and new approaches in geographical education. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">51-60</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costin   Pribeanu</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CHALLENGES IN EVALUATING THE LEARNING EXPERIENCE WITH NOVEL TECHNOLOGIES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning experience</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">methodology of evaluation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">usability evaluation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1419346123.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">51</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The shift towards constructivism in e-learning creates new opportunities in the modern school and favors the introducing of novel technologies able to promote a learner-centered approach and increase the students’ motivation to learn.
 In general, novel technologies are expensive and the costs are not only related to the hardware and software platform. The implementation in the traditional school requires additional costs for maintenance, content development, and training. Therefore, the first key concern when evaluating such e-learning systems is to capture the added value brought in by the novel technology.
 The second key concern is the usability of a novel technology.
 The third key concern is the acceptability of a new system. The evaluation of technology acceptance requires a quantitative approach based on larger models that include several factors, such as: characteristics of the system, perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, relevant social aspects, and perceived enjoyment.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-6</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maija   Rask</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaarina   Määttä</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Satu   Uusiautti</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE CHALLENGES OF HEALTH EDUCATION: FINNISH STUDENTS’ PERCEPTIONS OF HOW TO CHERISH HEALTH</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">general upper secondary education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">health education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">matriculation examination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1419346482.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">51</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Youngsters’ health is widely studied from various points of view but a holistic approach to health has been minimal. The purpose of this research was to study general upper secondary education students’ health knowledge and perceptions of health by analyzing their answers concerning the subject of health education in the general studies battery of tests in the Finnish matriculation examination. The sample of the research consisted of 611 essays that were the test answers in health education in 2007. The essays covered altogether eight questions about health education. 81 candidates for the spring 2007 matriculation examination and 60 candidates for the fall 2007 matriculation examination participated in this research; altogether 141 candidates. The research approach was phenomenological-hermeneutic. The data was analyzed through qualitative content analysis. According to the results, students recognized people’s responsibility for their own health. They disapproved especially those who consciously neglect their health. According to the findings, it seemed evident that health education as a subject should be further developed so that it supports youngsters’ health appreciation and ability to make health-promoting choices in life. This decade sets special challenges to health education in schools, and therefore, it is important to listen to the youth‘s opinions and perceptions of health in order to, for example, develop curriculum planning.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">91-103</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dzintra  Ilisko</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CHANGING LANDSCAPE OF RESEARCH TRADITIONS: PARADIGMATIC AND NARRATIVE ORIENTATIONS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">changes in research traditions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">narrative ways of knowing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">participative action research</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1419346353.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">51</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The objective of the research is to elaborate on changing research traditions in one of the institutions in Latvia. The choices of research traditions highlight changes towards more qualitative research traditions: collaborative action research and narrative research methodologies. Action research tradition opens new horizons for the research as an active, open - minded and cooperative research that affirms the importance of experimentation, and emphasizes a continual growth in researchers’ awareness leading to ‘phronesis’. By the qualitative research methodology the authors attempt to explore the role of the researcher, what University researchers view as significant in framing their professional landscape as a result of the use of collaborative action research and other types of qualitative research. The results: Research highlights changes and tensions in researchers’ willingness to accept greater ambiguity, uncertainties, and practice of exercising judgments within the qualitative inquiry tradition and teaching process instead of complete reliance on predetermined rules and procedures. Various tensions between paradigmatic and narrative orientations towards teaching and within teachers’ lives are explored and ultimately seen as contributing in complex and ambiguous ways to researchers’ professional knowledge landscape. The study also highlights the co - existence of both equally legitimate epistemological research traditions – positivism, and costructivism, as an alternative in educational research in Latvia. The evidence gained in this small scale study indicates to the emergence of the qualitative tradition grounded in constructivism.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">63-69</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomasz Huk</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CHARACTERISTIC OF THE MOST POPULAR MOVIE CHARACTERS AMONG CHILDREN – EDUCATIONAL CONTEXTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gender</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">media</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">movie character</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420055808.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">56</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mass media play an essential role at almost every stage of human’s life. The media have a particular influence on children who are not entirely aware of their message. A part of reality surrounding children was examined in order to determine the features of favourite movie characters and preferable situations in which said a character participates. The results obtained through a  diagnostic survey indicate that there is a statistically significant difference between girls and boys choices of a movie character. This article focuses on the aspects of using children’s favourite characters by a teacher in education. The presented discussion regarded also the problem of children emulating movie characters. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">66-73</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Valéria C. Santos</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agnaldo Arroio</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CHARACTERIZATION OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF A COMMUNITY OF PRACTICE TO SUPPORT PRE-SERVICE CHEMISTRY TEACHERS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chemistry teaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">community of practice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pre-service teacher training</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420057005.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">57</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The concept of communities of practice can be used in different contexts, included the educational context. The development of communities of practice where pre-service teachers work together, refine their practices and learn is a good training for these future teachers.  Since communities of practice help teachers learn about teaching and improve their practices, this study aim to characterize the project PIBID of chemistry carried out at the University of São Paulo as a community of practice. On the first half of 2013 the PIBID project included 12 pre-service teachers who attended weekly meetings. These meetings consisted of theoretical training about the use of visual tools in teaching and other concepts about education and meetings to plan activities and classes about topics of chemistry to be applied in a public school at the city of São Paulo, Brazil. During these meetings was possible to notice that the pre-service teachers were engaged in a community of practice, demonstrating the three characteristics emphasized by Wenger (2008): mutual engagement, joint enterprise, and a shared repertoire. Thus the project PIBID of chemistry could be characterized as a community of practice. Furthermore, it was noticed that the community helps in the training of pre-service teachers, since it is providing support to them learn about teaching in practice and implement their knowledge. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">124-132</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lianli   Gao</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COLLEGE ENGLISH CURRICULUM REQUIREMENTS IN CHINA: EXPECTATIONS AND RESPONSES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">College English Curriculum Requirements</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tertiary English teaching</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1419346313.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">51</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The purpose of the research reported here was firstly to examine the expectations placed on university teachers of English in China in relation to curriculum changes as evidenced in the College English Curriculum Requirements (For Trial Implementation, 2004), designed for non-English majors (hereafter CECR 2004). It further reports on a study of responses to these changes on the part of teachers, administrators and policy-makers as revealed in interviews. The study adopts a mixed method of inquiry to deal with how teachers made sense of multiple realities and constructed complicated interactions between CECR and themselves. Additionally, some aspects of the work of Bourdieu and Bernstein are taken to analyse and interpret the issues. The findings show that CECR gives the impression of being forward-looking, making reference to contemporary English language teaching (ELT) concepts. This leaves a great deal of freedom for individual universities to flesh out the details and adapt the content to their own contexts. However, teachers feel either frustrated with the lack of real change in the syllabus or threatened by new challenges such as the emphasis on speaking and listening for which they believe they have not been adequately prepared.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">47-62</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gürbüz Ocak</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Serkan Boyraz</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hasan Kizilkaya</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COMPARING 1997 AND 2005 ENGLISH CURRICULA APPLIED IN 4th AND 5th GRADES IN TURKEY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ELT in Turkey</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">English curriculum</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher opinions</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420056013.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">56</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study aims to collect teacher opinions about two curriculums applied in 4th and 5th grades in 1997 and 2005 both of which aimed to employ constructivist approach but with big differences. The study employed qualitative research method parallel to its aim, and ten teachers of English that were selected by purposive sampling method in order to be sure that they taught in both curriculums participated to it. The data from those participants was collected via a structured interview form that included six questions created by the researchers. Descriptive data analysis was used to examine the gained data, and then findings were coded into themes. It is notable that the most participants followed curriculums for this or that reason. Although they state both positive and negative sides of the two curriculums, all teachers find 2005 curriculum change positive and generally find it more effective and successful. Eight of the participants think that foreign language (English) teaching is either unsuccessful or inadequate due to lack of skills of speaking, writing and listening. They offer to solve this problem by adapting an assessment system that evaluates those skills, taking benefit of internet for more practice, sending pre-service foreign language teachers abroad. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">93-104</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anita   Zaļaiskalne</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTEMPORARY LEARNING ENVIRONMENT IN THE VOCATIONAL EDUCATION: THE NEW CHALLENGES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">external environment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning environment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vocational education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420055220.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">55</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The quantitative research basis is the data of surveys which were filled in by teachers of vocational education institutions and employers. The research is based on researches and reports regarding vocational education, strategic planning documents of development of education of Republic of Latvia and EU, studies, statistics on vocational education (data basis of the Central Statistical Bureau, statistics of the Ministry of Education and Science (MES) on vocational education) also are used. The aim of the research is to analyze factors of the internal and external environment that affect vocational education in order to determine how these factors create challenges for the vocational education system and educational institutions. The article analyzes the correlation between the elements of internal environment: resources, processes and results and external environment (political, demographic social) factors. The challenges make the vocational education change the existing paradigm of vocational education. The research was performed with a purpose to analyze the environmental factors; the quantitative research combines: an analysis of normative documents and a survey of employers and teachers of vocational education. The key results of the research: demographic trends in Latvia have an essential impact upon the human resources of the vocational education institutions; in order to implement the lifelong learning strategy, it is important to involve more adults in the vocational education; the learning environment of vocational education must be developed by following the principles of lifelong learning; cooperation between the state institutions, employers and teachers is required in order to provide effective solutions to the challenges that vocational education is facing. The cooperation between the employers’ institution, educational institutions and state institutions is essential in the process of planning and implementation of the curriculum and evaluation of the results. The prestige of the vocational education in the society affects students’ choice regarding their further education; it also influences the assessment of employers.
 If there were developed and implemented such curricular, which would imply the key competences that are relevant to the vocational areas of education and on the basis of which a flexible transformation of the content of curricular would be possible, the competitiveness and quality of the vocational education would be ensured.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">100-113</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1630090608.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">56</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents, Vol. 56, PEC, 2013</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-4</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1628874973.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">57</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents, Vol. 57, 2013, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-4</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1630346932.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">55</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents, Vol. 55, 2013, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1630599276.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">54</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents, Vol. 54, PEC, 2013</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-4</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1630675701.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">53</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents, Vol. 53, 2013, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-4</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1630689221.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">52</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents, Vol. 52, 2013, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-4</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1630934503.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">51</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents, Vol. 51, PEC, 2013</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-4</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alice  Merab  Kagoda</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betty  Akullu  Ezati</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTRIBUTION OF PRIMARY TEACHER EDUCATION CURRICULUM TO QUALITY PRIMARY EDUCATION IN UGANDA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary school curriculum</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary teacher education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quality education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1419412419.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">52</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">With the frequent changes in education environment caused by dynamic economy, politics, and global trends among others, primary teacher education should keep abreast with these trends. However, in Uganda this has not been the case. While government designs new curriculum for primary schools, the changes in teacher education curriculum seem to be slower. Teacher educators are not familiar with the new trends in education such as ICT in teaching and learning, gender, learner centered education etc. The teaching materials are not easily available in the teacher training colleges because of shortages of funds. The study sought to: analyse the curriculum of Primary Teacher Education (PTE) since 1990, assess the challenges Primary Teacher Colleges (PTC) experience in the preparation of quality teachers and analyse the extent to which PTE curriculum is responding to the new trends in primary education. Using mainly interviews and focus group discussion, this paper explored the relationship between teacher preparation and quality of teachers produced. Findings showed that the curriculum of the teacher training colleges is not tailored to the requirements of the primary curriculum. In addition PTE faces many challenges that affect the preparation of teachers.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35-47</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tamara   Turashvili</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marine   Japaridze</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COPING STRATEGIES OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN GEORGIAN CONTEXT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">coping strategies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">critical life event</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social support</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">student</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">university</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">well-being</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420056255.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">56</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Studies in university students' coping strategies have their peculiarities due to particularly acute stresses characteristic of this period of life. On the other hand, there are specific limits regarding the nature of stressors and the lack of coping ability in this period. Due to such limits, it is necessary to consider different approaches to university students' stressors. Research into university students' coping strategies has been done in various countries, but this is the first such study done in Georgia. Within the transactional stress concept of Lazarus, we tested the stress buffering effects of various coping strategies such as task-, emotion-, and avoidance-oriented coping strategies, praying, and social support.
Within the framework of the research, 252 university students from a wide variety of disciplines and with an average age of 21 were surveyed. The methods applied in the study are the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS) by Endler &amp; Parker (Endler &amp; Parker,1990) and the Stress Life Inventory (SRRS) by Holmes and Rahe (Holmes &amp; Rahe, 1967) combined with the Kucher Adolescent Depression Scale KADS -6 (Brooks et al.,2003). Results show expected main effects: There are different coping strategies used in different critical life events. Coping strategies such as social support and praying have a stress-buffering effect and prove to be situational resources in cases of strong stress. Certain coping strategies such as task-oriented coping, emotional coping and praying are predictors of psychological well-being.
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">144-149</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Christian  Byrge</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Søren  Hansen</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COURSE IN NEW THINKING IN HIGHER EDUCATION: ENHANCING CREATIVITY THROUGH THE MEANS OF TRAINING, THEORY AND WORKSHOP</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">creative method</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">creativity training</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">university curriculum</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1419346210.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">51</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper presents a study on how a new (5 ECTS/2.5 American credit) stand-alone course for higher education in new thinking may influence key aspects of creative abilities. The course structure and content is based primarily on The Creative Platform with a focus on training, theory and workshop. The study uses the Torrance Test for Creative Thinking and a Reflection Report for Creativity Teaching to identify effects from the course. The results from the Torrance Test for Creative Thinking showed a significant increase in students’ ability in figural and verbal fluency, flexibility, figural and verbal originality, and elaboration as well as in resistance to premature closure. The results show no significant increase in students’ ability in the abstractness of titles. The results from the Reflection Report for Creativity Teaching showed that the majority of students experienced that they were capable of both developing understanding of creativity theory, becoming better at participating in a creative process as well as becoming better at generating and developing new ideas, thoughts and new knowledge. However, some students experienced problems especially related to creativity training. Implications and potentials of a combined focus on training, theory and workshop in creativity courses for higher education is discussed.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18-32</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1630689183.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">52</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page, Vol. 52, 2013, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1628874934.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">57</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page, Vol. 57, 2013, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1630090566.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">56</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page, Vol. 56, 2013, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1630346894.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">55</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page, Vol. 55, 2013, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1630599231.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">54</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page, Vol. 54, PEC, 2013</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1630934459.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">51</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page, Vol. 51, PEC, 2013</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1630675663.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">53</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page, Vol. 53, 2013, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Migena   Alimehmeti</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leonard   Danglli</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CRITERIA RELATED TO PROCESSES OF TEACHERS’ SUCCESSFUL PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND QUALIFICATION IMPROVEMENT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">long term process</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">professional development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">self-evaluation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1419346167.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">51</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">It is necessary for teachers to develop professionally and deal with problem situations. However, that will be done by changing the teaching models, in close cooperation and support by the institutions which are completely specialized in terms of inclusion. In this conceptual context, reforms in the field of teacher professional development in different countries, including Albania, are being implemented. To make this concept as clear as possible, this study makes use of various theoretical sources, such as theoretical attitudes by numerous scholars, conclusions and field studies carried out by different international entities in the field of education, including various publications by EU. To provide an accurate picture of the situation in Albania with regard to this issue, this study refers to data extracted from the regulations of the Albanian Ministry of Education, data from annual reports of the institutions on educational development, as well as data from questionnaires with teachers of different levels and seniority.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7-17</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Osamu   Matsuo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Koji   Matsuo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Naoyuki   Kawao</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yukinori   Tamura</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Masato   Yano</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kiyotaka   Okada</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nobuo   Nagai</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shigeru   Ueshima</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DEVELOPMENT OF AN OBJECTIVE STRUCTURED SKILL EXAMINATION IN PHYSIOLOGY EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">curriculum reform</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">laboratory practice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">objective structured skill examination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1419412840.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">52</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The efficacy of objective structured skill examination (OSSE) was evaluated as a new and useful examination. The second grade students at Kinki University Faculty of Medicine were prospectively eligible. Students took problem-based learning (PBL) tutorials in addition to classroom lectures and laboratory practice in each session. The sessions were on: cardiac, circulation, hematological, and renal systems. At the end of each session, students took the paper examination as a part of conventional evaluation. After all sessions, OSSE was performed to evaluate the students’ performance. The technical skills evaluated in OSSE were as follows: electrocardiogram recording, blood pressure measuring, use of centrifuge, pipette technique, hematocrit measurement, urinary specific gravity determination, and measurement of urine volume. One order sheet and the experimental apparatus for OSSE were positioned at each station and students terminate the maneuver in 2 min. The score from OSSE was compared to that from the conventional evaluation. Significant positive correlation was not observed. More than half of the students considered OSSE to be meaningful. In conclusion, we developed a new structured examination to objectively assess the students' technical skills in laboratory practice.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">84-91</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Margarita  Gavrilina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oksana Filina</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DIALOGUE WITH THE TEXT ON THE LESSONS IN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE IN THE DIASPORA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pupils of schools of the ethnic minorities</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">strategy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">text and culturological abilities</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1419413081.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">52</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This article is devoted to strategy named &quot;dialogue with the text&quot; for development of text and culturological knowledge and abilities of pupils of schools of the ethnic minorities of Latvia.
 Formulating the problem of research, authors focus attention on the reasons of difficulties which are experienced by pupils of diaspora perceiving the implied levels of the text. The authors of article emphasize, that necessity of the decision of this problem is caused first of all by an insufficient level of a Russian cultural knowledge and a culturological lexicon. Russian pupils lived in Latvia don’t know the realities and values of the Russian culture.
 The authors researched the problem in real educational process. The methodology of research is based on strategy “dialogue with the text&quot;. The authors of paper have analysed the reasons why this strategy effectively “works” in the described pedagogical conditions. In the center of the authors attention are the didactic methods and receptions which promote to form the textual competence of pupils.As an illustration authors give detailed description of their own experiment.
 In the article authors tell about diagnostics of text and culturological knowledge and abilities of pupils. This diagnostics includes questioning, group research and the standardized composition. The main results of the diagnostics are given in tables and in description of speech behavior of the pupils.
 In the final part of the article the authors draws the reader’s attention to the the analysis of the actual points of view in modern pedagogics on the problem of reading.
 In conclusion authors point out that productive text activity allows to expand a culturological outlook of diaspora pupils, and also purposefully and successfully to improve dialogue, communicative and textual abilities of the pupils. Besides the authors of the article emphasize the integrative role of text activity of the pupils wich promotes education humanitarization.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">137-150</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dan Soen</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DIFFERENCES IN ATTITUDES TOWARDS HIGHER EDUCATION AMONG HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS: THE CASE OF SABRAS (ISRAELI-BORN) AND FSU IMMIGRANTS IN ISRAEL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FSU migration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">higher education expansion in Israel</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1419413936.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">53</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Between the years 1990 and 2007 about one million immigrants entered Israel from the FSU (former Soviet Union). They constitute roughly 20% of the Jewish households in the country. Israel benefitted greatly from the high human capital of this mass migration: 38.8% of the immigrants had higher education, in contrast to 27.8% of the indigenous Jewish population. Taking into consideration the cultural background of FSU immigrants, this study explores whether the elite-traditional influences their offspring who graduate from high schools in Israel. This study is based on a survey of a sample of 80 high school students – 40 FSU immigrants and 40 Sabras (Israeli born). Contrary to the hypothesis, findings indicate no significant difference in attitudes towards higher education between the two groups.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">120-129</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geert Franzenburg</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DISPLACED VALUES: FROM REMEMBRANCE TO RESILIENCE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baltic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">diaspora</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">enculturation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Exodus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">resilience</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420055766.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">56</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The different considerations of this study analyze in biblical tradition and modern times experiences of displacement and their consequences for educational purposes and resilience. Exemplified by Baltic experiences, it demonstrates how memory constructs coping strategies, which can be transferred into models of enculturation and value-education. Following the stages of the Biblical story of Jewish exile and diaspora, the considerations analyze, how modern people in situations of crisis, transition, mobbing or displacement can draw benefit from the existential experiences memorized in these narratives and actualized in rituals as a memory-culture and process of enculturation. In this context, different memory cultures, focused on a common situation, underline different expressions of remembrance and suggest different approaches to cope with them: symbolic, ritualized, narrative. In this study the Exile- and Diaspora-oriented EXODUS, exemplified by the Baltic exile before and after 1945, facilitates a framework for educators to identify and integrate experiences of exile and diaspora into a concept of enculturation, which combines holistic exercises in non-violent communication, awareness, creative work, intercultural discourse and similar experiences. Furthermore, it assists them to facilitate opportunities to make helpful experiences in their own diaspora-like framework. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">59-65</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Valentin   Ageyev</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY AS THE PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEM</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cognitive education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">creative education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">self-development</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1419346683.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">51</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The social contradiction between creative (generating) essence of the historical man and cognitive (adaptive) essence of the sociocultural man forms the basis of the research. 
 The scientific-psychological aspect of this problem represents the contradiction between the ability to act on the basis of the appropriated norms, samples and rules of the man as a product of traditional education and the modern society necessity of the man capable to make norm, samples and rules self-independently. 
 As means of the problem solution the new type of educational technologies based not on the mecha-nism of assignment but the mechanism of generation is offered.
 The importance of research consists in the fact that the modern sociohistorical situation differs radically from the previous ones. The difference means, that social development is sharply accelerated now. The new educational systems are of great necessity at present such as systems turned not to the past (that is based on the assignment and reproduction of previous social experience) but to the future (that is based on generation of new social experience). Such reorientation is possible only as a result of education reorganisation from consuming past social experience to generating new social experi-ence.
 Creative method (method of creative experiment). In its basis there is a structure of creative dialogue, as the result of which the students in a problem situation generate new meanings (knowledge), which reveal new possibilities and present psychological means of new abilities designing.
 Solution of a traditional education selectivity problem. 
 The technology of new possibilities designing represents the method of all the students without any exception self-development process organization.
 The result of self-development is designing meanings (new possibilities) as means of new abilities gen-eration.
 Other results of experimental education are: ability to self-development; positive dynamics of educa-tional motivation and self-determination of students; system knowledge designed by students, their &quot;theoretical&quot; (general) character; essential reduction of time of education as a result of qualitative change of its results.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">132-149</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marcus  Stueck</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alejandra Villegas</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cathleen Schoenichen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Katrin Bauer</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paul Tofts</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ulrich Sack</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EFFECTS OF AN EVIDENCEBASED DANCE PROGRAM (TANZPRO-BIODANZA®) FOR KINDERGARTEN CHILDREN AGED FOUR TO SIX ON IMMUNEGLOBULINE A, TESTOSTERONE AND HEART RATE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">auto regulative immune competence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">empathy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Immuneglobuline A</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TANZPRO®-Biodanza</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">testosterone</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420056211.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">56</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Present study addresses the question of the effects of the evidence based TANZPRO-Biodanza®-Program (Stueck &amp; Villegas, 2009, Stück, 2013) based on BIODANZA by Rolando Toro and Cecilia Luzzi (Toro, 2010). TANZPRO-Biodanza® is the nonverbal part of the School of Empathy concept by Marcus Stueck (Stueck, 2013), which was developed in the project “Healthy Lifestyles in Kindergardens” of the Geman Ministry of Health (2009 until 2011). Biodanza is a contact and motion-based intervention method with auto-regulative claim on immune competence and the autonomic system of children of kindergarten age. The evaluation took ten weeks. A TANZPRO®-Biodanza class with girls aged four to six was carried out from September 2011 until December 2012. The immunological parameters immunoglobuline A and testosterone as well as the autonomic heart rate parameters were collected before and after each TANZPRO®-Biodanza sessions of the course as a process variable. Especially, the reduced testosterone levels after the meetings in the saliva of children show positive effects of the method on the immune system. The decrease of IgA levels after TANZPRO®-Biodanza in the saliva of children towards age norm might be due to an immune regulative effect. The specific effects of TANZPRO®-Biodanza on heart rate towards a mean level show improvement of physical autoregulatory processes.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">128-143</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1630689281.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">52</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page, Vol. 52, 2013, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">156</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1628875014.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">57</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page, Vol. 57, 2013, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">158</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1630090655.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">56</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page, Vol. 56, PEC, 2013</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">162</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1630934544.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">51</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page, Vol. 51, 2013, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">152</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1630599323.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">54</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page, Vol. 54, 2013, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">144</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1630675747.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">53</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page, Vol. 53, PEC, 2013</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">144</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1630346971.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">55</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page, Vol. 55, PEC, 2013</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">120</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andrea   Burrows</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gabriel   Wickizer</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Helen   Meyer</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mike   Borowczak</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ENHANCING PEDAGOGY WITH CONTEXT AND PARTNERSHIPS: SCIENCE IN HAND</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">context learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STEM education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420053899.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">54</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Two activities, one on heat/work and one on dynamic equilibrium, are described for three high school classes (n=55) in the USA. The curriculum addressed showcases strategies to use with science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) students. The two lessons described follow the context ACS method (Application, Career opportunities, and Societal impact). ACS, or real-world context application, relies on a strong foundation of teaching concepts while developing enhanced learning experiences for K-12 students. The research described probes the problem of student engagement and content learning in STEM coursework and provides evidence for the potential of utilizing context ACS. The activities demonstrate how to use ACS to maximize student engagement and emphasize formative assessment during lesson implementation. Analysis of the data shows that students exposed to ACS lessons drawing from partnerships to connect real-world applications to core content make gains of 17% in aggregate.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7-13</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Talitha  P.  Palhaci</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ana Maria de  A.  Caldeira</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION AND THE CERRADO BIOME: INVESTIGATING KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDES OF BAURU RESIDENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">environmental epistemology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">garbage disposal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">probability sample</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420054251.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">54</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In today's context of environmental degradation, environmental issues have increasingly become a focus of global discussion. Although many researchers emphasize the importance of knowledge and information in promoting environmental protection, research involving people's notions about and attitudes toward the environment and establishing their connection with such knowledge is scarce. This lack of research led to the following inquiry: Is it possible to relate conservation actions and concern about a biome – in this case, the Cerrado – to the population’s level of knowledge about the environment in which they live? This research presents results from an investigation conducted in a representative population sample in Bauru, where there are fragments of a Cerrado Legal Reserve. The sampling approach used was probabilistic; it is based on random laws and can be submitted to statistical methods. The total sample (450 people) was divided into 90 people per Bauru region, 45 people female and 45 males. Each gender group was divided into three age groups: the first from 16 to 30 years, the second from 31 to 55 years and the third above 56 years. Through the questionnaire, we collected the following data from respondents: personal data such as salary, gender, age, level of education, notions/actions and intentions related to environmental conservation and general knowledge about the Cerrado. The result of the chi-square analysis is consistent with this finding, as it is less than 0.05, demonstrating a significant association between these two variables.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">60-75</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sirpa Kärkkäinen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laura   Haukipuro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anna-Maija   Rummukainen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tuula Keinonen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heikki   Simola</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIBILITY: A CASE STUDY AMONG SIXTH GRADERS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">environmental education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">environmental problems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">environmental responsibility</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420054023.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">54</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The purpose of this study was to clarify sixth graders’ (aged 12-13, N=87) perceptions about environmental problems and environmental responsibility. Four classes from two Finnish primary schools participated in the study. In the first case (n=62) which focused more on perceptions about environmental problems, the data was collected using a questionnaire. It was found that sixth graders perceived the most important environmental problems as being littering, pollution, climate change, and how much we waste. Pupils also highlighted environmental responsibility. Their answers revealed a wide range of ways for protecting the environment such as recycling, sorting, and favoring the use of environmentally cleaner vehicles. The second case more closely examined responsibility for the environment; with the aid of a picture/image to stimulate their perceptions, pupils were able to recognize environmental problems. The data comprised of writings in connection with the image (n=25) and interviews (n=12). Pupils were categorized into four groups according to their perceptions about responsibility: environmental citizens, daily active persons, free riders and disinterested persons. Environmentally responsible behavior in sixth graders was most significantly influenced by the home, being dependent upon which action model of sorting and recycling was in use there. Both data collection methods supported each other, providing similar results. The sixth graders were not only well aware of environmental problems, they were also committed to take the environment into account and act in an environmentally friendly way. In conclusion, sixth graders’ environmental education could include discussion about actions on behalf of the environment, but additional sensitization towards the environment is still needed for some pupils.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22-38</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Daniela   Tamo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shpresa   Rira</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rudina   Xhillari</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE EUROPEAN PORTFOLIO OF LANGUAGES: ITS IMPACT AND DEVELOPMENT IN ALBANIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">curriculum</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">motivation pilot</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1419413983.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">53</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Generally speaking, teaching and learning could be better carried out through discussions and debates with others, and the results obtained in this way then turn into means of encouraging, helping, stimulating and informing thus making it possible for us to achieve an individual reflection.
 There might be people who try to link the word Portfolio with the world of Arts and Projects. This is true to some extend but there exist other components such as the Language Section and Language Biography, which in fact are closely connected with the world of learning and teaching and are part of the guidelines approved by the Council of Europe (Portofoli Evropian i Gjuhëve: Një Udhëzues për Mësuesit dhe Trajnuesit e Mësuesve, Ministria e Arsimit dhe Shkencës, Këshilli i Europës, 2005.) 
 As a result of the use of Portfolio of Languages the teaching aims became clearer, students started to see their progress with ease. It served as a motivation for all, quick and slow learners, it helped increase self-awareness, it developed critical thinking, etc. It improved teachers’ motivation, their reflecting ability and encouraged them to undertake initiatives during the teaching process.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">130-138</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Francisco  Manuel  Morales Rodríguez</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EVALUATION BY RUBRIC OF SOLIDARITY IN ACQUISITION SKILLS COLLEGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">academic performance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">solidarity</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1419412884.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">52</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The European Higher Education Area involves major changes in the teaching-learning process for the acquisition of transversal skills, such as social and citizens. It establishes a need for active methods, learning and so to develop in students the ability to make decisions and learn independently, reflective and critical promoting these skills. Considering the importance of a program, training in values and ethics of solidarity that joins the university curriculum (educational innovation program, PIE10-127), we performed a comparative study on ethical issues in college students before and after of their application the program and an evaluation of effectiveness of different active methodologies to promote solidarity skills acquisition, and its impact on performance. Participants in this study were 4103 university students, aged 18 and 57, of the Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences of the University of Málaga (2010-2012). The results show an increase in the acquisition of skills solidarity, following the implementation of the program and that the methodologies employed active, positive impact on academic performance. The relevant conclusion obtained, points to the need to reinforce and develop these values solidarity actions in college. 
 
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">92-104</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jolanta   Navickaitė</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE EXPRESSION OF A PRINCIPAL’S TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP DURING THE ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE PROCESS: A CASE STUDY OF LITHUANIAN GENERAL EDUCATION SCHOOLS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">implementation of changes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school principal’s leadership</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">transformational leadership</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1419346397.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">51</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transformational leadership is essential for school principals who desire to achieve school success and effectiveness, especially when determining a school’s direction, creating a cohesive school community for collective activities, building relationships among all members of the school community, etc. The purpose of the research was to investigate a school principal’s transformational leadership while implementing organizational changes in a school. A semi-structured interview with principals of eight general education schools in Lithuania was used to collect data. Categories and subcategories were identified in the data from which conclusions were drawn. Within the context of the research, the results suggest that the principals who embrace a transformational leadership during the initiation, implementation and institutionalization of change 1) reveal their personal determination to implement change; 2) express their concern for professional development; 3) demonstrate support for school values and a cohesive school community; 4) fosters achieved results by distributing leadership.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">70-82</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gildo   Girotto Júnior</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carmen   Fernandez</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FOLLOWING EARLY CAREER CHEMISTRY TEACHERS: THE DEVELOPMENT OF PEDAGOGICAL CONTENT KNOWLEDGE FROM PRE-SERVICE TO A PROFESSIONAL TEACHER</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pedagogical content knowledge</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher's knowledge</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher’s professional development</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420055017.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">55</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In this study the aim was to investigate the development of Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) of early career chemistry teachers. Two pre-service chemistry teachers were followed during a one-semester course and after a three-year period as formal high school teachers. The data involved teachers´ writings, recordings of lessons and reflections during the course. After three years, the same content lessons in an actual school environment were videotaped. The teachers were then interviewed using the videotapes for stimulated recall. The instruments Content Representation (CoRe) and Pedagogical and Professional-experience Repertoires (PaP-eR´s) were used to document and to describe teachers’ PCK. Analysis of discursive interaction patterns was performed during lessons. Data analysis was based on the components of teacher knowledge as described in the Morine-Dershimer Model. The development of PCK was enhanced during the pre-service teacher education through the experiences of planning and conducting interventions in the classroom and particularly during the reflection-on-action activities. Results after three years of professional experience revealed an improvement in these teachers’ PCK and highlighted the central role of the reflection process and practical experience. From the analysis carried out, it emphasized the need to act in these early years of professional experience through collaborative groups, supporting the reflection process and aiming to contribute more directly to the development of teachers' PCK.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">57-73</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nida Kvedaraitė</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rima Jasnauskaitė</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Renata Geležinienė</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gražina Strazdienė</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FORMS OF EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES THAT ENHANCE SELF-DIRECTED LEARNING OF ADULTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational activities enhancing self-directed learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning by doing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning through collaboration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning through experience</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">self-directed learning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420055887.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">56</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The research examines self-directed learning as the formation of new educational culture in the contexts of learning theories such as: constructive learning, social constructivism, experiential learning and action science . The key educational activities supporting and enabling the learning processes are distinguished and substantiated: learning by doing, learning through collaboration, learning through experience, which give new experiences to the learner as well as status, competences of educational and managerial field, and values. A qualitative approach was applied in the research and as a research strategy of a semi-structured interview was carried out, which allowed to characterize the experiences and individual meanings of research participants while they take part in non-formal educational activities that enhance their self-directed learning. The results obtained in the course of empirical research allow stating that self-directed learners broaden the variety of learning settings, shift the learning beyond the boundaries of a formal education institution and consciously learn through job-related and life activities in various groups, communicating and collaborating with colleagues. This enables the learners to reflect upon the experience gained in job-related and life activities, and shift from the formal learning to non-formal. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">74-85</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gonzalo   Sacristán-Pérez-Minayo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ruth  María  Martín-Moro</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FROM ELEMENTARY SCHOOL TO UNIVERSITY EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMMES: A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF THE ADULT EDUCATION IN SPAIN</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">adult education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">developing society</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lifelong learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching methodology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1419346583.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">51</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lifelong learning plays an important role due to the actual needs that we have in terms of knowledge-based economy. It provides education both to working and non-working people who want to be part of this developing society. In this study, two different levels of the Spanish Adult Education are assessed but not only from an individual point of view, but also from the point of view of cooperation between them in order to improve the teaching-learning process. Both the Education Centre of Olmedo (Olmedo, Spain) and the University of Burgos (Burgos, Spain) are described deep inside and likewise, the activities that they two are developing to interconnect both the two centres and the educational levels so that the learning process is never interrupted. Activities such as seminars, web pages management, oral presentations and questionnaires showing different aspects of the educational process will be discussed in the present study. The use of the new Information Technology and Communication (ICT) should be enhanced for effective learning of our adult students. From our results, it will be demonstrated that adults can be part of the education system and therefore gain new skills and knowledge that let them succeed in their lives.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">113-125</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laszlo F.   Mucsics</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HARDSHIPS IN HUNGARIAN TERTIARY EDUCATION: THE ECONOMIC ROLE OF PRIVATE INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN IN ONLINE EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e-education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">info-communication tools</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">structural reform</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1419413602.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">53</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The effects of global crises and the unique Hungarian economic difficulties render more and more hardships for non-full time students of higher education. The aim of this study twofold. It gives insight into how the ICTs are spread among the students of Karoly Robert College between 2006 and 2012 and examines the economic effect of private internal rate of return (IRR) by launching a form of online education in the changing environment of Hungarian tertiary education. In general, the study found that the student population is equipped with the proper up-to-date technology that enables using online education. In addition, with launching online education the students’ private IRR may also be increased significantly by reducing the cost of indirect cost. With the technological inventions and applications of the 21st century the Karoly Robert College designs and introduces a new learning environment for non-full time students since 2013.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">61-73</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Robert   Podstawski</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elżbieta   Wesołowska</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Renata   Gizińska</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andrzej   Sołoma</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HEALTH ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOURS OF FIRST-YEAR UNIVERSITY OF WARMIA &amp; MAZURY STUDENTS: A CALL FOR IMPLEMENTING HEALTH EDUCATION AT UNIVERSITIES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">physical activity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pro-health activities</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">university male students</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420054314.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">54</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Despite the growing interest in health and the abundance of health-promoting programs and campaigns, there is a noticeable lack of such undertakings at colleges and universities. This is worrisome, considering the fact that the first-year of studies is the last phase of education in which it is possible to promote and establish a healthy lifestyle. The purpose of the research was to evaluate the health attitudes and behaviours of first-year university students. A total of 700 first-year male students aged 19-20 attending the University of Warmia &amp; Mazury in Olsztyn (Poland) took part in the study by filling out anonymous questionnaires concerning health behaviours and attitudes regarding physical activity, nutrition, tobacco and alcohol use, stress and pro-health activities. The results indicate that physical activity of the respondents was limited to participation in the obligatory physical education classes during high school and while at university. Moreover, the students were concerned more about personal hygiene and appearance than physical fitness and proper nutrition. The majority of them did not have a regular schedule of meals and did not take vitamin supplements. The percentage of respondents who declared drinking alcohol regularly (once a week) and even every day is quite worrisome. One out of ten students reported losing consciousness multiple times as a result of binge drinking and over a third blacked out at least once during the first few months of their studies. Although only a small margin of the students surveyed can be considered to be addicted to smoking, nearly half of them admitted to smoking occasionally. Although a significant portion of students expressed a fear in stress generating situations during their studies, the majority possessed a very limited knowledge of stress coping methods. The research results indicate a clear need to implement adequate health promoting programs at the university level of education to help counteract the observed negative tendencies.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76-90</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nyet   Moi Siew</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sopiah   Abdullah</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE IMPACT OF ELSTGEEST AND ALFKE’S QUESTIONING MODEL WITH MANIPULATIVES ON PHYSICS STUDENT TEACHERS’ ABILITY TO GENERATE PRODUCTIVE QUESTIONS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elgeest’s and Alfke’s questioning model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">physics student teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">productive questions</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420054421.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">54</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Question-asking is a basic skill required for the development of students’ thinking. However, the way in which physics teachers conduct laboratory activities do not usually stimulate student thinking by asking productive questions. This study addressed this concern by investigating the physics student teachers’ ability to generate productive questions using the Elgeest’s and Alfke’s questioning model with a set of manipulative learning (EAM) strategy. The manipulative consisted of simple electrical components that could be explored and manipulated. The study investigated if there was a difference in student teachers’ productive questions in terms of number of questions in each category and level of thinking between before and after a lesson using EAM strategy. A further purpose was to find out students’ thought regarding their experiences using the EAM strategy in generating productive questions. A total of 34 Third Year undergraduate physics student teachers took part in the study. They worked in a group of 3-4 to discuss and construct questions before and after the instruction. Student teachers’ generated questions and written reflections were used as data collection methods. Questions were analyzed and classified according to Dillon's (1984) classification of questions: properties, comparisons, and causal relationships. It was found that before learning using the EAM strategy, student teachers tended to ask questions of the properties category. In contrast, students tended to pose causal relationship-type questions following instruction with the EAM strategy. Overall, the students indicated that the EAM strategy had increased their ability to generate productive questions at higher categories and cognitive levels. Physics teachers who conduct laboratory activities could use the EAM strategy to lead students in the generating productive questions that foster their thinking.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">99-111</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Darinka   Sikošek</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kornelia   Žarić</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IMPLEMENTATION OF PROCESS-TARGETED ACTIVITIES OF PROSPECTIVE CHEMISTRY TEACHERS DURING CONTINUOUS TEACHING PRACTICE: A RATIONAL COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TEACHING METHODS ACCORDING TO THE EXPRESSED COMPETENCIES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous teaching practice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">innovative teaching methods</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learners’ competencies</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1419413667.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">53</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The main aim of the teacher study program is to ensure the proper role of teaching practice, which is included in initial teacher training courses. It is necessary that teachers of chemistry gain or develop learner competencies for appropriate teaching/ learning in the chemistry subject by using innovative teaching methods. In terms of activities and methods correction of the continuous teaching practice model for prospective chemistry teachers in Pedagogical study program of 2nd degree &quot;Educational Chemistry&quot; which would ensure the creation of a competent chemistry teacher (active and innovative).The main result of the study is a list of potential competencies by prospective chemistry teachers using innovative teaching methods. These competencies can be developed and produced in the performance of activities defined by using continuous teaching practice, particularly in the areas of testing and assessment, experiential and collaborative learning, and experimental (laboratory and field) work. Each of these components is separately assessed by activity and competence. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">74-88</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nadezhda  M.  Lebedeva</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elena  Makarova</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alexander   Tatarko</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INCREASING INTERCULTURAL COMPETENCE AND TOLERANCE IN MULTICULTURAL SCHOOLS: A TRAINING PROGRAM AND ITS EFFECTIVENESS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">intercultural competence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tolerance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">training</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420054089.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">54</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study reports the implementation of a Training of Intercultural Competence and Tolerance (TICT) for upper-secondary school students and the empirical evaluation of its effectiveness. The TICT program was developed to counteract increasing interethnic conflicts in the North Caucasus Federal District of Russia. It is based on the theoretical and empirical framework of social psychology and cross-cultural psychology. The training effectiveness was assessed by conducting pre- and post-surveys among the training participants. The results indicate that TICT contributes to the development of a positive ethnic identity and the formation of a civic identity among the participating youth. It also increases their optimism regarding the future of interethnic relations in Russia and the subjective level of intercultural competence of majority group youth towards minority cultures. Thus, the evaluation of the training effectiveness of the TICT has shown that the aims of the training have been achieved to a large extent and that the Training of Intercultural Competence and Tolerance can be effectively used to prevent interethnic conflicts and promote interethnic relations in multicultural schools. Suggestions for the practical implementation of the TICT as well as for future research on the training's effectiveness are discussed.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39-52</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andrejs Geske</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ireta   Cekse</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE INFLUENCE OF CIVIC AND CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION ACHIEVEMENTS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF STUDENTS’ CITIZENSHIP ATTITUDES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">civic and citizenship education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SEM method</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1419412373.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">52</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Civic skills, knowledge and attitudes are the elements forming the citizenship concept. How do they suit multicultural societies? What are the mutual links among civic attitudes, knowledge and skills of different ethnic groups? The aim of the research is to establish the model of students’ civic competence and to find out factors which explain the influence of civic achievements on civic attitudes. IEA (the International Association for the Evolution of Educational Achievement) ICCS 2009 (the International Civic and Citizenship Studies 2009) are used for the analysis. SEM (Structural Equation Modelling) is used for data processing. The authors used multi-modelling to compare Latvian and Estonian majority and minority sample groups. The results indicate that the level of civic knowledge and skills influences civic attitudes of Estonian and Latvian students. Students with a higher level of civic knowledge and skills have a more pronounced sense of global belonging and ability to adjust and live a multicultural society. The civic knowledge of Estonian students with the Estonian language of instruction influences most essentially the civic attitudes and a sense of belonging to Europe. Latvian students with the Russian language of instruction have the least influence on the mentioned factors.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21-34</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES, EDUCATION QUALITY AND CHALLENGES FOR FUTURE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education quality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ICT in education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">psychological consequences</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">technology progress</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420055359.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">56</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The role of ICT in education on the whole and particularly in science education is a very important topic. The growth is characteristic not only at university level but also at other levels of the education system. It is accepted that ICT makes the process of teaching/learning more effective and beneficial whereas the education system starts functioning faster. The implementation of new technologies in the educational process raises new possibilities for both teacher and learner, enhances education quality and makes the educational process more versatile (Lamanauskas, Šlekienė, Ragulienė, 2010).
 The opinion, that prevails in Lithuania is, that part of the problems related to ICT are determined by technical resources, computer literacy, lack of methodics and methodology, wrong attitude to the usage of technologies in general. Speaking about teachers (they are central part of education process), it is important to form an understanding, that ICT is not a thing in itself, i.e., it is necessary to use, because the others do this and do somewhere else and finally, that it is fashionable. ICT, first of all, is a didactic support seeking better education results. Not only nowadays, but in future as well, ICT have to be attractive for the learners, comfortable to use for the teachers and specially made for teaching/learning purposes. Selection process problem, in didactic respect, will get more acute, because market (producers’) pressure on education system will, undoubtedly, increase. Profit seeking in any way and by any means has overshadowed the purposefulness of ICT usage in education field, so far. So, is ICT in reality a bridge to future and higher education quality? Thus, the discussed field remains problematic. New, exhaustive, empiric research studies are necessary. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-7</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Violeta  Šlekienė</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Loreta  Ragulienė</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INQUIRY-BASED PHYSICS EDUCATION BY USING SCIENCE  LEARNING SYSTEM  XPLORER GLX</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">computer based experiment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">four levels of Inquiry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inquiry-based education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">physics education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xplorer GLX</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420057047.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">57</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In order to improve students’ competencies of natural science must be consistent and systematic development of learning methods and strategies. Since Physics is an experimental science, the role of practical activities in physics education is very important. Experimental activities are one of the main Physics teaching/learning methods.  One of these methods is inquiry-based learning, in which students answer research questions through data analysis. Computer-based data logging is a powerful strategy for the teaching and learning of physics. It helps to deliver a deep and meaningful physics education, increasing the interaction between the student and the concepts under investigation. 
This article deals with Physics experimental works by using the Xplorer GLX on different levels (confirmation, structured, guided and open inquiry) of inquiry-based learning. The research methodology is based on the provisions of the constructivist education theory underlying the structured, guided and open explorations as an effective educational technology, which promotes a positive attitude towards science, helps to apply the acquired knowledge in different situations, develops higher-level thinking skills, encourages active learning processes.
Experimental activities use an inquiry-based approach, based on a small-scale research activity through different levels of inquiry using science learning system Xplorer GLX. The aim of each experimental activity is to gain practical research skills, master research methods, learn how to work safely with the physical equipment, to collect, process and convey the results of experiment and link them to theoretical models, to make generalizations and conclusions. One physics laboratory work (Capacitor Discharge) at the level II, as structured exploration, and level III, as guided exploration, using science learning system Xplorer GLX is presented. A key focus is on learning through collaborative work, supported </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">133-141</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Celeste  Ferreira</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mónica Baptista</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agnaldo Arroio</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INTEGRATING VISUALIZATIONS IN SCIENCE TEACHING: TEACHERS’ DIFFICULTIES AND PEDAGOGICAL APPROACHES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">approaches</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">difficulties</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher pedagogical education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">visualizations</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420056645.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">57</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study is a qualitative research where it tries to finding out and analyze the teacher’s pedagogical approaches and difficulties to introduce visualizations in science classroom.  The use of visualizations in classroom has increased substantially, especially since the development of Information and Communication Technology (ICT). Fourteen in-service teachers were investigated across a teachers’ training course to seek their difficulties and pedagogical approaches for integrating these tools in teaching and learning sequences (TLS).  During the training teachers were invited to build in group (five groups) teaching learning sequences about some science content using visualizations. The methodology is qualitative and a case study design was adopted. It was analysed the TLS made by them and the audiovisual record of their oral communications to the class. It was also analyzed the final semi-structured interview with these teachers’ groups and a final report about the TLS application in classroom. These teachers present mainly pedagogical difficulties in order to select the suitable resource and to realize the full potentialities of these resources and sometimes the role of the teacher towards students and resources in the classroom. The technical barriers were the lack of school computers and appropriated software. The results suggest that these teachers are using mostly constructivist approaches to incorporate the visualizations in classroom trying to take advantage of the interactivity that some of these tools allow. Two groups fall more in transmission view, using this resources mostly to present information and the rest tried to use this resources to build inquiry tasks. They chose above of all multimedia tools to enhance particular concepts and skills and sometimes to innovate presentations. Some difficulties related to pedagogical approaches and technical barriers to use these resources are discussed.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">48-60</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alexandra David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ileana  Hamburg</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INTEGRATING VULNERABLE AND MARGINALIZED GROUPS INTO VOCATIONAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING THROUGH INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">human capital</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">integration of vulnerable and marginalized groups</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social capital</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vocational education and training</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420055712.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">56</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">There is high (youth) unemployment in several EU countries. These present the latest examples from e.g. Greece, Spain or Italy. Other countries such as Germany or Austria are suffering a brain drain, and consequent depletion of knowledge sources, due to emigration of highly skilled and knowledgeable people. To ensure a broad and productive regional knowledge base, which would enable innovation, regions should develop an integrated human capital agenda. A main pillar of such an agenda is the use of regional untapped potential. To date scholars have only examined the meaning of highly skilled workers as knowledge-holders thereby neglecting the role of vulnerable and marginalized (VAM) groups. This paper focuses on the (re-)integration of vulnerable and marginalized groups to the vocational education and training (VET) system and labour markets using innovative VET solutions such as the approach of mentoring, social media (Web 2.0 and 3.0) as well as social networks. Social networks in particular, contain potential such as the formation of regional social capital through the ability of learners to interact in common learning situations, which may raise regional human capital of vulnerable and marginalized groups. Vice versa, if human capital accumu-lates into a strong regional knowledge base, which can be used for regional (economical) issues, the result will be regional social capital increases.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">42-58</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ergün   Recepoğlu</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INVESTIGATING MOTIVATION OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHERS IN TERMS OF DEMOGRAFIC VARIABLES ACCORDING TO TEACHER OPINIONS: A CASE OF TURKEY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">motivation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary and secondary school</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1419346528.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">51</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Motivation is of great importance for social and work life as motivation emerges in every aspect of life. The aim of this research is to analyze job motivation of primary and secondary school teachers. This is a descriptive research in the survey model. The sample of the study is 305 teachers employed in primary and secondary schools in Karabük in Turkey. As a data collection instrument “Job Motivation Scale” developed by Aksoy (2006) was used. The frequency, percentage, arithmetical mean and standard deviation of the answers were calculated. Independent t-Test and One-Way ANOVA were performed to analyze the data. According to research findings, Job motivation of teachers in primary and secondary schools shows a significant difference in terms of age, tenure of office while motivation of teachers do not show a significant difference in terms of teachers’ gender, education level and branch.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">104-112</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abdullah Cagri   Biber</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abdulkadir   Tuna</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lutfi   Incikabi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Engin   Yigit</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AN INVESTIGATION OF VARIOUS VARIABLES’ EFFECTS ON MIDDLE SCHOOL STUDENTS’ SKILLS OF RECOGNIZING FIGURE PATTERNS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">figure patterns</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematics education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">middle school students</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420054959.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">55</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The purpose of this study was to investigate the middle school students’ skill of determining figure patterns in terms of the variables of gender, grade, and mathematics achievement. Being descriptive in nature, this study conducted through relational survey method. The participants of the study were total of 137 (fifth, sixth and seventh grade) students from a middle school placed in a province of northern Turkey. Among the results of the study were that the students’ skills of detecting figure pattern did not considerably affected by their grade levels. However, in the figure pattern test female students were more successful than the males. Moreover, a positively-directed strong relationship was detected among the points which students get from mathematic lesson and their achievement in the figure pattern test. Based on the observations done, the middle school students’ mistakes in the test were mostly due to their lack of attention to the questions; they mostly focused on the drawing of the figure patterns and did not think the relation between the number of figures and steps.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">45-56</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kenneth   Adu-Gyamfi</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LACK OF INTEREST IN SCHOOL SCIENCE AMONG NON-SCIENCE STUDENTS AT THE SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL LEVEL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lack of interest</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">non-science students</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school science</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1419413339.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">53</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study investigated the factors that contribute to the non-science students’ lack of interest in school science through the use of a 27-item questionnaire. This assisted in comparing the male and female non-science students’ lack of interest in school science. There were 259 male and female students from three senior high schools in three District Assemblies of the Ashanti Region of Ghana who participated in the study. Quantitative data were collected from the 259 students through a cross-sectional survey. The research questions were answered with mean, standard deviation, percentage, boxplot, and independent-samples t-test. The results of the study have shown that the factors that contribute to students’ lack of interest in school science include as higher demands of students’ time in learning science, less practical nature of science teaching and learning, failure of science students with larger aggregate from high school to gain admission into tertiary institutions, too broad nature of science content, lack of sponsorship for science students, school science as difficult subject compared to others, and teaching of science is a transmission of knowledge from science teachers or textbooks to students. The results of the study have further shown that there was a statistical significant difference between the mean scores of male and female non-science students’ lack of interest in school science. Science teachers are therefore encouraged to adopt strategies that could encourage students to develop and show interest in science related subjects and courses.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7-21</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leida Talts</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Airi  Kukk</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LEARNING AND TEACHING IN THE CONTEXT OF THE VALUE-BASED APPROACH AT THE YOUNGER SCHOOL LEVEL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social constructivist and traditional approach to learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">value-centeredness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">views on learning and teaching</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420057093.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">57</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study aims to ascertain primary school teachers’ views on learning and teaching in the context of the value-based approach and to explore the values teachers rely on in their daily work. The theoretical framework of the study draws on the principles of social constructivist approach to learning, which also constitutes the basis of the new National Curriculum for Basic Schools of the Republic of Estonia. The study is based on the survey of 359 primary school teachers. The analysis produced a five-factor model, showing satisfactory factor loadings for each. The study revealed that teachers’ beliefs about traditional and constructivist teaching styles are somewhat contradictory, expressing on the one hand support to the constructivist approach to learning, but admitting at the same time that for both themselves and their students the traditional teaching style is more convenient. However, the majority of teachers believe that adherence to social constructivist learning principles yields better knowledge and practical skills. In primary school teachers’ approach to learning and teaching the most important key point is the acquisition of knowledge and useful skills, implemented through cooperation and favourable learning environment.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">142-152</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ludmila   Babajeva</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tatjana   Koķe</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LEARNING FOR PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT IN FOLK HIGH SCHOOLS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">adult learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">folk high school</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">personal development</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420054912.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">55</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nowadays in the field of andragogy, there is a significant transition from learning as a merely cognitive phenomenon to a more comprehensive approach, defining learning as a process of whole person development. Thus this study has its focus on sharing the experience of good practice for promoting adults’ personal development at six folk high schools in Latvia and Denmark. Observations have taken place since June 2011 till December 2012. All in all fifty six days of formal and informal activities were transcribed as field notes within different subjects as Danish, Latvian, Pottery, Philosophy, Self-development, Music, Yoga, Diet class etc. Data analysis were provided by AQUAD 6.0 (Huber, 2003) using mix-methods approach, combining conceptual codes and open coding. Main results show, that the most appropriate pedagogical circumstances of learning for personal development are those, where adults can develop themselves through body, mind and emotional activity and where 1) person has been treated as a value him/herself, 2) person’s values are the main focus and 3) high-/democratic values fulfil study process.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28-44</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Melanie   Boltzmann</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jascha   Rüsseler</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zheng   Ye</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thomas  F.  Münte</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LEARNING TO READ IN ADULTHOOD: AN EVALUATION OF A LITERACY PROGRAM FOR FUNCTIONALLY ILLITERATE ADULTS IN GERMANY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">adulthood</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fMRI</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">functional illiteracy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">training program</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1419346269.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">51</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">It is estimated that 759 million individuals worldwide are illiterate, i.e. they cannot read or write properly. With 95%, the majority of the illiterate population lives in developing countries. In most cases, these individuals did not attend school and, therefore, did not have the chance to acquire any skills in reading and writing. They are referred to as primary illiterates. However, illiteracy is not restricted to developing countries: In developed countries there are individuals who have great difficulties with reading and writing despite attending school for several years; they are termed as functional illiterates. For most individuals, the ability to read and write is crucial for being employed and socially accepted. Thus, education is an essential prerequisite for personal growth and satisfaction with life. The present research presents an innovative approach to overcome deficits in reading and writing in adults. The effectiveness of the program was investigated in two courses, each comprising 18 German functionally illiterate adults. Results show that participation in the program was accompanied by improved literacy skills and neuronal changes measured with fMRI.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33-46</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kosta   Dolenc</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Igor Pesek</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boris Aberšek</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MODULAR AND BRANCHED STRUCTURE OF INDIVIDUALIZED INTELLIGENT E-LEARNING MATERIALS FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SUBJECT COURSE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">individualized e-learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">intelligent system</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">metadata</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420056537.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">57</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">E-learning and online education offers important opportunities for educators as well as for students. Traditional e-materials, as they are known today, do not allow the recognition of different parameters, such as: learning differences, prior knowledge, learning capabilities, learning environment, styles of learning, etc. Because e-materials are structured in such a way they cannot be successfully adapted for learners who consequently cannot control their own learning (Berge, 2002; Picciano, 2000; Saba, 2002). Such a result offers, among others, a highly anti-motivational effect. The preparation of modern e-materials therefore requires a thorough preparation in terms of content and design, which has to be (mostly) based on pedagogical and didactic theories. Modern e-materials, which can also be named educational e-materials, are usually accessible online (internet-based training (IBT), web-based training (WBT), online education, etc.), they enable and encourage self-learning, they are flexible, dynamic, interactive, use different types of media, individualized and adapted to the user’s needs. Mostly the latter characteristic will receive special attention in the following research.  </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16-24</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Csilla Czeglédi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tímea Juhász</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ágnes Szlávicz</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE MOTIVATION OF STUDENTS TO CHOOSE TERTIARY EDUCATION IN HUNGARY AND SERBIAN VOJVODINA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">career choice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">motivation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tertiary education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tuition fee</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420055524.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">56</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The students motives of enrolment to tertiary educational institutions crucially influence their academic achievement and behaviour during studies. This research focuses on the Hungarian students’ reasons for choosing university in Hungary and in Serbian Vojvodina: whether they decide on their own or are influenced by other factors. The quantitative research also examines whether there is valid similarity or difference between the tertiary educational decisions of Hungarian people and those living in a neighboring country as the latter share a lot of common roots with their mother country.
The results show that there are similarities between the choices of young people from both areas, regardless of their mother country. Young people typically seem to choose further education on their own, and their surroundings or material considerations are only secondary motivational factors in their decision. However, it is also true that direct social factors and financial conditions have a considerable impact on whether they can actually acquire their diplomas.
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32-41</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Are   Turmo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knut-Andreas   Christophersen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eyvind   Elstad</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ORGANIZATIONAL DETERMINANTS OF TEACHER RESPONSIBILITY AND ENGAGEMENT AMONG ADULT EDUCATORS IN NORWAY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">adult education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">informal learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">job autonomy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher responsibility</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1419413017.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">52</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The purpose of the current research was to use structural equation modeling to estimate the organizational determinants of teacher responsibility and engagement among adult educators in immigrant schools in Norway. The path coefficients were estimated using data from a sample of Norwegian adult educators. The empirical analysis showed clear relations among the components of the model. Relational trust and informal learning among adult educators were seen as important precursors of adult educator responsibility, but the contextual factors appeared to be more complex. The analysis showed that authorities in charge of immigrant schools should design policies that consider the trust and relationships among adult educators. Personal influences are important for adult educator responsibility. Although the study has several limitations (i.e., the cross-sectional nature of the study and the fact that self-reported data were used), it contributes new insights into the empirical foundation for the model.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">125-136</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mateja Ploj Virtič</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Uroš Župerl</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marija Javornik Krečič</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PEDAGOGY 1:1 IN HIGHER EDUCATION: A CASE STUDY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">experimental work</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">higher education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning environment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pedagogy 1:1</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420056880.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">57</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The use of ICT in education has changed substantially over the last two decades. The development of new technologies has enabled us, the users, to mature and gain experience. The introduction of ICT in the educational process at the same time means a change of the teachers' role. The teacher appears in the role of a mentor who directs the activities of the learner. There has been a change in the teacher preparation to teach. He should provide both the content as well as technical support and to create a suitable learning environment. The way of teaching in the natural science and engineering education is specific due to the need of transfer knowledge into the practice. The nature of work in this kind of education requires more experimental work, based on individual learning process. There are many different implementation options of laboratory exercises that advantageously incorporate ICT into the nature of their work. The most popular in engineering education are two different types of laboratories: Simulation (virtual) and Remote controlled (online) labs, defined by Balamuralithara and Woods (2009). A remote controlled laboratory for conducting remote experiments at the University of Maribor, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering was developed. Development of the remote lab was carried out as an exploratory work of the group of students and professors. The lab was developed in the following three phases: development of the construction with corresponding technical documentation, development of the control system and development of the system for remote control of a lift. The successful student project is evident through the applicability of the developed laboratory that serves as a great tool for studying and offers all the benefits of ICT.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">102-110</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Raffaele Pisano</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paolo   Bussotti</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ON POPULARIZATION OF SCIENTIFIC EDUCATION IN ITALY BETWEEN 12TH AND 16TH CENTURY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abacus schools</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematics education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science &amp; society</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">scientific education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tartaglia</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420056837.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">57</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mathematics education is also a social phenomenon because it is influenced both by the needs of the labour market and by the basic knowledge of mathematics necessary for every person to be able to face some operations indispensable in the social and economic daily life. Therefore the way in which mathematics education is framed changes according to modifications of the social environment and know–how. For example, until the end of the 20th century, in the Italian faculties of engineering the teaching of mathematical analysis was profound: there were two complex examinations in which the theory was as important as the ability in solving exercises. Now the situation is different. In some universities there is only a proof of mathematical analysis; in others there are two proves, but they are sixth–month and not annual proves. The theoretical requirements have been drastically reduced and the exercises themselves are often far easier than those proposed in the recent past. With some modifications, the situation is similar for the teaching of other modern mathematical disciplines: many operations needing of calculations and mathematical reasoning are developed by the computers or other intelligent machines and hence an engineer needs less theoretical mathematics than in the past. The problem has historical roots. In this research an analysis of the phenomenon of “scientific education” (teaching geometry, arithmetic, mathematics only) with respect the methods used from the late Middle Ages by “maestri d’abaco” to the Renaissance humanists, and with respect to mathematics education nowadays is discussed. Particularly the ways through which mathematical knowledge was spread in Italy between late Middle ages and early Modern age is shown. At that time, the term “scientific education” corresponded to “teaching of mathematics, physics”; hence something different from what nowadays is called science education, NoS, etc. Moreover, the relationships between mathematics education and civilization in Italy between the 12th and the 16th century is also popularized within the Abacus schools and Niccolò Tartaglia. These are significant cases because the events connected to them are strictly interrelated. The knowledge of such significant relationships between society, mathematics education, advanced mathematics and scientific knowledge can be useful for the scholars who are nowadays engaged in mathematics education research. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">90-101</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agneta  Simeonsdotter  Svensson</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PRESCHOOL CHILDREN DEVELOPMENT EMPATHY THROUGT INDIVIDUALIZED MATERIALS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ethics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">preschool children</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1419412973.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">52</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The overall objective of the study is to investigate whether the understanding of animals and their living conditions is a way for child’s emphatic ability. One interesting question is in what way children show that they are developing empathy. Do children show some change in the way they talk about animals and their living conditions? How is this change revealed? The theoretical basis of this study is based on Martin Hoffman's research (2000) which emphasizes the importance of learning and of encouraging empathy in children. The study design is qualitative and was conducted using conversations with child participants, notes, photographs and video recordings of the children working with the teaching material &quot;cat picture&quot; and dog picture&quot;. The participants comprised of 52 children aged between 3-5 years, divided into a main group and a control group with 26 children, 12 girls and 14 boys in each group. The results show that there is a difference in the two testing occasions between the main group and the control group. As the main group were given opportunities to think and reflect and work with the material, ideas about thoughts on ethical issues could emerge and developed further. Sustainable development must begin with the children. This is the best investment that any society can make.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">115-124</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ayodeji  Olasunkanmi Abari</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Idowu  Olufunke  Oyetola</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adedapo Adetayo Okunuga</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PRESERVING AFRICAN LANGUAGES AND TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY IN THE FACE OF EDUCATION AND GLOBALIZATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">African languages</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">globalization</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">preserving</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">territorial integrity</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420056486.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">57</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">With the colonization of Africa, the language of the colonial masters has taken precedence over the indigenous languages of the Africans to the extent that the latter seems to be going into extinction.  Yet, education is better founded on the native language of a people which also preserves their culture and tradition and gives them their own separate identity.  Meanwhile, the world has turned into a global village and there now exist international languages with the owners’ ways of life.  The latter seems to have subsumed the culture and tradition of others who are borrowers of the international language.  Where then lays the fate of Africans, between the preservation of their indigenous languages and the risk of being left out and behind the rest of the world if they do not simultaneously come to terms with international languages.  It is these issues of language and education, as well as globalization and African territorial integrity that this study examines separately and jointly with a view to juxtaposing them.  The study then recommends balanced ways out of the dilemma one of which is the compulsory use of the mother tongue by Africans as the medium of instruction at the foundational level of education.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8-15</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lindiwe Rose   Matsenjwa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">S’lungile Kindness   Thwala</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS’ KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS OF MEASUREMENT AND ASSESSMENT: A CASE OF SWAZILAND</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">measurement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary teachers</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420055125.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">55</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The study purposed to find primary school teachers’ knowledge and skills of measurement and assessment and to elicit their views of teacher role of measurement and assessment. Within a descriptive survey, a questionnaire was used to collect data. The sample consisted of 72 primary school teachers randomly selected from 40 Swaziland schools. The findings revealed that primary school teachers had some knowledge of measurement and assessment, however lacked skills in using a variety of assessment techniques. The study further found out that as much as primary teachers view assessment as important in improving teaching and learning, they do not use it in planning for their lessons. The study also revealed that oral assessment and practical assessment has frequently been used in primary schools even though such observation and project techniques are rarely exploited. In light of these findings, the study concluded that mainly primary teachers assess learners to monitor learners’ progress instead of providing instructional planning. The study recommends that the teacher training colleges and the University of Swaziland should extend the scope of measurement and evaluation course to adequately equip the primary school teachers.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">74-87</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Milan Kubiatko</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ON THE PROBLEMATIC OF „RESEARCH ISLANDS“ (PART 1)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">international journals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">publishing outcomes</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1419413297.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">53</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This problematic concerns only countries in middle Europe, because the author does not know the situation in countries from Western Europe or from far countries like USA or Australia. A very general division consists in two types of researchers. Researchers from the first type relatively do not like researchers from the second type and vice versa. The first type of researchers is people, whose work does not exceed the boundaries of the native country. Their publishing outcomes are predominantly contributions in the local proceedings of a conference.
On the other side are standing the researchers who transcend the boundaries of the native country and they have no restraints to send their manuscript to an internationally reputable journal (no one) and lead a long fight with a happy end with the reviewers. But, their success is only relative, it is only own intrinsic satisfaction with own hard work. The number of this kind of authors (called “seafarers”) is very low in comparison with “islanders” and it aims to a very interesting situation. The “seafarers” are less reputable and the top scientists are “islanders”. The next interesting thing is that the “seafarers” bring more money to faculties, because the policy says more valuable are international publications than local, but the dividing of money is inequitable, because in many cases are publications equal without regard if the publication was included in the Web of Science or if it is only local, though “seafarers” brings several times more money and credit to the department or faculty like “islanders”. So, we can be proud of an enthusiastic approach of a couple of people who run against the wind and we can hope, the situation with the appreciation with this kind of people will change in the future, because we will still live on a research island surrounded by the sea. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-6</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diana   Liepa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inta   Ratniece</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PROFICIENCY INCREASE BY COLLABORATION WITHIN THE FOREIGN LANGUAGE STUDY PROCESS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">didactic modules</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1419412629.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">52</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In the fields of science and education transnational cooperation has become particularly relevant for developing of contemporary conceptions in education and science. As the first step in such cooperation has been the Bologna process, started on June 19, 1999, when 29 Ministers of European countries signed the Bologna Declaration. The Bologna Declaration promotes education and cooperation being the fundamentals of a peaceful and a democratic society. The European dimension is characterized by student mobility and cooperation between educational institutions in European study programmes. The significance of communication and foreign language acquisition skills is gradually increasing (Bologna Declaration, 1999). A strategic goal for the European Union is to develop the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world capable of sustainable economic growth with a wider variety and better jobs and greater social cohesion. All citizens of European Union countries require foreign language skills, because these skills provide citizens with the opportunity to make use of the free movement to work or to study at one of the EU member states and as such they stimulate the development of a European labour market. As an EU member state, Latvia participates in this process. Improvements should be achieved in teacher education by implementing innovations in the study process.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">48-59</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Francisca   Mendoza</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martha   Gaeta</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Virginia   Sedeño</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PROMOTING BASIC COGNITIVE SKILLS THROUGH CONSTRUCTIVIST-BASED STRATEGIES IN A PHYSIOLOGY COURSE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">basic knowledge</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cognitive skills</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">problem based learning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420054144.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">54</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">One of the main purposes of education today is to develop student’s ability to think in a systemic, analytical and logical manner to become self-directed, critical thinkers. Hence, students need to be efficient in one or more basic cognitive skills (BCS), since they are the foundational skills for the continued growth of these and other intellectual higher level abilities. According to constructivist theorists, the development of students’ deep conceptual understanding takes place when they are engaged in learning tasks that explicitly makes them aware of their BCS, based on students’ previous knowledge and matter content. From this perspective, teachers can promote BCS in the classroom through the design of constructivist-based strategies. Therefore, the main purpose of the present study was to examine how the BCS of analysis and synthesis are attained in a university physiology course, examining differences in two groups of students from different classes using different learning methods: problem-based learning (PBL) and PBL plus diagrams. A self-report questionnaire was designed for this purpose. A knowledge exam was also applied to both groups at the end of the intervention to evaluate students’ basic knowledge attainment. Results indicate that there were no significant differences between the two groups in their BCS acquisition. Exam scores were not different between groups either. However, a significant relationship between BCS and basic knowledge attainment was found. Results are discussed in more detail within the document.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">53-59</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Senar   Temel</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PROSPECTIVE CHEMISTRY TEACHERS’ PROBLEM SOLVING ACHIEVEMENT ACCORDING TO THEIR LEVELS OF METACOGNITIVE SKILLS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">metacognition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">problem solving</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1419346631.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">51</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This research aims at analysing how prospective teachers’ levels of metacognitive skills influence their problem solving achievement. The research was conducted with the participation of the 32 prospective teachers attending the Department of Chemistry Education of the Education Faculty of Hacettepe University and enrolled in Inorganic chemistry course in the 2010-2011 academic year. Metacognitive Activities Inventory, MCA-I and Chemical Bonding Achievement Test, CBAT were used as the tools of data collection. Descriptive statistics as well as one-way ANOVA were employed in the analysis of the data collected. Consequently, the prospective teachers were divided into three groups according to their levels of metacognitive skills. Following the one-way ANOVA, it was found that there were no statistically significant differences between the prospective teachers grouped on the basis of differing levels of metacognitive skills in terms of their achievement in problem solving.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">126-131</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kim  I.  Mallalieu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Candice  V. Sankarsingh</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RECONCILING ADULT EDUCATION NEEDS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: THE CASE OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO SMALL SCALE FISHERIES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">small scale fisheries</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sustainable development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">training needs specification</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1419412721.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">52</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The critical role of fisheries to food security and coastal livelihoods, as well as its impact on dwindling marine resources, motivate an examination of the degree to which education and training needs in the fisheries sector are met. This paper investigates the specific case of Trinidad and Tobago small scale fishers, a particularly vulnerable population whose livelihoods are bidirectionally linked to sustainable development. 
 The challenges of declining fish stocks, increasing market prices and the fierce competition presented by technology-based fishing techniques, present a persuasive case for context-appropriate education and training for Trinidad and Tobago small scale fisherfolk. Research was conducted to examine the training needs of these fisherfolk, as articulated by key industry stakeholders, including the fishers themselves; and to set these needs off against available training provisions. A reconciliation strategy for education and training was developed to respond to the needs of the industry as well as to the Caribbean priorities of sustainable development and fisheries management.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">72-83</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nelson  Nunez  Rodriguez</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RECONCILING LEARNING AND TEACHING STYLES IN SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY ENGINEERING AND MATHEMATICS DISCIPLINES THROUGH COGENERATIVE DIALOGUES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cogenerative dialogues</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">college STEM teaching and learning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1419412928.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">52</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The use of cogenerative dialogues in Science disciplines is a pedagogical approach bringing together the plethora of academic and cultural backgrounds of current community college students. Specifically, this project illustrates the effects of integrating cogens in a community college chemistry class for science majors. Cogenerative dialogues were implemented in a Hostos Community College spring 2011 chemistry class as follows: some students discussed class issues with the professor in an informal setting once a week. An integrative assignment connecting typical foods from different countries was used as a framework to reinforce the learning process and to unravel content misunderstanding. The project outcomes transcended spring 2011 semester. A new book has been adopted in the class as a result of the dialogue. Oral presentations, the use of masteringchemistry.com and a forum to create exam questions have been implemented. Office hours are now used to both develop specific class problems and to dialogue with students about learning styles. Overall, cogenerative dialogues have opened a venue to facilitate the learning of difficult science concepts while building an atmosphere of acceptance, respect, and collegiality between instructor and the students.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">105-114</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pamela  Atieno Ochieng</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">REFORM AGENDA AND EDUCATIONAL POLICY IN KENYA: CIRCA 21st CENTURY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">regional disparity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social injustices</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1419346439.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">51</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study examined the reform Agenda and the educational policy in Kenya with regard to the secondary school sector in Eldoret municipality. The study was based on the social systems theory as advanced by Newstrom (1993). The research adopted an exploratory survey design. The target population was the principals in secondary schools, the student governing council, teachers and parents. The sample was selected using proportionate stratified random sampling and purposive sampling. Data was collected by use of questionnaires, interview schedules, and observation schedule. Descriptive statistics, (percentages, frequency distribution tables and graphic representations) were used in data analysis and interpretation of data. The significance of the study lies in the fact that reform agenda in education with regard to educational policy is aimed at creating equal opportunity for all learners in Kenya. The study findings revealed that the education opportunities at secondary school level are unevenly distributed, ranking of schools based on performance create discrimination. The admission criteria have created a rift rather than promote unity, and that affirmative action in the education sector has led to inequalities. The study concludes that, the government of Kenya needs to redirect some public resources for education from the wealthiest people to the poor population. Concludes that unless the regional differences are considered educational policies will always replicate social injustices.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83-90</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Viviana  Carolina  Llanos</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">María  Rita  Otero</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE RESEARCH AND STUDY PATHS IN THE SECONDARY SCHOOL: THE CASE OF THE POLYNOMIAL FUNCTIONS OF THE SECOND DEGREE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">polynomial functions of second degree</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">research and study paths</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">secondary school</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1419412673.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">52</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This analysis introduces the pedagogy of research and questioning the world within the Math classrooms at secondary schools in Argentina by using Research and Study Paths (RSP). The RSP have been proposed by Chevallard in the Anthropologic Theory of Didactic (ATD) to face the mechanistic model of teaching mathematics in secondary school (Chevallard, 2004). The RSP has been previously conceived as part of this research and could enable to cover the syllabus of the three last years of the secondary level (students aged 14 to 18 years old). The RSP has been carried out in courses intentionally selected by the researcher. Two implementations have been performed once a year during three years; with 163 students participating in the whole research. The results of introducing RSP into the classroom, the characteristics of the Mathematical Organization (MO) and the advantages and disadvantages of teaching mathematics based on the pedagogy of research and questioning the world are described in the present work.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">60-71</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lisbeth  M.  Brevik</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RESEARCH ETHICS: AN INVESTIGATION INTO WHY SCHOOL LEADERS AGREE OR REFUSE TO PARTICIPATE IN EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">consequence ethics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">professional development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">research ethics</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1419412326.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">52</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The present qualitative study investigates the reasons given by 236 Norwegian upper secondary school leaders when they either accepted or refused to take part in a research project. The analysis shows that those who agreed to participate gave two main reasons, while the range of reasons among those who refused was more diverse. Moreover, when making their decisions the school leaders considered the consequences for their schools and their teachers, and to some extent, their students. These findings are discussed in relation to consequence ethics and value judgments, in the hope of contributing to a renewed perspective on research ethics. There is a tendency to consider research ethics a matter of how researchers should treat their participants to safeguard the participants’ interests. However, the findings of the present study suggest that it is equally important to understand the participants’ perspectives, which will in turn help researchers provide the information needed to better inform, and hopefully recruit participants for research projects.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7-20</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Todar   Lakhvich</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SCIENCE PARADIGM AND PUBLISHING ADEQUACY: WHAT WE WOULD LIKE TO READ IN SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">academic writing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">scientific reviewing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">theoretical education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420056443.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">57</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A few days ago I had an interesting discussion with my master student who recently had entered our university after his graduation as a bachelor from an Arab university. As usual, I gave him few questions for analysis through reviewing scientific Journals and monographs. It was the easiest way to check what his grades in Diploma are worth of and skills in working on a thesis. In all the cases the first chapter of a thesis is to comprise a scientific analysis of the focal problem and therefore it resembles be an introduction to experimental research, in our case in the field of applied Biochemistry. 
After years of being a university professor I’m rather sceptical about students’ ability to offer at the first attempt a proper scientific review that would meet all the requirements (strangely enough, it’s a matter of consideration for some proposals for a scientific Journal). Still I’m an acting professor, appointed as the supervisor for the foreign student and should teach him skills of a scientist. It is just a normal practice. I am used to teach and like to do it, and accept the idea the first attempt barely gets you the final result; anyway, I am there to help to overcome the difficulties (which is an approach in Science education that gives students good experience to enable them to work further on more independently. I am used to correct and edit, to teach and explain, to discuss findings and help to do work in a proper way. That’s just all right, that’s the process of learning. But in that case, I was absolutely disappointed.
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-7</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Raffaele Pisano</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SCIENCE, SOCIETY AND CIVILIZATION IN THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">history of science</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">society studies</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420054822.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">55</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Generally speaking a discussion concerning history of science and technique/technology within society and its civilization is presented such as a discipline within the history of science for understanding eventual relationship between science and the development of art crafts produced by non–recognized scientists in a certain historical time. The relationship between science and science &amp; society and consequent civilizing by science is centred on the possibility that the society effetely developed a fundamental organization in capacity to absorb science and produce technologies (i.e., water and electrical supply, transportation systems etc.) of course and technically that lacked in the past. Subsequently, a development civilization was necessary parallel to development of the science within society? Is effetely happened that? Did scientific works develop as a response to the needs of society? It is always necessary to begin a historical research – also a research concerning the relations between science and society in a determined period – from the alive, both theoretical and technical work of the scientists. If, in the analysis of the whole work of a scientist, the historian of science reveals some unclearness or internal inconsistencies or a lack of coherence between the methods used by this scientist in different works of his and if all these questions cannot be explained either with technical problems (for example the lack or the misunderstanding of certain mathematical methods) or with the general methodological and epistemological convictions of the scientist himself, then it is necessary to think of the general structure of the society in that period. Therefore technical analysis of the results and methods used by the scientist is a priori considered and then evaluated within civilization. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4-10</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Violeta  Šlekienė</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Loreta  Ragulienė</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dragos Iordache</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costin   Pribeanu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin Bilek</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bulent Cavas</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tatyana Mazurok</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SOCIAL NETWORKING WEBSITES FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">comparative analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ICT</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social networking websites</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">university students</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420056732.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">57</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The use of social networking websites is becoming increasingly popular. While there are many reasons for this, the rapid spread of ICT is one of the most determining factors.  New technologies provide various possibilities for education and in relation to social networking websites it is worth emphasizing their diverse possibilities. The functionality of social networking websites is increasing, and this, in its own way, opens many possibilities for the consumers, a factor encouraging the usage of social networking sites. 
This research relates to the usage of social networking websites. The purpose of the research is to ascertain how university students from a range of European countries (Lithuania, Romania, Ukraine, Czech Republic, Turkey) use social networking websites; how they value them; what opinion they have about various social networking websites; what they know about them. 
A questionnaire, Social Networks, with 16 questions was used in the research. The breakdown of the questions is as follows: 3 questions were allotted to establishing the characteristics of the respondents and 5 open ended type questions were to possible advantages and disadvantages of SNW. The 6th question was assigned to evaluate the frequency of social networking website usage. A list of 23 main networking websites was presented. The 8th question was to evaluate the functions of social networking websites (e.g., communication, advertisement, friend search, information exchange and so on). In addition, the questionnaire also presented 26 various type statements about social networking websites and respondents were asked to evaluate these by applying the interval Likert scale (from “Completely agree” to “Completely disagree”). The original questionnaire was translated into the national languages by the local researchers involved in the study. 
This education research was carried out in 2012-2013, recognizing that it is especially important to understand the essential motives of using social networking websites, to analyze their probable advantages and disadvantages, to make some comparisons among students from the different countries. 
The findings illustrated that the respondents knew a lot of social networking websites, with the most frequently visited and most popular being: You Tube, Facebook and Google+. The most important functions put forward by the university students were: communication, learning and exchanging information, texting. Gender differences were noted in the case of valuing social networking websites.
The university students pointed out the following SN website advantages: 
(a)	the possibility to communicate with many people at one time, 
(b)	to get in touch with the people seen long ago also with the friends and relatives living abroad, 
(c)	the possibility to find proper information and share it, etc.
The respondents also noted that SN website had disadvantages. They indicated: lack of information publicity, a lack of privacy, insecurity in presented data, possible lies, deceptions, etc. 
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">61-78</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hernan   Casakin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitza Davidovitch</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SOCIAL-ACADEMIC CLIMATE AND ACADEMIC SATISFACTION IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">academic satisfaction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">architecture</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">classroom</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">design studio</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning environment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social-academic climate</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420055446.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">56</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The social climate created in the classroom has been recognized to have important implications for learning. This study was motivated by the explore how design students in the design studio compared to other other architectural courses view their social-academic climate. 
 Despite the role played by social climate in classroom, some have argued that classroom climate has been largely ignored in studies of higher education and most studies on classroom climate explore the perceptions of teachers rather than views of students themselves. The present study focuses on social-academic climate and its significance in architectural studies and its effect on academic satisfaction.
 A survey was conducted of students of architecture, following an approach developed by Moos (1970), who claimed that behavior is largely affected by environmental and situational factors. The model he constructs presents social climate as a product of bilateral pressure systems - environmental pressures that affect the individual, and pressure that the individual exerts on his or her environment. This study evaluates social-academic climate and academic satisfaction in an academic architectural program, focusing on a comparison of perceptions of students in the design studio and traditional classes, based on the eight dimensions proposed by Moss (1979). 
 Findings shed light on the importance that students attribute to the measures of social-academic climate. These factors (specifically, students' involvement, competence, innovation, and teacher support) were rated higher in the design studio than in the courses. Social-academic climate measures such as involvement, order and organization, teacher's control, and orientation of the learning material were higher in the first year than in more advanced years. Academic satisfaction was higher in the first year design studio. Ratings of order, organization, and teacher support were the major predictors of students' academic satisfaction with the architectural program.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16-31</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SOME SKETCHES ON SOCIAL NETWORKING WEBSITES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational space</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social networking websites</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">university students</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420053828.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">54</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">It is obvious, that usage of social networking websites is constantly growing. In Lithuania, a rapid growth of usage has been observed in recent years, taking into account local (national) social networking websites as well. Facebook.com is one among 10 mostly visited networks in Lithuania. Lithuanian consumers are not an exception – not a small part of them also use several social networking websites. Both in the world and in Lithuania, business takes an active interest in social networking websites. An evident tendency is the expansion of SNW possibilities in business environment. If earlier it was thought that usage of SNW is a waste of time, in the latter years business finds more and more reasons why social networking websites ought to be used. This is marketing, service and product advertisement, new client search, cooperation development and so on. The other thing – the amount and the flow of information will certainly not decrease and therefore information usage and management in general, will remain urgent (Lamanauskas, 2012a).
 Thus, can social networks effectively perform educational functions? Can they become a proper professional development instrument? We can formulate a lot of questions. The phenomenon of social networking websites is new and complicated, rapidly changing. However, not only the question of the use is problematic. Academic community, being inert, hardly accept any innovations. Researchers should focus not only on the students 'interest in and ability to use the Social Networking Websites, but also lecturers' attitude to the new opportunities. Therefore, exhaustive empirical researches are necessary, seeking to maximally use the SNW providing possibilities for educational purposes.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-6</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andrej   Šafhalter</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Srečko   Glodež</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Karin  Bakračevič  Vukman</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SPATIAL ABILITY, 3D MODELING AND STYLES OF THINKING IN RELATION TO BRAIN HEMISPHERE DOMINANCE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cognitive development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hemispheric dominance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spatial ability</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420054374.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">54</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The progress of neuroscience and the understanding of children's styles of thinking are opening up new teaching styles that take into account differences in individual cognitive perception. Students can be classified into three distinctive perceptive types, according to the pronounced activity of one cerebral hemisphere in their thinking and information processing: left-hemisphere, right-hemisphere, and integrative type that does not exhibit a considerable dominance of one particular hemisphere.
 The purpose of the research was to establish differences in the 3D modeling encouraged progression of spatial ability between the left-hemisphere, right-hemisphere and integrative types of students.
 Computerized 3D modeling employed during technical extra-curricular activity in lower secondary school (grades 6 to 9) may affect the spatial ability of students, which according to other studies, appears to be predominantly connected with the right brain hemisphere. Research was conducted among a variety of lower secondary school students across Slovenia aged 11 – 15 years. Data on spatial ability and its development was collected using a hybrid spatial intelligence test conducted on two separate occasions, while assessment of the learning perception type of students – depending on hemispheric dominance – was obtained using a self-evaluation questionnaire. The 3D modeling of technical objects and objects drawn in orthographic or isometric projection was done with the software Trimble SketchUp.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">91-98</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ilya   Levin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mark   Korenblit</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vadim   Talis</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STUDY OF SOCIAL NETWORKS’ DYNAMICS BY SIMULATION WITHIN THE NODEXL-EXCEL ENVIRONMENT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning environments</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">modelling</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social networks</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420054539.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">54</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The present study is an analysis of the learning activity, which constitutes simulation of networks and studying their functioning and dynamics. The study is based on using network-like learning environments. Such environments allow building computer models of the network graphs. According to the suggested approach, the students construct dynamic computer models of the networks' graphs, thus implementing various algorithms of such networks’ dynamics. The suggested tool for building the models is the software environment comprising network analysis software NodeXL and a standard spreadsheet Excel. The proposed approach enables the students to visualize the network's dynamics. The paper presents specific examples of network models and various algorithms of the network's dynamics, which were developed based on the proposed approach.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><orig-pub><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ИЗУЧЕНИЕ ДИНАМИКИ СОЦИАЛЬНЫХ СЕТЕЙ   НА ОСНОВЕ МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЯ В СРЕДЕ NODEXL-EXCEL </style></orig-pub><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">125-137</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Katri  Raik</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Igor Kostyukevich</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jelena Rootamm-Valter</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SUBJECT AREA TEACHERS’ PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE DEVELOPMENT NEEDS DURING THE TRANSITION TO TEACHING  IN A SECOND LANGUAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">competence development needs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teachers’ professional competence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">transition to teaching in a second language</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420056959.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">57</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A partial transfer into teaching in the Estonian language is being implemented in Russian-medium upper secondary schools in Estonia. Among teachers who have to switch to teaching in Estonian are also subject who have previously taught in the Russian language. A number of surveys have shown that there are teachers who believe that methodological support of the transfer is not sufficient. Hence, it is important to find out if there is a need for additional in-service teacher training during the transfer period, and if yes, then what kind of training is required.
A model of subject teachers’ professional competences was devised. The need analysis was conducted by the structural survey method among focus groups of subject teachers. Six Estonian Russian upper secondary schools were selected for the study on the basis of the representativeness of the criteria set to focus groups. The representative groups were offered to evaluate by rating professional competences, needs for additional in-service training, and, finally, needs for language support. The data were analyzed by the Pearson’s correlation and by the analysis of the variations range of the three measured criteria at the level of separate schools and their teacher teams and at the level of indicators’ mean values. 
The research has not revealed any common data in either strong or weak points of teachers’ professional competences. Each school has a professional profile of its own. The need for in-service professional training depends on the professional profile of each school (correlation 0.835÷0.908). The need for language support is also highly correlated with the conscious need for training. 
Recommendations. Planning of partial transfer to teaching in the Estonian language, as well as an additional in-service training and language support should be based on the needs of a particular school. The system of in-service teacher training should take into consideration all components of teachers’ professional competences while offering additional in-service training and language support on a regular basis. While implementing partial transfer of Russian-medium schools into teaching in the Estonian language it is absolutely necessary to apply an individual approach to each and every school.  
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">111-123</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mirosław   Kowalski</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ewa   Kowalska</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SUBJECTIVITY TOWARDS EDUCATIONAL PRACTICE AND THREATS OF CONTEMPORARY TIMES: EXCEPTIONS OF REFLECTION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational ideology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pedagogical thinking</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1419412135.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">52</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Subjectivity today is commonly referred to as a necessary condition of education. Regardless of the world-view option, of social, or religious doctrine which determines the ideological layer of the education, the problem of the subjectivity is functioning as the crucial element of the design and implementation of the educational activities. At least in individual presentations it is differently understood, nobody is already contradicting its being. With reference to the introduction – what is the subjectivity?
 Modern ideas of education suffer from lack of the paradigmatic continuity, they commit the sin of inconsistency. Apart from the philosophical perspective of anthropology, they do not define their subjects. They constitute themselves as a methodical concept: they grow out of the technological rationality and they cross out a model of communicational rationality. The growth of educational praxeology knowledge actualises itself in isolation from the basic consideration. Inconsistency and ambiguity of ontological assumptions replaced with the indications on epistemology multiplies axiological dilemmas.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-6</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stela   Karaj</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elida   Rapti</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TEACHER JOB STRESS IN ALBANIA: EXAMINING THE ROLE OF STUDENTS’ CLASSROOM DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOR AND OTHER FACTORS IN THE SCHOOL CONTEXT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">relation with colleagues</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">students’ disruptive behavior</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher job stress</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420053956.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">54</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of the students’ disruptive behavior and other factors in the school context on the teachers’ job stress. For this purpose a survey based descriptive research was conducted with 540 basic education teachers. The instrument used was a structured questionnaire which was comprised of four scales for measuring teacher stress, students’ disruptive behavior, time pressure and workload, relations with school principal and relations with colleagues. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient was used to determine the direction and the strength of the relationships between the teachers’ job stress and the stress related factors. Standard multiple regression was used to determine the amount of variability on teachers’ job stress explained by the independent factors involved in the study. 
 The study findings indicated low to substantial correlations between teachers’ job stress, students’ disruptive behaviour, time pressure and workload, relations with school principal and relations with colleagues. Students’ disruptive behaviour, time pressure and workload and relations with school principal were found to be significant predictors of teachers’ job stress. Relations with colleagues were not found to be a significant predictor of teacher stress.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14-21</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tidita   Abdurrahmani</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE TEACHER QUALIFICATION SCHEME: A CASE OF ALBANIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">desk research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">novice teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher qualification</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420054869.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">55</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The study aims to analyse the results of “Teacher Qualification Exam” in Albania, and to link these results with teacher preparation curricula taught in public universities. The methodology of research includes desk research on the literature about curricula and teacher continuous professional development, elaboration of the results of the testing of 3064 teachers, analysis of the university teacher preparation curricula in terms of skills development, the elaboration of the results of questionnaires developed by novice teachers, and in depth interviews with students graduating from the education departments. As a result, the research shows the relationships amongst the curricula developed in the teacher preparation faculties in Albania, the poor results of novice teachers involved in the induction scheme, and the comparatively low results of teachers pertaining to the third category of the Qualification Scheme (novice teachers having no more than 5 years of teaching experience) in Albania. It is advisable to adopt a better professional development scheme.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11-27</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paul   Miller</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carmel G.   Roofe</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">'TEACHING TO THE HALO-EFFECT': SOCIAL JUSTICE ISSUES AMONG TRAINEE-TEACHERS AT ONE TEACHER TRAINING INSTITUTION IN JAMAICA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social justice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching quality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">trainee-teachers</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420055173.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">55</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Social Justice themes have dominated education discourses over the decade of the 2000s with ideas ranging from equality in terms of gender, access to resources, teacher quality and the quality of students. These debates are not easily resolved and whereas concerns from policy makers and teacher-educators were often spotlighted, the opinions of teacher-trainees themselves were more or less absent from the discourse. This research sought to find out the views of teacher-trainees about their training experiences and how their interpretations of these experiences lead them to feel and act. This exploratory study therefore was conducted by collecting data from 41 third year teacher-trainees enrolled in a four year teacher training programme in Jamaica. Data was collected through two focus group interviews which were transcribed, sorted, coded and themes identified. The study was framed in the context of Rotter’s Locus of Control (1966) and Bourdieu’s (1977) Institutional Habitus. The main findings reveal that local students feel international students are treated more favourably; adequate learning resources are not always available (for labs especially) and some students are believed to be disadvantaged by lecturers because of how they speak and how they carry themselves (physical appearance). The researchers conclude that these are social justice issues that must be resolved to ensure a system that is built on the values of enabling rather than constraining.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">88-99</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eleni D. Politi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kyriakos N. Souliotis</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">UNDERSTANDING THE WEAKNESSES AND THE THREATS OF CONTINUOUS MEDICAL EDUCATION IN THE 21st CENTURY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">accreditation of medical education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous medical education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous professional development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">public health institutions and policies</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420056063.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">56</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The European Union of Medical Specialties is taking efforts to harmonize Continuous Medical Education (CME) requirements in Europe. However, in an era of financial crisis, some countries may undervalue the long-term public health impact of weak and budget-limited CME national systems. Appreciating the statement of the Greek ancient philosopher Socrates: “If you think that education is expensive, you should consider ignorance”, an assessment of the Greek CME system and its possible areas of improvement is attempted. From a questionnaire-based survey conducted to one hundred Greek practicing physicians, it seems that the vast majority respects the values of CME. However, they do not seem to clearly perceive CME as an obligatory, neither as an outcomes controlled process. They also confess CME access difficulties and geographic and financial discriminations. Overall, the Greek CME system was characterized as a non-satisfactory one and it did not seem to meet the physicians’ specific needs. Reviewing for relevant concerns also in a global context, it appears that institutionally mandating CME, controlling for the quality and the outcomes of it, as well as CME funding issues, they are all concepts where either robust evidence lacks and/or improvements warrant. Taking into consideration the above, a Greek CME system reformation is considered as utmost relevant and the comprehensive establishment of a National CME Authority, dedicated to address the above issues, is also suggested.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">105-114</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eldina  Nasufi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silvana  Vishkurti</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Migena   Alimehmeti</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">UNIVERSITY-LEVEL REFLECTIVE WRITING, ANALYZING THE INTERNSHIP REPORTS OF STUDENTS OF FRENCH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">internship</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reflexivity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">students</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">university</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420055971.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">56</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reflective writing is an important aspect, especially for students who are majoring in teaching a foreign language, because it constitutes an initial step for finding a solution to problems arising in practice.  Reflectivity in writing can be acquired by working since the first cycle studies, even in the pre-university system but in the Albanian context, it is not always realized from one level to another. This paper will focus on reflectivity in writing by means of internship reports handed by students at the end of their two-month internship in middle and secondary schools.
The corpus consists of the internship reports of the last two years (2011-2013) submitted by 80 master`s students, in order to point out that the students’ reflection on their internship in various schools are not realistic due to their inability to express their viewpoint on their experience. The main results of the analysis indicate that the students fail to coherently organize the data according to the internship report’s structure and they cannot explain accurately the problems encountered in the Albanian context. Instead, in most of the cases, they depart from an ideal context found in various foreign authors’ works. They are unable to argue on the importance of teaching experience for exercising their future profession. Furthermore they display several deficiencies in describing sample classes that they have taught in the schools.
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">86-92</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Darinka   Sikošek</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mateja   Žuželj</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">USING CHEMICAL MODELS FOR DEVELOPING NATURAL SCIENCE COMPETENCES IN TEACHING CHEMISTRY: FROM PUPILS AS MODEL ASSEMBLERS TO PUPILS AS CREATORS OF SELF-MADE MODELS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chemical models</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">self-made models</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching and learning by models</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1419413711.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">53</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemical models are indispensable tool in chemistry class and enable secondary school pupils to develop complex thought processes and spatial concepts, both of which are necessary to improve their understanding of chemical concepts.
 In this research, special emphasis is given to complex competencies not only their acquisition, but rather how pupils develop them. For this purpose, a learning strategy has been developed, called learning by self-generating chemical models. Pupils learn individually on their own models, which are made from easily accessible, low-cost materials.
 The impact of workable models was investigated (assembly of commercial models and production of self-made models) on the (1) learning success using simple molecule shapes and (2) the degree of competence development which realized through the implemented activities. The study involved first-year secondary school-pupils, defined as self-creators of paper- and -wire models (experimental group) and assemblers of commercial models (called the control group). The appearance of the molecules being studied took the form of geometric shapes and structures, which pupils present by making of ball-, called wire-models from plasticine and wire or paper created, called paper models.
 Based on the results of statistical processing of the data, we found that self-creation of models (as an innovative approach) leads to better understanding and to subsequently sustained knowledge for the pupil. It should also be noted that pupils who were self-generators in comparisons to those who merely assembled the models, generally developed many complex skills in the areas of problem solving, practical competence, mathematical competence and critical thinking skills. The knowledge so acquired was also better understood.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">89-98</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maria  João Silva</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Joaquim Bernardino   Lopes</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">António  Alberto Silva</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">USING SENSES AND SENSORS IN THE ENVIRONMENT TO DEVELOP ABSTRACT THINKING – A THEORETICAL AND INSTRUMENTAL FRAMEWORK</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">abstract thinking</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">environmental education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sensors</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1419413776.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">53</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The authors of this paper present a framework developed in a project that explores the use of senses and sensors in environmental education, to develop children’s abstract thinking. The research started with a brief formulation of a framework that was used to guide the cross-analysis of six case studies, in order to explore its usefulness. This analysis showed that it was possible to teachers to support the development of children’s abstract thinking by facilitating the use of senses and sensors in inquiry activities; and by scaffolding complex tasks, using concreteness fading, and bridging representations, with different levels of abstraction. The analysis also showed that the assessment of the development of abstract thinking can be based on the analysis of children’s epistemic practices, like observing, describing, interpreting, and creating multiple representations. Furthermore, the cross-analysis showed that sensorial information was used as a concrete basis to abstraction. After that, an improved framework is presented, showing how senses and sensors may be used in authentic activities to develop abstract thinking: (a) making it possible to observe the unobservable (for human senses), (b) scaffolding the understanding of patterns resulting from the influence of independent in dependent variables, (c) facilitating epistemic practices.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">99-119</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paolo   Bussotti</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">VITTORIO CHECCUCCI AND HIS CONTRIBUTIONS TO MATHEMATICS EDUCATION: A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">experimentations in mathematics education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematics education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1419413389.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">53</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study deals with Vittorio Checcucci’s ideas and proposals as to mathematics education. The scopes of this work are twofold: 1) the first scope is historical: my aim is to reconstruct Checcucci’s thought. This is a novelty because almost no contribution dedicated to Checcucci exists. The few existing contributions are brief articles whose aim is not to provide a general picture of his ideas; 2) the second scope is connected to mathematics education in the 21st century. A series of argumentations will be proposed to prove that many Checcucci’s ideas could be fruitfully exploited nowadays. For the first time, the thought of this mathematician is exposed to non-Italian readers because his ideas are worthy to be known, rethought and discussed in an international context. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22-39</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elzbieta Turska</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">WHO ARE POLISH FUTURE EDUCATORS? SELECTED ASPECTS OF SOCIAL IDENTIFICATIONS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educators in Poland</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">metaskills</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pedagogy students</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social identity</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420056300.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">56</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This research presents the results of a study on selected aspects of social identity of future educators which include family identity, national, European and global identities, religious identity and professional identity. The aim of the research was to find out whether Polish pedagogy students, who in future will become educators, are able to ask and answer identity questions and reflect on their own identity. The study was conducted in a group of 364 university students of pedagogy of the University of Zielona Gora, Poland. The data was gathered with the use of a diagnostic survey technique by means of a questionnaire.  The study leads to an optimistic view on future educators who reflect on their identity and can give clear answers to identity questions. This ability is essential for the future educators themselves as it adds to their personal development, but it is also crucial in the job and vocation of an educator. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">150-157</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">André du Plessis</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">WIKIS AND POWERPOINT AS COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT TOOLS IN SCIENTIFIC LITERACY: A PROPOSED HEURISTIC</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cognitive tools</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">heuristic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ICT</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Internet</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PowerPoint</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">scientific literacy</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420056578.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">57</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The overall performances in the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMMS) and Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) of South African learners have been dismal to say the least and the Annual National Assessment test results of grade 3, 6 and 9 learners related to general literacy and mathematics have left a lot to be desired. Clearly this suggests that something has to be done to address this. At the same time, South African education is still suffering as a result of the legacy of apartheid and the great majority of schools are lacking basic resources such as libraries, infrastructure and Information and Communication Technology (ICT) resources, including internet connectivity. General learner literacy and ICT literacy development and usage for learning are high on the government’s agenda, as is scientific literacy. However, there seems to be a dearth of ‘how to’ implement ICT related activities to develop reading, talking, listening and writing within a science classroom learning context with special reference to promoting scientific literacy in its fundamental sense. The theoretical and practical outline that follows attempts to assist filling the void related to the above by introducing an ICT based scientific literacy heuristic that is infused by the ICT based ‘Extended Cyberhunt Approach’ of Du Plessis (2010) and Du Plessis and Webb (2011, 2012, in press) and the off-line Scientific Literacy model of Webb and Villanueva (2008); Webb and Mayaba (2010) and Webb (2010). The focus of the heuristic is to develop scientific reading, talking, listening and writing, as well as to establish a different classroom learning space and experience. In addition, it adds emphasis on on-going feedback from the teacher to the learners as well as focusing on reflection and journal writing to inform teacher planning and subsequent interactions in the science classroom. The additional potential of the heuristic is not only that it offers ICT literacy skills development and the development of skills within a curriculum related science context, but also that ICT skills can be developed even without internet connectivity through using Microsoft Word and/or PowerPoint for writing development and presentation or adding Web 2.0 tools such as a Wiki to complement Microsoft Word and/or PowerPoint if connectivity is available. Research suggests that various skills such as planning, searching and researching, presentation, assessment as well as various cognitive skills  can be developed when ICT is used as a cognitive tool in a ‘Learning-as-Design’ context, i.e. when learners (students) become the designers and composers of artefacts related to topics that are curriculum based. This paper also then forms the base for an intervention in two primary schools in the Eastern Cape Province in South Africa that has received ICT resources for the first time ever, including internet connectivity, in September 2013. Hence, the anticipated research within these two schools will explore whether this heuristic has the potential to assist with and improve scientific reading, talking, listening and writing, as well as whether this approach improves motivation and interest related to science learning and ICT literacy development, including the potential to develop planning, searching and researching, presentation, assessment as well as various associated cognitive skills.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25-47</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peter   Hidvegi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reka   Racsko</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">WORK STRESS ACCORDING TO THE COMPARATIVE EXAMINATION OF THE PROFESSIONAL STAFF OF HUNGARIAN CUSTOMS AND FINANCE GUARD AND THE TEACHING STAFF OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF SECURITY FORCES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">comparative study</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">stress</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1419413434.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">53</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In people’s life their job takes a very important place which cuts across exist outside of work as a whole. The health status of the Hungarian population is among the worst in Europe. High mortality and morbidity rates of non-infectious diseases are mainly due to lifestyle factors, and job stress is a significant risk factor. Being an officer of the Customs and Finance Guard is a specific profession, the job stress is significant. If our aim is prevention, we have to start by evaluating the health status of the vulnerable population, and intervention can be designed in view of the results.
 Aim: A national context to explore about the customs and finance guard and teachers of police training colleges their stress level, and their chance of their advancement In view of the result, we would like to develop a health promoting project for this population with special profession. 
 Sample: The study population consisted of 122 employees who have been working for the Hungarian Customs and Finance Guard for more than one year, 481 workers who have been employees of the Hungarian Customs and Finance Guard for less than a year, and 99 teachers of law enforcement schools.
 We used an impersonal style should be used self-report questionnaires for evaluation.
 The job stress questionnaire showed that the stress level of officers was significantly higher than that of teachers. 
 The vulnerability of officers of the Hungarian Customs and Finance Guard is significantly higher than that of teachers, therefore, it is imperative to accomplish a health promoting project and burnout intervention.
 
 
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40-50</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jānis   Dzerviniks</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jānis   Poplavskis</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ACQUISITION OF PHYSICS IN COMPREHENSIVE SCHOOL: ACCENTS OF CONSTRUCTIVISM APPROACH</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">communication</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">constructivism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">emotional experience</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1409839792.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nowadays in general education the emphasis is put on a pupil and his/her activity in learning. Gradually there are deepened pedagogical theories considering a pupil as an active constructor of knowledge. As the process of learning natural sciences at school is essential in the world cognition and it is needed to increase the effectiveness of learning natural sciences, including physics, as well as facilitate the attractiveness of these subjects, it is important to identify and evaluate contemporary didactic standpoints and opportunities for their application in the teaching and learning process. In the article the author analyzes the theoretical ideas of constructivism in the aspect of learning physics. The aim of the theoretical research is to evaluate the didactic standpoints of constructivism, put forward and describe the main principles of constructivism to be implemented in comprehensive secondary education. Within the research reflected in the article there is performed the analysis of scientific literature, analytical judgments are based on the previous empirical researches and using authors’ personal pedagogical experience. 
 
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10-17</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zsuzsanna   Hanák</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">László   Dorner</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ADAPTATION ANALYSIS OF SOME ALTERNATIVE COMPETENCE-BASED EDUCATION PROGRAMS’ IN A HUNGARIAN PUBLIC SCHOOL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">competence-based education programs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hungarian students</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1408437266.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Some international researches has proven that Hungarian students are below the desired level regarding the application of acquired knowledge in many areas. In recent years competence based education includes knowledge, attitudes and abilities, gained ground in Hungarian schools. Our research aims to analyze the sustainability of some competence based, alternative education programs in Hungarian public education. Additional objectives include: revealing the opinion, examining the impact, exploring the related experience of students, parents, and teachers towards the following competence-based education programs: „Student Cognition” „Lesson Differentiation”, „Project Based Education”, „Epochal Education”, „Cooperative Education” and „ICT tools”. Questionnaire was used as a research method, applying SPSS to evaluate our data. The survey was carried out in a public school which takes part in the dissemination of competence based trainings. Sample consists of 158 participants. Results: applying these practices students and teachers are more effective to discuss their problems, the quality of education improves. Meet the students’ age characteristics, establish better measurement and evaluation system, clearer rules. Adapt to the students’ abilities/skills increasing their self-sufficiency and performance orientation. Consequently, the new practices can be appropriate to meet the challanges of public education in the 21st century.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">52-61</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Edmond   Rapti</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Theodhori   Karaj</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ALBANIAN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS’ ETHNIC DISTANCE AND STEREOTYPES COMPARED WITH OTHER BALKAN NATIONS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Balkan ethnic groups</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ethnic distance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ethnic stereotypes</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1415392684.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">48</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The purpose of this study is to identify the Albanian university students’ ethnic distance and the negative ethnic stereotypes compared with other ethnic groups in the Balkans. In addition, the study aims at determining the relationship between the ethnic distance and negative ethnic stereotypes. The sample of this study consists of 600 students selected at random in seven Albanian public universities. The instruments used in this study are a seven item ethnic distance scale for measuring the ethnic distance and a ten item scale for measuring ethnic stereotypes. The ethnic distance scale reliability coefficient is 0.76. The reliability coefficient for the ethnic stereotypes scale varies from 0.84 to 0.90. The descriptive statistics (mean - comparison) is used to describe the level of ethnic distance and ethnic stereotypes...Pearson Product-moment Correlations are used to identify the intensity and orientation of the relation between the ethnic distance and stereotyped attitudes. The study findings indicate that Albanian university students manifest high levels of ethnic stereotypes and ethnic distance compared with other Balkan ethnic groups, especially Serbs and Greeks. In line with the other research, the findings of the present study indicate that there is a positive relationship between the ethnic distance and negative ethnic stereotypes.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">127-134</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sudgasame   Jantaraweragul</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Noy   S. Kay</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ANALYTICAL STUDY OF KNOWLEDGE PREFERENCE USING THE PEDAGOGICAL EPISTEMOLOGY OF EDUCATION FRAMEWORK OF QUANTITATIVE, QUALITATIVE, AND PERFORMATIVE KNOWING  AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN THAILAND</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">basic knowledge</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biological matrices</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pedagogical epistemology of education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">performative knowing</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1413729059.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">47</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The basic research dilemma of the present study relates to the assumption that every individual can learn, not based on a personal innate intelligence but what and how a person learns to acquire intelligence. The investigation involved developing an instrument to detect the trait of basic knowledge through knowing factors that form a student’s knowledge preference. Furthermore, the study attempted to analyze the association between knowledge preference and the student’s nurturing culture and environmental influential factors. The assessment of tacit knowledge is to gain information that has been influent student’s learning formally or informally. Student early characteristics of the knowledge learning preference can be derived from different sources of knowing, for instance, the biological heredity procession in family, language, thinking process, perception, and frames of thought. A test named the Knowledge Preference Test was developed, and it consisted of 50 items. It statistically received a reliability coefficient of 0.91. The study participants included 2 017 secondary school students in Thailand. The study found significant association patterns among knowledge preference, student biological and cultural status, and some areas of student achievement.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">50-68</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boris Aberšek</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Janez  Bregant</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE ARCHITECTURE OF A SCHOOL SYSTEM ACCORDING TO THE THEORY OF DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematical modelling</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school system</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">theory of dynamical system</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1413727721.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">46</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">From the experience of recent years it seems clear that the existing educational system, as a whole, is perceived as an ailing system that fails to meet the needs of a major portion of the society it serves. Every aspect of the educational process must be studied and reconsidered in the light of new and different societal expectations. In the last decades we started with one school reform after the other, but it looks now that these changes had no positive impact whatsoever. Even worse, the school system was damaged afterwards. 
 In this paper we will explore some possibilities how to improve it without facing these consequences. The main idea is, as a result of our latest research, that mathematical methods for describing and simulating could be very useful for predicting and simulating school systems without using a long term and complex empirical experimentation. The paper introduces the correlation between the dynamical mathematical calculus and the educational school system and elaborates to some extent the basic idea of using the former to predict the latter.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7-14</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anastassia   Rezepova</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Natalia  Tshuikina</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BLOG AS A PLATFORM FOR LEARNER-CENTERED APPROACH IN TEACHING BILINGUALS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">competence of text production</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learner-centered approach</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">web blog</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1409840493.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The article presents grounds for necessity for implying a learner-oriented course for bilinguals studying in modern Estonian school. Such a course is caused by changes in the State Curriculum. The second supposition is the need in teaching Russian to bilinguals not as a foreign language but as one of native ones, which is not provided by curricula of Estonian-speaking educational institutions, although many of them count more than 10% of students from Russian-speaking families. As a result, bilingual students fairly and without accent speak Russian, however experiencing difficulties in reading and writing texts. 
 The realization of learner-centered approach for bilinguals via web blogs solves a vast number of organization problems, starting with the timetable settings for students from different classes and ending with individual approach to students’ personal achivements assessment. The article also decribes the course’s structure, which is organized in four cycles with eight lessons in each; contact classes are to be held in the beginning of the course and between the cycles for interim results, as well as in the end of the course for conclusion.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><orig-pub><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">СЕТЕВОЙ ДНЕВНИК КАК ПЛАТФОРМА ДЛЯ РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ ЛИЧНОСТНО-ОРИЕНТИРОВАННОГО ОБУЧЕНИЯ БИЛИНГВОВ </style></orig-pub><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">130-139</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jingyi   Dong</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A CASE STUDY OF &quot;HABITUS&quot; AND &quot;FIELD&quot;: THE CHINESE RURAL STUDENTS ON THE UNIVERSITY CAMPUS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">higher education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">inequality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rural students</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1408531978.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This research focuses its inquiry on the economic aspect of rural university students' life in China, but the discussion goes beyond the economic field. Massification in the Chinese higher education system has increased the chance for rural youths to receive tertiary education. However, there is rarely sufficient data to record their status quo on the campus. This research intends to fill up the gap by making a comparison between the rural students who are located at different levels in the higher education system. This comparative analysis eventually leads to such findings: Those at the higher extreme of the hierarchy, who have more subsidies, tend to experience more frustration under financial pressure than those at the lower extreme, who are insufficiently funded. Presumably, the former are more directly exposed to rural-urban disparity. While the latter experience less frustration, they are less prepared to impacts from the unfamiliar urban society. The research, eventually going beyond the economic problems, has exposed a process in which the rural youths are victimized by the system that discriminates against the Chinese peasants, in which the higher education system plays a critical role.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">45-64</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Iheanyi N.   Okwakpam</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ikechi O.   Okwakpam</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CAUSES AND LEVELS OF TRUANCY AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS: A CASE STUDY OF RIVERS STATE, NIGERIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">secondary school</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">truancy</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1413727463.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">45</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The study was a case study design aimed at determining the causes and levels of truancy among secondary school students, using Rivers State, Nigeria. The research sample consisted of 105 teachers and was purposefully sampled. Four research questions and one hypothesis were posed, formulated and tested respectively. A structured questionnaire was developed, validated and administered to the respondents selected for the study. T-test, standard deviation and mean were used to analyze the data collected. The results indicated that there is a significant difference between family background and student factor. The implication of this is that the student’s family background contributes greatly to the student’s level of truancy. Hence, the null hypothesis was rejected. Based on the findings, some recommendations were made towards the reducing the level of truancy among secondary school students.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">51-62</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jan   Nieuwenhuis</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE CHALLENGES FACED BY EDUCATION IN SOLVING THE UNEMPLOYMENT PROBLEM IN SOUTH AFRICA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">human resource development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quality education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">skills shortage</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1410006435.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">42</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study is based on a meta-interpretive research design aimed at finding possible answers to an enduring dilemma facing South Africa. South Africa has one of the highest unemployment rates in the world, higher even than those of most of the emerging economies. The structural analysis of unemployment in South Africa presented in this article suggests the existence of an extremely high incidence of youth unemployment, in an environment where certain high level skills are in short supply. The author first analyses the structural nature of the unemployment problem in South Africa and then posit the conundrum of unemployment amidst a serious skills shortage. The skill shortage is discussed in terms of some of the current and projected needs of the economy. The question arises as to why education cannot produce the type of skills needed in the quantity and quality expected to satisfy the needs of the economy and thereby aid economic growth and development. To answer this question, the author analyses the education system pointing out certain systemic problems that work against the production of the kind of skilled workers of the quality and quantity needed. He starts by showing the poor literacy and numeracy levels of primary school children compared to children in other countries. Secondly, the author shows how large numbers of learners drop out of the school system and how those who complete the twelve years of schooling end up with low achievement levels in the subject areas that could have offered them the skills and knowledge to capitalize on the skills shortage. Finally, he looks at the post-school system and its failure to produce the required high level skills. Based on the analysis presented, the author comes to the conclusion that education in its current shape and form will not solve the unemployment problem in South Africa. 


 
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82-96</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">David   Serem</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Richard  Kipngeno  Ronoh</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CHALLENGES FACED IN IMPLEMENTING FREE PRIMARY EDUCATION FOR PASTORALISTS IN KENYA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">free primary education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pastoral communities</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">policy implementation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1409840330.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Governments in Sub-Saharan Africa allocate between 5% and 25% of public expenditure budgets to education ministries, because education is seen, correctly, as a major contributor to human welfare, social and economic development (World Bank, 2005). It is clear that these large expenditures are sub-optimal and provide less than the expected return. This situation has been felt more acutely with the introduction of free primary education (FPE). Despite the high enrolment in FPE in urban areas, the response from pastoral communities has been rather lukewarm.The general objective of the study was to investigate the challenges faced in implementing Free Primary Education policy among pastoralists in Kenya. Consequently, the rationale of this study lies in need to evaluate the impact of an educational policy and find out how its implementation responds to challenges in provision of access to Primary Schooling. The study adopted ethnographic research design that utilised purposive sampling technique and saturation procedure to select a total of 170 respondents that included head teachers, teachers, parents, school dropouts, educational managers, community leaders, and Non Governmental Organizations. Purposive sampling was used to select individuals, groups and organizations that would provide insight into the study. Data was collected using focus group interviews, structured and unstructured interviews, observation, and document analysis. Subsequently, data was collected by use of questionnaire that was sent to head-teachers and education officials and was used only to validate the qualitative data. The collected data was coded, analyzed, described and summarized in order to generate themes on educational policy and practice. The study identified various challenges such as: inadequate funding; poor infrastructure; limited awareness towards education; limited community support; insecurity and cattle rustling and lifestyle of pastoralists that impedes the government’s efforts to attain FPE. These challenges threatened the implementation of FPE for pastoralists and further illustrate the complex and messy process of policy implementation in education sector.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">100-111</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Taja   Kordigel</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE COLLATERAL DAMAGE OF INFORMAL LEARNING, CREATION OF IDENTITY THROUGH THE MEDIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">informal learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">new media</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">traditional media</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1413728051.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">46</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The identity development between the individual and society, its connection with the informal learning in the Web 2.0 and Web 3.0 environment and its consequences on the individual as a part of a possible opinion making and changing community are being discussed in this paper. Analyzing the difference between informal learning from the traditional one way media and the newer two way media through an actual example in Slovenia raises and tries to find possible indications to the question, what the consequences, the collateral damage of informal learning, creation of identity through media, especially regarding lying, corruption and clientelism, might be.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">61-65</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Y. Gürcan   Ültanır</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COMPARATIVE TEACHING EXAMPLE RELATED TO COURSE ACTIVITIES DEVELOPING TRANSFER SKILL IN PROBLEM SOLVING IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL PROGRAMS IN SOUTHEAST ANATOLIA REGION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">direct instruction model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flexible knowledge</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">self-explaining</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1415392785.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">48</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">As of 2004-2005 school year, principles of constructivism have been adopted to a great extent in the education system of Turkey. In the present study, the lessons were video recorded in order to observe the activities to develop the transfer skills used in problem solving by the students attending 4th and 5th grades of elementary schools in Tarsus province of Icel in Southeast Anatolian Region. Moreover, lessons were also video recorded in order to observe the problem solving behaviors of the 6th grade Turkish students attending Turkish language lessons given by a Turkish teacher in Linden province of Hannover in Germany. The lessons given in Linden and Tarsus were compared in terms of “environment and process” through tables. It was concluded that the environmental conditions existing in the elementary school in Southeast Anatolian Region are not suitable for constructivist applications and here, it was observed that direct instruction model was continuously in use. On the other hand, at the school in the Linden region, while transfer skills necessary for real life are being developed, “asking question and discussion” behaviors are also gained.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">148-156</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mervi   Raudsaar</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merike   Kaseorg</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COMPARING LEARNING PROCESS IN THE FIELD OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION: TARGET GROUPS REVISING LIFELONG EXPERIENCE IN TEACHING PROCESS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lifelong learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">limitations of starting enterprise</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">possibilities of starting entreprise</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1419345226.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">49</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This article presents the results of a pilot research how the entrepreneurship is perceived by the participants of entrepreneurship courses. Also we have researched their previous (entrepreneurial) background and its relevance on enabling market entrance. We had two target groups: self financed students of Open University and participants in entrepreneurship course financed by European Social Foundation. Lifelong learning is a socio-personal process as we associate our thoughts and actions to our earlier experiences but on the same time revising that experience. The aim of this article is to explore how to teach entrepreneurship in lifelong learning process and to explore it in participants’ perspective. In empirical part authors used questionnaire with 77 statements with persons being admitted to some entrepreneurship courses. The respondents were asked to express their opinion on a five-point Likert scale. The data has been discussed in the context of the related literature. We discuss what learning methods are most effective - to learn about, for or through/within entrepreneurship (Hyrsky &amp; Kyrö, 2005; Gibb, 1999; Hytti &amp; O’Corman, 2004, Rae, 2004).</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">59-72</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anete   Mezote</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COMPETENCES CURRENTLY NECESSARY FOR EXTERNAL RELATIONS SPECIALISTS WORKING IN LATVIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cross-cultural communication</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">external relations education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1408532260.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The objective of the research was to find out the most necessary competences of external relations specialists working in Latvia at the present moment, as well as to provide solutions for ensuring the acquisition of the necessary competences. In the research, the working environment of external relations specialists and data obtained in 2011 from surveying the graduates of the study program External Relations of Organizations, implemented at the Latvia University of Agriculture, are analysed. The results reveal that most of the skills needed for external relations specialists are related to cooperation with foreign partners, as well as that external relations specialists in Latvia most of all need to possess and improve cross-cultural communication competence, including awareness of cultural differences, as well as knowledge in specific business etiquettes and ways of communicating and thinking typical of different cultures. The necessary competences of external relations specialists should be improved by means of ensuring more cross-cultural communication opportunities and integrating the acquisition of more culture-specific etiquettes into the curriculum.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">122-128</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Milan Kubiatko</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE CONNECTION BETWEEN SCIENCE EDUCATION RESEARCH AND TEACHING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science research</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1419344891.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">49</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The relationship between teaching and research is often assumed and just as often ignored. Research should and does influence the teaching (and vice versa), but the gap between the two can at times seem large. Many of us are talking about very narrow connection between research and teaching. These voices are too often heard from colleges. But many academicians have got naive ideas about the work of a teacher; their ideas are often too far from the reality. The academicians often hold the concepts about an ideal class, where all the pupils are engaged in the teaching content; they do not consider the discipline sustaining.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4-5</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marina   Larionova</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Olga   Perfilieva</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Irina   Lazutina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anastasia   Lopatina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vitaly   Nagornov</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lubov   Zavarykina</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONSTRUCTING NATIONAL RANKING METHODOLOGY: DILEMMAS, CHOICES, AND DECISIONS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">higher education institutions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tertiary education institutions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">university ranking</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1415392444.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">48</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Russian universities as well as universities from other countries increasingly compete not only at the national level, but globally. This trend is reflected in growing interest to universities rankings. Despite criticism, rankings outcomes are in demand and influence universities’ positioning in the global higher education area. In Russia several rankings have been recently established, striving to satisfy needs of various stakeholders. However, all these approaches are single dimensional rankings that use a composite indicator and weight coefficients. The article presents a rationale and draft methodology of a multidimensional ranking system in Russia. The authors advocate relevancy of the chosen approach as it allows them to reflect complexity and diversity of the Russian Higher Education system. Drawing on the project outcomes, the authors focus on the national multidimensional ranking methodology concept, choice of indicators, the approbation outcomes, dilemmas and decisions.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">62-80</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dragan   Gruevski</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mirjana   Cvetkovska</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONSTRUCTION AND APPLICATION OF INSTRUMENT FOR MEASUREMENT OF THE ATTITUDE TOWARD SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGISTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">instrument for measurement of the attitude</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school psychologist</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">working atmosphere</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1408437222.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This research has an aim to determine the status of the school psychologists in the primary schools in Republic of Macedonia, confirmed through the explorations of the attitude of the teachers and other expert personnel regarding the school psychologist. For the need of this research, an instrument for measurement of the attitude toward the school psychologist (SSP) is constructed. The main conclusions drawn from the field work, statistical evaluations and analysis are that a large percent of the subjects (73%) have negative attitude toward the school psychologists and there is a lack of basic information regarding their status, role and tasks. These results are very significant because it is more than necessary to reveal and maybe to change some essential requirements about the working tasks, the demands, the duties and engagements of the school psychologists.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40-51</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A CONSTRUCTIVIST APPROACH TO INTEGRATED SCIENCE EDUCATION: TEACHING PROSPECTIVE TEACHERS TO DO SCIENCE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">constructivist approach</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">integrated teaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pre-service science teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school teachers</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1409839749.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Learner-centered approaches to teaching and schooling require supportive policies for preparing effective educators. Moving from constructivist philosophy, psychology and epistemology to the characterization of constructivist teaching and learning environments presents a challenge. Constructivist philosophy does not dictate how one should teach; however, it does make it incumbent upon the teacher to deal with each learner as an individual, to value diversity of perspective, and to recognize that the learner's behavior is a direct reflection of his / her life experiences. Bandura (1977, 1986, 1995, 1997), Fullan (1993), and other self-efficacy researchers have concluded that the catalyst for educational reform is the individual teacher and that a teacher's behaviors, values, beliefs, and ambition to act may be enhanced or suppressed during student teaching.
 The competence of natural sciences teachers should be perceived as a system every component of which is fundamental. Natural science literacy is a core that is basically acquired in comprehensive school (natural science education as a component of general education). An appropriate natural science qualification and the level of competence are obtained in higher school. A decisive moment is a permanent improvement of competence during practical activities of the teacher.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-9</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1639856973.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">43</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents, Vol. 43, PEC, 2012</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-4</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1637483163.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">44</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents, Vol. 44, PEC, 2012</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-4</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1632307589.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">49</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents, Vol. 49, 2012, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1639940796.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents, Vol. 41, 2012, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-4</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1640025079.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents, Vol. 40, 2012, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-4</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1637475527.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">45</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents, Vol. 45, PEC, 2012</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1632063302.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">50</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents, Vol. 50, PEC, 2012</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-4</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1639922141.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">42</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents, Vol. 42, PEC, 2012</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-4</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1632416901.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">48</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents, Vol. 48, PEC, 2012</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-4</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1635844607.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">47</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents, Vol. 47, PEC, 2012</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-4</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October /2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1636911338.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">46</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents, Vol. 46, PEC, 2012</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-4</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1640106941.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents, Vol. 39, PEC, 2012</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-4</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mati   Heidmets</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Birgit Vilgats</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTROL, FREEDOM AND TRUST: SEEKING FOR A HIGHER EDUCATION MODEL IN A POST-COMMUNIST COUNTRY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">higher education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quality assurance</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1408532108.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Higher education in Estonia as in all post-communist countries has undergone rapid changes during the last 20 years. Soviet-type centralised model was replaced during the 1990s with liberal and sometimes even chaotic self-organisation of the whole sector. From the beginning of the new century, through the use of both financial mechanisms and quality control procedures state regulation has been strengthened. During last years the new paradigm of trust has been frequently discussed, and some first steps taken to introduce this approach, for example the replacement of control-centred curricula accreditation with quality evaluation and institutional accreditation, aimed at supporting the development of university’s strategic management and quality culture.
 Analysis of the higher education paradigm change in the research is based on Hargreaves’s Bigger, Tighter, Harder and Flatter model, which describes the large scale educational change taking place in the western world during recent decades. The article studies changes in the Estonian higher education sector and observes possible future developments originating from the EU and Estonian strategies.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">88-95</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stephen  Wambugu Maina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">John  Gowland-Mwangi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dave   Boselie</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COST AND BENEFITS OF RUNNING A TEA-BASED FARMER FIELD SCHOOL IN KENYA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">farmer field schools</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">good agricultural practices</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kenya Tea Development Agency</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1413729444.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">47</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Kenya Tea Development Agency (KTDA), through its extension workers, has been educating tea producers on good agricultural practices using Farmer Field Schools (FFS). Information on training cost and benefits of running a tea-based FFS in Kenya were not readily available. Such information would enable tea stakeholders to develop a strategy for up-scaling FFS. This study sought to determine and describe the cost and benefits of running a tea-based FFS among small-scale farmers in the Rift Valley. The study used a Cross-Sectional research design to collect data from 514 small-scale tea growers drawn randomly from KTDA factories. A questionnaire with a reliability coefficient of 0.92α was used after validation by extension experts. Face-to-Face interviews and a stakeholders’ workshop were used for triangulation purposes. Data were analyzed qualitatively and reported using descriptive statistics. The results indicated that training a farmer in a tea-based FFS in a year costs Ksh 6,076/= (US$71). The training gave farmers skills to improve their tea husbandry, yields, level of empowerment and leadership skills. The researchers concluded that training tea farmers in FFSs was cheap, sustainable and effective in changing their behavior. Stakeholders in the tea-value chain should increase funding and use of FFS in training tea farmers. 
 
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">165-177</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1639856926.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">43</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page, Vol. 43, 2012, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1639922080.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">42</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page, Vol. 42, 2012, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1637475487.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">45</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page, Vol. 45, 2012, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1640025038.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page, Vol. 40, 2012, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1637483076.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">44</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page, Vol. 44, PEC, 2012</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1639940755.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page, Vol. 41, 2012, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1636911286.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">46</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page, Vol. 46, 2012, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1635844565.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">47</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page, Vol. 47, PEC, 2012</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1640106871.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page, Vol. 39, PEC, 2012</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1632063264.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">50</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page, Vol. 50, PEC, 2012</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1632416856.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">48</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page, Vol. 48, PEC, 2012</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1632307553.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">49</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page, Vol. 49, PEC, 2012</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tarja   Kröger</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CRAFT AS A BOUNDARY TOOL FOR MULTI- AND INTERCULTURAL EDUCATION: A CASE IN TEACHER EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">boundary object</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">craft education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">intercultural education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1413729158.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">47</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Studies on boundary crossing and boundary objects emphasize that boundaries carry potential for learning. However, it is not explicated how the craft could be used as a boundary in multi- and intercultural education. This research describes a case of using craft as a boundary to facilitate multi- and intercultural education. It first gives an overview on the Multi- and Intercultural Craft course including a theoretical part that was organized through a virtual platform, Moodle. The course included also a practical part, a project, where Finnish, exchange students and a group of immigrants from Burma met in the context of craft. The students (n = 14) were asked to write reflective essays about the course. In the qualitative analysis of essays, their learning experiences that appeared in the data, were examined. Three aspects of learning experiences were identified: first a cognitive aspect, which is about increased knowledge; second an affective aspect, which focuses on changing attitudes; and the third an interactive aspect, which is concerned with how to get on with people from different cultures.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">91-99</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Francisco  Manuel  Morales Rodríguez</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CROSS-CURRICULAR EDUCATION FOR SOLIDARITY OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS: ORIENTATION FOR PROBLEM EXPERIENCES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">basic competence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">solidarity-based teaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">university students</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">values and attitudes</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1419345173.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">49</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The present study is framed by the project of educational innovation &quot;Cross-cutting education for solidarity in the training of psychologists and educators&quot; (PIE 10-127; 2010-2012). The aim of this study is presenting the structure of this research and it shows an analysis of values and attitudes in a sample of university students as well as to provide an assessment of the impact and satisfaction that they had reported in specific educational activities in favour of solidarity. Participants were 945 University Students, aged between 18 and 57 years. The results demonstrate that most students participating in the study highly agree to consider situations reflected in items 1, 4 and 7, as stealing, violent behaviour or trying to avoid a conflict. The majority of the participating students does not collaborate with any NGOs; they mention the lack of time, the issue not being raised as well as not being involved in any solidarity activity noting as reasons: lack of information, idleness, not having the opportunity presented and not having the funds to do so. In addition, students have found these educational activities for solidarity very satisfactory.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">48-58</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ivanilde   Apoluceno de Oliveira</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">João  Colares da Mota  Neto</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CULTURAL KNOWLEDGE AND LITERACY PRACTICES OF YOUNG PEOPLE, ADULTS AND SENIORS IN THE BRAZILIAN AMAZON: CONTRIBUTIONS TO AN EPISTEMOLOGY OF THE SOUTH</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brazilian Amazon</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cultural knowledge</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">epistemology of the South</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">literacy practices</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1415392851.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">48</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In this article we discuss the cultural knowledge and educational practices of young people, adults and seniors linked to literacy classes of a Popular Education center at a public university in the Brazilian Amazon. The study deals specifically about cultural knowledge built in these literacy practices developed in non-school spaces, as coastal communities, hospitals, community center and asylum. The focus of debate is the contribution of the practices of popular education analyzed to epistemologies of the South, understood in view of the Portuguese sociologist Boaventura de Sousa Santos, as a set of epistemological interventions that challenge the denial of knowledge and / or colonized people, value the knowledge that resisted successfully and investigate the conditions of a horizontal dialogue between knowledge. The data in this article were obtained through research with qualitative approach, involving 30 teachers and students, allowing the construction of knowledge cartographies. The results show that the literacy practices analyzed, because they are based on dialogical and humanistic thought-liberating the Brazilian educator Paulo Freire, help to give visibility to multiple competencies which express the social diversity of the Amazon region.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><orig-pub><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">КУЛЬТУРНЫЕ ЗНАНИЯ И ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПРАКТИКИ МОЛОДЕЖИ, ВЗРОСЛЫХ И ПОЖИЛЫХ ЛЮДЕЙ В АМАЗОНИИ: ВКЛАД В ЮЖНУЮ ЭПИСТЕМОЛОГИЮ </style></orig-pub><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">157-164</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Raffaele Pisano</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CURRICULA, HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND SCIENCE EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">history of science</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">secondary school teaching</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1408531743.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Generally speaking, current school science curricula have been constructed for the purpose of preparing students for university and college scientific degrees. Such education does not meet the needs of the majority of students who will not pursue tertiary studies in science or even science-related fields. These students require knowledge of the main ideas and methodologies of science. It seems that the didactics of scientific disciplines across Europe have failed to solve the “crisis” between scientific education and European social and economic development. This is generally recognized in the reports published concerning science education in Europe (Rocard report, etc.) which propose new strategies to be implemented in teaching through the identification and promotion of Inquiry based Science Education (IBSE) and other strategies. It is timely that there is a multi disciplinary dialogue exchanging new ideas and proposals between educational researchers, historians, philosophers and learning theorists.
 Prominent and high quality secondary school teaching and university–academic centres research programs are crucial for the development of interest in the history of science and its cultural implications.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-6</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martiniano  Jake Parawan  Neri III</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CURRICULUM COMPARISON OF THE TERTIARY EDUCATION PROGRAM OF CAPITOL UNIVERSITY FOR THE 2008-2009 GRADUATES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">accreditation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">curriculum comparison</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">licensure examination for teachers</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1408437576.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The study looked into the variances and differences of the two curricula of Capitol University College of Education for the graduates of Academic Year 2008-2009, and the performance of the graduates who opted to take the Licensure Examination for Teachers (LET) of the same year. The University produced 39 Education Graduates from two separate curricula implemented, wherein 25 were from the old curriculum and 14 were from the new one. The study specifically monitored the academic, practical and national performances of the Bachelor of Science in Education (BEEd) graduates, at which the academic criteria focused on their marks according to the university standards for General and Professional Education, as well as marks from the Mock Exam (as a course requirement); practical performances measured according to marks given by supervisory instructors during their practicum or Practice Teaching. These marks were then statistically derived to represent the general training these graduates received from Capitol University.
 The LET results of 2009 were used as the benchmark to determine the performances of the curricula stated. Along with information gathered from graduate insights and job experiences, the study highlighted on the perceived identified strengths of the both curriculums as an add-on experience to further improve the LET performances of the incoming graduates for the Education Program of Capitol University. The new curriculum is currently implemented in the University, with the distinction specific to the Department awarded by the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) as a center of Excellence.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">119-129</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Petar  Jandric</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT FOR E-LEARNING: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e-learning curriculum development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e-learning research strands</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spheres of human interest</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1408437315.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The aim of this paper is to develop a conceptual framework for curriculum for e-learning. The conducted research is based on two dialectically intertwined pillars. The theoretical pillar consists of the rich critical tradition of inquiry into the relationships between technologies and human beings in wide social contexts from Frankfurt School onwards. The practical pillar consists of Dahlberg’s main strands of Internet research – Uses Determination, Technological Determination and Social Determination (2004). Blending the theoretical and the practical pillar, it is shown that the discipline of e-learning consists of Habermas’s three main spheres of human interests, types of knowledge and research methods – the technical, the practical, and the emancipatory (Tinning, 1992). The conducted research does not include explorations of epistemological basis for combining various theoretical frameworks and research methodologies. For this reason, its results cannot be applied to scientific research without further elaboration. In order to expose students and practitioners to the true structure of the discipline of e-learning, however, results of this research can be confidently applied in practical fields from curriculum development to policy making.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">62-70</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andrej   Šafhalter</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Srečko   Glodež</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Karin  Bakračevič  Vukman</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DEVELOPING SPATIAL VISUALIZATION WITH 3D MODELING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3D modeling</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">perception styles</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spatial visualization</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1413728559.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">46</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The research was carried out in 2011 among 22 pupils from 14 – 15years old. The purpose of the pilot study was to determine the influence of 3D modeling on the spatial visualization of pupils, as well as the gender difference in the spatial visualization of the tested pupils and the progress of this visualization in individual genders. In addition, it tried to determine whether the sensory style of the pupils, visual, auditory or kinesthetic, influences spatial perception and the development of spatial visualization. 
 Pupils were divided into two groups, the test group and the control group. Pupils in the test group attended a 3D modeling extra-curricular activity for twelve teaching hours in the second evaluation period of the 2010/2011 school year. Spatial visualization was determined with a modified spatial visualization test, namely before the extra-curricular activity and afterwards. The modified test consisted of different spatial visualization tests: PSVT: R, MCT, MRT, DAT: SR, and tests of rotation within a plane. For 3D modeling exercises pupils used the open-source software Google SketchUp. None of the tested pupils have encountered the mentioned software before.
 After a second testing, the test group showed greater progress in solving spatial visualization tasks in comparison with the control group, while gender differences were minimal. The results of the spatial visualization test were also compared with the sensory style of pupils, which was filled out by all the pupils included in the study.
 In the 2011/2012 school year a broader study is underway, involving almost two hundred pupils of various elementary schools in Slovenia.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">131-137</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Majda   Fiksl</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE DEVELOPMENT AND MEASUREMENT OF THE EFFICIENCY OF MODERN DIDACTICAL MODELS IN THE TECHNICAL EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lesson factors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lifetime learning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1413727957.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">46</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Presented research shown a sensible inclusion of intelligent didactical environments in the practical work in the education of the technical field in Primary School. The teacher with his modest repertoire of hours dedicated to technical education confronts great challenges, like how to inspire the students for the subject with the introduction of many different interesting themes. Firm example of study lesson is based on theoretical foundations of Didactical learning theory, advanced version also named The Berlin model. During the process of teaching we transform knowledge into practical work and through a concrete example, designed a new modern didactical model. In this model the competences of a lifelong learning are included: methods for encouraging the motivation, use of ICT and developing informational literacy, encouragement of flexibility and persistence at confrontation with new challenges and exercises, ability to self evaluation, developing of communication and social skills. The results of experimental group, which execute activities in form of new didactical model in comparison with control group shown, that students of experimental group had less faults at making the model and they also spend less time to finish it. Consequential students of experimental group were much more satisfied with their product, they gained knowledge and they were also motivated for further work.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">43-51</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zoltán  Balogh</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin   Magdin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Milan  Turčáni</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DEVELOPMENT OF A UNIVERSAL MODEL OF E-COURSE USING PETRI NETS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational process</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">modeling process</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">universal model</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1419345532.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">50</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In modelling and process simulation the aim of the research is to create a designed functional control model of student communication in LMS system by a created model in Petri nets. The model reflects the student´s and the pedagogue´s requirements, is enough modular, not too complicated and it fulfils the basic pedagogical and psychological principles. The aim was to create a control model of student communication in LMS system which would be not only intelligible and clear but it would also eliminate some lacks from the other known models. Introduction and administration of any processes requires description of their solution, inspection, monitoring, optimization and first of all their simple formulation, whereby it is very important to express their logic. The article deals with modelling and subsequent simulation of education processes in Petri nets implemented into the environment of the learning management system (LMS). The aim of the LMS system for the teaching control is to regulate the communication according to the student´s knowledge and ability and thus modify the amount and sophistication of submitted materials for the student. Using the constituted model we shall be able to create electronic courses, so these models can serve as a prototype for creating further electronic courses in the environments of the LMS.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7-13</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Natalja   Malceva-Zamkovaja</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mare  Müürsepp</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maia Muldma</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DIALOG OF CULTURES IN TEXTBOOKS OF PRIMARY SCHOOL: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dialogue of cultures</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">socio-cultural identity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">textbooks for primary school</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1413727067.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">44</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cultural identity appears to be one of the highest values of contemporary society, accepted as the priority of contemporary and sustainable education. As a result of general globalization the school changes into the multicultural institution. Inasmuch as the topic of textbooks could support the formation of children's socio-cultural identity, the focus of the study would be the analysis of texts in primary school textbooks. The authors of the article studied the textbooks in Estonia and textbooks of neighbourhood countries Finland, Latvia and Czech Republic. The material of textbooks is analyzed on the axis 'your own – another' (supporting the belonging to your own culture vs opened to the international influences). 
 There the analysis is carried out, how much the folklore of one's own nation and other nations is presented in language and music textbooks. The methodology of the study includes content analysis and source analysis. Remarkable differences in the choice of texts in textbooks of different countries will be pointed out as a result. There are countries which textbooks include the texts tending to support the formation of national identity only. Besides with these are the countries which textbooks from the early school years pay attention on the values of cultural diversity and formation of empathy towards other cultures. Comparative analysis of the text choice in textbooks of different countries and publishers leads to unexpected paradoxes of logic of formation of socio-cultural identity in primary school age. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><orig-pub><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ДИАЛОГ КУЛЬТУР В УЧЕБНИКАХ ДЛЯ НАЧАЛЬНОЙ ШКОЛЫ: КОМПАРАТИВНОЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ </style></orig-pub><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">113-122</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monica  Gather  Thurler</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Olivier   Maulini</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE DIFFICULTIES OF BUILDING UP A NEW PARADIGM OF WORKING ORGANIZATION IN SCHOOLS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">conditions for learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">knowledge development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning issues</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">limited rationality</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1415392253.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">48</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">With the stated aim of reducing inequities in the access to knowledge, most school systems have been reviewing and standardizing their curricula, emphasizing inclusion, strengthening school autonomy and parental involvement, introducing tertiary training of teachers and principals, and increasing institutional initiatives aiming to enhance teaching effectiveness. This contribution argues on behalf of empirical evidence, obtained by the observation of teachers’ and school practices which has been conducted during by the Geneva Research Laboratory, that these sorts of change strategies will not produce the desired impact unless they are combined with specific innovative actions aiming at a) thorough reorganization of work in schools, and (b) making actors and citizens change their attitudes concerning the possible ways of encouraging pupils to learn. The conclusion insists on the need to give professionals the opportunity to thoroughly reconsider the means by which they will be able to move on from bureaucratically founded, rigid and locked in towards a flexible working organization. This change strategy includes reflection on the principles of organization that guide teaching activities and/or on the new learning settings, which make possible new ways of learning.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34-44</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maria  Gabriela  Lorenzo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ana  Maria  Reverdito</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mercedes   Blanco</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alejandra   Salerno</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DIFFICULTIES OF UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS IN THE ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LABORATORY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">experimental work</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning difficulties</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">organic chemistry laboratory</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">procedural contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1410006387.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">42</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Experimental work supposes a unique opportunity to learn procedural contents. However, the conditions and constraints to learn procedures have not been sufficiently discussed or investigated in a laboratory environment. Students` difficulties in organic chemistry laboratory at university are described and explained. A case study (n=15 undergraduate students) was performed. The study was carried out in an actual laboratory class, using different ways for data gathering: 1) A comparison between declarative knowledge of students about experimental work and observations of procedures in class. 2) An evaluation of the effect of laboratory work on the knowledge of students related with the assembly of the apparatus. This research suggests that students’ difficulties in performing experimental work are deeply related to a deficient interrelationship between conceptual and methodological frameworks. 
 
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">74-81</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Violeta  Šlekienė</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Renata Bilbokaitė</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Loreta  Ragulienė</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DIGITAL TEACHING AND LEARNING CONTENT IN NATURAL SCIENCE EDUCATION: A CASE STUDY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">digital content</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">qualitative analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching and learning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1419345741.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">50</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teaching/learning technologies in comprehensive schools are rapidly changing. Increasing amount of information, growing pupils’ learning load raises the need to search for new, more effective teaching/learning methods. For a long time it has been thought, that it is an object of classical pedagogy and further research works are not urgent. However, in the process of rapid development of ICT, traditional pedagogy conception also inevitably changes. So-called “classical pedagogy” shifts to “online pedagogy”. An adjacent educational trend - a &quot;shift from teaching to learning&quot; is also related with this shift. 
 New computer aids for increasing lesson content interactivity are being created in Lithuanian context. In the cooperation of a publishing house, teachers and scientists, a computer aid for the 5th-6th formers‘ biology lessons, was created. Therefore, a complex pedagogical evaluation research was carried out between January and April, 2011. 20 teachers participated in the digital content testing, who totally gave 577 lessons. In the lessons a) an interactive board (IL) was used, and a lesson content was prepared by Power Point (PPT) slide show or Active Inspire (AcIns) programme; b) projector (S), and a lesson content - by PPT or AcIns. The results, obtained on the basis of qualitative analysis, are presented in this article. It is thought, that the results of this research would contribute to implementation of computer technologies in other countries as well. Research results show, that digital teaching/learning content together with arranged lesson scenarios for the realization of the latter is undoubtedly, an innovative phenomenon in the educational practice. 
 It is necessary to assess the context of the country, to accomplish representative evaluations in the population of Lithuanian students and teachers.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">46-55</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Muammer   Çalık</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A DILEMMA IN UPPER SECONDARY TEACHER EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching competency</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">upper secondary school</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1413728750.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">47</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">There is a consensus about primary and lower secondary teacher education in that Faculty of Education is actively responsible for preparing them for their future teaching careers. However, a struggle between Faculty of Science and Faculty of Education has still been continuing to come up with an agreement for upper secondary teacher education. For example, the undergraduate students attend subject matter courses in Faculty of Science and then take pedagogical (content knowledge) courses in Faculty of Education at most of the developed countries, i.e. USA, Germany, England. Despite the fact that this program seems to have been time efficient for pedagogical courses, this has lacked of motivating them to become the upper secondary teachers. In fact, motivation and enthusiasms to be a teacher play a significant role to learn how to teach.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-5</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geert Franzenburg</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DISTANCE, REMEMBRANCE, TOLERANCE: EUROPEAN REMARKS ON CONTEXTUAL CHRISTIAN EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">christianity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">remembrance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tolerance</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1413728986.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">47</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Individuals, groups and communities are coping with conflicts and crisis, which include the diversity of lifestyles. This statement can be made in different ages and cultures; it becomes of interest when combined with a church or confessional context. Therefore, the first issue and authority for Christian education is how to develop opportunities to find one's own ways of remembering leading to a tolerant attitude towards other ways of life. The study underlines the importance of the contextual approach in Christian education (consisting of religious, systemic, biographical and intercultural research) by analyzing examples of different European traditions. Decoding, deconstructing and reconstructing coping strategies and cultures of remembrance in a contextual way make sure that only by facilitating opportunities of sharing experiences people and organizations can learn to cope with transitions and difficulties in a reasonable and equitable manner.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40-49</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Claudia Valentina   Assumpção Gallian</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agnaldo Arroio</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EARLY SCIENCE EDUCATION AND ITS RELEVANCE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science teaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">scientific knowledge</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1413727203.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">45</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This text begins with a concern related to teacher education which will focus on early childhood education, specifically in regards into the sciences and knowledge relating to the axes undertaken to frame the curriculum of the first stage of basic schooling as nature, culture and society. Science for young children should be considered as the foundation of all later development and is clear that it is not understood as it should be. But now, it is being more discussed taking account that these children have their development in a holistic perspective (Johnston, 2009; Johnston &amp; Tunnicliffe, 2008).
 It should be noticed that the approach of knowledge related to science in Early Childhood Education, discussed in this text, does not take place in an isolated way, should be developed on a proposal mainly integrating the different fields of knowledge, to explore, in the articulation of knowledge, the wealth of exploitation and appropriating the world by the children. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4-9</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">José  Domingo  Villarroel</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AN EARLY UNDERSTANDING OF MECHANISM OF RAINFALL: A STUDY EXAMINING THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN YOUNG MINORITY IMMIGRANT AND NATIVE-BORN CHILDREN</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cognitive development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">early understanding</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">natural phenomena</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1413729386.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">47</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Preschool and lower grades of primary education (that is, before the age of 8) are a crucial period to attempt to reduce the educational performance gap between minority immigrant and native-born children. Regarding the science education field, it is believed that early exposure to scientific explanations on natural phenomena may positively influence to not only a better comprehension of the surrounding world but, also, the pupils’ success in grasping subsequent and more formal scientific concepts. 
 In this respect, little research has been conducted to examine whether the learning process on the subject of the comprehension of natural phenomena varies significantly in the case of young minority immigrant children in comparison with the mainstream process covered by native-born children.
 In this vein, this study aims to study how 5 to 7 year old children understand the rainfall phenomenon (N=124) and to examine whether this comprehension differs according to the differences regarding the socio-cultural background of the children comprised in the sample. 
 To that end, children’s answers to a semi-open questionnaire and their pictorial representations are analyzed and socio-cultural perspectives on the human cognitive development are utilized to assign meaning to the results obtained.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">152-164</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brigita   Polanec</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Srečko   Glodež</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boris Aberšek</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EDUCATION OF PROPER WASTE MANAGEMENT BASED ON NON-FORMAL AND INFORMAL EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e-learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e-learning materials</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">informal education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1413728459.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">46</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The present work gives methods on how available information can be presented to as many people as possible in a way that will allow them to assimilate that knowledge. The most appropriate forms of education for the concrete target group are included in informal education. Informal education is divided into informal general education and informal education for the profession or for the professional work. The fact, regarding the method of giving information, has to be considered that people differ from each other, and in accordance with this, it makes a difference as to how they perceive certain information. Regarding this, the forms and methods of education have to be adapted to different types of people. Elements such as people's levels of concentration, motivation, non-linear receipt of information, stability of information and obtaining of knowledge are looked at more closely. The rapid development of science and new technology brings with it many opportunities for those who are learning on the one hand, and for those who are working on programs for education on the other hand. Information technology has also led to the development of various educational methods; one of them is the method of e-learning. This paper will discuss the mechanism of informal education called microtraining. The concept of micro training provides information in short bursts (about 15 to 20 minutes long), concisely and in an interesting way. Knowledge has become the main product of micro training in specific fields.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">116-122</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nada  Denona  Bogović</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saša   Čegar</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EDUCATION PRINCIPLES IN A MODEL OF STRONG SUSTAINABILITY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">economy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">strong sustainability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">weak sustainability</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1413726506.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">44</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In the past decades, in all the world schools and faculties of economics, it was taught that the main objective of economic policy is to ensure continuous economic growth. However, for reasons of limited absorption capacity of the environment and increasing reduction of the original ecosystems, models of economic growth are in opposition to the basic ecological principles. This is primarily the consequence of learning and applying the conventional economic paradigm which disregards the relationship between economy and environment. Therefore, the authors of this paper, proceeding from the correlation between economy and environment from the aspect of fundamental natural laws, analysed the basic determinants of the strong sustainability paradigm which implies that natural capital resources should be maintained in the constant flow of time. The research also includes analysis of the correlation between specific economic and ecological challenges of sustainable development in global regions. The authors concluded that sustainable economy may exist only in the sustainable symbiosis with the natural system. Taking into account the complex relationship between nature, society, technology and economy, the authors concluded the paper with the proposition of concrete guidelines for a reform of economic education, in accordance with the concept of strong sustainability.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10-19</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alice   Xavier</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maria  Luiza  Canedo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EDUCATION QUALITY IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS: AN EXPERIMENT TO REDUCE THE AGE-GRADE GAP IN THE CITY OF RIO DE JANEIRO</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">age-grade gap</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education quality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning acceleration</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1408532357.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This article developes a critical reflection about a learning acceleration project facing the senior students of fundamental education . The project entitled Autonomia Carioca was prepared by a private institution and recently introduced in public schools of Rio de Janeiro, in the perspective of public-private partnership. The Project proposal is based on teacher training to deal with different languages, emphasizing the values construction, the self-esteem recovery and the study habits formation. Facing the challenge of dropout, 8500 students concluded the first stage of elementary education. This paper describes the objectives and methodology of the Project and also analyze work field observations and school principal interviews in a school in order to discuss challenges and opportunities. From the proposal of the Project to its implementation in the classroom, many factors were involved in the task of teaching the students who did not succeed in the traditional education. Some aspects discussed in this case study are: school director support, pedagogical attendance, teacher profile identification, classes’ arrangement, partnership with families and distinguished accompanying of students. The results point to the joint action of school agents as a determining factor for the success of the work.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">145-151</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Malgorzata Stopikowska</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yasser  Mohamed  El-Deabes</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE EDUCATION SYSTEM OF EGYPT: CONTEXTS, FRAMES AND STRUCTURES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational system</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">schools</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1408532315.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The research describes contemporary educational system existing in the Arab Republic of Egypt against a background of its history, economical, social and demographical situation, and its legislative foundations. Egypt’s educational traditions come from colonial times and Islamic sources. The contemporary Egyptian educational system consists of three levels: primary, sec-ondary and tertiary education. It is compatible with the European system of education and alt-hough it still needs some improvement, it is constantly developing. Apart from governmental educational institutions, there is a private sector of schooling as well. Besides state and non-state schools, there are other forms of supplementary education, e.g. adult or non-formal education directed at children remaining beyond any official schooling system etc. The data is also presented in the form of graphs included herewith.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">129-144</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin  Bílek</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pavel   Cyrus</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ivana  Šimonová</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EDUCATIONAL CYBERNETICS OR DIDACTICS APPROACH TO &quot;ECONOMY&quot; OF HUMAN THINKING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cybernetic approach in branch didactics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational informatics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science and technical education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1413727819.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">46</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The paper describes starting point of so called ”Educational Informatics“ as one of the Educational Cybernetics approaches, and example of research results of theory called as „human thinking economy“ application in the field of science and technical education is provided.
 Educational informatics is based on so-called educational theory of signs (educational semiotics) developed by M. Lansky which provides great support to the process setting the basis of branch didactics in learner’s cognitive capacity. This approach contents the psycho-structural model of processing information explaining the route of information which is to be processed. It starts with registering it by sense organs (sensory perception), followed by aware perception (apperception) and operating it, i.e. the entire processing the information including storing it in the memory. Within this process various functions are activated, both when the memory stores (associates) the information and effectors (performing organs) are activated. This psycho-structural model synthesizes both behavioural approach (stimulus - &quot;black box&quot; - reaction) and the humanistic psychology approach based on the introspective analysis. A similar model was provided for the chemistry didactics by Johnstone, too. This psycho-structural model also distinguishes certain cornerstones (i.e. model of operations) of human perception and learning, i.e. stimuli – perception filter – working space within the memory (operational memory) – long-term memory which influences the accommodator (adaptor, i.e. the apparatus for directing attention or reduction the apperception). It differs from cybernetic pedagogy as it does not apply the “hard“ quantitative approach to expressing the content of single parts of the psycho-structural model (in bits) but divides the learning content into several mastered parts (operations) called “pieces“ which the learner must run in the operational memory. This method is called “chunking“, i.e. composing, stratifying, layering information in the memory) and was applying in our research their selected results are presented in the second part of the paper. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22-27</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evangelia   Kalerante</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EDUCATIONAL STANDPOINTS AND CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE GREEK SOCIALIST’S PLATO DRAKOULIS WORK (1858-1942): THE SCHEMATIZATION OF FEMALE EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">economy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational policy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">female education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1413727332.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">45</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In the present study, the socialists’ impact upon the educational policy formulation on female education is being studied. The Greek socialist P. Drakoulis’ standpoints are hereby examined as a Case Study. The dynamics of standpoints on female education shifting from England to Greece as well as the gradual formulation of educational standpoints within socialist societies and how these standpoints have been tied to broader issues on social progress and economic development are being presented. 
 Thus, the traditional conservative Greek educational system is contradicted and gradually substituted by modern and progressive elements of educational consideration. Women’s rights in education are also interpreted in terms of political freedom. Social progress is, therefore, closely associated to female emancipation. According to Drakoulis, the connection of democracy, humanism and socialism is conducive to an overall respect for the human being. A fair society would therefore be the outcome of universal compulsory education targeting all social strata and which could be achieved through a combination of “instrumental knowledge”, morality and humanism on the basis of social justice and a socialist transformation of society.
 That era’s archives as well as corresponding scarce bibliography of that period (1870-1915) have been studied in order to approach the ideological and political framework of the Greek policy formulation.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19-26</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Senar   Temel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sinem  Dinçol  Özgür</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ayhan   Yılmaz</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF TEST ON PRESERVICE CHEMISTRY TEACHERS’ ACHIEVEMENT RELATED TO “CHEMICAL BONDING”</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chemical bonding</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">essay test</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multiple-choice test</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1409840433.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The purpose of this study was to determine preservice chemistry teachers’ achievement on different types of test and investigate the effect of different types of test on their achievement related to “Chemical Bonding”. The participants of this study consisted of 26 preservice chemistry teachers in Hacettepe University, Faculty of Education, and Department of Chemistry Education in fall semester of 2010 – 2011 academic year. The mean age of preservice chemistry teachers was 20 years. In the study, Chemistry Achievement Tests that are designed to involve four different item types (Two-Tier Multiple-Choice, Multiple-Choice, Essay, Correct/Incorrect) towards the same behavioural objectives and are administered to the same group of students were used as data collection tools. The hypotheses were tested by using One Way ANOVA. A significant difference was found between preservice chemistry teachers’ means of achievement scores on “Two-Tier Multiple-Choice Test”, “Multiple-Choice Test”, “Essay Test” and “Correct/Incorrect Test”. The results showed that preservice chemistry teachers' are most successfully on “Multiple-Choice Test” and “Correct/Incorrect Test” and then “Two-Tier Multiple-Choice Test” and least successfully on “Essay Test”.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">123-129</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">David  N. P.  Mburu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grace   Nyagah</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EFFECTS OF GENDER ROLE PORTRAYAL IN TEXTBOOKS IN KENYAN PRIMARY SCHOOLS, ON PUPILS ACADEMIC ASPIRATIONS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gender portrayal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gender stereotypes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pupils aspirations</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1413729201.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">47</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The researcher aims to investigate the effect of gender role portrayal in selected textbooks in Kenyan primary schools on pupils’ academic aspirations. The study explored participants’ perceptions of what academic levels they wanted to attain and whether their aspirations and expectations were partly a product of the influences in their textbooks. The research was guided by the following objectives; to establish the gender roles portrayed in the pupils’ textbooks and their effect on pupils’ academic aspirations, determine gender attributes suggested through the statements and their effects on pupils’ academic aspirations, and to establish the presence of appropriate textual role models and its effects on pupils’ academic aspirations. The research addresses the following research questions; What are the gender roles that male and female characters are portrayed in?, What gender attributes are suggested through the statements in the textbooks and what appropriate textual female role models are present in the pupils’ textbooks? The paper was based on a study undertaken in Dagoretti District in Nairobi County, Kenya. The target population was 88 pupils and 60 teachers. The sample was selected through random sampling for the teachers and stratified random sampling for the pupils. Descriptive statistics was used in data analysis. The data was collected by use of interview guide, a questionnaire and content analysis of 40 text books in class one to three. The results show that gender stereotypes had an effect on pupils’ academic aspirations as pupils tended to mostly identify with characters of their gender in the textbooks. The study recommends for intervention by the stakeholders in the education sector in order to improve gender aspirations by including a variety of activities and illustrations in the textbooks for both boys and girls.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">100-109</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Milan   Klement</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jiri   Dostál</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">E-LEARNING IN TERTIARY EDUCATION FROM STUDENTS`POINT OF VIEW</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nonparametric statistical methods</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">survey research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tertiary education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1410007113.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">43</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">E-learning has become an integral part of the present day tertiary education, not only within the framework of combined, but, to an increasingly larger extent, also of full-time study modes. However, its deployment on a large scale resulted in the emergence of many problems which shall become a subject of research and investigation. The present study reflects the attitudes of university students toward e-learning within their course of study, and submits partial results of the research investigation implemented throughout the years 2007 to 2011. The hereinabove described survey research focused on monitoring and evaluating students` attitudes to the teaching through e-learning based on the use of electronic study supports enriched with multimedia elements. The research data collection was carried out by means of a non-standardized research questionnaire and the data were subsequently analysed using nonparametric statistical methods. Selected outputs of the research, focused primarily on the assessment of the level of students’ satisfaction with the organization of teaching through e-learning, and on the identification of the elements of electronic study materials preferred by the students, are the subject of this study.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33-43</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1640025122.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page, Vol. 40, 2012, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">156</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1639940841.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page, Vol. 41, 2012, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">160</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1639922189.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">42</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page, Vol. 42, 2012, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">140</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1639857019.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">43</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page, Vol. 43, PEC, 2012</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">162</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1637483263.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">44</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page, Vol. 44, 2012, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">128</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1637475578.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">45</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page, Vol. 45, 2012, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">84</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1640107021.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page, Vol. 39, 2012, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">174</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1636911394.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">46</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page, Vol. 46, 2012, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">148</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1635844654.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">47</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page, Vol. 47, 2012, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">180</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1632307646.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">49</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page, Vol. 49, 2012, PEC</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">108</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1632416944.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">48</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page, Vol. 48, PEC, 2012</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">168</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END PAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1632063343.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">50</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">End page, Vol. 50, PEC, 2012</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">120</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kuo  Hung  Huang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kai-Chi   Hung</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cheng, C.-C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ENHANCING INTERACTIVITY IN GEOGRAPHY CLASS: FOSTERING CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS THROUGH TECHNOLOGY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">computer-mediated learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">critical thinking</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">geography education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1419345697.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">50</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">To develop students’ critical thinking abilities, teachers must lead students to engage in discussions and to reason within various points of view, while employing evidence to draw conclusions, make decisions or seek solutions. Computer mediates learning by providing students with visualizations of relevant subject content to facilitate their reflection on these experiences. The purpose of this study is to investigate how technology can enable students to develop critical thinking through technology-enhanced interactivity. A geography teacher and 62 grade seven students from two classes participated in the experiment. One class was taught using traditional methods whereas the instructional strategy of computer-mediated learning was adopted in the other. The findings showed that computer media designed for enhancing interactivity would facilitate teacher-pupil interaction and peer discussion, and consequently contributed to improve students’ comprehension of the geography curriculum content. In addition, the critical thinking ability of the high-achievement students was significantly improved.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32-45</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Janis  Gedrovics</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inese  Urpena</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ERGONOMIC CULTURE OF STUDENTS AS COMPUTER USERS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ergonomics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">use of computer</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1419345330.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">49</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The use of computer as an important educational tool throughout the world is increasing with every year and Latvian schools is no exception. Currently there are some important topical issues in pedagogy, as well as in school ergonomics: student’s work posture, time spent at the computer, health friendly work organization on the computer, etc. This paper presents a pilot survey data collected in grade 5-12 (a total of 507 respondents) in several Latvian schools in the school year 2010/2011.
 Computer usage among school children more deviates to the side of the computer use as a tool for entertainment, thereby reducing the proportion of computer use for educational purposes. However, the total time spent on the computer is likely to increase, therefore, it is especially important to obtain high level ergonomic culture skills as a necessary condition for health friendly work organization at the computer.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><orig-pub><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ЭРГОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ КУЛЬТУРА УЧАЩИХСЯ - ПОЛЬЗОВАТЕЛЕЙ КОМПЬЮТЕРА </style></orig-pub><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81-94</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tuija  A.  Turunen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Raimo   Kaasila</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anneli   Lauriala</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ESTABLISHING A COOPERATIVE WRITING GROUP AMONG TEACHER EDUCATORS: POSSIBILITIES AND CHALLENGES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">academic writing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cooperative research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">researcher’s career</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social comparison</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1410007502.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">43</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Getting published has become important in academia and also among teacher educators. The purpose of this paper is to investigate potential benefits and challenges when establishing an academic writing group among Finnish teacher educators. The three authors of this paper applied an autoethnographic approach to study the starting points of the writing group. In the group, mentoring and social support were used to share experiences and knowledge about academic writing. Relationships and contributions from all participants were emphasised. Each member was considered equal to the other members. The study demonstrated that writing for international academic audiences was challenging; it was deemed to be both emotionally and intellectually demanding. Many participants described the experiences of tension when allocating time for teaching and writing. Membership in the group provided possibilities for social comparison. The members encouraged self-improvement and allowed other group members to become reflective mirrors. The participants considered their membership in the writing group positively and indicated that it had contributed to their academic writing. On the basis of the project, it is recommended to establish continuing writing groups to promote academic writing and publishing as a central part of teacher educators’ profession.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">119-130</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Francisco  Manuel  Morales Rodríguez</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EVALUATION OF ATTITUDES AND INTERESTS TOWARDS ICT: ORIENTATION FOR PROBLEM EXPERIENCES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">attitudes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">university students</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1410007154.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">43</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The transformation process occurring in the educational field, which has resulted from the generalized development and application of the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), differs from preceding technological revolutions in the amazingly accelerated pace it sets. Reflecting upon the implications of the generalized and increasing adoption of ICT is undeniably important for the present and future of social sciences and, particularly, for the areas of pedagogy and didactics. The new model of Higher Education involves new methods, demands and challenges, where the use of ICT represents one of the basic competences. The present study aims to provide an evaluation of interests and attitudes towards Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in a sample of 224 post-graduate students of the Master's Degree in Teacher Training: Secondary and Upper Secondary Education, Vocational Training and Language Teaching, aged from 22 to 49 years old. The questionnaire includes questions aimed to evaluate different aspects, which facilitate interactive learning: computer knowledge; knowing the value of the Internet; place and frequency of online access; and usefulness of certain tools such as video-film, power point, Moodle, forums, wikis, chats, video-forums and blogs. Additionally, the questionnaire includes a number of questions about the potential applications of the Internet in an educational context. Results showed that all students are familiar with the Internet and that they first got to know it from friends. More important is the fact that most of them consider the Internet as a potential educational resource and not only as a support or reinforcement tool that complements the textbook and they like to use ICT and think of them as useful tools in their learning/teaching process. There are differences based on gender and specialization in the perception of the role that ICT is to play in the university context. In particular, men from the specialization Foreign Language consider that weblogs do facilitate peer-to-peer and student-teacher communication and give less importance than women to the item stating that the families’ socioeconomic level has an influence on our knowledge of the Internet. To conclude, the information obtained from the present study is of interest both for training teachers and for integrating ICT in the academic curricula.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">44-57</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lúcia   Pombo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mário   Talaia</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EVALUATION OF INNOVATIVE TEACHING AND LEARNING STRATEGIES IN SCIENCE EDUCATION: COLLABORATIVE WORK AND PEER ASSESSMENT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">collaborative work</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">peer assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1410007354.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">43</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper presents the design of the curricular unit &quot;Nature Integrated Sciences I” for the Course of Primary School Teachers of the 1st cycle of Higher Education at the University of Aveiro (Portugal). This curricular unit integrates a holistic approach to science based on the STS movement, where the activities promote collaborative work, such as study visits, field trips, laboratory classes, public presentations of works, discussion activities and self-and peer-assessment. It is intended to evaluate innovative teaching and learning strategies by hearing the students’ opinions about the proposed activities, their attitudes towards collaborative work and peer assessment. A questionnaire was applied online during the currilucar unit and the results show that most students felt that the teaching methodology was appropriate, group activities were relevant and assessment strategies contributed to the development of the targeted skills and building of knowledge.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">86-94</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Suobere T.  Puyate</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Iheanyi N.   Okwakpam</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EVALUATION OF MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES OF CRAFT DEVELOPMENT CENTRES: A CASE STUDY OF RIVERS STATE, NIGERIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">craft development centre</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">manpower development</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1413727510.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">45</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The study evaluated craft development centres’ programmes and manpower development in Rivers State, Nigeria. The research sample consisted of 80 students and 25 instructors and was randomly sampled. Two research questions and two hypotheses were posed, formulated and tested respectively. A twenty items structured questionnaire was developed for the study. T-test, standard derivation and mean were used to analyze the data collected. Based on the findings, some recommendations were made towards the enhancement of craft development centres in Rivers State, Nigeria.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">63-72</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lali   Giorgidze</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EXPLORING ROLE OF MANAGEMENT IN QUALITY ASSURANCE AT PRIVATE AND STATE UNIVERSITIES OF GEORGIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HEI’s management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quality assurance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quality management</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1413726553.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">44</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Today Georgia as never before faces challenges of quality assurance. Despite reforms carried out by the Georgian government aiming at the quality improvement of higher education, many Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) of the country still faces real problems. The concept of “management” is not so widely known, not to say anything about the lack of human resources with theoretical knowledge and experience in education management.
 The purpose of the research was to analyze universities management in general terms and identify how quality-oriented universities’ management is in Georgia. For this purpose quantitative research was carried out. The universities were selected according to their legal status, period of functionality and qualitative experience. By combining certain data we elaborated indicators for the purpose of comparing various aspects of universities. For ensuring validity criteria validity was applied.
 Results of the research show that management is the main pre-requisite for quality assurance. Drawbacks and gaps in university management have also been identified the improvement of which will make a basis for enhancing management quality and establish a management culture at the Universities of Georgia.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20-28</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dragica   Pešaković</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EXPRESSION OF TECHNICAL CREATIVITY AT PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">basic education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">engineering and technology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">engineering creativity</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1413728304.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">46</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Subjects such as design and technology are in Slovenian primary schools based on students' creativity and discovery and consequently by preparing students to participate in the technical field. As we know, the creative ability is a spontaneity of expression and other creative skills, which can be motivated or hindered by the teachers. Through testing we can get to the image of the actual state of the creative abilities of students. Therefore, a special instrumentation and methodology were developed, which could achieve that the test conditions were equal for all participants.
 The purpose of this study was to examine the state-level of technical creative skills of students with the help of a modelled test of creativity. In the verbal part we valued the originality, flexibility and fluency. In non-verbal part we valued originality, flexibility and elaboration. Each element of technical creativity was evaluated through a detailed criterion and benchmark points. The results, which will be presented in the article confirms that students who express a higher level of creativity are more effective in learning. The survey shows that the creativity of students depends on a number of factors, including sex - girls are more creative than boys, and from age - older people are more creative. Students expressed a low level of overall creativity. We can speak about creativity expressed specifically in this test, which can serve for comparison purposes only, not to describe the overall situation. There can be many reasons, but this can already be the subject of other research and another following study.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">101-108</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Emel   Ültanır</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE FACTORS AFFECTING CAREER GUIDANCE AND CURRENT STATUS OF CAREER GUIDANCE SERVICES IN TURKEY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">career guidance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">economic conditions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">influential factors</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1415392726.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">48</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The purpose of the present study is to investigate the factors affecting career guidance and their reflections of the career guidance services given in the country. Based on a literature review, it is known that career guidance services can be a part of economic and social development. In the present study, these factors are analyzed under these headings as the structure of the region, economic conditions (labor force of the country and employment), historical and socio-cultural factors (family structure, changing values) and educational factors. Moreover, it is emphasized that the country is the only secular country and only candidate for the European Union membership among the Muslim communities. After drawing a framework with these factors, the state of the country in guidance services and its reflections abroad were investigated. It is of great importance to draw the attention to such issues in Turkey and to develop “career guidance programs” as in developed countries.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">135-147</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elena  Vitalaki</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Panagiotes   S. Anastasiades</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">George   Tsouvelas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FACTORS INFLUENCING PARENTAL CONTROL FOR THE SAFE AND PEDAGOGICAL INTERNET USE AMONG PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">internet safety awareness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">parental control</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary school</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1410006648.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">42</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Due to the increasing children’s use of the Internet at home and at school as well as that inappropriate Internet content may jeopardize their health or safety, the aim of the present study is twofold: a) to examine parents’ perceptions of the degree to which children may be exposed to negative Internet content, and b) to find out the differences in parents' attitudes to the use of the Internet by students of 4th, 5th and 6th grade, as an acknowledgment of being an important part of their children's day-to-day educational and interpersonal life. 1503 questionnaires from urban and rural provinces of Crete demonstrate that parents’ technological efficacy is strongly related to their better evaluation of the Internet hazards and their effectiveness in promoting Internet safety awareness when navigating with their children at home.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">125-135</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eva   Dobozy</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FAILED INNOVATION IMPLEMENTATION IN TEACHER EDUCATION: A CASE ANALYSIS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">inquiry-based learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">student resistance</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1408531935.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The global call for teacher quality improvement and numerous accounts of resistance to education reform at all levels of the education system brings to the forefront the tension between rhetoric and reality. This case study reports on a failed innovation attempt, which was based on the need for a signature pedagogy in Australian teacher education that better prepares beginning teachers for the demands of flexible, student-centred learning design. To assist teacher education students’ development of deep learning engagement, which is a pre-condition for the acquisition of 21st century knowledge, skills and learning attitudes, we need to better understand resistance behaviour. The reported reserach illustrates how the learning-centric teaching design was unable to engage ‘consumer students’ in deep learning experiences due to heightened negative emotion experienced by a great number of students. The provision of this illustrative practical example of innovation failure has the potential to make apparent how students’ ‘out-of-comfort-zone’ behaviour and resistance to change from transmission education practices to social constructivist approaches will need to be managed.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35-44</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mare  Müürsepp</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anne Uusen</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FAILING IN BASIC SCHOOL: DISCOURSES OF EXPLANATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">essentialist vs. sociocultural approach</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lifestyle</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multiple masculinity</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1415392626.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">48</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discourse study was aimed to analyse the methodolody of educational research concerning problems of failing in basic school. There the gender discourse appeared as a substantial issue, while remarkable differences between boys and girls are revealed by official statistics and educational studies. 
 The sustainability of a society with such a gender imbalance in education is at risk, since the educational choices will influence choices in the labor market and in lifestyle in broader terms. It is therefore important to look for explanations for gender differences in education (coping strategies, achievement, etc.). In line with the theories of multiple masculinities can be argued that looking at the so-called failing boys as a homogenous group will not take us very far in understanding the underlying reasons for the causes of failing. If the coping at school is related to the gender, then the solution of the problem has to be derived from the gender differences too, but this kind of thinking would connote to the gender stereotypes. 
 Thus, a historical overview of educational research carried out in Estonia in the last century is provided, focusing on the discourse of gender in the educational science. There are different periods pointed out in relation to the focus in studies of academic success: there have been years, when the boys' results in academic skills were higher than girls' results; problems of health and social relations have been treated in different way during different periods. Content analysis of the studies concerning gender issues will be the basis for the discussion, and special attention will be given to the research of pupils' lifestyle.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">117-126</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anny   Assimaki</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gerasimos   Koustourakis</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Konstantina   Papaspyropoulou</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FEMALE FACULTY MEMBERS IN THE FIELD OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING: THE CASE OF GREEK UNIVERSITIES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">electrical and computer engineering</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">female faculty members</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1408437112.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Issues concerning the presence and professional development of women in the academic world have occupied the social sciences since the 1980s. The purpose of this study is to trace the presence and prospects for professional employment and development of women faculty members in the field of Electrical and Computer Engineering (E.C.E.) in the case of Greek universities, at the start of the 21st century. Sources for this research were women who teach in E.C.E. departments in Greek universities. The research data come from phone interviews with female professors who work in the E.C.E. departments, and from information drawn from the secretary’s offices and the websites of the specific departments. The most significant research findings revealed that in the field of E.C.E. in Greece, the social structural difference between the sexes still survive. This fact creates difficulties for the career progression and professional development of women, who also face difficulties in their work due to the commitments which are involved in the fulfillment of the demands of the role of mother. In addition, many of the difficulties faced by these particular women in their career result from the activating of prejudices concerning the female gender, which seems to be invading the ‘male dominated’ field of E.C.E. in the case of Greek universities.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15-28</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peter   Diedrichs</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berit Willen Lundgren</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peter  Karlsudd</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FLEXIBLE EXAMINATION AS A PATHWAY TO LEARNING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">assessment system</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flexible examination</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning process</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1408531891.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Previous research in the field of educational development has highlighted the importance of examination in the learning process. In most educational contexts tests and grades are the most important influences on the students’ learning strategies. A well planned examination strategy is seen as contributing to better learning. A test of flexible examination forms was carried out in the Linnaeus University’s teacher training program in Sweden. During a course in special needs education, 119 teacher trainees were given the opportunity to choose examination method at the start of the course. They were able to choose between four different examination methods and were in addition allowed to propose their own examination method. 
 After the students had been examined they completed an evaluation on their newly acquired and previous examination experience and with the key question being which form of examination was most beneficial to the learning process. 
 The results show that even if the students saw examination as an opportunity for learning and appreciated the option of freely choosing examination method, they did not choose the examination form according to its benefit for the learning process. On the contrary they chose the examination form that they expected to be the easiest path towards high grades.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26-34</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inger   Throndsen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Are   Turmo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GENDER DIFFERENCES IN TEACHERS' BELIEFS AND PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN'S ACHIEVEMENT IN MATHEMATICS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematics achievement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary school</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teachers’ beliefs</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1408437740.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The main purpose of this study was to examine differences in male and female teachers’ beliefs about their math instruction, and the relationship between boys and girls math achievement and teachers’ beliefs. The samples were primary mathematics teachers (N=521) and Year 2 and Year 3 students (N=9980) from 127 schools. A questionnaire was used to examine primary math teachers' goal structure for students, approaches to instruction, and personal teaching efficacy. Students’ math achievement was assessed by national diagnostic math tests. The teachers were generally oriented towards mastery goals and mastery approaches to instruction, and reported high personal teaching efficacy. However, female teachers report somewhat higher levels of mastery goal structure for students and mastery approaches to instruction, while male teachers report a somewhat higher level of performance approaches to instruction. Positive relations between students' math performance and teachers’ mastery orientation, mastery approaches to instruction, and teaching efficacy were also found. These relationships were somewhat stronger for girls than for boys. In conclusion, the relationship between teachers’ beliefs and students’ performance were different for male and female teachers, respectively. In future studies qualitative research methods should be included.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">159-170</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blanca L.   Delgado-Márquez</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yaroslava   Bondar</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Luisa   Delgado-Márquez</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HIGHER EDUCATION IN A GLOBAL CONTEXT: DRIVERS OF TOP-UNIVERSITIES’ REPUTATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">higher education institutions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">internationalization</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1408531843.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In global knowledge economies, the relevance of higher education has been described as more important than ever as mediums for a wide range of cross border relationships and continuous flows of people, information, knowledge, technologies, products and financial capital. Moreover, in a context characterized by an increasing competition among university institutions, reputation is constantly used as a screening mechanism of service suppliers and it provides interesting benefits to educational stakeholders, such as faculty and students. In this sense, higher education ranking systems play a crucial role in classifying universities according to different criteria. Henceforth, in this paper (a) focuses on those educational institutions placed in the upper side of the hierarchy established by higher education institutions ranking systems to (b) investigate the influence of top university institutions’ research, teaching and internationalization on their level of corporate reputation. To address such aim, we take two datasets from Times Higher Education Supplement ranking as basis for our analyses, i.e., the world universities ranking and the reputation ranking. Results reveal that, while research and teaching positively influence top universities’ reputation, internationalization does not exert a significant direct influence. 
 
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17-25</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paolo   Bussotti</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HISTORY AND DIDACTICS OF MATHEMATICS: A PROBLEMATIC RELATION. SOME CONSIDERATIONS BASED ON FEDERIGO ENRIQUES’S IDEAS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">didactical-historical works</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">didactics of mathematics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">history of mathematics</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1415392119.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">48</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This history of mathematics is a specific and, at the same time, wide field of research with proper methods, journals, congresses and results. However, some questions about its status are without any doubt legitimate. In particular: is the public to whom the work and the publications of the historians of mathematics are addressed, limited to the specialists in this field or is it broader? It often happens that the mathematicians engaged in the active research consider history of mathematics as a sort of curiosity, but nothing really useful for their researches. They are not interested in an inquire on the historical bases of their researches because they are concentrated in discovering new theorems and solving new problems. It difficult to valuate whether and inside which limits this way of thinking is correct. The problem is complex and cannot be dealt with in this context.
 The previous considerations on the opportune use of history of mathematics in a didactical context have, of course, no claim of being systematic. They are only ideas for a discussion that, anyway, looks urgent.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-9</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sirpa Kärkkäinen</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HOW DO ANIMALS SPEND THE WINTER? A FINNISH STUDY ON THE USE OF VEE HEURISTICS IN A BIOLOGY UNIT FOR EIGHTH GRADERS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biology education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">environmental education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">secondary school</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">winter ecology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1413729111.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">47</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The purpose of this study was to describe the eighth graders’ (N=92) biology learning process and the use of Vee heuristics in six Finnish secondary school classes (age 13-14 years). The teaching unit “How do animals spend the winter?” had an inquiry-based approach by using Vee heuristics. Part of the learning took place in the local Science museum. In this study, Vee heuristics consisted of ten questions related to three different phases; the planning, implementation and evaluation phases. In the planning phase, pupils were interested in animals’ nutrition and external features. In the evaluation phase, pupils made broader generalizations about animals’ behavioural and structural adaptations to winter. They compared, contrasted and evaluated the environmental effects on the ways in which animals have adapted to winter and highlighted the biotic elements in the winter ecosystem. In the planning phase, pupils had multiple goals in their value claims and they reported a sense of independence and dedication during the learning process. Results indicate that Vee heuristics could be considered to be a tool for improving the learning process in pupils. In biology it encouraged learning for understanding, engagement, enjoyment, independence and self-efficacy.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">69-90</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elisa Saraiva</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Bernardino  Lopes</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carla A.  Santos</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Paulo  Cravino</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HOW DO TEACHERS OF PHYSICAL SCIENCES WITH DIFFERENT PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCES USE VISUAL REPRESENTATIONS WITH EPISTEMIC FUNCTIONS IN THE CLASSROOM</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">students’ epistemic practices</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher mediation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">visual representations</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1410006477.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">42</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study aims to clarify the role of visual representations (VR) on the promotion and development of students’ epistemic practices (EP) in the physical sciences (PS) classroom. The use of VR is crucial for supporting and developing students’ EP (student work in inquiry context). 
 Research questions: (a) how do teachers trigger the use of VR by students in the classroom? (b) What functions can be attributed to VR in PS classrooms? (c) What is the impact of VR on students’ EP? In all questions the dependence on the context and teacher experience will be analyzed.
 This is a multicase study with five PS teachers, with different teaching experience, from Portuguese basic schools (students aged 13-15 years).
 Multimodal narratives were used (a description of what happens in the classroom, using several types of data collected). Using open coding analysis, categories were found and then cluster analysis was used to find patterns.
 Main findings: (a) teacher’s efforts are the triggers for the use of VR by students, especially the task proposal; (b) VR can be used as an illustration (does not increase students’ EP) or as epistemic mediator (increases students’ EP); (c) all these aspects are dependent on teacher experience. 
 
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">97-114</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Juraj   Slabeycius</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Daniel   Polčin</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HOW ICT CAN ENHANCE THE ATTRACTIVENESS OF MATHEMATICS AND PHYSICS IN PRIMARY SCHOOL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">digital education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ICT</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">physics teaching</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1419345983.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">50</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The study deals with the causes and consequences of disinterest of pupils in mathematics and physics and looking for a way how to increase the attractiveness of these subjects in primary and secondary schools. One possibility is the use of information and communication technologies in the teaching process. The study refers on EDULAB project, created as an initiative of NGO and private sector. Its aim is to create a wide program of electronic education and support material for schools based on ICT. The EDULAB education center gives primary and secondary schools in Slovakia the opportunity to gain practical skills in the application of ICT in education. Via the portal www.naucteviac.sk EDULAB provides schools more than 30 000 multimedia resources for five science subjects. These are multimedia materials of company Young Digital Planet, known as &quot;universal curriculum&quot; tailored to national language. Nevertheless, the latest computer technology, interactive whiteboards, other computer peripherals and multimedia e-learning programs don’t give school the guarantee for an increase of the of pupils’ knowledge, as long as the digital learning materials contain a number of errors and unacceptable simplification. 
 
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">101-107</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maruta   Sīle</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diana   Liepa</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE IMPACT OF PRISONER’S EMOTIONAL RESPONSIVENESS ON EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">emotional responsiveness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">prisoners’ education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1409840387.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper reviews the evidence on the impact of the inmate emotional responsiveness on educational outcomes. There are two main reasons why researchers in this field believe in prison education that may reduce a future criminal activity. The first reason involves the impact of the increased cognitive skills and changes in behaviour but the second reason acclaims that participants can learn how to live a crime-free life by participating in education courses. The research aim is to explore the impact of the prisoners’ emotional responsiveness to learning during the learning process at Ilguciema prison. In the research the authors analyse theoretical sources and research data. The research includes the analysis of pedagogical, psycho-pedagogical literature as well as Acts of Legislation. The results were analyzed on the basis of the data from the questionnaires, observation and reflection as well. The results were analysed on the basis of the examination of the interplay of data by means of the quantitative mathematical statistical program SPSS 17.0 (Statistical Package for Social Sciences). In the research pedagogical pre-conditions that foster the inmate emotional responsiveness have been defined. It is concluded that the inmate emotional satisfaction created by steady developmental and educative sessions may provoke emotional responsiveness as well as would diminish the inmate personality degradation; also, the psychological atmosphere would improve in prison cells and the ties with life in freedom/ outside the prison walls would be strengthened as well.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">112-122</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ilche   Acevski</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Valentina   Acevska</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Linda   Fahlberg-Stojanovska</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IMPLEMENTING E-LEARNING ENVIRONMENT IN REAL VOCATIONAL SCHOOL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ICT</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moodle</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vocational education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1408437056.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Students in vocational schools in Macedonia are less motivated and both enter and finish with ever decreasing knowledge. Teachers are still keeping to conventional ways of teaching. How to improve this situation? Is it possible that a Moodle eLearning environment will do this? Тhe project, by itself, will lead to easier communication between students and teachers, 24-hour support for the students learning needs, modern e-learning and improvement of the teachers Information and Communication Technology (ICT) competences. With implementation of this educational plan, both teachers and students will increase their use of ICT (e-tests and quizzes, online teaching, preparation of electronic multimedia lectures) and improvement of the group and team work among teachers and students as well. In surveys, teachers and students confirmed that they want to be trained to begin to use the eLearning environment, and underwent training. Also, video tutorials are prepared for that purpose. The results can be seen through observations and interviews in which students are asked if this project started to improve their knowledge skills and whether teachers have started to prepared electronic resources and activities for them.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8-14</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zvonka   Cencelj</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marija Ropič</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE IMPROVEMENT OF READING LITERACY AND ACCESS TO KNOWLEDGE IN TECHNICAL EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">functional literacy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reading and learning strategies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reading comprehension</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1413727872.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">46</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teachers often realize that the main cause of learning problems concerning students is a very bad reading literacy. It can be found out that the majority of students have problems reading; they often avoid textual exercises or read them slowly and confront with the problem of not understanding the text they have read. Reading literacy has been dealt with very often lately. Slovenia as a country takes part in some international projects and researches, trying to develop, improve and measure reading literacy. 
 The following article is written to present the results of the 2009 PISA study on reading literacy, milestones for reading at the end of the third three-year cycle, the level of comprehension in reading and our findings on the functional literacy of elementary school pupils of one of Slovenian schools in teaching technical subjects.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28-35</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mateja Ploj Virtič</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Robert Repnik</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IMPROVING QUALITY OF THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS BY RAISING TEACHERS’ COMMUNICATION SKILLS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">personal orientation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reference framework</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1413728402.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">46</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The quality of the educational process can be measured by different criteria. These criteria are based on factors, including good communication as an important aspect. Similarly to good communication being able to improve the quality of life, the quality of the educational process largely depends on the communication ability of teachers or implementers of education. In his or her job, the teacher has to master communication on different levels: with his or her superior (the principal), colleagues, parents and pupils (students). Not only does the teacher have to educate students by example, he/she occasionally also need to provide assistance in solving conflicts so as to avoid peer violence. During their studies at the university, student teachers should acquire good communication skills. Even though these have been introduced in the content of pedagogical study programmes, their extent is still not sufficient. This paper presents an example of trial Communication in Education laboratory work that was implemented with three generations of 4th year students – future teachers of technical education. Their reaction was very positive and they expressed the desire for additional work to be prepared.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">109-115</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alma   Hafizi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mirela   Papa</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF EDUCATION BY STRENGTHENING THE COOPERATION BETWEEN SCHOOLS AND FAMILIES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">communication and interaction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">interests and opportunities</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school-family</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1410006195.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">42</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Different groups of teachers understand and interpret the issue of quality in education in different ways, but they all converge on the same key words which are reciprocal influence, school-family, interaction, synchrony, and cooperation. The studies conducted so far show that civic education is an ongoing general and multidimensional process. The school-family partnership is an important link in the educational process, but in everyday life the interaction is more spontaneous than motivated.
 This study focuses on discovering the underlying reasons for the barriers faced by the school-family partnership, which shall help solve the problems which hinder the normal process of cooperation between school and family. To find out the extent and reasons for parental involvement/non-involvement in the issues related to children’s education it was used the surveying method to conduct an analysis involving 27 schools, 365 teachers and school principals, 1086 pupils and 924 parents. The data processing will indicate the degree of integration and the different forms of integration of modern elements into the Albanian educational system as well as the causes of the present state of affairs. The study reaches in some findings and proposes some recommendations for improving and reinforcing communication between families and schools.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38-49</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aljula   Jubani</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Irena Ndoci  Lama</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mimoza  Gjokutaj</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF LEARNING BY INCREASING THE STUDENTS’ READING SKILLS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">critical thinking</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quality of learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">strategies</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1410006235.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">42</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Recently, the quality of students learning in many European schools has decreased. Various studies and evaluations of the Albanian education system have revealed that Albanian schools have low quality indicators. The reasons for this phenomenon are related to different educational and social factors. 
 One of the factors that has significantly contributed to the low results of the Albanian students is the low quality of reading, which in turn has a direct impact on learning outcomes.
 This study aims at reflecting the state of reading and its related issues as well as the use of current techniques and strategies which aim to enhance critical thinking through reading and writing. 
 In order to highlight some of the factors that can significantly affect the quality of reading for female / male students in rural and urban areas, around 300 students from 18 schools in 6 regions of the country were examined.
 Findings and recommendations are presented for the use of new strategies and techniques related to reading and improving the quality of student learning by improving the quality of the reading.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">50-62</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mirela   Papa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alma   Hafizi</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IMPROVING THE TRANSLATION–INTERPRETING CURRICULUM THROUGH ACKNOWLEDGING THE EDUCATIONAL NEEDS OF ALBANIAN STUDENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">expectations</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">motivations</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1410007303.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">43</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The introduction of the Bologna Process into the higher education system in Albania has led to a review and improvement of the existing curricula. 
 Among the variables influencing the curriculum development the professors and students are the ones directly involved in the curriculum reform implementation project.
 Although the Bologna Charter advocates a student – centred approach, students are not given the priority they deserve. This remiss could lead to a conflict between the students’ expectations and the curricular approaches.
 First and second year Master students of Translation – Interpreting at the University of Tirana are the subject of a survey aiming at finding out how the students undertaking Translation and Interpreting find the courses they follow. The method used is the quantitative method of observation. 80% of the students have filled in a questionnaire.
 The data processing indicates the motives driving the students to choose this curriculum as well as their expectations for their future career.
 It is concluded with some findings and recommendations for curriculum reform, since the academic offer is seen as a means of providing answers for a society which, under the pressure of ongoing changes, is in need of professionals who respond to new stimuli. 
 
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">69-85</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jaroslava Gajdošíková  Zeleiová</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INCLUSIVE MUSIC EDUCATION IN THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational system in Slovakia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">music education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary art schools</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1415392207.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">48</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Slovak educational system went through several changes the last 20 years, and these changes affected also the structure of music education. The aim of this paper is to point out the changes in educational system, stated in different national school documents, in the context of innovations and changes in musical education. The author analyses predominantly music education in the specialized primary school system, namely in primary art schools. They are positively evaluating as favourable influence of music education on meaningful exploitation of free-time, in connection with prevention of socially unwanted phenomena, its influence on full-value exploitation of children´s free-time, observation and extension of components of regional culture in teaching and active share on cultural life of cities or villages, presentation in cultural undertakings, activity of various chamber ensembles in which pupils exploit and improve acquired abilities when practically playing in collective.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23-33</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vera   V. Khitruk</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Olga A.   Ulianova</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INCLUSIVE TOLERANCE AS A BASIS OF PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE OF PROSPECTIVE TEACHERS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">children with special needs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">inclusive education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">inclusive tolerance</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1410007067.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">43</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The article describes the results of the comparative analysis of tolerance as a basis of professional competence of prospective teachers, whose professional activity can be carried out under the conditions of educational integration or/and inclusive education. The research purpose is to study tolerance among first-year and senior pedagogues, which makes it possible to discuss determinacy of the formation process of inclusive tolerance by the content of pedagogical education in the comparative (the first-year and senior students of the department of pedagogy) aspect.
 The study of inclusive tolerance of prospective teachers has been carried out using a set of standardized methods adapted to the conditions of the research purpose. Thus, the stimulus material of the methods included the questions among many others the answers to which implied the expression of attitudes towards children/persons with special needs.
 The obtained results show, that the actual formation level of inclusive tolerance of the students of pedagogical specializations do not permit to determine their professional competence as sufficient in professional realization under the conditions of inclusive education. The paradoxicality of the obtained results consists in the fact, that in general the indices characterizing the formation level of inclusive tolerance decrease from the first to final years. This fact enables to state, that the content of pedagogical education does not have strong enough influence on the formation of this professional quality.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21-32</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ronald  Werunga Kikechi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chepkwony   Silas M. Kisebe</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kihumba   Gitahi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oliver  Sindabi</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE INFLUENCE OF FREE PRIMARY EDUCATION ON KENYA CERTIFICATE OF PRIMARY EDUCATION PERFORMANCE IN KENYA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">free primary education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kenya Certificate of Primary Education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1408437372.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The origin of Free Primary Education (FPE) can be traced back to the 1948 Declaration of Human Rights where basic education was recognized as a human right. The current FPE programme was launched in 2003 and it led to an overwhelming enrolment of pupils at the primary level of education. Such a soaring enrolment is feared to have compromised the Kenya Certificate Primary Education (KCPE) performance, which is a key indicator of quality education. The study therefore aimed at determining the influence of high enrolment on; the ability of teachers to offer quality instruction; learning resources; management of pupils’ discipline and suggestion on how to improve FPE in light of KCPE performance. The paper assessed FPE on KCPE performance in Kaptama Division, Mt. Elgon District, Kenya. The researcher used descriptive survey design. A sample of 310 respondents consisting of 253 standard eight pupils, 40 teachers, 13 head teachers and 4 education officers was used. The main tools of data collection were a questionnaire and interview schedule. Document analysis was also used in the study. Data analysis involved the use of frequencies, percentages, tables, chart, graphs and description. The findings of the study established that implementation of FPE led to high enrolment which witnessed high pupil - teacher ratio and ill-discipline among pupils. It has also led to inadequate learning facilities (classrooms, desks and chairs), fewer tests for pupils which lack in content and depth and increased work load among teachers. This has in turn compromised KCPE performance. Constant inspection should be carried out by the Ministry of Education for the success of the programme.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">71-81</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Milan Kubiatko</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Katerina   Mrazkova</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE INFLUENCE OF OWNERSHIP AND USING OF PC ON THE ATTITUDES TOWARD GEOGRAPHY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">attitudes toward geography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">information and communication technologies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lower secondary school pupils</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1419345632.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">50</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The influence of information and communication technologies (ICT) is investigated in the present days on the attitudes toward different school subject by the relatively high number if investigators in the whole world. The research is focused on the finding of the influence of the ownership of ICT and using of ICT on the attitudes toward geography. The sample size was created by 351 czech lower secondary school pupils. The research tool was questionnaire, where demographic variables were ownership of PC, ownership of internet, gender, residence and class of pupils. Last demographic variable was how often pupils use ICT in the geography lessons. The attitudinal part was created by 23 5-point Likert type items. The reliability was determined by the using of Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. The construct validity was determined by the using of exploratory factor analysis. From the next analysis was used analysis of variance to find out the influence of using and ownership of ICT on the attitudes toward geography.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23-31</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eyvind   Elstad</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knut-Andreas   Christophersen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Are   Turmo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE INFLUENCE OF TEACHER SKILLS ON PUPIL VOLITION IN SCIENCE LEARNING: A NORWEGIAN INVESTIGATION OF THE STUDYING BEHAVIOURS OF 16-YEAR-OLDS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">classroom management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher press</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher’s relational building</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1408437163.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In a school system in which young people receive an ever greater degree of self-determination, it is important to study how the teacher can influence young people’s motivation to work towards long-term goals in schoolwork. The purpose of this study is to investigate which teaching skills influence the volition of 16-year-olds. Structural equation modelling of cross-sectional surveys from one survey was used to estimate the path coefficients. The influence of teachers’ skills on 16-year-olds’ volition was estimated. The analysis indicates that the teacher’s perceived ability to influence pupil volition is present, but modest. Classroom management has a moderately-high effect on pupil volition, whilst the teacher’s press has only a moderate effect on pupil motivation. The teacher’s relationship-building efforts have little effect on either pupil motivation or volition. The indirect effect from pupil motivation to pupil volition is of moderately-high strength. However, a cross-sectional study does not allow us to test causal relationships amongst personal antecedents of pupil volition. Teachers may exercise some influence over 16-year-olds’ volition primarily by means of classroom management, but also in terms of pupil motivation via teacher press. Teachers may exploit this capacity to influence in order to improve pupil performance at school. For pupils lacking academic motivation, the teacher’s efforts to motivate and to strengthen pupil volition are important, including in terms of social levelling. The study provides new knowledge about teacher influence on the volition of Norwegian 16-year-olds.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29-39</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INFORMATION &amp; COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY PENETRATION INTO EDUCATION: SOME THOUGHTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational needs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ICT</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">penetration of technologies</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1419345484.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">50</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Over the last decade the spread of information communication technologies has been growing very rapidly both in quantitative and qualitative meaning. Not only new, innovative technologies, but also various people communication forms based on these technologies have appeared. Here, it is spoken about so-called social networking websites. Their rapid development raises certain anxiousness as well. Education, as one of society life spheres, can’t stay apart. The penetration of technologies in education is very great. The number of computers and computer technologies is expanding not only in educational offices, but also in the environment of every of us: homes, working places and so on. The youth is a very receptive group of society in this respect, seeking to try the newest technologies as quickly as possible.
 Technological educators were not the centre of attention, are not and don’t have to be. The centre of attention is a man and his universal education – preparation to be a Man.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-6</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Petr  Emanovský</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bronislava  Štěpánková</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INSIGHTS INTO INNOVATION OF INITIAL SCIENCE TEACHER TRAINING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">initial teacher training</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science subjects</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1413727258.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">45</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The quality of science education is a very contemporary didactic topic at present. Improving the quality of this education is unthinkable without a quality science teacher training at universities and other educational institutions. Some innovation of contents and organization of the study programme for future science teachers was realized within the ESF project &quot;Professional science teacher training for careers in a competitive environment&quot; at Faculty of Science of Palacký University in Olomouc, Czech Republic. The project focuses on improving the training of teachers of all science branches in connection with the growing needs of the current competitive labour market. One of the main aims of the project leading to this improvement was the creation of new and innovated subjects oriented to teaching practice. A research focused on finding benefits of the new subjects for students was realized within the project. The objective of the research was to investigate the difference between students’ expectations and real benefits of the subjects. The research results were very useful as a feedback for a subsequent modification of the study programs. Some particular examples of the process and results of the research are described in the paper.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10-18</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kosta   Dolenc</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boris Aberšek</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INTEGRATION OF DESIGN, MODELING AND VISUALIZATION IN SLOVENIAN PRIMARY EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">competence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">design and technology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spatial intelligence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1413727915.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">46</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A human being perceives the world spatially, he detects and properly processes distances, size of objects, their shapes and all that is linked to our perceptions of the world. Humans' sensors provide the information about the world around and brain translates this information into thoughts, into ideas. The whole process is completely natural. In the past, due to technological limitations, the human attempted to generalize these ideas and convert them into a form so that he could &quot;record&quot; it on a flat medium, like on paper for example, and because of that he consequently had to develop the ability to &quot;read” these records. The term spatial perception was introduced and after that it was established that not everyone has it. To possess spatial perception an abstract way of thinking and higher cognitive abilities are needed. This paper presents an integration of design, three dimensional (3D) modeling and visualization program SketchUp in Design and technology curriculum into Slovenian primary schools. Emphasis is given to the analysis of the past and current condition and situation and on the incorporation of the program into the primary school curriculum. With the strategy assigned in such a way, the abilities that are connected with technological activities are strengthened, spatial intelligence is developed and assimilated. With such an approach two of the key European competences: 1. Mathematical competence and 2. Basic competences in science and technology and digital literacy, are acquired and reinforced.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36-42</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andris   Ozols</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elena   Ozola</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jānis   Eglītis</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INTRODUCTION OF TRIPLE HELIX MODEL IN LATVIA BASED ON EXPERIENCE OF SWEDEN, SINGAPORE AND SOUTH KOREA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">entrepreneurial university</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">triple helix model</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1410007215.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">43</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In the absence of mineral resources and cheap labour, creation of innovations is a way for Latvia to develop a successful modern economy. The aim of the research is to study characteristic features and key ingredients of the Triple Helix model of university-industry-government collaboration in various countries and the potential applicability of their experience in Latvia. For purposes of the study monographs, scientific articles, official documents and bulletins of Latvia, Sweden, Singapore and South Korea, as well as international statistical data, and articles of local and foreign publicists were reviewed and analyzed. According to the hypothesis, the best option for Latvia is to elaborate the own Triple Helix model based on adopted and processed experience of Sweden (Laissez-Fair model), Singapore (Static model) and South Korea (Project approach). The results of research may be useful for local governments and universities for the development of environment and mechanisms aiming the creation of innovations.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">58-68</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harri   Pitkäniemi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Petteri  Vanninen</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LEARNING ATTAINMENTS AS A RESULT OF STUDENT ACTIVITY, COGNITION AND THE CLASSROOM ENVIRONMENT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">classroom learning environment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">structural equation models</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">student learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">student mediation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1409840240.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The purpose of the study was to construct a model to comprehensively describe the relationships between the classroom learning environment, student’s cognition (student mediation) and learning outcomes. In studies of the learning environment, mostly direct (distal) connections have been in-vestigated in relationships between psycho-social properties and learning outcomes. Aspects of student mediation (proximal), such as student’s self-efficacy and metacognition, have also often been overlooked in traditional teacher effectiveness research. Using a model that includes mediation vari-ables and that allows for indirect connections between variables increases understanding of how these mechanisms interact. A questionnaire was used to collect data from 218 fifth- and sixth-grade students in Finnish comprehensive schools (girls, N = 116; boys, N = 102). Drawing on prior research findings, a conceptual model was first developed to identify the range of statistically significant relationships between the learning environment, student’s cognition and learning attainment. To further develop the model, a number of modification indices of the AMOS program were employed and then the revised model was tested. The goodness of fit indices for the re-specified model provided evidence for an adequate fit to the data. It was concluded that qualities of classroom learning, including metacognitive orientation, student-teacher relationships and conditions for studying, will have both indirect and direct effects on student’s cognition and participation and enhance student’s learning.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75-86</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nyet   Moi Siew</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sopiah   Abdullah</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LEARNING FOR THE ENVIRONMENT: A TEACHING EXPERIENCE WITH SEMI-SCRIPTED ROLE PLAY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">action research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">environmental issue</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">semi-scripted role play</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1408437620.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Getting students to act out their roles and to apply appropriate arguments for and against their position as defined by the role is a challenge in approaching and exploring an environmental issue through role-playing. This action research addressed this concern by exploring how a semi-scripted role play could be used to promote active student learning in a Science, Technology and Society (STS) lesson. Using greenhouse effect as an example of environmental issue, this study explored how students playing different characters articulated their response to the semi-scripted role play setting. A group of 26 master students who took Science, Technology and Society (STS) as a core course took part in research and carried out a role play in groups of six for a period of two hours. The multiple data sources for this study consisted of student’s written reflections, an informal and unstructured observation, and Role Play Evaluation Form. Overall, the students indicated that the semi-scripted role play helped them understand an environmental issue both from their own and other’s perspective. The provision of guiding information via semi-script enabled students to feel empowered to express, share, argue, and negotiate more comfortably and confidently. In addition, students indicated that the role play helped them to develop critical thinking. The role play had helped create an engaging and productive learning experience that educators could use this exercise to lead students in the exploration of broader local environmental issues.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">130-144</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Juliana   Latifi</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR HIGHER EDUCATION QUALITY STATE STANDARDS. A CASE OF ALBANIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">higher education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">legal framework</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quality standards</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1410006344.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">42</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Albania’s higher education development is very dynamic. Higher education in Albania is being characterized by a massive expansion process and by competition between both the public and private education sectors. The number of higher education institutions has grown fivefold during the last eight years. There are currently thirteen (13) public and forty six (46) private institutions.
 This article is aimed at the research of analysing the legal framework for higher education quality state standards.
 This analysis will address three important issues:
 1. What is the legal framework for higher education quality state standards?
 2. How is the quality assured in higher education institutions?
 3. To what extent are Albanian quality standards compared to the European ones?
 This study is based on an analysis of the domestic and European legislation, interviews with fifteen (15) key persons that are divided into three groups: officials of the Ministry of Education and Science/Public Agency for the Accreditation of Higher Education, officials of the public Higher Education Institution, and officials of private Higher Education in Albania including reports and policy documents.
 The conclusions of this research article will help in understanding the role of the higher education quality state standards and will contribute to the improvement of the quality legal framework in the country.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">63-73</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaisa   Kiiveri</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaarina   Määttä</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Satu   Uusiautti</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LITERACY MATTERS –THE 21ST-CENTURY CHILDREN’S OPINIONS ON THE SIGNIFICANCE OF LITERACY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">children’s perceptions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning to read</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reading comprehension</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1419345063.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">49</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Although teaching of reading skills and the prerequisites of literacy are extensively studied, children’s opinions on learning to read are not. The aim of this research was to reveal children’s opinions on learning to read at the time they start school. Forty-three children (23 girls, 20 boys), aged six and a half years, were interviewed preceded by measurements of their level of literacy. Children were divided into three groups: the good readers (n= 8, 19 %) who were able to read easy texts; the ones who recognized some words (n=16, 37 %) or letters but were not exactly able to read; and the non-readers (n=19, 44 %) who recognized some letters but were not able to read words. Data were analyzed with the phenomenographic method. Learning to read appeared as a surprising and pleasant experience, but also demanding. School entrants showed strong belief and trust in their own abilities to learn to read and were careful and realistic when evaluating them. A challenge of today's teaching is to pay attention to all children with their various skills and learning perceptions to secure each individual child's learning, especially when instructing them with new methods and means. Multiple literacies are considered necessary for succeeding in the postmodern world.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27-39</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ilya   Levin</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MAJOR TRENDS OF EDUCATIONAL PROCESS IN SCHOOL OF POSTINDUSTRIAL SOCIETY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational system</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">methodological paradigm</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">postindustrial society</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1413727023.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">44</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The present paper is a theoretical study of the educational system in the coming postindustrial society. The authors propose a conceptual model of that modern educational system. The model represents the approaching new school as a culturological space defined by three planes corresponding to three new phenomena closely related to the modern information technologies. These phenomena affecting the new school are: a) Social Media as a new way of forming social consciousness; b) Personal Identity Online as a new way of forming personality, and c) Data Intensive Science as a new scientific and methodological paradigm. It is shown that each of these phenomena is a result of evolution in three fields: knowledge acquiring, learning process, and science methodology. Development of the educational system/process is considered to benefit from а conflict between two tendencies: socialization and individualization. The paper also discusses digital curation as a novel educational activity which can be born in the new school based on a combined contribution of the above three phenomena. No doubt that education in the social media, within the abundance of various content, and with stimulating the students’ personal identity online - such education should drastically change roles of both the teacher and the students in the new school.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><orig-pub><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ОСНОВНЫЕ ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ УЧЕБНОГО ПРОЦЕССА В ШКОЛЕ ПОСТИНДУСТРИАЛЬНОГО ОБЩЕСТВА </style></orig-pub><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">101-112</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Karin  Bakračevič  Vukman</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">METACOGNITIVE ACCURACY AND LEARNING TO LEARN: A DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">accuracy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">metacognition</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1413727763.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">46</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Metacognition belongs to higher-order mental processes and enables us to control, plan and accordingly regulate our own learning and problem solving process. In the present study we researched developmental changes in different reasoning domains and in metacognitive accuracy, which is considered as part of successful metacognitive monitoring/ regulation, and as an essential element of self-regulated learning and learning to learn competence.
 The study involved 282 participants from four different age groups: 13-15-, 23-25-, 33-35- and 43-45- year olds. These participants solved tasks addressed to spatial, verbal-propositional and social reasoning, and evaluated their own performance on these tasks. To specify possible differences in metacognitive accuracy, the metacognitive accuracy index was computed. 
 Results showed that metacognitive evaluations were accurate in spatial domain, less accurate in verbal-propositional and quite inaccurate in the social domain. The accuracy of self-evaluation increased with age and males were more accurate in their self-evaluations than females. Improvement of metacognitive accuracy with age is in tune with findings that metacognition becomes more effective with development and that people with age become more reflective and self-aware.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15-21</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maria  Dolores Calero</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sara   Mata</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MIGRATION AT SCHOOLS: MAKING EDUCATION OF PRESCHOOL CHILDREN FLEXIBLE THROUGH DYNAMIC ASSESSMENT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cognitive function</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">language proficiency</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning potential</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multicultural education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1419344935.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">49</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Migration processes are part of the globalized world in which we live. Although much of the migration experience is enriching for both the immigrant and the receiving environment, its difficulties remain. One area where difficulties are visible is the educational environment. Education policies, typically based on structured curricula, are not adapted to the peculiarities of immigrant children, who often produce lower academic outcomes. The main trouble with this situation is that performance and social problems do not appear until the child has spent several years at school. Dynamic assessment methodology has come to light as an alternative for immigrant children, making it possible to distinguish their poor academic performance from their learning potential. This study presents the line of research we have pursued in southern Spain with preschool immigrants from diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds. Data shows that preschool students’ learning potential is independent of their cultural background. This study also discusses the advantages of including dynamic assessment in a multicultural educational context.
 Key words: learning potential, multicultural education, language proficiency, childhood, cognitive function.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6-14</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brigitte   Römmer-Nossek</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MIND THE GAP – THE IMPORTANCE OF REFLECTING ON DIFFERENT NOTIONS OF LEARNING AND KNOWLEDGE WITHIN AND BETWEEN COGNITIVE AND EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cognitive sciences</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">knowledge</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1413728505.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">46</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cognitive and educational sciences share a fundamental interest in learning. While theoretical bases and practical interests seem to match well at first sight, it is well worth to take a closer look. In the different disciplines involved in the Cognitive Sciences there is a large number of approaches to study learning, but closer glance reveals a limited number of ways to conceptualize learning. In its short history, the field has seen some paradigm shifts, which changed the way we look at human cognition and thus at learning. It is worth noting that each paradigm also transports an implicit notion of knowledge.
 In the field of education we find these paradigms as different learning theories, which in turn determine approaches to teaching and learning. Dealing with knowledge is central to educational practice. Furthermore, educational research indicates that our personal concept of knowledge qualitatively influences the way students learn. Thus there is a deep, but the intricate relationship between our concepts learning and knowledge.
 If the interaction between the two fields is to go beyond the (often unsatisfying) attempt to find direct-to-classroom recipes, explicit concepts of learning and knowledge must be the starting point for any successful interdisciplinary collaboration.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">123-130</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Viera   Palmárová</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gabriela   Lovászová</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MOBILE TECHNOLOGY USED IN AN ADVENTUROUS OUTDOOR LEARNING ACTIVITY: A CASE STUDY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">informatics education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mobile technology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1413726797.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">44</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Digital devices like smart phones, tablets, PDAs and GPS navigators provide teachers in primary and secondary schools with new and attractive chances to teach in a constructivist/constructionist way. The research was aimed at designing an engaging outdoor learning activity based on collaboration and active using of mobile technology. The suggested learning activity was inspired by a real-world treasure hunting game called Geocaching and was realized with 2 groups of pupils aged 10-14. Children used a GPS-enabled PDA to navigate from their current location to another. They encountered various types of problems while collecting hints needed to calculate the final location of a hidden container. Even collaboration between competing teams was necessary in order to succeed. The case study gives an example of a well-designed constructivist/constructionist learning activity with special focus on informatics education but can be easily adapted for using in any other school subject or some after-school context as well. The adventurous and competitive nature of the learning activity resulted in high intrinsic motivation to learn, so the educational objectives could be reached effectively. Reported findings are grounded in observations made during the learning activity as well as the interviews with participants.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">64-71</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Milan   Klement</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MODERN DIDACTIC TOOLS AND THE POSSIBILITIES OF THEIR IMPLEMENTATION INTO THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">didactic tools</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">digital technologies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">interactive board</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multimedia presentation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1408437412.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Information and communication technologies bring a great amount of positive effects that appropriately enrich and support education. The generally declared need for the integration of new media and educational technologies in the educational process could represent an important impulse for the development of pedagogical sciences. As a result of this fact, it is necessary to promote new educational techniques and methods derived from them and thus there arises a question whether schools, teachers and teachers-to-be are ready for such a thing. Since the authors of the presented study are not aware of any available analysis dealing with this issue, we have decided, based on carrying out a research, to identify the interest and preparedness of schools or teachers, included teachers-to-be, in the implementation of modern didactic tools into the educational practice in form of interactive whiteboards. The presented study introduces the progress, process and result of this significant research.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82-92</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Milan  Turčáni</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zoltan   Balogh</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MODERN TEACHING OF COMPUTER SUBJECTS TO SUPPORT WEB 2.0 TECHNOLOGIES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">adaptive hypermedial systems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning management system</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">modelling of Petri nets</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1413728606.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">46</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The subject of our interest is an educational process, which is a dynamic process, changing in time, and can be examined from various viewpoints. We can focus on participants of this process, i.e. on students and lecturers, and observe their mutual relations and interactions. Educational process understood as a dynamic system is an insofar extensive sphere that it provides almost limitless opportunities of observation, modelling and simulation. In this contribution we shall focus mainly on the special part of educational processes – on teaching of subjects focusing on technical and system issues (Logical systems, Architecture of computers, Operating systems and Computer networks), which are specific with their focus on adopting the knowledge on principles and functionality of computer systems for the processing and transfer of information within the studies of informatics.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">138-145</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Natalia  Zamkovaja</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Irina  Moissejenko</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MOTHER TONGUE LEARNING IN THE ESTONIAN NEW HIGH SCHOOL CURRICULUM</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mother tongue</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">students’ needs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">text-centered approach</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1409840549.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This article considers the content and structure of the new State Curriculum for high schools in Estonia, in which drafting the authors participated. The curriculum was applied in 2011/2012 academic year, and has being put into action gradually, starting from the 10th form. It is totally separated from the curriculum for middle schools. 
 The main objective of teaching and education in high schools is that students are to find a field of activity of their interest and ability, which will be included in their further training. They are formative assessment and feedback that are of great attention in the new curriculum, as well as the need for conducting researches is emphasized, including mother tongue. Under the requirements of the new curriculum, studies in every subject are student-centred, i.e. they are brought in accord with students’ interests and everyday needs, e.g. in mother tongue courses the need of text-centred approach is highlighted. The number of required courses is reduced; there are more opportunities for options. In comparison with the previous curriculum, the courses on mother tongues (Estonian and Russian) are unified. Before, only 3 courses on Russian as a mother tongue were set-out, now 6 compulsory courses and 1 elective course are scheduled (like Estonian). While developing curriculum for the Russian (native) language, cross-cutting topics were taken into account. 
 The article thoroughly describes the structure and content of the subject; it is shown how the new curriculum is being implemented in teaching practice; the realization of new text-centered courses “The Perception and Creation of an Oral Text” and “The Perception and Creation of a Written Text” as an implementation for the basic concept is instantiated.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><orig-pub><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ОБУЧЕНИЕ РОДНОМУ ЯЗЫКУ В НОВОЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЙ ПРОГРАММЕ ДЛЯ ГИМНАЗИЙ ЭСТОНИИ </style></orig-pub><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">140-153</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anna  Džalalova</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nina  Raud</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MULTICULTURAL COMPETENCE AND ITS DEVELOPMENT IN STUDENTS OF TEACHER EDUCATION CURRICULA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multicultural competence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">principles of multicultural education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1408532021.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">According to the Estonian State Integration Programme the system of education is considered to be one of the main areas of implementing the state integration policy. The main task of schools in Estonia is to support the feeling of belonging for permanent residents of the Estonian society by sharing common values and knowledge of the official language, and to create possibilities for understanding other cultures and establishing methods for cross-cultural communication with various ethnic groups.
 The purpose of the research is to study multicultural competence which is considered to be a key component of professional teacher education, as it is of interdisciplinary nature and comprises various aspects which contribute to the development of cognition, personality and professional activities. The research, conducted among students into the level of development of their multicultural competence, has revealed that Narva College students have a positive ethnic identity and quite a high degree of tolerance, which testifies to the positive attitude to their own and other cultures and students’ readiness for intercultural communication.
 To support the development of multicultural competence in students there has been devised a programme based on such educational components as the comprehensive knowledge of research methods and practices in multicultural education; formation of positive respectful attitude towards native and other cultures; development of skills to support culture-centred education and effective cross-cultural communication; and with inclusion of professional pedagogical activities being based on the humanistic approach and efficient pedagogical interaction.
 The research covers key points of how the principles of multilingual and multicultural education are realised in everyday teaching practices to achieve corresponding learning outcomes.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">65-74</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agnaldo Arroio</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dirceu D.   D. de Souza</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MULTIMODALITY IN NATURAL SCIENCE EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multimodal phenomena</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1413726454.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">44</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Learning science is related to participating in activities, which offer a scientific way of thinking and acting. But this is not easy and perhaps not even possible in a traditional school context because it is expected that students must cross over certain discursive and linguistic borders.
 In Natural Sciences, in addition to the concepts involving qualitative aspects, students are challenged in their learning to use, among others, mathematical knowledge that will assist them in the organization, interpretation and resolution of quantitative aspects. This requires from students the intellectual transit through various forms of languages and representations, constituting what it is called ‘multimodality’.�
A fundamental aspect of multimodality and that receives influence from school culture is the explicit expression of textual and imagetic coherence in its products, because we consider this coherence as fundamental evidence of the multimodal understanding and, as a result, of the systemic learning.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-9</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kordigel Aberšek, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NEUROSCIENCE, WORLD WIDE WEB AND READING CURRICULUM</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cognitive skills</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">linear reading</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reflexive reading of fiction</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1413728109.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">46</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuroscience has proved a malleable nature of our brain. The way of thinking is changing lifelong and not only in early childhood. New media as television, video games, and the Internet change students’ cognitive skills. New visual-spatial skills, such as iconic representation and spatial visualization are developed. But parallel to these changes new weaknesses occur. Those are in higher-order cognitive processes, as abstract vocabulary, mindfulness, reflection, inductive problem solving, critical thinking, and imagination (Greefield, 2009). Those are the reasons why reading curriculum in contemporary educational system should focus on two groups of aims: deep online reading and linear literature reading. By deep reading is meant the sophisticated processes that propel comprehension and that include inferential and deductive reasoning, analogical skills, critical analysis, reflection, and insight. By linear literature reading is meant primarily reading of fiction, which develops the imagination, inductive analysis, critical and abstract thinking.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">66-73</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Daniela   Tamo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aljula   Jubani</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mimoza  Gjokutaj</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NEW DIMENSIONS OF TEACHING AND LEARNING “BY DOING” IN THE GLOBAL CONTEXT OF EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">global education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">new pilot</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1413726932.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">44</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Efforts are being made in many educational settings to find out the most effective ways of assuring quality of the teaching and learning process. In the framework of continuous reformation of the education system in Albania, many initiatives have been taken aiming at improving the quality of the teaching and learning process WHERE?? IN THE AREA OF???? . Several ambitious projects have been piloted. One of them is related to setting the teaching and learning process in a pragmatic global context. This project was piloted in some areas of Albania. It aimed at applying some new principles of teaching and learning by simultaneously setting teaching and learning in four dimensions: that of time (present, past, future), space, problems (environment, human rights, etc.) and internal. Teaching was based on the use of interactive, all inclusive techniques and strategies. As a result, the interactive profile of the teacher is strengthened and the quality of students’ learning has improved as well. This project is supported by the Institute of Global Education in Canada
 This article brings a picture of the impacts of this initiative, which are related with the best student outcomes, change of values and attitudes about life, new approaches for the world and the active participation in important social roles. This pilot work has led to a new objective, namely the one of establishment of a new teacher profile in the global area and of the new roles it should take in the course of both teaching and learning. Data and thoughts of teachers and students related to such findings are described in the current article.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81-91</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gurcan   Ultanir</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Emel   Ültanır</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NEW STRUCTURES IN PUBLIC EDUCATION CENTERS IN TURKEY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">adult education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">andragogical model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">public education center</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1413726977.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">44</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The purpose of this study is to determine what kind of reform will be provided by the General Directorate of Lifelong Learning, which was reconstructed in 2011, in their education policy based on theories of adult education in Public Education Centers such as “adult educator qualifications”, “content formation”, selection of methodology in teaching courses” and “achievement evaluation”. This research has questioned some dimensions of education programs, in the Ministry of Education with some of the provinces of Ankara and Mersin Public Education Centers. Open ended question survey was applied to collect the data. The result of the research shows that the content of the program comes from the center as a modular program. There is no training center for adult educators in Turkey. Teachers coming from different academic ranks and instructors specialised in their fields give courses in these institutions. Their teaching methods are compatible with pedagogy. Test type exams are applied. Moreover, like the other newly EU participant countries, Turkey has accepted Life Long Learning programs without preliminary preparations.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">92-100</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Raffaele Pisano</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paolo   Bussotti</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OPEN PROBLEMS IN MATHEMATICAL MODELLING AND PHYSICAL EXPERIMENTS. EXPLORING EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">elementary functions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">epistemological teaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">geometric transformations</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstracted.php?level=5&amp;icid=1025556</style></url></web-urls></urls><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Generally speaking the exponential function has large applications and it is used by many non physicians and non mathematicians, too. Nevertheless some crucial and practical problems happen for its mathematical understanding. Mostly, this part of mathematical cognitive programmes introduce it from the mathematical strictly point of view. On the contrary, since both physics experiments make a vast use of it, in this paper the exponential function will be explained starting from physical experiments and only later a mathematical modelling of it will be organized. The relationship physics-mathematics-geometry is crucial and indispensable in this kind of integrated and history&amp;science education. The history and epistemology of mathematics and physics can be a significant means to make the epistemological and didactical research more profound and clear.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">56-69</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Raffaele Pisano</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paolo   Bussotti</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OPEN PROBLEMS IN MATHEMATICAL MODELLING AND PHYSICAL EXPERIMENTS. EXPLORING EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">elementary functions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">epistemological teaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">geometric transformations</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">thermology and calorimetry</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1419345796.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">50</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Generally speaking the exponential function has large applications and it is used by many non physicians and non mathematicians, too. Nevertheless some crucial and practical problems happen for its mathematical understanding. Mostly, this part of mathematical cognitive programmes introduce it from the mathematical strictly point of view. On the contrary, since both physics experiments make a vast use of it, in this paper the exponential function will be explained starting from physical experiments and only later a mathematical modelling of it will be organized. The relationship physics-mathematics-geometry is crucial and indispensable in this kind of integrated and history&amp;science education. The history and epistemology of mathematics and physics can be a significant means to make the epistemological and didactical research more profound and clear.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">56–69 </style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ayodeji  Olasunkanmi Abari</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mubashir  Olayiwola  Babatunde Mohammed</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Idowu  Olufunke  Oyetola</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ORGANIZATIONAL IDENTITY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN SOUTH WEST NIGERIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">organizational identity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school effectiveness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">secondary school</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1408531800.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The study investigated the relationship between Organizational Identity and Public and Private Senior Secondary School Effectiveness in South West Nigeria. To put the study on course, three hypotheses were formulated. In the same vein, three separate instruments were designed and constructed to collect pertinent data namely the School Identity Questionnaire (SIQ), the School Effectiveness Questionnaire (SEQ) and Performance Records of Students in West African Senior Secondary Certificate Examination (WASSCE). While the first instrument measured identity, the other two simultaneously measured effectiveness. There was a total sample of 2,400 students from 120 sample schools at 20 students per 20 schools in each of the six South West States – Ekiti, Lagos, Ogun, Ondo, Osun and Oyo. Also, a total of 120 principals participated in the study. The Questionnaires were subjected to content and construct validity as well as split-half reliability test. The reliability coefficient for the SIQ was found to be 0.86 and for the SEQ was 0.90. The data were subjected to descriptive and inferential statistical analysis employing the Pearson’s Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient Analysis to test Hypotheses 1and 2, and the Analysis of Variance to test Hypothesis 3. Results of the analysis indicate that there is no significant relationship between organizational identity and school effectiveness in the two categories of schools separately, public and private. However, a significant relationship was found to exist between organizational identity and school effectiveness in private schools only when WASSCE Results were used as a measure of effectiveness. Results also show that a significant difference exists in organizational identity and school effectiveness between public and private senior secondary schools irrespective of the instrument used in measuring effectiveness. Recommendations were then made, in the light of the results, among which are that some degree of autonomy should be given to senior secondary schools for them to grow and develop their identity and effectiveness and, that the identity and effectiveness should regularly be monitored and measured for school improvement purposes. 
 
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7-16</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beatrice  M.  Mburugu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Micah  C.  Chepchieng</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teresa  C.  Kattam</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ORPHANHOOD EFFECT ON PRIMARY SCHOOL PUPILS’ INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS IN KENYA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">orphanhood</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary school pupil</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1419345122.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">49</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In Kenya, orphanhood has risen and affected many children among them primary school pupils. A parent’s death may affect children’s psychological well being. There is a close coherence between children’s psychological well-beings and their interpersonal relationships. Children who have poor psychological well-being are likely to be withdrawn, experience low self-esteem and have poor adaptations to human functioning and life experiences. These conditions affect their relations with others hence become deviants. A literature gap exists in Kenya on orphanhood’s effect children’s relations with other pupils thus motivating the authors to come up with such a study. Thus, the objective of the study was to establish the influence of orphanhood on pupils’ interpersonal relationships in public primary schools by comparing the mean scores in pupils’ interpersonal relationships between the orphaned and the non-orphaned pupils. Also, establish whether gender differences exist in interpersonal relationships between the orphaned pupils. Causal-Comparative research design was considered appropriate for the study because of the comparison of groups. A sample of 110 pupils (55 orphaned and 55 non-orphaned) drawn from 10 primary schools was involved in the study. The pupils were drawn from primary classes 6 and 7. The sample was selected by using purposive and stratified random sampling procedures. A questionnaire was used to collect data which was analyzed by use of independent sample t-test. The study established that orphanhood has a significant effect on interpersonal relationships among pupils in primary schools in Kenya. It was also established that significant gender differences exist in the effect that orphanhood exert on pupils; with boys being more affected than the girls. From the findings, it is evident that absence of parents negatively affect the interpersonal skills of children particularly the boy-child. Such children need counseling interventions to counter these effects. It is therefore recommended that school counselors, teachers and school administrators in Kenya should assist orphaned pupils cope with the loss of their parents by offering psychological and social support to them. This is because the poor interpersonal relationships of orphaned pupils may affect various aspects of their lives that include academics and discipline among others.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40-47</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Samo   Kralj</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Robert Repnik</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PATTERNS IN SYMMETRY BREAKING TRANSITIONS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">liquid crystals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pattern recognition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">universalities</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1413728154.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">46</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">It is now well accepted that we all have amazing capabilities in recognizing faces in a fraction of a second. This specific pattern recognition ability could be by appropriate training transferred to some other field of expertise. At the same time pattern recognition skills are becoming increasingly important “survival” strategy in the modern competitive world which faces information overload. In the paper we demonstrate an example of pattern-recognition type of lecturing modern physics. By using already absorbed knowledge and analogies we exploit our innate pattern recognition brain capabilities for more effective learning of new concepts in physics.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">74-84</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sonia M.   Santoveña Casal</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PEDAGOGICAL PRINCIPLES OF SYNCHRONOUS VIRTUAL EDUCATION: THE ELLUMINATE LIVE CASE AT THE FACULTY OF EDUCATIONAL AND LANGUAGE STUDIES (THE OPEN UNIVERSITY)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">distance education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">intelligent tutoring systems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">interactive learning environments</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1413729301.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">47</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In the current document the efficiency of the Elluminate Live tool is analyzed when it is used as a synchronous media in a virtual learning environment. In most of the research discussed, as for the integration of the tool in the university studies, it has been found that its use makes easier communication, interaction, development of online tutorials, lectures and debates. The main goal of the research shown in the current paper is to present the results obtained when using the synchronous communication tool in the process of learning and teaching of Languages Studies in the Open University. The sample consisted of one teacher and six tutors of Languages Studies of the Open University. In order to analyze the experience developed with the Elluminate Live tool, an interview with 13 questions of open answer was designed. The experience described by the tutors and the academics pointed out the advantages of the integration of synchronous communication in the teaching-learning process. Interviewees highlighted the potential of the tool for language teaching in distance education. It was considered that Elluminate Live is a facilitator of the learning process for the Open University courses, since it allows online tutorials where students can practice speaking.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">126-143</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Emmily   Mugasia Sitati</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anne   A. Ngaira</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clarice   W. Mwita</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilson   Amolo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maurice   L. Akala</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Willaerd   Ngaira</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PERCEPTION OF DISTRICT QUALITY ASSURANCE AND STANDARDS OFFICERS ON LEADERSHIP STYLES OF DISTRICT EDUCATION OFFICERS IN KENYA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">leadership styles</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quality assurance</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1408437531.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leadership in the public sector is a key variable that is expected to propel the achievement of Vision 2030. This is indeed crucial in the Education Sector which forms the basis of the social pillar of Vision 2030. The DEO and the DQASO are line managers with a primary role in policy implementation in the Ministry of Education. The purpose of the study was to investigate the perception of District Quality Assurance and Standards Officers towards the leadership styles of District Education Officers. The study established the characteristics of DQASOs, the leadership styles of the DEOs and identified the perceived challenges of DQASOs in Kenya. The study was guided by the Learning Organization theory of Peter Senge 1990 which emphasizes the need for involvement in decision making of those who carry out decisions for greater understanding and commitment. 
 Descriptive survey design was used and the study sample included a total of 29(10%) District Quality Assurance and Standards Officers (DQASOs) drawn from a population of 287 DQASOs from the 287 Districts in Kenya. The researchers made use of DQASOs who were attending the tenth 2011 Senior Management Course drawn from across Kenya as respondents. A questionnaire for DQASOs was designed to facilitate data collection. The study established that autocratic leadership style was dominant in most District Education offices with little consultation, teamwork and communication since the DEOs unilaterally made decisions and rarely accepted advice and criticism from members of staff. The DEOs’ personal traits greatly influenced their leadership styles. The DEOs were perceived to be unsupportive and rarely provided a conducive environment that motivated the staff. Most DEOs were not committed to supporting quality assurance and standards programmes in most Districts. The study recommended that the DEOs should integrate and employ varied leadership styles in management of education and delink their personal traits from office management. Clear communication channels between DEOs and staff should be established involve senior staff members in decision making. The DEOs should support Quality Assurance and Standards Programs in the Districts and provide a conducive environment for staff motivation.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">105-118</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boris Aberšek</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PHILOSOPHY OF MIND AND COGNITIVE MODELLING IN EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cognitive modelling</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education system</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">philosophy of mind</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1413727678.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">46</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">One of the main reasons there is so much junk in education is that there are so few people who know enough about education and about the sciences that support education, i.e. philosophy, cognitive and neuroscience to put the thing together. Educators have been reliant upon others’ expertise for the interpretations from contemporary science hence have not been able to discern whether the claims made are valid or invalid representations of the research. Without a direct access to the primary research educators may be at risk of misusing results from this advanced research. The need for so called ‘mediator’ in the translation of research to practice has led to a situation where the application of cognitive neuroscience research findings is running ahead of the research itself.
 The overall objective is to produce an integrated approach to problems of connection Education with the contemporary knowledge from the area of Philosophy of Mind, Cognitive Science, Psychology, Neuroscience, Cognitive modelling and Artificial Intelligence.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-6</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eyvind   Elstad</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PISA DEBATES AND BLAME MANAGEMENT AMONG THE NORWEGIAN EDUCATIONAL AUTHORITIES: PRESS COVERAGE AND DEBATE INTENSITY IN THE NEWSPAPERS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">blame management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PISA</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">public opinion</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1415392161.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">48</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Programme for International Student Achievement (PISA) has become the most influential comparative assessment in our time, as PISA has induced media debate and triggered reform measures in the education systems of several countries. The programme has caused shockwaves in the educational landscape in Norway, and led to a reorganisation of educational policies. This research sought, first, to explore press coverage and debate intensity in Norwegian newspapers in the wake of PISA releases, and second, to discuss the use of media strategies among Norwegian officeholders to investigate how the media portray cases in which they are involved. Blame management is an example of how officeholders can attempt to avoid blame or displace it onto political opponents. Using their media responses as data, the nature and value of blame management were analysed in relation to a game theoretical framework. Patterns and themes emerging from the data were described quantitatively and qualitatively, and illustrated by direct quotations from political and bureaucratic officeholders. It is important to gain a better understanding of the dynamics in media coverage of educational matters, and how participants in the game use strategic tools. This study contributes to the understanding of the media’s shaping of education policies and debates. The significance of the media and the media strategies in use suggest that educational research should expand its perspectives towards how the media influences public opinion on educational quality.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10-22</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Luisa  Cerdeira</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomás   Patrocínio</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Belmiro  Gil  Cabrito</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lourdes   Machado</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rui   Brites</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PORTUGUESE HIGHER EDUCATION STUDENT’S COSTS: TWO LAST DECADES VIEW</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">accessibility</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">affordability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HE costs</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1413728893.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">47</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Based on the Cost-Sharing theory (Johnstone, 1986, 1991, 1992, 2002, 2003), the research on student costs in higher education (HE) plays an important role in the educational policy, namely concerning the equity in cost distribution among students, the State and stakeholders. This study is focused on the socioeconomic characterization of Portuguese HE students and on the research of the costs these students support, as well as the remaining stakeholders (families, governments/ taxpayers and others), according to Johnstone’ cost-sharing theory and mobilized the analysis of the results of three nation-wide surveys in the academic years of 1994-1995 (Cabrito, 2000); 2004-2005 (Cerdeira, 2009) and 2010/2011 (Cerdeira, Cabrito, Patrocínio, Machado &amp; Brites, 2012) to three higher education’s students representative samples (universities and polytechnics, public and private institutions).
 The study 1) discusses the contribution of Portuguese higher education students for the HE funding; 2) analyses the findings coming from a nationwide study concerning the student’s role on HE funding, in Portugal; 3) places those results in a European perspective.
 From the comparison undergone between the data coming from the studies on the higher education costs in Portugal, it can be verified that on the period 1994-2010 there was a change on social strata recruitment to HE. In fact, it is possible to realize that the percentage of students coming from rich strata had increased along the period analyzed, fact that can allow us to question about the equity of the Portuguese HE System. On the other side, the studies also allow to conclude that the affordability of Portuguese HE students is minor that homologous indicators taking into account some of the EU and OECD members.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16-26</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Luis Martín  Sobrado  Fernández</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cristina  Ceinos  Sanz</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miguel Angel  Nogueira Pérez</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE PRESENCE OF ICT IN VOCATIONAL GUIDANCE: A TRAINING PROPOSAL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lifelong learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">professional development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">technological competences</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1413726860.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">44</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">At present, the transformations in the use and management of the technological tools in the overall society and particularly in Guidance are developed so quickly, that there is the concern of creating training systems, which offer opportunities to update the ICT competences in Counselors, as the use of such resources turns into a strategic worry of the training long life politics (European Life Long Learning).
 In this context, the Project –ICT-Skills 2: ICT Tools and training for E-practitioners- is framed, with the aim of designing an e-Counselor professional profile, including the strategic competences with respect to Guidance training and teaching. These competences have to be shared in a transnational level with enough flexibility to be adapted to several contexts.
 The different stages and tasks were made under the cooperation of the social organizations (which come from Italy, the United Kingdom, Spain and Romania), offering, as a result, the design of a training profile and a number of tools (self-assessment resources and an e-portfolio) logical for the Counselors professional development with and for ICT, being, likewise, a starting point for the development of future services in e-Guidance. 
 
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">72-80</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adile  Aşkım  Kurt</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mehmet   Firat</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PRESERVICE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY TEACHERS’ INTERNET USAGE PROBLEMATIC: INTERNET INFORMATION POLLUTION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">information access</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">information overload</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">information pollution</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1409839899.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The main purpose of this study is to determine the views of preservice teachers of Information Technologies and investigate the effect of information pollution on internet use. Semi-structured interview and questionnaire methods were used in this mixed methods study. 12 preservice teachers participated in the interview part and 67 4th, 3rd and 2nd course students participated in the questionnaire on voluntary basis, from Computer Education and Instructional Technologies Department. As a result of the analysis of the data obtained, it was found out that the preservice teachers consider information pollution unnecessary, incorrect and out-of-date information found disorganized in an environment; the preservice teachers regard the most important factor causing information pollution on the internet is the fact that everybody can write about anything. Also preservice teachers denoted that the most important effect of internet information pollution is waste of time.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28-41</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vicente   Carrasco-Embuena</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maria   Hernández-Amorós</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PRE-SERVICE TEACHER EDUCATION AND COMPREHENSION OF DIDACTIC CONCEPTS. AN EXPERIENCE WITHIN THE MASTER OF SECONDARY EDUCATION TEACHERS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">concept comprehension</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">didactic training</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pre-service teacher education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1410006015.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">42</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The main purpose of the research was to figure out which was the level of comprehension of the didactic concepts that the students of the Secondary Education Master of the University of Alicante of the academic year 2011/12 had. With this purpose, we have collected the information provided by the answers of 227 students to an ad-hoc-elaborated semi-structured questionnaire whose data have been treated with a quantitative methodology using the SPSS.19 device. The statistic techniques were descriptive, differential and correlational. In this analysis, we take into account the scores obtained by students in variables related to their learning process and their attitudes towards it. The most interesting results prove that the students don’t master the basic didactic concepts in a satisfactory way, there are differences between the levels of comprehension and other variables related to the learning of the concepts and with attitudinal variables of this learning. The research based on these results indicates the need to focus the teaching and learning processes of the Master from a different point of view and combining the strategies which enhance the understanding of these concepts by the students.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8-18</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dana   Harwell</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mae   Daniel</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PROMOTING TEACHER EFFECTIVENESS THROUGH A HOLISTIC WELLNESS MODEL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">holistic wellness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher efficacy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher wellness</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1408532066.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research was conducted to determine if a holistic wellness model could promote teacher effectiveness with 54 teacher interns at a Mississippi campus. The purpose of this research was to determine whether holistic wellness as defined by creative self, coping self, social self, essential self, and physical self as measured by the 5F-Wel can be used to predict teacher effectiveness as measured by the STAI. The research question proposed for this study was: Is there a relationship between wellness as measured by the Five Factor Wellness Inventory and effective teaching as measured by the STAI? 
 The research design was correlational. A convenience sample of voluntary participants among the 54 teacher interns was used. The predictor variables were the second order factor scores on the 5F-Wel. These factors are creative self, coping self, social self, essential self, and physical self. The dependent variable was the overall formative score on the Student Teacher Assessment Instrument (STAI). Effective teacher research supported the Student Teacher Assessment Instrument as a viable measure of teacher effectiveness. The results obtained show the predictor variables included in the multiple linear regression analysis did not predict teacher effectiveness as measured by the STAI at an accuracy greater than chance. A statistically significant relationship between the predictor variables and dependent variable was not found. Specifically, wellness as measured by the second order factors on the 5F-Wel did not predict teacher effectiveness as measured by the STAI in this study. 
 Recommendations were to replicate this study using similar methodology in other geographical locations. Being that guidelines of state universities are of unison, it can be assumed that dissimilarities exist among the individual programs. Therefore, replicating this study at another university could provide dissimilar results or possibly indentify a specific characteristic from an intern population that would benefit from a holistic wellness model.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75-87</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maria  de los Ángeles  Fanaro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maria  Rita  Otero</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marcelo   Arlego</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A PROPOSAL TO TEACH LIGHT IN A UNIFIED FRAMEWORK USING THE FEYNMAN METHOD</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Feynman method</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quantum mechanics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">secondary school</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1413728945.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">47</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The goal of this proposal is to teach the basic aspects of light from the point of view of quantum mechanics at high school level. To this end, we have adapted Feynman´s Path Integral Method of Quantum Mechanics. This is a continuation of previous works where we considered the quantum behaviour of matter. The situations were to promote the conceptualization of the electron as a quantum system, the probabilistic function and the transition quantum–classic. Now, the goal is to build a new proposal to teach the behaviour of the light from an actual vision and from a unified model: the quantum mechanics, from the reconstruction of a reference that also uses the approach Path Integrals of Richard Feynman. It is adapted for secondary school students using vectors and sums, and it is inserted in a problems context about the light. Careful and accurate language is used, avoiding terms like photon or expressions like particles of light or wave-particle duality, because these ideas could present obstacles to understanding key aspects of quantum theory. This proposal is an alternative to avoid historical approaches commonly used so far and it is being implemented in two groups of students in secondary school (15-16 years old).</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27-39</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Joana  Paulin  Romanowski</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pura  Oliver  Martins</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simone  Manosso  Cartaxo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PROPOSIONAL COURSES OF TEACHER EDUCATION: ISSUES AND CHALLENGES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">professional development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">undergraduate courses</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1413729255.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">47</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The research focuses on the reformulation of undergraduate courses in universities in the state of Parana, Brazil. The research problem arises in the context of reformulations in the courses of teacher formation, the undergraduate courses encouraged by the demands of current educational policies for these courses, with the following questions: What changes to current policies of teacher education were produced in the organization of undergraduate courses? The overall objective was to analyze the reformulations of the undergraduate courses in relation to established priorities and the implications to the professional development of teachers indicating the tensions caused in this process and to indicate alternatives that contribute to the improvement of basic teacher education. The methodology of the study considers the assumptions of the theory as practice of expression, performs the analysis of educational legislation, organization of curriculum matrices of undergraduate courses at universities in the State of Parana and includes interviews with coordinators and teachers from the course. Results show that the courses differ in the composition of the curriculum matrices in each of the institutions examined, as for example: the organization of the curriculum regarding the disciplines that are part of it; sorting the disciplines; the number of hours of each discipline; the design of the training process; the apprenticeship supervision processes. This means that the tensions and priorities generated at each university in the constitution of the identity of the undergraduate courses are disparate from the proceedings in which these courses are instituted because of the institutional clashes priorities. The performed reformulations extend the amount of teaching time for teaching practice, starting from the first year of the course, in the form of professional practice and in the final years the completion of supervised practice. However, the university remains far removed from the elementary school, the academic disciplines do not articulate these practices. It is noteworthy that the undergraduate courses in Brazil have been the subject of debates and proposals, since the 1.980s.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">110-125</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tamara   Turashvili</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marine   Japaridze</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING AND ITS RELATION TO ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS IN GEORGIAN CONTEXT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">academic performance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">personal growth</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">well-being</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1419345273.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">49</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Well-being is a dynamic concept that includes subjective, social, and psychological dimensions as well as health-related behaviors. It is often thought of as one of the hallmarks of the liberal arts experience, resulting from educational encounters that both guide students in the search for meaning and direction in life and help them realize their true potential. Research of students’ well-being is conducted in various countries, but it is the first study conducted in Georgia. The objectives of the studies were to test hypothesis, that because of social, political and economic conditions, and frequent reforms in educational system of Georgia, the majority of the students have high level of depression, low level of well-being, that is reflected on their academic performance. 
 Within the framework of the research 252 students from wide variety of disciplines, of mean age 21 were surveyed. The study methods are Ryff well-being inventory which consists of series of statements reflecting the six areas of psychological well-being, combination with Coping Inventory for Stressful Situation (CISS), from Endler &amp; Parker and, Kucher Adolescent depression scale (KADS-6).The Results of the study show, that majority of students have middle level of well-being, do not have depression and average self-evaluated academic performance. The research also revealed that the students, who have medium or high level of academic performance, have high index of well-being, purpose of life and personal growth on scale. Also, those students who carry task oriented coping strategy, have high index of well-being, and personal growth on the scale. But the students, who carry avoidance coping strategy, have high level of depression.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">73-80</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Daiva   Malinauskienė</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roberta   Pranaitytė</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE QUALITY OF CHILD TRAINING IN THE PRE-SCHOOL INSTITUTION: PARENTS‘ POINTS OF VIEW</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education quality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">institution of pre-school education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1413727414.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">45</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lately, strategic documents prepared by Lithuanian and foreign educational institutions and recent discussions held by pedagogical societies and stakeholders have considered the issues of education quality. The question of ensuring quality has become one of the key priorities of educational policy assisting the system of education in Lithuania with integration into the space of European context. The status of the family can hardly guarantee the required conditions for self / educating children at home in all cases. Therefore, high-quality facilities should be a crucial aspect of training provided by the educational institutions since early childhood. Pre-school education in Lithuania, as one of the stages of a successive educational system, meets the basic needs of a child, including safety, activity and self-expression. Therefore, assessing a real situation in pre-school institutions seems to be an important point providing information on the needs for obtaining high quality self/education and training services, which is the way to implement one of the purposes of pre-school education – to help the family with fostering all qualities of a child (intellectual, emotional, volitional and physical) determining personal maturity and social success thus offering the programme of pre-school education and/or required educational help for the child or family. 
 Empirical research has revealed parents’ points of view to the quality of education and quality evaluation and helped with identifying the factors that may have an impact on child self/education. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40-50</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maria   Mellone</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Raffaele Pisano</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">REFLECTIONS ON LEARNING MATHEMATICS IN PHYSICS PHENOMENOLOGY AND HISTORICAL CONCEPTUAL STREAMS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">history of foundations</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">modelling</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1413728261.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">46</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Although several efforts produced by new mathematical education approaches for improving education systems and teaching, yet the results are not sufficient to adsorb the totality of innovations proposed, both in the contents and management. In this sense constructive debates and new ideas were welcomed and appreciated upon new aspects of science education, side new learning and Cognitive Modelling, for our interests. A parallel effort was produced by scientist-epistemologist-historians concerning the history of science and its foundations in science education. Historical foundations represent the most important intellectual part of the science, even if sometimes they were avoided or limited to specialist disciplines such as history of mathematics, history of physics, only. Nevertheless some results, such as the operative concept of mass by Mach, rather the coherence and validity of an algebraic–geometric group in a Euclidean geometry and in non-Euclidean geometry was firstly appointed by epistemological point of view by (e.g.,) Poincaré, etc... Thus, what kind of concrete relationship between science education (mathematics and physics) and history of science (idem) one can discuss correlated with foundations of science? and above all, how this relationship can be appointed? The history and epistemology of science help to understand evolution/involution of mathematical and physical sciences in the interpretation-modelling of a phenomenon and its interpretation-didactic-modelling, and how the interpretation can change for a different use of mathematical: e.g., mathematics à la Cauchy, non-standard analysis, constructive mathematics in physics. Based on previous studies, a discussion concerning mathematics education and history of science is presented. In our paper we will focus on learning modelling to discuss its efficacy and power both from educational point of view and the need of mathematics and physics teachers education. Some case–studies on the relationship between physics and mathematics in the history are presented, as well. Particularly we focus on a possible learning modelling activity within physics phenomenology to create a resonance among the above poles and mathematical modelling cycle to argue its efficacy, power and related with historical foundations of physical, mathematical sciences.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">93-100</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Juliana   Latifi</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE RELATION BETWEEN COMPETITION AND HIGHER EDUCATION. LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF AN ALBANIAN CASE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">competition law</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">higher education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quality</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1413726658.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">44</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">At present, Albania faces a reality in which education as a public interest is provided by both public as well as private institutions. The liberalisation of access in higher education has resulted in public and/or private institutions which provide the same service – education, compete with each other in trying to attract the same customer – the student.
 Competition is considered as a key instrument that has produced a diversity/variety of higher education institutions and with more choices to the student.
 This research is aimed at analysing the relation existing between competition and higher education as well as its impact on higher education in Albania.
 In this analysis we have addressed four important issues:
 1. Liberalisation of higher education and the impact of competition 
 2. Competition law in education
 3. The mechanism of free competition - the market of students
 4. Using competition to promote reform in higher education
 This study is based on the interpretation of the domestic legislation, analysis of policy documents and articles, as well as interviews with 10 key persons and 20 students.
 This research helps understanding the role competition plays in the higher education sector, which has resulted in a tangible reform being undertaken by the public and private HEI themselves. This reform is based on the adaptation of competition rules with the purpose of achieving provision of a qualitative service – standards based education.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">43-52</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Edmond   Rapti</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Theodhori   Karaj</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN JOB SATISFACTION, DEMOGRAPHIC AND SCHOOL CHARACTERISTICS AMONG BASIC EDUCATION TEACHERS IN ALBANIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">demographic characteristics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school characteristics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher job satisfaction</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1413727555.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">45</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The purpose of this descriptive-correlation study was to describe the overall level of job satisfaction, also relationships among job satisfaction, demographic characteristics and school characteristics for teachers in the basic education system in Albania. For this purpose a survey was conducted for 1000 basic education teachers randomly selected in 40 schools representing different regions in Albania. The questionnaire was composed of items which measured demographic and school characteristics. Job Satisfaction Index (Bayfield and Roth’s, 1951) was used to measure the overall job satisfaction. The reliability coefficient of this scale was 0.85. The research data was analyzed by Correlation and descriptive analysis, Kruskall – Wallis Test and Mann-Whitney Test.
 The findings indicated that the basic education teachers in Albania were moderately satisfied with their job and some of the demographic and school characteristics (age, tenure, teacher level of education and school size) were negligibly related to overall teacher’s job satisfaction.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">73-80</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sirje Piht</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Piret   Lehiste</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rea   Raus</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mariliis   Lazarev</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE RELEVANCE OF EVOCATION AND REFLECTION CARDS IN THE LEARNING PROCESS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">evocation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning motivation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1409840188.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">When starting school, most students have a desire to learn and are motivated to participate actively in the learning process. Lack of interest is what undermines learning. Research on children's well-being in the European Union (EU), conducted at York University in 2006, indicated that Estonia stands out among 25 EU countries with the lowest level of students who enjoy school and have a feeling of well-being. However, the results of 2006 and 2009 PISA (Programme for International Student Assessment) research indicate that Estonian students do have good subject knowledge and study skills.
 The Estonian Human Development Report 2009 states that 70% of Estonian students consider their study load too heavy, 67% feel fatigue and 33% do not want to go to school at all. The report indicates that schools do not pay enough attention to personality development, analysis and discussion (Eesti Koostöö Kogu, 2010). Based on the results of the above-mentioned research, it can be said that Estonian students have good subject knowledge, but learning offers them neither pleasure nor interest (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development [OECD], 2007; Puksand, Lepmann &amp; Henno, 2010).
 The key question for this research was how learner-centered goal setting and reflection support the learners´ skills to set their own goals for the learning process and to analyze it. Learners are interested in the learning process in case they understand the goals, are actively involved, and take responsibility for their actions. Learners should experience success and get immediate feedback on their activities. 
 Ninety-six different evocation and reflection cards were tested by 24 Estonian teachers in the spring of 2011. The purpose of testing was to clarify how effective the usage of evocation and reflection cards is in supporting students in setting goals and analysing their activities. The quantitative research method (in the form of a questionnaire) was used in order to discover teachers` personal opinions, attitudes and approach to the cards and make conclusions about the relevance of the cards in supporting students` involvement in the evocation and reflection phase of learning.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">61-74</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thomas  J.J. McCloughlin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Philip  S.C. Matthews</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">REPERTORY GRID ANALYSIS AND CONCEPT MAPPING: PROBLEMS AND ISSUES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">concept mapping</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">conceptual frameworks</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">repertory grid analysis</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1415392540.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">48</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">'Repertory grid analysis' was used as a way of constructing representations of learners conceptions of living things; and finding a common structure or understanding; this was described in previous work. 'Concept mapping' has been stated as an appropriate assessment procedure in science curricula in a number of countries. Previous relevant published work describing the benefits of 'concept mapping' as a learning, teaching, and assessing tool is large. However, the existence of a large literature is not justification in itself, and in this work we provide a critique of the current literature. Problems with 'concept mapping' are simply ignored. However, it is thought that 'repertory grid analysis' does overcome some of the recognized problems of 'concept mapping' such as: i) comparison of concept maps between students or between students and educators: in repertory grid this becomes not only possible but a reliable method - this has proven to be one of the more problematic areas in traditional 'concept mapping'; ii) quantification of concept mapping - integer scoring of whole concept maps in 'repertory grid analysis' is eliminated since the arranged structure of the graph produced holds significance for the conceptual structure. More research needs to be done in repertory grid analysis and its implications and applications in curricular research have yet to be fully explored.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">91-106</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diana M.  Farías</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agnaldo Arroio</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE ROLE OF BIOGRAPHIES IN CHEMISTRY EDUCATION AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TO UNDERSTANDING HOW SCIENTISTS AND SCIENCE WORKS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">image of science</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">narratives</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">scientists</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1419345586.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">50</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In this study it is presented several considerations concerning the elements that biographies could contribute to chemistry education. It is analyzed two particular cases: biographies from two high school chemistry textbooks and an audiovisual in the form of an animated fictional documentary about the life of Marie Curie. The analysis was carried out following a methodology designed to analyze textbooks in which we visualize science as a network where we identify elements that allow us to track how science circulates; we have used previously these elements in analyzing audiovisual materials for classroom (Arroio and Farías, 2011). These results show that despite the fact that biographies have elements which justify the criticism they have received within science education they can improve the contextualization and localization of scientific activity by making new connections between those actors that are not generally part of schools’ accounts of science: scientists, institutions, and places, amongst others. This fact was further substantiated after analyzing the documentary. It is proposed that the inclusion of biographies has a vast potential for conveying a more realistic image of scientific activity - but only if the biographies are specifically designed for teaching and are understood to be narrowly related to the popularization of science, science education, and the historiography of science. Moreover, biographies can lend more weight to the role of scientists as narrative axes, where then the school discourse can recover the person, that is, the scientist as a subject and individual. Within a setting where school science is primarily centered on concepts this process can strengthen the affective links between students and teachers.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14-22</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diana M.  Farías</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agnaldo Arroio</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE ROLE OF BIOGRAPHIES IN CHEMISTRY EDUCATION AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TO UNDERSTANDING HOW SCIENTISTS AND SCIENCE WORKS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">image of science</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">narratives</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstracted.php?level=5&amp;icid=1025544</style></url></web-urls></urls><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In this study it is presented several considerations concerning the elements that biographies could contribute to chemistry education. It is analyzed two particular cases: biographies from two high school chemistry textbooks and an audiovisual in the form of an animated fictional documentary about the life of Marie Curie. The analysis was carried out following a methodology designed to analyze textbooks in which we visualize science as a network where we identify elements that allow us to track how science circulates; we have used previously these elements in analyzing audiovisual materials for classroom (Arroio and Farías, 2011).
 These results show that despite the fact that biographies have elements which justify the criticism they have received within science education they can improve the contextualization and localization of scientific activity by making new connections between those actors that are not generally part of schools’ accounts of science: scientists, institutions, and places, amongst others. This fact was further substantiated after analyzing the documentary.
 It is proposed that the inclusion of biographies has a vast potential for conveying a more realistic image of scientific activity - but only if the biographies are specifically designed for teaching and are understood to be narrowly related to the popularization of science, science education, and the historiography of science. Moreover, biographies can lend more weight to the role of scientists as narrative axes, where then the school discourse can recover the person, that is, the scientist as a subject and individual. Within a setting where school science is primarily centered on concepts this process can strengthen the affective links between students and teachers.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14-22</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elmedina   Nikoçeviq</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE ROLE OF CAPACITY- BUILDING FOR SCHOOL DECENTRALIZATION IN KOSOVO</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">decentralization</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">legal infrastructure</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pre- university education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1409840120.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">After the war in Kosovo (1999) many powers concentrated in school were drawn out the former Department of Education, led by UNMIK. Many responsibilities were transferred from central to local level in the period from 2003 until 2010, but there was no assignment at school. Obviously, the return of powers to schools is having many difficulties. The Ministry of Education, Science and Technology in Republic of Kosovo has still no clear strategy on how to make the decentralization of educational system. 
 This paperwork deals with analysis of the existence of capacities for successful implementation of decentralization process of school system. It also identifies the challenges and difficulties faced by principals and teachers in meeting the school needs because of a lack of competencies in school management.
 The study uses survey data generated from 29 primary and secondary school principals and 172 primary and secondary school teachers in Republic of Kosovo. According to the survey and interview results, schools in Kosovo do not enjoy autonomy. Their needs are addressed at the municipal level.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">52-60</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michela   Freddano</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paolo   Diana</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE ROLE OF ICT TO RAISE STUDENTS’ ACHIEVEMENT IN ITALIAN TECHNICAL AND PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">professional school</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reading literacy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">technical school</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1419344998.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">49</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The research examines the role of using ICT to raise students’ achievement in Italian technical and professional schools. The hypothesis developed in this research is that students who obtain better learning results are those students who use ICT more than those students who are low performers. Data from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2009 by OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) have been analyzed. The relationship between using ICT at school and students’ digital skills and attitudes has been analyzed by comparing the lowest performers and strong performers in reading literacy in Italian technical and professional schools. Results show that in Italian technical and professional schools, strong performers in reading literacy in PISA 2009 are more capable to do tasks at computer than low performers; however reading online and using ICT have greater positive effects towards achievement among low performers. 


 
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15-26</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marit  Mõistlik</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lilian   Liiväär</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eha   Rüütel</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SCHOOL CREATIVE LESSONS FROM 13-14 YEAR OLD PUPILS’ PERSPECTIVE AND ITS RELEVANCE TO TEACHERS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">adolescents</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">associations</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">creative lessons</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1409839954.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The focus of this article is to analyse what associations are related with school's creative lessons (music, art, craft, physical education) and how should teachers interpret those associations. In addition there is a comparison across all creative lessons about the feeling which is felt by pupils before entering the lesson (response alternatives: “I’m looking forward to this lesson, I’m happy to go there”; “It’s like any other lesson, nothing special”; “I’m anxious, I feel frustrated about going there”). The sample (N = 227) consisted of seventh form pupils of seven upper secondary schools of Tallinn (the largest city of Estonia with 420,000 inhabitants) aged 13–14 (47% of them were boys, N = 107, and 53% girls, N = 120). Pupils’ associations formed six thematic categories describing the most prevalent themes: (1) Teacher, (2) Activities, (3) Emotions, (4) Objects, (5) Classroom environment, and (6) Schoolwork load. Results show that music lesson stands out from other creative lessons both with negative associations and more negative entering feeling. That outcome is discussed from the music teacher's point of view – how it could be interpreted and what it reflects from current educational situation.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">42-51</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Valentin Cosmin  Blândul</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE “SCHOOL. MY CHANCE!” PROJECT – A CASE STUDY FOR PREVENTING PUPILS’ SCHOOL DROPOUT IN ROMANIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">formal learning system</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school dropout</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school performance</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1410006942.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">43</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pupils’ school dropout could be defined as an early and final abandonment of school before graduation, which prevents the pupil from registering in the following stage of education, losing in this way the possibility of benefiting from a proper and higher education. The statistics show that, unfortunately, in recent years school dropout rates have been increasing among secondary school pupils. The University of Oradea and The Bihor County School Inspectorate, Romania, have implemented a project called “School. My chance!” The aim of the project was to prevent and reduce the phenomenon of early school leaving by 100 pupils. The pupils attended five schools in Avram Iancu, Bogei, Carasau, Les and Suncuius, all village in Bihor, Romania, and were identified with higher school dropout risks. This paper proposes to present the partial results obtained at the end of the first period of the project implementation – the second semester of the 2010 / 2011 school year. The sample was represented by those 100 pupils from the above mentioned schools, who were included in Cognitive Therapy, implemented with the help of the project. The method consisted of analysing and comparing the pupils' school marks at the beginning and at the end of the relevant period. The results proved that, after one school semester, the pupils' marks remained rather unchanged, but in a few specific cases (schools or school subjects) small progresses were made. These results can, however, be seen as a significant success, because in education it is very difficult to obtain some spectacular improvements in such a short time and the most important aim of our project was to help those pupils to remain in the formal learning system so that that the positive conditions were created for their personal development.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7-14</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peter  Karlsudd</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SCHOOL-AGE CARE, AN IDEOLOGICAL CONTRADICTION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">after-school activities</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">intellectual disability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school-age care system</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1415392294.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">48</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In the doctoral dissertation &quot;Children with intellectual disability in the integrated school-age care system&quot; the extent and goal fulfilment of after-school recreation centre activities in 19 Swedish municipalities were studied. The study gave high marks to these centres for integrating intellectually disabled children into their activities. The empirics of the dissertation revealed, however, a number of warning signals, which indicated an increase in offering “special solutions” to these children. 
 This article will contain a comparison between the study from 1999 and the one carried out in the spring of 2011. The two studies have followed the same question construction in order to achieve a comparison over time. The aim of study, focusing on children received into schools for the intellectually disabled was to evaluate to what extent integrated activities occurred and to look for factors with a positive impact on the quality of those after-school activities which gathered children from these and compulsory schools in the same groups.
 On the basis of the comparison made between the 12 years that have passed from the earlier to the later study, it must be regretfully concluded that segregated activities have gained a firm hold on the activities of after-school recreation care centres.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">45-51</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Violeta  Šlekienė</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Loreta  Ragulienė</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SCIENCE LEARNING SYSTEMS NEWLY RECEIVED BY LITHUANIAN SCHOOLS AND THEIR POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS IN TEACHING PHYSICS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational equipment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teachers’ opinion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching physics</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1419346029.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">50</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wider knowledge update is always a big challenge for schools. In the event of changes in the curriculum, a question naturally arises: where teachers and students will get new teaching materials. It is necessary to renew textbooks and other teaching tools and to help teachers learn how to work with new knowledge. Natural science laboratory material base in secondary schools has been renewed by implementation of the project &quot;Infrastructure of technology arts and natural sciences”. However, to achieve the desired result, it is necessary to find out whether there is sufficient infrastructure, whether new equipment conforms to expectations of the teacher, whether teachers are able to learn independently and appropriately use new laboratory equipment and modern tools. All this added together can require a systematic teacher training.
 The paper presents research connected with the new equipment and teaching tools received by Lithuanian secondary schools under the project &quot;Infrastructure of technology arts and natural sciences” and their potential application in teaching physics. Information gathering and data processing unit Xplorer (GLX), Science Learning Systems (Nova and Spark) with sensors are analyzed. Questionnaire survey results of the teachers having this equipment are presented.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">108-116</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Benjamin  C.  Kipkulei</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Micah  C.  Chepchieng</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mary  J.  Chepchieng</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lydia  M.  Boitt</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SELECTED FACTORS AFFECTING GIRLS’ PARTICIPATION IN PRIMARY SCHOOL EDUCATION IN KENYA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">girls’ participation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary school</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1415392366.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">48</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The girl child participation in primary school level of education has become a real concern in all nations of the World particularly in the developing countries of the Sub-Saharan Africa, Kenya included. Girl child education worldwide provides benefits to the family and the society at large thus factors affecting it should be addressed for the sake of human and societal development. The objective of the study was to establish the factors affecting girls’ participation in primary schools in Kenya. Specifically, the study investigated the effect socio-economic, socio-cultural and school -based factors have on a girl-child’s participation in primary school education in Kenya. In some parts of Kenya, there is low girls’ participation in primary school education thus the interest in establishing the factors that may be contributing to this problem. This was considered crucial as Kenya strives to achieve basic Education for All by 2015. The study employed a survey design. 210 girls drawn from primary classes 6, 7 and 8 participated in the study. The simple random technique was used in the selection of the sample. A questionnaire was used to collect data that were analyzed by use of descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages). The findings of the study revealed that socio-economic, socio-cultural and school related factors affect girls’ participation in primary schools in Kenya. In effect, unless these factors are expeditiously addressed, primary school girls will continue to be disadvantaged in the Kenya’s school system. This will frustrate the world’s efforts in attaining basic education for all by 2015. The study therefore recommended that the Ministry of Education in Kenya should create awareness to all education stakeholders on the importance of girl child education in the country. It was also recommended that a large scale study involving sub-Saharan Africa developing nations experiencing low girls' participation in education be carried out to falsify or corroborate the findings. 
 
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">52-61</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diana   Liepa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aija   Dudkina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maruta   Sile</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SELF-ASSESSMENT CRITERIA OF TEACHER’S WELL-BEING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">compensation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">professional development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">satisfaction with work</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1415392488.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">48</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Our dynamic life brings changes not only into our daily life, but in thinking and the way to work and to learn as well. We have to be faster and more flexible in order to develop our professional, social and civic competencies. Education helps to develop the attitudes, skills and knowledge necessary to make informed decisions for the benefit of themselves and others, now and in the future, and to act upon these decisions. That is why teachers have to find the best ways in acquiring professional competencies and in developing their individual qualities. The teacher’s role in the educational process has always been vital. Especial significance is being attached to the teacher’s personality and professional growth, the teacher’s satisfaction with the life in general and their abilities’ conformity to the demands of the profession. The teacher’s satisfaction serves as a motivation factor in order to advance the educator’s professional competence (high mastery). The teacher’s as a professional’s advancement is closely connected with his personality development. The human’s personality in general influences positively the professional adaptation, promotes professional creativity, safeguards from professional obsoleteness. The teacher’s personality maintains the professional expertise, promotes professional competences’ advancement. There are relationships between aspects of teacher’s well-being and student’s learning, job performance or other aspects of teaching effectiveness. The teacher’s well-being influences the effectiveness of student’s learning.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81-90</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stefano   Di Tore</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paola  Aiello</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carmen   Palumbo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rodolfo   Vastola</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gaetano   Raiola</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Francesca   D’Elia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nadia   Carlomagno</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maurizio  Sibilio</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SENSORY MOTOR INTERACTION IN VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENT TO PROMOTE TEACHING-LEARNING PROCESS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">edutainment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">exergame</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sensory-motor coordination</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1410006144.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">42</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&quot;So far the school has been structured on the book, on the laborious acquisition of knowledge formulated in verbal language. Nowadays, thanks to the computer and its ability to simulate reality, it is possible to learn more naturally and without effort using our faculties of perception&quot; (Antinucci, 2011). The statement by Antinucci, as well as the studies on many scientific domains supporting the idea of the involvement of sensory-motor integration in the development of intelligence and learning (Piaget, 1952; Vereecken, 1961), suggest to investigate in the didactics methodologies and instruments able to foster this integration ability. These studies also justify the current full attention in the field of movement teaching for new technologies, therefore the present research aims at testing a “shapes game” module that uses Microsoft Kinect System as an input device for the acquisition of data related to the movement of the body segments of the user. The possibility to identify the movement of specific body segments allows to develop teaching methodologies designed to foster the achievement of visual-motor abilities useful to the process of learning in school, through immersive modes of interaction, typical of “exergames” based on a full body involvement (Coshott, 2009). The present study shows the results of the pre-test software, built on a sample of pupils (aged 8 to 10) attending the fifth year of Italian primary school.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29-37</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Juliet   Stoltenkamp</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SHOW-CASING INDICATORS TO A CHANGING ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE THROUGH THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTEGRATED ELEARNING MODEL: INDICATIONS OF A CHANGING ORGANISATIONAL CULTURE AT THE UNIVERSITY OF THE WESTERN CAPE (UWC)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ePedagogy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">integrated model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">organisational culture</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1408437696.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The adoption of technology to enhance teaching and learning in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) has resulted in institutions having to contend with dynamic changes emanating from the increasing demands to change and improve upon the traditional modes of instruction. This has put pressure on HEIs to implement organisational cultural changes as they seek to incorporate technology in their teaching and learning discourses. The place of models within the education discourse has been more pronounced in recent years in response to the increasing call for practitioners to deliver quality education. The principal thrust of this paper therefore is to highlight the main developmental phases towards the creation of an integrated eLearning model as it seeks to influence organisational cultural change within a case-study of HEI learning environment at the University of the Western Cape for the period September 2005 – October 2011. It is a challenge to move an organisation, particularly a large organisation, and if there isn’t a sense of common direction, one will find a lack of focus (Claret, 2006, p.2). Strategic plans are often associated with transitions in leadership or the attainment of certain milestones (Claret, 2006, p.3). This has been an accumulative exercise at the start of the E-learning Awareness Campaign. Accordingly the replication of such a model would also enhance exchange of ideas as HE practitioners continuously seek to improve the success rate of eLearning implementation.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">145-158</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marjan   Krašna</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomaž   Bratina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branko   Kaučič</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SMART E-TESTING: FUTURE TREND OF E-LEARNING OR GENTLE DEVIATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">distance education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">knowledge assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning management system</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1413728208.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">46</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A decade of experience with e-learning material production gives significant trends overview. From the perspective of ICT evolution this means very long time. E-learning is always closely coupled to ICT but with the distinction - it always lags behind the advancement in ICT. Among many unknown issues one thing is certain – e-learning permanently changes. From the past experiences prediction of immediate future e-learning is possible but the prediction for longer time is less accurate. In the article chronological e-learning achievements and their connections are presented in order to give an overview of trends in e-learning in Slovenia. But despite of the detailed past knowledge fundamental prediction error of e-learning future developments was made. Today's hot topics are not better e-learning materials, not even broad application of interactive boards but e-testing. Possible immediate future of e-learning is therefore application of intelligent e-testing systems. Intelligent computer assisted testing (CAT) is not the new topic in e-learning. It is object of many researches but it is not suitable for teachers. It is way too complicated for teachers to apply it successfully in their work. E-learning development process for intelligent computer assisted test production that suits teachers' competences is prepared and explained in the article.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">85-92</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SOCIAL NETWORKING WEBSITES: NEW EDUCATIONAL SPACE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education science</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">information communication technologies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social networking websites</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1408437002.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Over the latter decade the spread of information communication technologies was going on in various directions. Technological possibilities grew up very significantly (Lamanauskas, 2011). Especially rapid was the development of the internet and technologies related with it. A lot of internet service providers occurred in the market, their number still continues to grow.
 Thus, today a consumer can create his profile on the internet, can make friends, communicate in the interest groups and so on. It can be stated, that every human being in his own way contributes to the internet and at the same time to ICT development, in general. It is obvious, that together with technological problems arise social internet problems as well. Social networking websites (SNW) are closely related with economical, psychological, educational, valeological and other aspects.
 Thus, can social networks carry out effectively educational function? Can they become a proper professional development instrument? We can formulate a lot of questions. The phenomenon of social networking websites is new and complicated, rapidly changing.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-7</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alens   Indriksons</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SPECIFICITY OF COMMUNICATION PROCESS IN MILITARIZED EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">communication</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">militarized educational institution</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1410006995.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">43</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Communication is the exchange of information between sender who send and receiver who decode it. In an organization communication flows in downward, upward, lateral, external and diagonal directions. Communication process in militarized educational institution has its own specificity. The most popular type of communication in a militarized educational institution is downward communication because of special rules which regulate the service relationship between the participants involved in the communication process. The disadvantage of this communication is limited feedback which is a very important component of the communication process and which plays an important role in the teaching process. It is impossible to reach the purpose of teaching process without feedback because learning is an active bilateral dynamic system. The present paper discovers problems in communication flow directions in militarized educational institution on the basis of Latvian State Border Guard College because college in its activities is guided by a number of rules which regulate and define teaching process and service condition.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15-20</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fábio   Castro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paula  Batista</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Susana   Soares</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STRATEGIES TO TEACH AN HYPERACTIVE PUPIL IN THE PHYSICAL EDUCATION CLASSES: A STUDY WITH A PRE-SERVICE TEACHER</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hyperactivity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">physical education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">strategies</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1410006062.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">42</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Some disorders may affect the teaching process in physical education classes. In the present work an action-research study was conducted in order to know how two work with a single case of a hyperactive pupil in physical education classes. Based in literature, some work strategies were defined and used by a pre-service physical education teacher. Strategies were the adoption of evaluative positive and individual feedback, which had positive results in the self-observation and in the compromise with the exercises; a calm voice, that resulted positive for pupil individually, but not when in interaction with class; an increased responsibility for tasks, that did not work as expected, because the general behaviour of the class was not good too; pupil showed more commitment with the competition, when compared with cooperation tasks; the valorisation of the work in pairs was more positive than the work in group; attribution of gradual autonomy showed that more time and more specific skills of teaching are needed beyond one school year. In conclusion, it seems to be necessary to adapt specific strategies for Physical education, once the most were in the context of other disciplines taught in a classroom context that is very different from gym.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19-28</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Katalin   Takács-György</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">István   Takács</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STUDENTS' RESEARCH SOCIETIES AS TOOLS OF TALENT MANAGEMENT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">competition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mass education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">students’ scientific activity</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1410006569.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">42</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Role of talent management in higher education has improved in the first years of the21st century all over the word. 
 Prior to the social-economic transformation, the Hungarian higher education was characterized by special elite education. Only 10-15% of students with GCSE (General Certificate of Secondary Education) were admitted to the universities or colleges. Due to the stricter selection system the eminence was sort of precondition of continuing the studies at higher levels. At the same time the students’ scientific activity was introduced more than sixty years ago, and developed at higher educational institutions as a further screen: the ambitious students could take part in special activities in addition to their compulsory curriculum studies, they could carry out research works independently or within the frame of teamwork.
 Following the post-socialist transition the number of students in higher education swelled significantly: almost 50% of high school graduate students were admitted to universities or colleges. The increased number of students in higher education and the three-cycle transformation of training also urged the reconstruction of the framework of former talent management. 
 In the paper we give a short outlook of the popular forms of talent management, their experimental results, as well as the related problems. We examine the questions that need to be answered in the transformed higher education. These could lead back to the problems induced by the Bologna-system (multi-cycle training). They are the followings: problems of selection of talents in the shortened training time, respectively the shortened time available for those students’ research works which lasted for several years previously, problems of changing tutorial and student scales of values and attitudes, questions of requirements of continuity in the training chain of bachelor – master – PhD level etc.
 The situation of the students’ scientific research work– a unique movement in Europe – was the focus of the study, furthermore its results and connection with the third level (Ph.D.) of the Bologna-system higher education.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">115-124</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hustana  Maria  Vargas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TEACHER CAREERS AND TEACHER EDUCATION : A BRAZILIAN DILEMMA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">careers hierarchy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sociology of education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1413729342.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">47</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The professional aspect of teacher education is in the core of a more general context of teachers’ work. One of the most marking issues of this work’s conditions, as cause and consequence of many problems, is its insertion in a career framework. At which point of this framework are teaching careers? What consequences for the teaching work may be anticipated from this relative position of teaching in the general career framework? Let us examine this situation from the Brazilian viewpoint. To discuss this subject, a study that deals with career hierarchy in higher education, the socioeconomic profile of undergraduates of some careers related to teacher formation and the position of these careers in the Brazilian university context was conducted. Socioeconomic data were obtained from national microdata of undergraduate students in a time series from 2000 to 2008. The investigation concluded that there is a strong internal hierarchy among careers in Brazil, revealing its effects in symbolic, intra institutional, employment, salary, and corporate terms. This scenario has persisted over time, without the entry of new profiles in teaching careers, traditionally addressed to low-income students.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">144-151</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Milena   Kerndl</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kordigel Aberšek, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TEACHERS’ COMPETENCE FOR DEVELOPING READER’S RECEPTION METACOGNITION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">horizon of expectation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">metacognitive thinking</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching competence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1413728008.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">46</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In recent years metacognition has emerged as a major focus of research interest in cognitive psychology. There has been a growing recognition that metacognition or self awareness including awareness of ourselves as learners helps us to learn more effectively. Also metacognition on self awareness of readers helps the reader to reconstruct a deeper understanding of a text, he is reading. Different kind of texts needs different reading strategies and consequently different ways of metacognitive thinking, which have to be developed in the frame of school curriculum. Literature curriculum should in this context develop reader’s reception metacognition. The article draws upon research currently being undertaken in Slovene schools on teachers’ competence to develop the readers’ reception metacognition of children as readers in schools. It presents the results of the study, where the lack of knowledge about reader’s reception metacognition and the lack of knowledge about the strategies for developing reader’s reception metacognition were established. The article also presents the results of teachers training course for developing reader’s reception metacognition on teacher’s competence for developing reader’s reception metacognition.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">52-61</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">İsmail   Yüksel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Melek   Alemdar</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TEACHERS’ ICT INTEGRATION STATES ON THE EVE OF FATIH PROJECT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">information and communication technologies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">technology integration</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1413726598.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">44</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Integration of Information and Communication Technologies into education has recently been one of the most challenging issues in educational improvement and recovery plan of Turkish government. Immediately before the implementation of Fatih Project (Action for Increasing Opportunities and Improving Technology), it is important to have a look at the insights of teachers. In this study, it was aimed to find out the level of background knowledge about the usage of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and the integration of ICT in education process by today’s teachers. So as to find the answers to this question, the study was designed in quantitative research model as a survey research in cross-sectional survey design. The work group included 172 teachers who works in MNE schools. The data were collected through ‘ICT Integration in Education’ questionnaire. In the analysis of data; descriptive statistics, t-tests and Anova tests were used. And as a result, the study showed that current initiatives with ICT need further investigation for a successful implementation of ICT usage.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29-42</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andrea   C. Burrows</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mike   Borowczak</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timothy   F. Slater</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Chris   Haynes</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TEACHING COMPUTER SCIENCE &amp; ENGINEERING THROUGH ROBOTICS: SCIENCE &amp; ART FORM</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">computer science</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">engineering</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">robotics and teaching</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1413728810.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">47</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Is the field of computer science and engineering a strict discipline or an art form? The answer is both. Computer science and engineering concepts are typically found almost exclusively in collegiate engineering and technology programs. Given its importance across the 21st Century workforce, arguably these concepts should be taught at all pre-collegiate grade levels. This study, specifically focused on pre-collegiate teachers’ increased confidence and subsequent use of robotics, indicates that designed professional development (PD) focused on simple computer programming approaches (e.g. LEGO MindStorm® kits) can propel pre-collegiate teachers to integrate new, challenging computer controlled robotics into their instruction. Surveys, content knowledge quizzes, and artifacts show teachers readily developed sufficient confidence and knowledge in producing lessons embedded with computer programming and robotics. Targeted classroom-ready instruction and modifiable computer programs appear to enhance pre-collegiate teacher knowledge of and confidence in robotics use. Considering overall self-rankings and content, pre-collegiate teacher pre-post scores increased. With these results, the authors argue why approaching computer science as both a strict science and art form is essential in PD.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6-15</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thérèse   Laferrière</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sylvie   Barma</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fernand   Gervais</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Christine   Hamel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stéphane   Allaire</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alain   Breuleux</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TEACHING, LEARNING, AND KNOWLEDGE BUILDING: THE CASE OF THE REMOTE NETWORKED SCHOOL INITIATIVE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">activity theory</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">expansive learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">remote networked school</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1408532174.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Remote Networked School (RNS)/« École éloignée en réseau » is an initiative that aims at implementing an innovation with Internet-based technologies in support of teaching and learning as well as knowledge building in small rural schools. The first eight years of the RNS are examined applying Engeström’s activity theory framework, and more specifically the concept of expansive learning wherein we document the 7 stages. Tensions and contradictions are identified to provide an “inside” understanding of what matters when new technologies designed to support co-teaching and co-learning within and between classrooms are introduced. Two activity systems or more shared the same object such that students would engage actively in collaborative online discourse for solving authentic problems. To this end the trajectory of the RNS initiative had to overcome contradictions. As a result an expansive learning cycle was documented.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">96-113</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leena  Vartiainen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Minna   Kaipainen</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TEXTILE CRAFT STUDENTS’ PERCEPTIONS OF SUSTAINABLE CRAFTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">clothing and textile design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sustainable craft</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">textile craft teachers</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1410007629.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">43</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Future teachers have an important role in education for sustainable development. This article describes textile craft teacher students’ perceptions of sustainable textile craft. The data derives from a survey of craft teacher students of the University of Eastern Finland (N = 20). The questionnaire included open-ended and multiple choice questions about sustainability of textile craft education and the relevance of sustainability in the students’ lives. The study reveals textile craft teacher students’ conceptions as consumers, craft makers and future textile craft teachers. The open-ended questions were analyzed by content analysis and the multiple choice questions were analyzed with statistical methods. The results were reflected to Victor Papanek’s function complex. 
 As consumers, students favour good quality products and recycling of textiles. They are concerned about workers’ work conditions and against child labour. Although values and perceptions related to sustainable consumerism are high, sometimes the actual purchasing behaviour differs from the values because of the students’ meagre budgets. As craft makers, availability of locally produced materials and materials made of natural fibres are important to students. As future textile craft teachers, students think that craft is an excellent way to teach sustainability and sustainable craft. They consider it is important to teach life-cycle thinking but also craft culture and skills. 


 
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">131-140</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Milan Kubiatko</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IS THERE ANY CHANCE TO INCREASE PUPILS’ INTEREST IN SCIENCE SUBJECTS?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">interest in science</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science subjects</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1410006895.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">43</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nowadays, in the science world, especially in the science education world exist many problems, which are or which will be investigated. The part of them is presented in this number. We are meeting with the results with science research every day, the results are presented in different form of resources, from print form to electronic form. So these results are not very flattering, mainly the interest about science subjects is decreasing and the way, how this trend to stop is still not found. Some universities published reports, where is showed, the number of students, whose study some science subject is rapidly decreasing. With respect to important meaning of the science subjects for the development of society is necessary this situation to solve.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-6</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simha   Sharf</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yaffa   Moskovich</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE TRAINING LECTURER (TL): THE LECTURER TEACHES AND GUIDES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">active learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">self-efficacy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">training lecturer</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1410007404.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">43</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">There have been studies on action research in small-group learning in exact and social sciences in colleges and universities in Israel and worldwide (Gorsky &amp; Caspi, 2005; Gorsky, Caspi and Trumper, 2006). This paper is based on research which investigates teaching social sciences in higher education by means of a Training Lecturer (TL). This teaching method uses frontal instruction, immediately followed by the students working in small groups under the TL guidance. The main research question was: How do both following the class with the tutorial, as well as the lecturer himself guiding the students , affect the students’ thinking and learning process, their conceptualization skills, and their satisfaction with the learning process? 
 The method in this study was based on combination of qualitative (open interviews) and quantitative samples of 92 students, from two classrooms. Our new method (TL) was the independent variable, the students' academic achievement, self efficiency and demographic characteristics were our dependent variables. 
 The main research finding was a correlation between students' attitudes toward the TL method, and improvements in both self-efficacy and academic achievements. There was a strong correlation between the TL method and friendliness, self efficacy, comprehension, interest and success. The TL method discussion group, which serves as a platform for developing thinking and learning, is the greatest contributor to explained variance at 13.971% and credibility Cronbach’s Alpha = 0.779. The students participating in this project generally had higher achievements in the final test in comparison to the average achievements after previous teaching. There are usually 40% failures in courses such as “organizational behavior”; the amount of students failing dropped to 10-15%.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">95-109</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sebastian   Szyjka</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">UNDERSTANDING RESEARCH PARADIGMS: TRENDS IN SCIENCE EDUCATION RESEARCH</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">paradigm decisions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quantitative research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1410007445.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">43</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This essay offers several insights regarding the principles of qualitative and quantitative methods, defining how they shape the empirical process as well as knowledge acquisition in social science research. A comprehensive discussion includes comparing the assumptions and techniques of each paradigm, as well as a description of their respective strengths and weaknesses in research. These paradigms are examined in terms of past trends in science education research, indicating that over the last several decades a shift in approach from the quantitative to qualitative has occurred. The central thesis of the essay contends that methodological decisions should be based in pragmatism, rather than a pre-existent set of philosophies or beliefs irrespective of context. Implications for research are discussed in terms of the findings of several science education content analysis studies, conveying that research methods often coincide with the collective interest of the masses, policy, educational reform or program developments.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">110-118</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aneta   Mechi</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">UNFREEZING SCHOOL REPUTATIONS: THE ROLE OF SOCIAL COGNITIVE FLEXIBILITY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">categories of pupils</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social cognitive flexibility</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teachers’ thinking</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1408532217.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The school often generates different kinds of reputations. These reputations can have negative consequences on pupils’ learning process. Bad reputations make pupils’ efforts invisible, whereas good reputations restrict teachers’ perception of pupils’ desinvestment in learning. Although individualization seems to be an ideal alternative to thwarting reputation creation, it cannot be permanently applied in teachers' practice because of time pressures, cognitive overload, and other facilitators of the automatisms emergence. Hence, the aim is not to banish stereotypical reasoning, but rather to keep a balance between automaticity and reflection through a social cognitive flexibility approach (SCF). The current study tests the impact of a social cognitive flexibility approach on teachers’ thinking about pupils. Social cognitive flexibility seems to help teachers suspend hasty judgments of pupils’ attitudes and behaviors. The study considers the implications of social cognitive flexibility on teachers’ practice in terms of better perception of pupils’ learning potential.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">114-121</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jari  Kukkonen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sirpa Kärkkäinen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tuula Keinonen</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">UNIVERSITY STUDENTS’ INFORMATION SOURCES OF EDUCATION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ISSUES AND THEIR PERCEPTIONS OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education for sustainable development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">environmental information sources</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">environmental problems</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1408437462.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mass media consumption has expanded from traditional mass media – television broadcasting, newspapers, radio - into new media, such as the Internet. Information about environmental issues such as global warming, water and air pollution and other environmental problems, comes mainly from the media. In Finland nowadays the Internet is generally the most important source of news for young people. The media has also been used in a variety of ways relating to education for sustainable development. In the survey, education for sustainable development, students’ opinions were asked on 73 items concerning different dimensions of education for sustainable development. This study focuses on two of these items: how university students from different disciplines get information about education for sustainable development issues and which environmental problems they perceive as being the most important. It was found that although students get information about education for sustainable development issues mainly from television and newspapers almost an equal amount comes from the Internet, and lectures are the fourth source of information. Students perceived climate change and the lack of clean water as being the most important environmental problems, the second was the decrease in biodiversity and the least important, malaria. Those students whose information source was mainly television did not perceive biodiversity as being that important environmental problem.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">93-104</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stephen  Wambugu Maina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">John  Gowland-Mwangi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dave   Boselie</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Davies   Onduru</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Betty   Chelang’at Buses</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">UP-SCALING FARMER FIELD SCHOOLS AND RAINFOREST ALLIANCE CERTIFICATION AMONG SMALLHOLDER TEA PRODUCERS IN KENYA: OPTIONS, OPPORTUNITIES AND EMERGING LESSONS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">emerging lessons</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">farmer field schools</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">good agricultural practices</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1410007713.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">43</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Kenya Tea Development Agency (KTDA) has been encouraging small-scale tea (Camellia sinensis) producers through Farmer Field Schools (FFS) to adopt good agricultural practices since 2006. The up-scaling of FFS and Rainforest Alliance (RA) certification to 560,000 tea producers remains a big challenge. Hence the need to learn about options, opportunities and emerging lessons for up-scaling FFS and RA certification among smallholder tea producers in Kenya. This study sought to improve tea stakeholders’ understanding on how successful innovations such as FFSs and RA certification can be up-scaled to more stakeholders and how to produce tea sustainably. It also sought to describe the options, opportunities and emerging lessons related to up-scaling. The study used a Cross-Sectional design to collect data from a two-stage random sample of 514 small-scale tea growers drawn from KTDA factories. A semi-structured questionnaire validated by extension experts, whose 0.92α reliability was above the 0.70 acceptable was used to collect data. Face-to-Face interviews, document analysis, record reviews, site visits, observations, living the system and a stakeholders’ workshop were carried out to ensure triangulation. Data were analyzed using Chi-square at 0.05α set a priori. The results indicated that maintaining the current system with some improvements was the best option for up-scaling FFS and RA certification. The researchers concluded that FFSs and RA certification can be up-scaled by increasing resources, improving communication, training and educating non-FFS members using different methods. They showed that up-scaling training for certification and FFS come with a need for additional investments and eventually will alter KTDA’s cost and revenue model of the sustainable tea production. To sustain this system, the true costs and benefits of sustainable tea are incorporated in the KTDA business model, which implies that donors strategically move from subsidizing costs to strategic investments in human resource development, capacity building and extension technologies.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">141-158</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Irina   Kazuša</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">USAGE OF CRITICAL THINKING STRATEGIES IN THE CHEMISTRY COURSE FOR A FUTURE DOCTOR</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">critical thinking</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">study planning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">study process modification</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1409839837.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The goal of general chemistry and biochemistry – teach students to use their knowledge about chemical structure of organism and molecular processes. To better understand explanations and to prognosticate processes students are given, information presented on other courses. As time dedicated for chemistry course for first year students of RSU is reduced, use of critical thinking strategies in starting period of study process increases probability of achieving positive results. By organizing study process at the beginning of semester, students are introduced to detailed plan thus giving an opportunity to organize their own time according to previous learning experience. Students are provided with thorough study material both in printed and electronic form thus allowing them to find more time for fact analysis, problem solving and relation finding. By stepping away from the traditional routine, the proportion between lectures and practical lessons was changed in favour of practical lessons. Gained experience allows concluding that intensive work with small groups, by introducing students to different approaches to information analysis, graphical systematization of information, development of dialog skills and other methods is effective and worth developing.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18-27</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Violeta  Šlekienė</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Loreta  Ragulienė</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">USAGE OF SOCIAL NETWORKING WEBSITES: LITHUANIAN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS’ POSITION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social networking websites</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">university students</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1413727373.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">45</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Over the latter decade a rapid development of information communication technologies has been going on in various directions. Technological possibilities have increased very significantly (Lamanauskas, 2011). The development of internet and technologies related with it has been extremely fast. A lot of internet service providers have appeared in the market, their number still continues to grow. The internet connection methods are changing - from the ordinary usage of phone line modems (dial - up) to broadband internet technology (DSL) and cable TV internet nets. It can be asserted, that over the mentioned period Web 1.0 internet (static, used for getting information) has been changed to Web 2.0 internet (social). The internet diaries, social portals, technologies allowing live communication on the internet (Internet Relay Chat, IRC), talk programme Windows Live Messenger (MSN), ICQ forums and other have occurred and are spreading. With the appearance of “Skype”, the internet telephony has acquired a qualitatively new characteristic and practically has become a daily routine. Thus, today a consumer can create his profile on the internet, can make friends, communicate in the interest groups and so on. It can be stated, that every human being contributes in his own way to the internet and at the same time to ICT development, in general. It is obvious, that together with technological problems also arise social internet problems. Social networking websites are closely related with economical, psychological, educational, paleological and other aspects. There is a shortage of researches grounding socio-educational social network aspects. It is important to know not only how much time the consumers spend surfing the net, but how much of this time is allotted for communicating in social networking websites, which of them are the most popular and why, how the respondents evaluate social networking website functions, what in general they know about them, what advantages, disadvantages and threats they discern. Finally, it is important to find out whether the usage of social networking websites improves information – communication abilities in some way.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27-39</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Edson  Rodrigues  Santana</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agnaldo Arroio</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE USE OF AUDIOVISUAL APPROACH TO TEACH NATURE OF SCIENCE FOR IN-SERVICE NATURAL SCIENCE TEACHER’S EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cinema</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">in-service teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nature of science</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1419345940.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">50</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The nature of science is a subject recognized among researchers and curriculum proposals, however still find some problems, especially with regard to what teachers understand about the subject and the importance attributed to it. Another element in this discussion concerns the use of resource suitable for use in teaching and learning situations. Therefore we present a research outline still in progress which discusses the use of audiovisual and methodological support to discuss the nature of science, for that resource is being applied in an in-service education program in the Faculty of Education, University of São Paulo, Brazil. According to the preliminary results it can find some initial modifications, these enhanced by audiovisual feature tied to reflections that occur during the activities developed by teachers.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">90-100</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costin   Pribeanu</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">USING FORMATIVE MEASUREMENT MODELS TO EVALUATE THE EDUCATIONAL AND MOTIVATIONAL VALUE OF AN AR-BASED APPLICATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">augmented reality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational value</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">formative measurement models</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1419345838.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">50</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">With the explosion of new technologies for e-learning there is an increasing demand to assess the educational and motivational value of a new application. Augmented reality (AR) is a promising technology that creates new learning experiences by integrating real objects from the traditional school into a computing environment. A research challenge is to better understand the relationships between various factors of interest for the successful deployment of educational systems in primary and secondary schools. There are several approaches to evaluation that are based on quantitative methods. In recent years there is an increasing interest in taking an alternative perspective to measurement by using formatively measured constructs. This paper will highlight several benefits in using formative measurement models to evaluate the educational and motivational value of an AR-based e-learning application. The evaluation target is a Chemistry learning scenario that has been developed in the European project ARiSE – Augmented Reality in School Environment. Based on our previous work we developed a new evaluation instrument that includes both reflectively and formatively measured constructs to evaluate the ergonomic, educational, and motivational quality of a desktop AR application. The preliminary results from a pilot study show the extent to which specific features of the Chemistry scenario are positively influencing the educational and motivational value.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">70-79</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Todar   Lakhvich</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">VISUALISATION-ASSISTED TEACHING: CAN VIRTUAL GIVE RISE TO REAL KNOWLEDGE?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">real knowledge</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">visualization-based educational techniques</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1410005969.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">42</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">There are two main different ways of reasoning (Harnad, 1987). For most people it’s natural to do their reasoning on the semantic level. Graphic tools have always played an important part in this reasoning style. When using a formal and abstract language and exact rules governing the creation and transformation of statements in this language, one reveals the ability to work on the syntactic level. And this can be postulated as a quite different way of reasoning, which is based almost exclusively by the logicians. The use of graphic forms in this case is also possible, though it requires more time and technological complexity. For exact sciences, primarily mathematics based, the use of computers can raise the efficiency of the method. Still for Sciences, e.g. Chemistry, even before the informational revolution the special interconversion tools between empirical knowledge and different types of reasoning had been developed, the latter originates from the very core of Science knowledge. Based on the experiment (the initial stage was almost completely empirical) the Science gained the new paradigm which rather formal by nature and fundamental in methodological meaning. Interconversion between empiric and theoretical moieties seems to be the core point of the consideration.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-7</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Francisco  Manuel  Morales Rodríguez</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">VOCATIONAL APTITUDE FOR YOUNG UNEMPLOYED</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">career counselling</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational activities</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sociolaboral insert</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1413726734.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">44</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The aim of this study is presenting the structure and fundamental characteristics of a Mixed Experience Program Training and Employment whose overall objective was to introduce teenagers who live in rural areas by providing training activities necessary for this. This study provides an assessment of the impact and satisfaction of certain educational activities has had on the students participating in this program as protagonists of the teaching/ learning. Participants were 40 students, aged between 16 and 24 years old in rural areas of the province of Málaga, without previous employment and without qualification. The data show that the program has been a successful experience that has helped to facilitate labour insertion of participating pupils. The data show positive attitudes in students towards the use of new technologies like the Internet to facilitate their learning and that most of the activities they have been very satisfactory. 
 
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">53-63</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marija Ropič</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kordigel Aberšek, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">WEB GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS AS AN ADVANCED STRATEGY FOR TEACHING SCIENCE TEXTBOOK READING COMPREHENSION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">categorization of concepts</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reading comprehension</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science textbooks</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1409840284.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper presents the results of the 5 months experiment in which the influence of using a web graphic organizer in the science literacy curriculum was observed. The interest of the study was focused on the quality and quantity of learning/understanding the explicatory text description from the science textbook. The experiment included students at the age of 8-9 years. Science and L1 class were integrated for this purpose: teachers were instructed to use web graphic organizer as a tool for visualizing the text structure on the level of concrete cognitive operations. The results show the effect of using the web graphic organizer on students’ competence to find out what in the science textbook text is important, on the level of text comprehension and on the competence of comparing new information with the previous knowledge.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">87-99</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miro  Puhek</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Matej  Perše</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andrej  Šorgo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">WHAT IS THE TENDENCY IN BIOLOGY VIRTUAL FIELD TRIPS? THE CASE OF MARIBOR ISLAND TRAIL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">field work</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">virtual field trips</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1419345896.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">50</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">There is no doubt any more that virtual worlds are suitable for school environment. It was shown by various researchers that they can contribute in supplying students with additional information, help them to visualise subjects, respond with answer on demand or even in some cases supplement the real materials. Based on the real experience, the virtual field trail Walk on Maribor Island was developed for biology and natural science classes in lower secondary school. The trail is presented through eight exercises that differentiate not only in theme, but also in difficultness, fun, background idea etc.
 In spring 2011, 133 eighth grade students worked on the virtual field trail during the biology class. After the work on exercises, students were asked to analyse the exercises regarding the level of difficultness, level of interest and level of proficiency. The main aim of the study was to present the tendency in biology virtual field trips that should be taken into consideration before the development of new exercises.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80-89</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aneta   Mechi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Margarita   Sanchez-Mazas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">WHO STRIVES AND WHO GIVES UP? THE ROLE OF SOCIAL COMPARISON DISTANCE AND ACHIEVEMENT GOALS ON STUDENTS’ LEARNING INVESTMENT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">achievement goals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning investment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social comparison distance</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1415392583.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">48</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The current survey tests the effects of social comparison distance on investment in learning. The social comparison is known to have two directions: upward and downward. It is hypothesized that, apart from these two directions, there are two distances: moderate and extreme. These distances are supposed to have an impact on the learning investment (when students will strive) or the disinvestment (when they will not make a great effort). Globally, students seem to put more effort in the case of moderate-distance conditions than in the case of extreme-distance conditions. However, the effect of distance is different according to the achievement goals reported by participants (interaction between comparison distance and achievement goals): the participants with performance goals strive more in the moderate-distance condition, whereas those with mastery goals seem to put a quite stable effort regardless of the distance. Implications in educational settings are discussed.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">107-116</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sergey   Sergeev</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maria   Urban</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">СOMPUTER VIZUALIZATION IN MATHEMATICS EDUCATION AS A PRACTICAL EDUCATIONAL TASK</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">computer technologies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematics education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1419345391.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">49</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The appearance of up-to-date computer technologies extended the application of visualization in mathematics itself as well as in mathematics education drastically. In a number of recent studies the problem of design of technological tools, capable of fostering the students’ mathematical thinking has been discussed hotly. Taking into consideration the primary importance of dynamic visualization (DV) in educational multimedia it is necessary to state that the creation of didactically efficient DV becomes an independent and the urgent educational task.
 Methodically grounded realization of dynamic connection between representations of mathematical objects, design of auxiliary visual elements and effects, as well as highlighting of significant objects and relations are prerequisites of potential DV efficacy. While interacting with DV a student can realize how a certain mathematical construction is “built”, detect essential connections between its elements, and in the long term comprehend the underlying mathematical ideas and concepts. 
 The key advantage of DV in comparison with static vizualization is in the fact that DV gives the opportunity to have a good look at a genesis of a new mathematical object in its dynamics, and to explore the connections between graphical representations without necessity to perform labor-consuming calculations, which gives the possibility to concentrate students’ attention on conceptual aspects of a studied mathematical objects.
 In teaching DV can be used both as an additional tutorial visualizing some elements of knowledge and as a dominant one influencing significantly all the other components of a methodological system. The latter can include for example software “analogue” of the physically existing artefact – positional abacus. In any case the teacher acquires the opportunity to create new in their essence, often nontrivial didactical tasks with DV employment. 
 
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><orig-pub><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">КОМПЬЮТЕРНАЯ ВИЗУАЛИЗАЦИЯ В МАТЕМАТИЧЕСКОМ ОБРАЗОВАНИИ КАК ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКАЯ ЗАДАЧА </style></orig-pub><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">95-103</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maria de Lourdes  Machado-Taylor</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Odília Maria  Rocha Gouveia</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ACADEMIC SATISFACTION AS AN AMPLIFIER OF THE ORGANIZATIONAL INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">higher education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">intellectual capital</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">job satisfaction</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1406541524.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In this paper data will be provided from an ongoing study on academic satisfaction in Portuguese higher education. The realization of this study is providing a diverse range of information on multiple dimensions of the faculty job in higher education, in particular dimensions of satisfaction, as well as dimensions of the academic career and the professional context in which it is exercised. In the context of this paper we will discuss particularly the academic job satisfaction as an amplifier of the organizational intellectual capital within the Portuguese higher education institutions. 
 The research is being carried out at the Center for Research on Higher Education Policies (CIPES) and is being financed by Foundation for Science and Technology. The main research objectives are as follows:
 RO1: Determine the dimensions associated with job satisfaction of the academic staff;
 RO2: Analyze how job satisfaction differs among sub-groups of academics – sex, degree of education and institutional type. 
 The main conclusions are that academics are in general satisfied with their jobs but not very or extremely satisfied. Academics more dissatisfied were those with a higher degree of education (PhD) and those teaching in public higher education institutions, especially those in public universities. Academics are more satisfied with “Non academic staff (administrative staff, technical and laboratorial staff)”, “Teaching Climate” and “Colleagues” and express dissatisfaction with “Research Climate” and “Conditions of Employment”.
The results are intended as an aid in identifying areas for improvement and, consequently, this data can be used to shape policies and change, promoting the organizational intellectual capital.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">58-71</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nino  Sharvashidze</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miles  Bryant</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ADULT EDUCATION IN PRACTICE: TEACHER TRAINING AND ITS POTENTIAL FOR CHANGING SCHOOL TEACHERS THROUGH ADULT LEARNING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">adult education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">adult learning practitioners</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pedagogical beliefs</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1405178898.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">“Belem Frameworks of Action” the main document launched at the Brazilian Belem City Adult Education Conference, CONFINTEA VI, declared Adult Education’s priority importance and urge all World Authorities to follow CONTINTEA’s Resolutions (Brazil, May 2009). “It is time to act, because no acting costs a lot” – stated the Final Resolution, ratified by the representatives of 156 countries and Georgia among them (CONFINTEA V, Final Report, 2009). The content, management and delivery of adult education and the accessibility of learning opportunities for adults need improvements and new studies to be involved. This study reports data gathered from schoolteachers about their perceptions of the compatibility of the certification training (Georgia, 2010) with principles of adult learning and the identification of the learning motivation, level and sources of satisfaction and dissatisfaction held for this training by the teachers. This study was carried out to reveal the causal effect of adult education principles on the attitudes of schoolteachers towards preparatory training for certification tests and the interaction quality between the adult learning and the transform of the pedagogical beliefs and practices of Georgian schoolteachers in transition period. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">110-118</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maria  Theodosopoulou</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vana  Papalois</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AESOP’S FABLES REVISITED: VOLUNTEERING THROUGH INFORMAL LIFELONG LEARNING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cultural catalysts</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">idiolect definition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">informal learning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1405179007.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Volunteering is an expression of active citizenship, which occurs in many sectors. It is a value which should be developed from an early age through formal and informal learning. Nevertheless, not enough emphasis is given to it in educational institutes, and it is a value mostly ‘learned by example’. The European Commission has designated 2011 as European Year of Volunteering aiming to raise awareness of its significance and encourage the development of facilitating environments. 
 Teaching of volunteering can start from an early age using short stories, easily understood by children. Aesop’s fables have been educating generations since antiquity. The directedness of the stories, the presentation of difficult and complex situations in allegoric way, the demonstration of thoughts, feelings and decision choices, actions and consequences grasp the interest of the reader and offer food for thoughts for a series of life lessons. Three of these fables are analysed by using the idiolectic definition (ID) tool. It is an alternative qualitative tool, which can be used in interdisciplinary research, for analysis of texts. Pinpointing key points of the tales can be used as a basis for highlighting to young people fundamental concepts and as a starting point for dialogue and reflection.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">135-141</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zuzana  Dzurišinová</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miroslav  Prokša</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ANALYSIS OF EXPERIENCE IN ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECT TEACHING USING ESSAY AS A FEEDBACK</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">environmental education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hydrogen car model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">project teaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">textual analysis</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=968801</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models of hydrogen-cars and current fuel cell topic are getting just very slowly into Slovak secondary school teaching of chemistry. The research therefore focus on different ways of suitable utilising of the model in chemistry teaching. The concept of the project teaching namely School Eko-bus with environmental issues and particular goals within which students make experiments on the hydrogen-car models was estalished. A part of the research is directed at finding answers on the following question: What means of feedback are the most suitable for verifying the results of making effort to develop specific competencies? In terms of research students´ and teachers´ questionnaires besides observation of students at practical activities, students´ taking research notes, their presentations and essays are being evaluated. The study refers to advantages and disadvantages of essay as unconventional feedback device in natural science project teaching at Slovak secondary schools. Writing thus forces students to be more active, to think autonomously as well as independently, and written formulation of their thoughts proves the quality of their thinking; moreover, it also reveals content and formal deficiencies of their thinking. For teachers these deficiencies therefore become more vivid and noticeable. In their little literary works – essays, students demonstrate critical thinking; use knowledge of general and inorganic chemistry as well as knowledge of fuel cells, and in their written ideas students defend their pro-environmental attitudes.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">46-57</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Juraj  Tej</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Viktória  Ali Taha</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ANALYTICAL INSIGHT INTO PROBLEMS OF VOCATIONAL EDUCATION IN THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">problems of vocational education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vocational education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1406612499.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The level and quality of vocational education is an important determinant of economic and social development of the country as well as its employment and competitiveness. The transformation of economic and political system had a significant impact on the development of vocational education in Slovakia, which currently faces many problems. One problem is long-term lack of students and inferior status of vocational education and training compared to general education, despite the growing demand for professional skills in the labour market. This article illustrates the pros and cons of the Slovak system of vocational education. The evaluation is based on opinion survey of vocational education subjects, which was conducted among external students of teaching technological disciplines from different regions of Slovakia. Collected data were analyzed by statistical methods (two-dimensional descriptive statistics).</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">162-169</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Janez  Bregant</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boris Aberšek</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE VERSUS HUMAN TALENTS IN LEARNING PROCESS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">artificial Intelligence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">brain based learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">intelligent tutors</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1408435723.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">To highlight the differences between conventional educational systems and CBLS - computer based learning systems. It is useful to consider CBLS, as the class of a system most closely related to artificial intelligence - AI. In such a system, the ultimate goal is to create a virtual duplicate of reality for learning, analysis, training, experimentation, or other purposes. Simulating reality is an approach that may or may not be useful at creating experience. This distinction yield several consequences. In CBLS, behaviour should be as realistic as possible, the representation of environment tends to be uniform and consistent and allowing users to act freely within that environment. 
 To teach users through realistic experience CBLS design techniques can make the experience much more memorable. In such an environment the context and control afforded by design techniques allow the integration of technologies and evaluation of the overall experience. Perhaps it is time to take lessons of CBLS and AI in a learning design and teaching tools seriously.
 At the beginning we will point out one simple question: could the ideas, methodology and techniques of AI also be applied to a development of relatively serious mind applications and can they substitute human teachers? And the answer will be continued in our paper.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38-47</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marit  Mõistlik</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tiina  Selke</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ASSESSMENT OF PARTICIPATION OR MUSICALITY: PILOT STUDY AMONG ESTONIAN MUSIC TEACHERS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">classroom activities</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">music lesson</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">music teacher</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1405179962.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The purpose of this study was to analyse what Estonian music teachers assess in music lesson and to what extent is it connected with their notion of musicality. A questionnaire was used to collect the data, which was compiled by the authors of the current study, the results of which were quantitatively analysed. Altogether 61 music teachers from all over Estonia participated in the study. It was found that music teachers primarily consider characteristics of musicality: sense of rhythm, ability to sing, and other traditional musical skills and their development. In addition, creativity is highly appreciated, but treated more like a slogan and in fact teachers do not know what they are assessing under the banner of creativity. It is also important to notice that music teachers assess visible musical activities as output giving evidence of musicality (“I assess what I see”). That means that receptive musical activities (i.e. listening to music) and general responsiveness to music are left aside when assessing pupils’ musicality. The current study proved the necessity to understand musicality more widely in socio-cultural context than solely musical skills and highlighted the need for harmonising the assessment criteria and notions among teachers.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">61-73</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sema  Unluer</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BARRIERS IN THE INTEGRATION OF ICT AT THE SCHOOL FOR THE HANDICAPPED</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">case study</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hearing impaired</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">participant observation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1406576416.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Before developing action plans for effective information and communication technologies (ICT) integration, it is important to determine and overcome the barriers encountered in the teaching-learning process of the educational institutions. Therefore the purpose of this study is to determine the barriers experienced in the process of ICT integration at the School for the Handicapped (SfH)- the only school in Turkey that gives vocational higher education to hearing impaired students. The study was carried out with the qualitative case study at the SfH in the academic year of 2007–2008. The participants of the study were all from the SfH, 60 hearing-impaired students, 21 faculty members and 3 administrators. The data were collected through the participant observations. Interviews, open-ended questionnaires, researcher’s journal, documents, archival records and artifacts were compiled and analyzed inductively. Among the findings obtained in the study, the barriers experienced in the process of the ICT integration were the problems experienced by administrators, by the faculty members and by the students. The barriers experienced in the process of ICT integration by the participants at the SfH were found to be in relation to technical problems, technical support problems and problems based on lack of knowledge. The data have been discussed in the light of the related literature. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">92-110</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jari  Kukkonen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sirpa Kärkkäinen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teemu  Valtonen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tuula Keinonen</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BLOGGING TO SUPPORT INQUIRY-BASED LEARNING AND REFLECTION IN TEACHER STUDENTS´ SCIENCE EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">inquiry learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher students</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1406540688.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study aims to clarify primary school teacher students’ experiences about the use of blogs in the context of a science course which includes collaborative inquiry-based approaches and a field trip. Teacher students were asked to design and conduct a small inquiry and report the phases of the process in a blog and then write their ideas about inquiry-based teaching and learning in it. The inquiry process was loosely scaffolded by linking the blogs together. The students were also asked to fill in a questionnaire of technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK), in order to acquire insight into their views on the scaffolding needed for their own inquiry process, as well as the role of scaffolding in the inquiry method in primary school. The findings showed that after discussing them with each other, teacher students were able to formulate personally meaningful problems for their investigation. Teacher students investigated multidisciplinary elements and learned about different phases of the inquiry and the blogs enabled them to follow the process of others. Teacher students’ information retrieval and processing skills developed through out the inquiry and aided them in other teacher education courses, also giving them a firm foundation and confidence in accessing and applying information as life-long learners.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">73-84</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Danuše  Nezvalová</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CAN BE THE PRESERVICE SCIENCE TEACHER A RESEARCHER?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">action research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">preservice science teacher training</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1408435971.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In this theoretical research an impersonal style should be used the status of teacher research in science education, examine the advantages of science teacher research, and consider possibilities for the role of science teacher research. In literature teacher research or teacher action research was mentioned only briefly as a part of qualitative research or science teacher education. This lack of attention to science teacher research might reflect the relatively late entry of science teachers into the teacher research movement. Teacher research is an effective model for teacher learning and development. Teacher research can make valuable contributions to the knowledge base for science teaching. Teacher researchers step outside their own assumptions and preconceptions and maintain a healthy skepticism about their observations of themselves and their students. One semester action research project was implemented in observing teaching practice course at the preservice science teachers training at Faculty of Science Palacky University in Olomouc. Students during this semester observed science lessons in upper secondary schools. They analyzed pedagogical events that happened in the class. They also developed a research-base rational paper describing how they will teach science. During this semester students examined one aspect of this rationale in an action research project carried out in collaboration with the host teacher. Science teacher research can contribute to the development of prospective science teachers and the development of a knowledge base for science teaching and learning. This is a particularly interesting moment in time to examine the contributions and potentials of science teacher research.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">90-97</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bisera  Jevtic</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CAUSES OF ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR OF ADOLESCENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">adolescence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">antisocial aggressive behavior</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dissocial behavior</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=971785</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of antisocial behavior today are not only consequence of bad material conditions, nowadays they ensue more and more from contradictories of rich society that gave to everyone proportionally high standards in the area of work and behavior, but not in consumption field. This state brings us to the conclusion that today we live in structurally dissatisfied society, that is a base of many antisocial behavior problems. To prevent successfully antisocial behavior, it is necessary to research a wide field of disorders in social behavior of adolescents, from their most common forms, causes, to the consequences which this kind of behavior has on an individual and its social environment. The causes of escalated juvenile delinquency are found even in the school system, economic instability, bad influence of peers and also in neglect or excessive care of parents. In this paper, the author is focused on the most dominant causes of social behavior disorders. Target group are adolescents in high school, just because in this life period young people tend to absorb different forms of socially unacceptable behavior depending on the sex of adolescent. The paper gives a few topics for new researches.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24-36</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liliana Mammino</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CHALLENGES OF THE EDUCATION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT WITH PARTICULAR FOCUS ON THE SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA CONTEXT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education for sustainable development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">formal and informal education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">language of instruction</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1406540733.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The education for sustainable development is one of the major challenges of our époque, because it is the key to make sustainable development possible by fostering informed, active and convinced participation from the public. It is also a novel type of challenge, because it needs to reach the public at large, and not only learners within the formal instruction systems, and it needs to promote responses in terms of sustainable behaviour patterns. Therefore, it needs to expand beyond science education and to incorporate and utilise additional types of information in order to design the best communication options for each type of audience. On the other hand, it requires a certain level of science literacy to offer adequate motivations on proposing sustainable behaviour patterns; therefore, it may also need to address the issue of science literacy when necessary, above all when targeting the general public.
 After an introductory overview of the general features of these challenges, the paper focuses on the Sub Saharan Africa context and attempts to outline options for the integration of the new messages inherent in the sustainable development concept with relevant aspects of the local realities. Specific attention is given to the challenges common to science education and to sustainable development education (mostly stemming from historical reasons); to the challenges of education aimed at fostering sustainable patterns; to possible routes for the youths’ active participation in the dissemination of information and in the design of viable sustainable options; and to the importance of connections with traditional systems of knowledge and values. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">85-93</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fu-Chien Kao</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wei-De Li</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Han-Chieh Hsien</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chih-Hung Wang</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE CHARACTERISTIC FREQUENCY BANDS ANALYSIS OF BRAIN WAVE DURING LEARNING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cognitive neuroscience</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Electroencephalogram</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning energy index</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1406540264.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The traditional E-learning often offers the online examination to assess the learning effect of a student after completion of the online learning. Basically, this traditional learning assessment mechanism is a passive and negative assessment mechanism, which cannot provide an real-time learning warning mechanism for teachers or students to find out problems as early as possible (including such learning conditions as “absence of mind” resulting from poor learning stage or physical or psychological factor), and the post-assessment mechanism also cannot assess the learning effectiveness provided by the online learning system. This research paper attempts to acquire the electroencephalogram to analyze the characteristic frequency band of the brainwave related to learning and formulate the learning energy index (LEI) for the learner at the time when the learner is reasoning logically via the brain-wave detector based on the cognitive neuroscience. With the established LEI, the physical and psychological conditions of an online leaner can be provided instantly for teachers for assessment. Given that the learning system is integrated into the brainwave analytic sensing component, the system not only can provide learners an instant learning warming mechanism, but also help teachers and learning partners to further understand the causes of learning disorder of learners, and can also provide relevant learning members with timely care and encouragement. This research will discuss and analyze such subjects as the electroencephalogram difference between the traditional print textbooks and the multi-medium textbooks, whether the development of exercise habit will be help to learning by means of a view of cognitive neuroscience except for the analysis of characteristic frequency band of the brainwave represented at the time when learners adopt diverse learning methods.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">56-72</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mare  Leino</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE CHILD FRIENDLY SCHOOL: AN IDEA VERSUS REALITY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">general education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning and behavioural difficulties</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rules</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1405178748.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The purpose of this research was to question the concept of a ‘child friendly’ school, which sounds democratic, but is an unclear term. The problem is that with 45-minute lessons and 30 pupils in the classroom (as is often the case in Estonian schools), it is not possible to focus on each child. In 2005, a new basic school was opened in the countryside in the middle of Estonia – for only 24 students (some of them were children with learning and/or behavioural difficulties). The method of research was educational ethnography. Result: the strict rules sometimes seem bad, but life is safer with them. It was interesting to recognize the importance of routines from ordinary (‘old fashion’) schools. Children with learning and/or behavioural difficulties need even more discipline than others, because this can be one part of the therapy. Education for sustainable development must not always be ‘child friendly’.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82-88</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alberto León  Gutiérrez Tamayo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CITIZEN FORMATION FROM THE PEDAGOGICAL POTENTIAL OF THE STUDIES OF THE TERRITORY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">citizenship education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">territory citizen</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2593978</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In Latin America, during the last 20 years, the political democratic project has become an achievable and desirable possibility to accomplish general wellbeing and hope for the population life quality improvement; to implement, constitute and strength such project towards this goal, the effective link of all the actors and their governmental, private, academic nongovernmental, social, civic, community and citizen life forces, is required within the territory where democracy is going to be implemented. Hence, for this democracy to be possible, it is indispensable to have individually and collectively thoughtful citizens, willing to exercise their citizenship, to build a democratic project and to possibly transform their reality. These citizens are not born, they are made and educated, rooted to the territory they inhabit, modify, and use and in which they set their social practices. The executed study suggests that in order to reach the citizen category, it is necessary, among other things, to appeal for the conscious processes theory, through the educational system, so that people, from early age, are allowed to know, understand, comprehend and put into practice citizen education potential as a pedagogical strategy to reach citizen status, exercise and promote citizenship and, strengthen a democratic political project. Emerging as so, the citizenship, territory and citizen education triad, pillar of the territorial citizen conception, essence of democratic consolidation. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">67-74</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yoshiko  Asano</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EDUCATION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN EARLY CHILDHOOD IN SWEDEN AND JAPAN: THROUGH “THE ENVIRONMENTAL EPISTEMOLOGICAL MODEL OF 5 ASPECTS”</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">early childhood</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education for sustainable development</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1406541381.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">There is a general responsibility to protect the earth system to reach “Sustainability” since the earth problems grow more serious day by day. However, it is not easy for everyone to be aware of this problem and to act for protecting the Earth in daily life, because the environmental problems are not visible. This study suggests ESD as a means for raising the awareness and behavior about the Earth. And “The environmental epistemological model of 5 aspects” is presented which connects ESD of earth environment with environmental policy.
 This study shows how the “The environmental epistemological model of 5 aspects” is reflected on the environmental policy and education within two municipalities which are trying to be woody biomass society as an example of the vision of “Sustainable society”. The municipalities are Växjö city in Sweden and Kaneyama-machi in Japan. As a result, it is clear that environmental policy and education at preschools in Sweden and in Japan are important institutions for promoting “The environmental epistemological model of 5 aspects” of a municipality's environmental policy. 
 And it is concluded that ESD at early childhood is important as the base of the life-long learning and citizen's participation.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23-32</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maurizio  Sibilio</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paola  Aiello</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE COMPLEXITY OF THE EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH IN THE TEACHING OF MOTOR ACTIVITIES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">motor activities</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quantitative research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching-learning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1408435256.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The need to identify an educational dimension of the motor activities to be practiced in school context requires a disciplinary intersection between the sciences of education and the sciences of motion that outlines a complex heuristic space where the Geisteswissensschaften and Naturwissensschaften can cooperate at a constant, rigorous and critical harmonization of different approaches, protocols and instruments of research.
 Starting from the model proposed by Arnold (1988) that shows the wide range of possibilities offered by the movement to educational processes it is important to reflect critically upon the procedures and the adoption of specific research methodologies that can functionally integrate with the curriculum and the educational and organizational constraints of the school institutions and be suitable to define the best teaching practices to enhance the educational dimension of motor activities.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">99-105</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jana  Braniša</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zita  Jenisová</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin  Bílek</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COMPUTER SUPPORTED SCHOOL CHEMICAL EXPERIMENT IN COMPLEX APPROACH – “ACIDIC BUBBLES”</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chemical experiment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">complex experiment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">computer school</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">everyday chemistry</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1408435680.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Digital technologies are used in experimental practice under school conditions mainly for data statistic processing, computer modeling of natural principles and supporting the real experiments by computer, so that the measurement process can occur simultaneously with data recording during experiments. This study is focused on the use of computer within real experimenting. We have chosen the experiment “Acidic bubbles” as an example of running the computer-aided real experiment. Solubility of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the liquid is influenced by characteristics of the solvent and the solute, pressure and temperature. The aim of the experiments is to show changes in pH values in water/carbon dioxide (H2O/CO2) mixtures (differing in various CO2 content) in time and temperature. Experiments confirmed that the temperature increased in relation to increasing pH. CO2 solubility decreased along with increasing temperature and the resulting lower concentration of CO2 in the mixture also caused the reduction of the carbonic acid (H2CO3) concentration. Moreover, the acid was decomposed by the influence of the higher temperature. Advantages of using the measuring systems can be seen in their supportive functions leading to investigative experimental activities of students, which are gradually disappearing from both primary and secondary schools for various reasons. Advantages of this approach are increasing by applications connected with everyday life products as in presented example “Soda-stream” device in the kitchen.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29-37</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agnieszka A.  Kaczor</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COMPUTER-ASSISTED CLASSES ON MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY OF BARBITURATES AND THIOBARBITURATES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">computer-assisted classes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ICT</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">improving classroom teaching</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=939899</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The purpose of this study is elaboration of computer classes for pharmacy or chemistry students on ADMET parameters of barbiturates and thiobarbiturates in the context of their molecular structure and gathering students’ feedback on the classes. Barbiturates and thiobarbiturates are derivatives of barbituric acid and thiobarbituric acid, respectively. These drugs, depending on clear differences in their structure, exert a variety of effects on the central nervous system, ranging from mild sedation to total anesthesia. Barbiturates may be used as hypnotics, anxiolytics and anticonvulsants whereas thiobarbiturates can be applied for the induction of general anesthesia. At present barbiturates are usually replaced by benzodiazepines which are less dangerous at overdose. Nevertheless, they remain a model group of drugs to discuss structure-activity relationship, in particular the effect of lipophilicity on the activity profile.
 The presented computer-assisted classes were designed by taking into consideration the common problems which many students experiense when they learn medicinal chemistry.The classes make use of freely available web services only and consist of the following steps: (1) calculation of lipophilicity of selected barbiturates and thiobarbiturates with several algorithms offered by Virtual Computational Chemistry Laboratory web service;(2) discussion of relationship between the lipophilicity value and activity profile;(3) calculation of other ADMET parameters (e.g. plasma protein binding, blood-brain barrier penetration, human intestinal absorption) of barbiturates and thiobarbiturates with PREADMET web service and ADMEBoxes web service (demo version) .
 The classes were highly approved by students and may be utilized in education of pharmacy and chemistry but also biology and medicine students.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">61-71</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agnieszka A.  Kaczor</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COMPUTER-ASSISTED CLASSES ON MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY OF NEUROLEPTICS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">computer-assisted classes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">improving classroom teaching</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=939898</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The purpose of this study is elaboration of computer-assisted classes for pharmacy students on medicinal chemistry and molecular pharmacology of neuroleptics and gathering of students’ feedback on such a didactic approach.
 The neuroleptics or antypsychotics are a group of drugs used for the treatment of psychosis, in particular in schizophrenia and the manic phase of bipolar disorder. According to the chemical classification, the following main groups of neuroleptics can be distinguished: tricyclic neuroleptics (phenothiazine, thioxanthene and dibenzoepine derivatives), derivatives of buthyrophenone, diphenylbutylpiperidine, indole and benzamide. Pharmacologically they can be divided into typical and atypical, taking into account the ratio of their affinity to the dopamine D2 and the serotonin 5-HT2A receptors.
 The presented computer-assisted classes were designed by taking into account the common problems which many students encounter when they learn medicinal chemistry.The classes make use of free software and freely available web services only and consist of the following steps:(1) molecular modeling of selected neuroleptics on the level of semi-empirical AM1 method with VegaZZ;(2) discussion of the structural features of neuroleptics that affects their pharmacological profile;(3) homology modeling of dopamine D2 receptor with SWISS-MODEL;(4) molecular docking of selected neuroleptics to the models of dopamine D2 receptor with PatchDock.
 The classes were highly approved by students and may be utilized in education of pharmacy and chemistry but also biology and medicine students.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">49-60</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gunta  Kinta</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE CONCEPT OF LEARNING OUTCOMES IN THE LATVIAN VOCATIONAL EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning outcomes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">students’ learning assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vocational upper-secondary education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1406612059.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Recently learning outcomes, which are statements of what a learner knows, understands and is able to do after learning, have gained more attention at education policy level in Latvia. International discussions about the terms connected with learning outcomes have been raised by the development of the European Qualifications Framework – an eight level reference system – and consequent elaboration of national frameworks in the Member States. For the referencing process and other reforms to be successful, all stakeholders should share a common understanding of the used terms. This study aimed at exploring the education participants’ views about the concept and use of learning outcomes in the Latvian vocational education. In terms of the study the questionnaire was completed by 577 vocational education students, and five vocational education teachers’ and five employers’ interviews were conducted. The results of the study indicate that the respondents do not have a thorough understanding of learning outcomes. Prior introducing learning outcomes in practice, national informative and educational activities should be arranged for education participants and general public in order to support vocational education stakeholders during the ongoing education reforms initiated by the shift towards learning outcomes based education. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">64-78</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marcus  Stueck</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE CONCEPT OF SYSTEMRELATED STRESS REDUCTION (SYSRED) IN EDUCATIONAL FIELDS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">stress and teacher</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">stress coping in school</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1405178953.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Existing analysis about teachers’ and student´s experience of stress, related health risk factors, and consequences for the profession represent the basis of this integrated stress-management concept designed for educational fields, e.g. schools. It has been developed by the author of this article since 1994. The SYSRED-Concept (SYStemrelated Stress REDuction) follows three level of stress management, which are used integratively with both teachers and children. First (Level of children), it offers strategies for stress preventive work with children (e.g. EMYK: training of relaxation with elements of yoga for children). Secondly (Level of adults), courses for stress-management for teachers were developed and evaluated (e.g. STRAIMY: Stress-management training with elements of yoga; BIODANZA: dance and motion oriented psychological intervention method for stress-management). Finally, seminars for the broadening of teachers’ pedagogic-psychological competences are carried out (e.g. employment of relaxation methods in class; method-training seminars for the reduction of exam anxieties and for a better handling of behavioural disorders and discipline problems). Thirdly (level of conditions), the conditions which cause stress are analyzed and changed. Within the framework of accompanying evaluations we examined around 600 subjects with regard to the short and long term effects of the measures taken concerning personnel development and intervention on certain psychological, psycho-social, and immunological parameters. We were able to prove the stress reducing effects of the trainings methods for both students and teachers as well as the improvement of the teachers’ pedagogical-psychological competences caused by participating in the training seminars. Until now we were sucessfully working with 1000 teachers and pupils applying the components of the SYSRED-Concept. This article further explains an Masterplan to secure the Balance between Intuitive-emotional vs. Rationbal Education. This Plan helps to get an overview where the stressreduction methods from SYSRED are integrated. Within it, it is discussed the role of the Body-Orientation, Stressreduction, Empathy and ability to Love in educational fields as human basic behaviour in educational fields, which has to be developed within the Education of the 21st century. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">119-134</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jerusa  Vilhena de Moraes</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE CONSTRUCTION OF GEOGRAPHIC KNOWLEDGE IN SCHOOL: A BRIEF REFLECTION ON THE ROLE OF THE TEACHER</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">geographic literacy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">scientific literacy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher training</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2593986</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">For some years there have been theoretical debates concerning the role of school Geography. In Brazil, these questions came to prominence during the decade of the 80’s in the last century. In Europe, whilst the discussions had started previously, given that the development of Geography as a science started in Germany in the 19th. century, questioning on the role of Geography in schools, its methods and specificities etc. in certain ways served to amplify our references and to question which Geography we want and which we are promoting.
 We consider that it is essential to encourage reflection as to what the purposes of an education in Geography are and the role of the teacher in this process so as to think not only about the direction we are giving to this process, but to verify if we are contributing to students being able to construct general and specific scientific reasoning in this area.
 The purpose of this article is to present that which, in terms of sciences in general, has been proposed, so that students can construct specific science concepts and to which geographic education can contribute, so that students and teachers can have a significant understanding of the concepts involved in this science.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82-93</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1676913586.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century, ISSN 1822-7864
Volume 35, 2011</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-4</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">September/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1678540863.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contents
Problems of Education in the 21st Century, ISSN 1822-7864
Volume 34, 2011</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-4</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1672511934.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century, ISSN 1822-7864
Volume 37, 2011</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-4</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1678802427.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century, ISSN 1822-7864
Volume 32, 2011</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-4</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1681047683.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century, ISSN 1822-7864
Volume 30, 2011</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-4</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1681116455.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century, ISSN 1822-7864
Volume 29, 2011</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-4</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1672567091.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century, ISSN 1822-7864
Volume 36, 2011</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-4</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1678630459.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century, ISSN 1822-7864
Volume 33, 2011
Compiler</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-4</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1681029145.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century, ISSN 1822-7864
Volume 31, 2011</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-4</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1676913549.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century, ISSN 1822-7864
Volume 35, 2011</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1672566973.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century, ISSN 1822-7864
Volume 36, 2011</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1681047652.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century, ISSN 1822-7864
Volume 30, 2011</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1672511898.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century, ISSN 1822-7864
Volume 37, 2011</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">September/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1678540816.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover page
Problems of Education in the 21st Century, ISSN 1822-7864
Volume 34, 2011</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1678802396.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century, ISSN 1822-7864
Volume 32, 2011
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1672566973.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century, ISSN 1822-7864
Volume 36, 2011</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1681116421.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century, ISSN 1822-7864
Volume 29, 2011</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1678630428.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century, ISSN 1822-7864
Volume 33, 2011
Compiler</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVER</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cover page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1681029117.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century, ISSN 1822-7864
Volume 31, 2011</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Violeta  Šlekienė</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Loreta  Ragulienė</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE CREATION OF INFORMATION WEBSITE “FULLERENES” AS AN EDUCATIONAL TOOL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fullerenes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">information teaching tool</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nanotechnology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1408436065.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fullerenes are the basis for the rapidly developing science of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology is included in the list of priorities approved by Lithuanian Ministry of Education. Fullerenes and their usage, as a new field of science, are not included in either the general or high education curriculum. Following the analysis of e-sourcing, it became clear that there is no Lithuanian electronic source of information, in which there is more than one paragraph describing of fullerenes history, theory, usability and so on. Found information is incomplete, often inaccurate, and completely scattered. In order to determine Internet users’ knowledge about fullerenes, a short questionnaire survey in different education and age groups were conducted. The results of the survey suggest that currently the majority of respondents (more than half of those with university education) do not have a basic knowledge of fullerenes. Created an electronic information tool for teaching Fullerenes is presented. It analyzed and structured educational material about the history of the discovery of fullerenes, scientists who discovered them, the theory of fullerenes, their applications, examples, illustrations, points of interest, simulation. Developing the site relationship with the Nobel Prize laureates who discovered fullerenes Professor Robert F. Curl and Professor Harold W. Kroto has been established. Developed electronic information teaching tool &quot;Fullerenes&quot; (http://www.fulerenai.eu/) can be used as a cognitive tool for educational institutions.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">109-118</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lovšin Kozina, F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tadeja  Perčič</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Verena  Koch</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CRITICAL POINT IN FINANCIAL LEARNING PROCESS OF PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN IN SLOVENIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">financial education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">money management</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1405179789.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Financial literacy is very important because only financially literate individuals are able to identify the pitfalls of money management. The objectives of the study were to observe how children perceive the role of money in everyday life based on their opinions about possessing money, money management and certain dilemmas about different possibilities to earn money. Expert writings reveal that many parents frequently act as bad role models, because they themselves tend to be poorly informed about their own personal financial issues and choices. Therefore, the best way to start teaching young people about basic economic and financial facts and skills is to incorporate these issues into classroom lectures. The following article features the analysis of a study in which 206 primary school pupils have taken part. Allowance was provided to 130 pupils, which agree, that because they have allowance, are better money manager. The majority of the pupils surveyed were of the opinion that they would be able to manage their finances even better if their parents would talk to them about money more often, and if the parents would also invest more time to convey a better perception of the value of money and things to them. The greatest amount of influence on the pupils’ ability to manage money comes from their parents. School, in the form of an educational institution, also bears a substantial amount of influence concerning this particular matter. The Slovenian education system gives not enough attention to vital issues such as money management and consumer protection. This study can be useful information for teacher about critical point in children money management. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35-46</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Margarita  Gavrilina</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CROSS-CULTURAL DIALOGUE AT LESSONS OF RUSSIAN LANGUAGE AT SCHOOLS PROVIDING GENERAL EDUCATION OF LATVIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cross-cultural dialogue</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cross-cultural task</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sociocultural competence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1405180352.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This article is devoted to the possibilities of usage lingvoculturology experience in the process of teaching mother tongue (Russian) in the conditions of diaspora, and in Russian language textbooks for the pupils of national minority schools of Latvia. These textbooks were developed by the author of the article.
 In the introduction, the author proves the necessity of the development of cross-cultural skills of pupils in the process of their mother tongue studies, analyses the problems in cross-cultural capacity of school-leavers. 
 In the second part of the article, the author describes the intra-cultural and cross-cultural dialogues, which are actualized in the contents of educational course “Russian language” and in the textbooks of Russian (the necessity and didactic possibilities of development for diaspora pupils the ability to create a dialogue with facts and values of their own culture and other peoples’ cultures).
 The focus of author’s attention is the development of cross-cultural competence of students with the help of using cross-cultural tasks as a special type of educational exercises. The author describes the principles taken as a cross-cultural task-forming basis, and cross-cultural task types:
- cross-cultural tasks aimed at the development of pupils’ cultural tolerance;
- cross-cultural tasks aimed at the development of pupils’ cultural mutual understanding;
- cross-cultural tasks aimed at the development of pupils’ cultural unity.
 The author describes the didactic possibilities of the use of cross-cultural tasks at the lessons of Russian.
 In the conclusion, the author highlights that the experience, which has been gained in the process of using cross-cultural tasks at the lessons of Russian, allows
 - to expand the culturological outlook of diaspora students,
 - to teach students to notice likenesses and distinctions between speech behavior of different cultures representatives and deal with them,
- to teach students to think in a comparative aspect, to determine lacunae in their own knowledge, to escape stereotypes, to be able to take the position of an interlocutor – the representative of another culture, to evaluate the world from position of their value orientations;
 - to improve purposefully and successfully not only cross-cultural skills of students but also their communicative, language and educational abilities.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><orig-pub><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> МЕЖКУЛЬТУРНЫЙ ДИАЛОГ НА УРОКАХ РУССКОГО ЯЗЫКА В ОБЩЕОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНЫХ ШКОЛАХ ЛАТВИИ </style></orig-pub><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">123-132</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Irena  Lama</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Artur  Sula</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mimoza  Gjokutaj</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CURRENT ISSUES OF TEACHER TRAINING IN ALBANIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">diversity of teaching modes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">interactive teaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">student skills</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1406541470.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">World society, technologies and sciences are changing very quickly. The school, as an educational institution is facing great challenges of the century. The school needs to change many components like curricula, teaching, strategies, learning techniques.
 By using a series of strategies, contemporary teaching needs to strengthen the learning environment and offer different models, in order to design proper curricula for all subjects, fields of study and levels.
 Based on some official data, empirical surveys, questionnaires, as well as data from the students’ results, there have been identified some problems in our school, concerning traditional and contemporary teaching and learning.
 The focus of the research is: teaching principles applied in school curricula in Albania such as student – centered teaching and future oriented one through the paradigms of interactive teaching and passing from traditional to contemporary teaching methods. This principles aim at developing students’ critical thinking and learning skills to educate students as lifelong learners. 
 These principles and solutions are necessary to be known and to be applied in everyday process of teaching and learning, in order to improve their quality.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">47-57</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">David M.  Mulwa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Richard P.  Kimiti</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Titus M.  Kituka</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elizabeth N.  Muema</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DECENTRALIZATION OF EDUCATION: THE EXPERIENCE OF KENYAN SECONDARY SCHOOLS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">decentralization</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">democratization</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1405180100.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kenya has undertaken several educational reforms since independence in 1963. Several committees, commissions and task forces have been set up over the years with the mandate to make suitable recommendations on how to overcome the ever rising challenges facing the Kenyan education. The necessary legal and policy guidelines have also been prepared to guide the administration, management and governance of education, in line with the country’s educational philosophy. The latest educational reform of 2005 was geared towards decentralization of education. For this paper, decentralization is limited to the transfer of decision-making authority to stakeholders at the secondary school level. This paper therefore gives a brief history of educational reforms in Kenya, discusses the challenges facing the Kenyan education, the concept of decentralization and the limitations of secondary schools to promoting it. Lastly, it makes recommendations on what should be done for secondary schools to fully embrace the concept of decentralization in Kenya.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">86-96</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andrea Bencsik</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ildikó  Marosi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Viktória  Stifter</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DESIRED CULTURE AND REALISTIC VALUE-JUDGEMENT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">circumplex model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">higher education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">knowledge management</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1406611783.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">To create and to operate a knowledge management system is becoming a more and more popular targets of companies. Realizing the changes above can result in a failure - in spite of the strongest will – if organizations lack certain prerequisites which are necessary in companies’ lives. One of the most important prerequisites is organizational culture which can be characterized by confidence, common learning, development and an open atmosphere. This is called a learning organizational culture.
 This research has focused on bringing to light what kind of dreams colleagues in higher education have about their own organizational culture. These results were gained from an investigation with questionnaires which were realized by an advisory team. To evaluate the results of the investigation a circumplex method was used. These results were compared with the characteristics of a learning organization to confirm the hypothesis. As a result it can be stated that colleagues have the same images about their successful organization as the characteristics of learning organizations. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9-23</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Joseph Kizito  Bada</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jarkko  Suhonen</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DEVELOPING AND EVALUATING COMPUTER GAMES: A PEDAGOGICAL PERSPECTIVE FOR HIV/AIDS PREVENTION IN SCHOOLS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">computer games</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">experiential learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HIV/AIDS preventive education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1406575878.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This research report presents design, development and evaluation of computer games as a pedagogical approach for delivering HIV/AIDS preventive education to the lower level high school students within the age range of 13-18 years. The purpose of the research was to enable students to learn and test their understanding of HIV/AIDS basic knowledge and preventive measures using computer games. The models of the games were built using Empirical modeling approach together with experiential learning. Field experiment was used to demonstrate computer games in schools and questionnaire was used for game evaluation. Descriptive statistics and partial least square (pls) were used to analyze quantitative data from questionnaire. The results from analyzed data indicated that computer games influence learning outcome of HIV/AIDS preventive education. Based on the research results and experience in game design and game prototype demonstration in three lower level high schools, recommendation has been formulated for designing similar games for classroom use. The computer game is one of the components of digital learning environment for HIV/AIDS education. Other components include video games and online lessons with discussion forum. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9-28</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maura Sellars</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DEVELOPING SKILLS FOR A LIFETIME OF LEARNING: STRATEGIES TO DEVELOP FLEXIBLE THINKING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">executive function</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flexible thinking</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">intrapersonal intelligence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1405178841.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This research investigated forty, ten to twelve year students in their final two years of primary schooling. It investigated their capacities to develop the cognitive competencies of executive function. The framework used was the Multiple Intelligences perspective of executive function. The findings discussed are those pertaining to the students’ development of the component of executive function known as flexible thinking. Investigated as part of a larger action research study which was implemented in three classrooms over a six month period, the findings in this domain demonstrated considerable improvement from the skills recorded as part of the baseline data. The baseline data had indicated that none of the students were able to demonstrate the cognitive capacities of flexible thinking. The results are significant in that they can be directly related to changes in pedagogical practice. The findings are significant also for the three participating teachers as they serve to highlight the challenges they faced. They are indicative of challenges that may be faced by other teachers as they seek to implement intervention programs effectively and to question some of the pedagogical strategies and beliefs with which they had formerly engaged confidently.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">102-109</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Luis Martin  Sobrado</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cristina  Ceinos</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rebeca  García</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DIAGNOSTIC OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES’ USE IN VOCATIONAL GUIDANCE: ANALYSIS OF AN EXPERIENCE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">technological competences</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">use of technological resources</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vocational guidance</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=968809</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In recent years, parallel to the transformations occurring at all levels, a technological revolution has taken place from which the development and integration of multiple resources in all areas and sectors has been derived.
 All these changes have implications in Vocational Guidance, noting by its relevance in the present study, the integration and use of technological tools in the development of guidance tasks and the adoption by its technicians, the skills needed to make an effective use of them.
 Taking as reference the above, the research problem of this work is focused on describing the use that professional counselors make of the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in the development of their daily work. With this purpose, we describe this study, in which, through quantitative and qualitative methods, we conclude, in general, the lack of true integration of ICT tools in guidance and a large deficit training in the group of counselors regarding to technological resources, which implies the need to design training activities with a view to remedying this deficiency.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">119-126</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Violeta  Šlekienė</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Loreta  Ragulienė</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Renata Bilbokaitė</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DIGITAL TEACHING AND LEARNING CONTENT IN NATURAL SCIENCE EDUCATION: EDUCATIONAL USEFULNESS EVALUATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">digital content</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">factor analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pedagogical evaluation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1408435877.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In recent years teaching and learning problems acquire qualitatively new characteristics. It has been thought for a long time that it is an object of classical pedagogy and further research works are not urgent. However, in the process of rapid development of ICT, traditional pedagogy conception also inevitably changes. So-called “classical pedagogy” shifts to “online pedagogy”. An adjacent educational trend - a &quot;shift from teaching to learning&quot; is also related with this shift. Thus, on the one hand, ICT is changing very rapidly, new technologies (not necessarily in a proper educational sense) are penetrating into educational practice. On the other hand, under a great influence of ICT, interrelation mechanisms between teachers and pupils change, also, change educational activities and their characteristics. Thus, a need rises to inevitably observe the current situation, to analyse it and to present adequate educational decisions.
 Therefore, a complex pedagogical evaluation research was carried out between January and April, 2011. 20 teachers participated in the digital content testing, who totally gave 577 lessons. In the lessons a) an interactive board (IL) was used, and a lesson content was prepared by Power Point (PPT) slide show or Active Inspire (AcIns) programme; b) projector (S), and a lesson content - by PPT or AcIns. 
 It can be basically asserted, that digital teaching/learning content is a perspective way searching to improve education process.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">70-82</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sona  Ceretkova</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lubica  Korenekova</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DIRICHLET’S PRINCIPLE AS AN ELEMENTARY MATHEMATICAL MODEL IN MATHEMATIC EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">case study</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">elementary mathematical model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johann Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1406540216.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">One important part of nowadays research in theory of mathematics education is focused on searching for some interesting and non-traditional mathematical topics and themes. The topic named the “Dirichlet’s Principle” is aimed to promote and exercise mathematical competencies by using quite simple mathematical rules. The rules were discovered and described in the 19th century by Johann Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet (1805-1859). The article describes case studies as the results of qualitative research of mathematics’ lessons with the topic of Dirichlet’s principle at upper-secondary school and university. The elements of the history of mathematics concerning the topic and Dirichlet’s personality are also involved. Definitions, examples of exercises, tasks and problems are given in the article, too. Recommended methods of teaching with the focus on active methods, which support inquiry based learning, are described. Two case studies, one realized at secondary grammar school (17 year-old pupils) and one at university (student teachers) are described as examples of theoretical and methodological background implementation. The context of tasks and problems which are solved by using Dirichlet’s principle is set in real life situations. The topic content therefore helps to show the importance of mathematical knowledge for everyday life. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">45-55</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Raquel Suriá  Martínez</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DISABILITY AND THE USE OF ICT IN EDUCATION: DO STUDENTS WITH SPECIAL NEEDS RECOGNISE THE SUPPORT GIVEN BY TEACHERS WHEN USING TECHNOLOGY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">formative stages</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">students with disabilities</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher preparation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching and learning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=968813</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Information and Communication Technologies are a decisive element to normalize the conditions of the students' life with special needs, and in some cases, one of the options for the access to a school curriculum. However, in the context academic, the development of the new technologies has favored the appearance in new ways of social exclusion. 
 In presented study it was analysed the availability of the necessary resources to these students, checks the usage of the available technology and examines up to what point the students recognise the support of the teachers using information and communication technologies - ICT, to help them succeed in their studies. 
 Thirty-seven students with special needs participated in this study, coming from a secondary school in Alicante and from the University of Alicante. Was prepared a questionnaire to investigate the use, experience and recognition of the support given by the teachers using ICT with these students.
 The results indicated that these students felt ready to use the technology resources in their studies. However, they did not receive support by the teachers and they noticed differences in approach, depending on the stage of the educational course and the type of disability.
 There still exist important obstacles in obtaining a total integration for disabled students; in particular making the role of the teacher a vital issue to provide an educational answer to such diversity.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">149-158</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jane K.  Amunga</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amadalo Maurice  Musasia</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DISPARITIES IN MATHEMATICS ACHIEVEMENT AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOLS: THE CASE OF KENYA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">achievement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">disparities</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">professional development and proficient</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=939894</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In Kenya, one the subjects tested by the Kenya National Examinations Council (KNEC) in the Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE) is mathematics which is a compulsory subject for all candidates. Although competence in mathematics is paramount due to constant change in the global economy and workplace, achievement in the subject remains dismal. It is very important for students to be proficient in this subject because it plays an important role in career choices and professional development. Under-achievement in mathematics limits ones opportunities in competitive professional courses at all tertiary levels. This study sought to establish disparities in the achievement of mathematics in KCSE during 2005-2009 among boys’ and girls’ boarding schools and mixed day schools. Descriptive research design was adopted and data was collected from the Heads of Mathematics Departments in 32 secondary schools in Western Province. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used in the analysis. The findings reveal that there are wide disparities in the performance among the different categories of schools as well as gender. Boys’ boarding schools have a lead in achievement in mathematics. Factors mentioned as contributing to poor performance in mathematics include lack of sufficient text books, negative attitude by students and teachers, lack of frequent practice by students and the influence of previous poor performance. It is hoped that these findings will assist teachers and secondary school administrators address factors contributing to poor performance in mathematics. It is recommended that school administrators should provide sufficient learning materials. In schools with low achievement in mathematics, there should be a concerted effort by entire staff to change the attitude of students towards the subject and incentives given for any minimal improvement realized. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8-18</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jane K.  Amunga</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Musasia Maurice  Amadalo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geofrey  Musera</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DISPARITIES IN THE PHYSICS ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT   AND ENROLMENT IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN WESTERN PROVINCE: IMPLICATIONS FOR STRATEGY RENEWAL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">harnessing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">industrializing</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1406539985.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The topic of unequal outcomes for men and women in math and science has been in the public domain for some time now. This study however had special interest in physics because it is an optional science subject in most schools and taken by those confident enough to take on a third science subject. It is a key science subject expected to drive Kenya’s vision 2030 initiative which aims at making the country a newly industrializing middle income country providing high quality life for all its citizens. The realization of this vision calls for the harnessing of the science and technological ability of both men and women in the country; it is a collective responsibility of both genders. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. This paper presents the findings of the study on disparities in achievement and enrolment in physics in Kenya with a focus in Western Province. This study was conducted in 40 secondary schools in Western Province. Out of the selected 40 schools, responses were obtained from 32 schools giving a response rate of 80%. The data collection instrument was a questionnaire. Data on enrolment and performance on physics was obtained from the respective Heads of Departments. The study revealed that there are disparities in enrolment and achievement among the different school categories and gender disparities as well. Boys’ schools have had a steady lead in the enrolment and achievement on physics during the five years. The findings indicate that there is need to have a change in strategies in order to improve performance and enrolment in girls’ and co-education schools.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18-32</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boris Aberšek</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kordigel Aberšek, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DOES INTELIGENT E-LEARNING TOOLS NEED MORE PEDAGOGICAL METHODOLOGY OR ICT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ICT</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">intelligente learning tools</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1408435570.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evolution in computer and other information communication technologies have made also possibilities to develop intelligente computer-aided learning tools for enhanced learning. Today, most researchers in the field of educational technology seem to be preoccupied with either heuristic, the development of Artificial Intelligence application, or the epistemology, philosophy concerned with the nature and scope (limitations) of knowledge and representation or varius learning theories such as constructivism and conectionism by computer program. The enthusiasm to develop technologicall advanced learning tools resulted in technologies with limited application. The need to develop simple computer-based tools to assist instruction and demonstrate its impressiveness to enhance learning is most important, but those tools desperetly need to be designed with epistemological (didactical) knowledge and integrated into a pedagogical framework. 
 The paper presents researc connected with the design and use of an interactive computer-aided learning tool for enhanced learning and the impact of an interactive computer-aided e-learning tool on students learning achievement. The study was motivated by the need to evaluate the use and effectiveness of computer-aided learning applications as they are used in the instructional environment. The mayor research questions that guided this study are: Does the e-learning tool have a measurable effect on students learning? And what is the impact of the e-learning tool usage on students’ performance? The results of the study proof the impact of usage e-learning tools on students’ performance at knowledge assessment. While using the prepared e-learning tool, the score and the time of complete interactive session were measured.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9-17</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paweł Bernard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paweł Broś</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anna  Migdał-Mikuli</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">E-ASSESSMENT OF STUDENTS BASED ON PERSONAL RESPONSE SYSTEM</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">electronic assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">interactive learning environment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">personal response system</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=968796</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tools for electronic assessment are being developed mainly with growth of distance learning platforms. However, the possibility of electronic testing seems to be valuable also in the classroom, which is not usually equipped with computers. For this purpose, systems of remote controllers have been in development for over ten years. The first versions of controllers were operating in infrared technology which significantly limited the amount of data that could be transferred from remote controls to computers. That allowed only using simple multiple-choice and single number questions. Those limitations excluded those systems as an effective assessment tool. 
 In recent years new versions of systems were presented. Modern remote controls are operating in radio technology and possess their own memory that makes it possible to code and send more complex questions. Also, new controllers can operate in asynchronous mode which creates the opportunity for personalization of students’ work. Thanks to new functionality, modern response systems can potentially be used as assessment tools. This fact creates new opportunities and challenges for educators in developing a methodology of use of this tool during various types of courses. Presented results were obtained during the pilot implementation of the Personal Response System - PRS RF during laboratory classes for first year students of Biophysics in years 2009-2011 at Jagiellonian University.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11-16</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Claudia  Gerdenitsch</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EDUCATION AND AESTHETICS: CURRENT AND FUTURE LESSONS TO LEARN FROM PAST EDUCATIONAL CONCEPTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">aesthetics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational relationships</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1405178453.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Referring to the cases of (sexual) abuse and violence in pedagogical institutions recently discussed in Germany and Austria, this article questions the interrelation between concepts of ‘education’ and abuse of power and authority – not only in pre-reform periods, but also “behind the back and in the clothes of reform” (DGfE, 2010). Contrary to renewed reform suggestions, I intend to show that revisiting historical concepts proposes alternative modes of education. Aesthetic education, in particular, is highly potential in the current debate. Using historical, qualitative/hermeneutical text-analysis, I study A. G. Baumgarten’s Aesthetica (1750), which uncovers the fundamental connection of pedagogy and aesthetics, and J. Fr. Herbart’s paper On the Aesthetic Revelation of the World as Education’s Main Concern (1804), which shows the practical value of aesthetic thinking in education: even in moral education, educator and pupil are not immediately or directly correlated but their relationship is mediated by subjects and matters. Furthermore, an aesthetic approach to education draws the main attention to spaces which provide opportunities for development, not to restricting discipline. Aesthetic experience moreover supports sensuality and therefore productively breaks with taboos in an intellectually orientated pedagogical system. All three points are crucial to current and future public and professional debates.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35-42</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maiyo K.  Julius</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jyoti  Bawane</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EDUCATION AND POVERTY, RELATIONSHIP AND CONCERNS. A CASE FOR KENYA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">economic growth</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1406541577.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Poverty has many dimensions and does not merely entail low levels of income or expenditure. According to Sen (1992), poverty is the lack of capability to function effectively in society. Inadequate education can thus be considered a form of poverty. Education is widely accepted as the main exit route from poverty. It is the backbone of growth and development of individuals and the nation. However, its achievement continues to elude many who are poverty stricken. This paper articulates the issues of education and poverty which is related to that of chicken-egg relationships. The study used secondary data from eight provinces in Kenya. The study correlated the poverty headcount with the educational indicators. It emerged from the data that provinces which had less poverty levels (Central-30.4% and Nairobi 29.5%) experienced high literacy rate, high enrolment and low dropout rate, while regions which had higher levels of poverty headcount (North Eastern-73.9% and Coast-69.7%) experienced low literacy rates, and poor academic performance. The study Concluded that extreme poor are denied access to education, poverty hampers learning in developing countries through poor nutrition, health, home circumstances, quality, costs and inadequate resources for education. The study recommends the government to introduce/re-introduce/strengthen school feeding programme, subsidize </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">72-85</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Şevki  Kömür</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE EFFECT OF LEARNING STYLE PREFERENCE ON COURSE ACHIEVEMENT AMONG PRESERVICE ENGLISH TEACHERS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning style preferences</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1405178701.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The purpose of this research is to explore the effect of preservice English teachers’ preferred learning styles and reading strategies on course achievement and other course-related studies. The participants were 28 second-year student teachers from the English Language Teacher (ELT) Education department at Mugla University in Turkey, who were taking the core course Language Acquisition in the spring 2009-2010 academic year. During the course, student teachers were asked to independently read a chapter on Second Language Acquisition (SLA) theories from The Principles of Language learning and teaching by H. D. Brown (2000), develop a poster reflecting those theories, and complete an open-ended questionnaire which aimed to explore their learning style and reading strategy preferences. Students were also informed that this chapter would be covered in the final exam. The data used in the study were student teachers’ preferred learning styles, reading strategies, posters and test results. Using the scores from the final exam, 14 students from higher scoring group and 14 students from lower scoring group were chosen for the study. Each group represented 25% of the total test-taking population. Preferred learning styles and reading strategies were qualitatively analyzed. The results showed that student teachers from both groups preferred more or less the same learning styles and reading strategies. Of note, however, was that the students from the lower score group preferred additional reading strategies that appeared to positively affect part of their test results. It was concluded that learning-strategy awareness and training activities can have a constructive impact on ELT course achievement.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">71-81</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Richard P.  Kimiti</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Samuel N.  Waweru</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">David M.  Mulwa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elizabeth N.  Muema</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Titus M.  Kituka</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE EFFECT OF THE MATHEMATICAL SKILLS ACQUIRED IN WOODWORK ON STUDENTS’ ACHIEVEMENT IN MATHEMATICS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cognitive skills</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">practical skills</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">students’ achievement</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=968805</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Economic status of students, gender and family size have been found to affect students’ achievement in mathematics. However, there seems to be limited research on the effects of knowledge and affective skills acquired from other subjects on students’ achievement in mathematics. The research objectives of the study were to determine whether the cognitive and practical skills acquired in woodwork affects students’ achievement in mathematics. The study also sought to find out whether the learning of similar topics in woodwork affected students’ achievement in mathematics. The research methodology applied was ex-post facto design. The study was carried out in four secondary schools which offered woodwork in Machakos County, Kenya and involved a student sample of 158. Data was collected by use of three mathematics tests and a questionnaire for woodwork students. The results revealed that cognitive and practical skills acquired in woodwork have a positive effect on students’ achievement in mathematics. The learning of similar topics in woodwork and mathematics has a positive effect on students’ achievement in mathematics</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">85-96</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chin Sook  Fui</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lim Hooi  Lian</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EFFECT OF TRACK POSITION ON STUDENTS’ ATTITUDE TOWARDS SCIENCE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">attitude towards science</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=968812</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Attitude towards science (ATS) is major concern in science education due to its positive correlation with students’ science achievement. However, previous studies showed that students’ ATS is decreasing in many countries. Although many attempts have been taken to solve this problem, little consideration has been given to the effect of track position and students’ ATS. While cognitive aspect plays major role in tracking, affective aspect such as ATS is overlooked. It might be one of the factors that contributing to the decrease of students’ ATS. Accordingly, this paper aimed to investigate the effect of tracking on students’ ATS. A total of 450 science stream students and 299 arts stream students were involved in this study. The findings showed that among science stream students, 21 students (4.67%) prefer arts stream rather than science stream. Their ATS level is statistically significant lower than science stream students who prefer science stream and the effect size is large (Cohen’s d = 1.1028). Meanwhile, among arts stream students, 47 students (15.7%) prefer science stream rather than arts stream. Although their ATS level is higher than arts stream students who prefer arts stream, the difference is not statistically significant, with negative and small effect size (Cohen’s d = -.2271). The findings of this study would bear significant implication to enhance awareness of public and educators about the important of ATS in tracking. Moreover, this study would provides useful information for stakeholders in determining students’ stream.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">138-148</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tiia Rüütmann</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hants  Kipper</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EFFECTIVE TEACHING STRATEGIES FOR DIRECT AND INDIRECT INSTRUCTION IN TEACHING ENGINEERING IMPLEMENTED AT TALLINN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">direct instruction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">indirect instruction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching engineering</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1408435110.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In teaching engineering it is important to select the proper instructional strategy for a specific learning outcome. There are two broad types of learning outcomes: facts, rules and action sequences (on lower levels of complexity in the cognitive, affective and psychomotor domains), and concepts, patterns and abstractions (on higher level of complexity in the above named domains). Facts, rules and action sequences are taught using instructional strategies emphasizing knowledge acquisition (direct instruction). Concepts, patterns and abstractions are taught using strategies emphasizing inquiry or problem solving (indirect instruction). Knowledge acquisition and inquiry are different types of learning outcomes and they must be taught using specific strategies producing the desired outcome. Both types of learning may be combined, providing a menu of teaching strategies that help students solve problems, think critically and work cooperatively. This article presents teaching strategies suitable for direct and indirect instruction used in teaching engineering at Estonian Centre for Engineering Pedagogy at Tallinn University of Technology.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">60-75</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stephen  Wambugu Maina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">John  Gowland-Mwangi</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AGRO-DEALERS IN ENHANCING DISSEMINATION AND ADOPTION OF THE “PUSH PULL” TECHNOLOGY AMONG SMALLHOLDER FARMERS IN WESTERN KENYA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">agro-dealers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">push-pull technology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Western Kenya</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1406576579.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Despite “Push pull” technology’s (PPT) effectiveness in increasing maize yields by controlling Stem borer and striga weeds, its full benefits are yet to be realized. PPT involves planting Napier grass around maize intercropped with Desmodium. Agro-dealers are often used to spread PPT but knowledge of its effectiveness was inadequate. This study sought to provide the missing information using a cross-sectional research design to collect data from a proportional stratified random sample of 102 agro-dealers in Western Kenya. A valid, closed-ended questionnaire whose 0.85α reliability was above the 0.70 acceptable was used. Data were analysed using Chi-square at 0.05α set a priori. Results: Agro-dealers’ effectiveness in communicating PPT was independent of their knowledge of it, Desmodium plant or seriousness of the striga problem but depended on frequency at which farmers sought advice from them; gender, education and years in business did not affect agro-dealers’ effectiveness; and those visited most by farmers were more effective in disseminating PPT. Conclusions: Agro-dealers are appropriate for educating males and females and spreading PPT through them enhances adoption. Recommendations: Extension providers should train and involve agro-dealers in disseminating PPT and selling certified seeds.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">118-132</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maurice Musasia  Amadalo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Duncan Wekesa  Wasike</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Joseph Mulei  Wambua</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EFFECTIVENESS OF TEACHING PREPARATIONS ON MATHEMATICS ACHIEVEMENT: THE CASE OF KENYA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematics achievement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematics lesson preparations</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vector operations</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1406539921.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Despite playing a central role in peoples’ daily life, the average Kenyan secondary school students’ mathematics score in national examinations has consistently averaged below 40%. The contribution of teachers’ lesson preparations and subsequent delivery leading to this poor result has not been investigated sufficiently in Kenyan secondary schools. This is especially so for topics deemed to be difficult. The present study investigated the effect of teacher preparations when teaching the topic “Vectors” to form three secondary school students. The instructional plans impact on achievement as well as on skills performance in Mathematics formed the objectives of the study. The Solomon- four experimental design was adopted. Professionally drawn Instructional Plans provided the treatment. Students’ achievement was determined using a Mathematics Achievement Test, MAT. The study determined that the use of the instructional plans improved students’ achievement and skill performance compared to the control group. Consequently use of instructional plans when teaching mathematics was recommended for improved students’ achievement. Emphasis on students’ stepwise skill performance rather than insistence on acquisition of correct answers during problem solution in mathematics was recommended.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7-17</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lydia Cheruto Kipkoech</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jonah N.  Kindiki</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prisca Jepchirchir  Tarus</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EFFECTS OF ATTITUDES OF ACADEMICALLY TALENTED STUDENTS ON PERFORMANCE: AN ABILITY OR DISABILITY?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">attitudes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">performance</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1405178654.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Academic performance is a function of many interrelated variables including inherent study efforts, modes of teaching school environment and family related factors. Academically talented students are often expected to perform and maintain high academic standards. However, students may sometimes be made under achievers. This study specifically assessed academic performance of the academically talented students their attitudes towards teachers and effects of attitude on their performance. The three variables were discriminated further on the basis of gender, school type and age. The main factor affecting talented student’s performance was also determined. Results indicated that most of academically talented students had positive attitudes towards teachers, which significantly (P &lt; 0.05) influenced their academic performance. It was revealed that gender, age and type of school had significant influence on the student’s attitudes which ultimately influence their overall academic performance. Student’s attitudes were found to be a function of 14 variables which were categorized into student - teacher relationships student’s academic inputs, group discussion and student workload. It has now been revealed that academic performance is related to student’s attitudes towards their teachers. It is recommended that schools should dedicate part of their investment on inculcating and fostering positive student attitudes through routine and regular legislation of guidance and counseling and providing an enabling environment for their academically talented students.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">63-70</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rudina  Vrioni</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EFFECTS OF GROUP LEARNING ON THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">group learning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1406576474.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper addresses two teaching approaches that many faculty members in Albania pursue nowadays when they teach large classes: the lecture approach and the group or cooperative learning approach. It describes the effects of both approaches on the academic performance of adult students. An empirical study is conducted with 243 students from the Faculty of Foreign Languages, University of Tirana, who are enrolled in the course of Communication Skills. The analysis presented, attempts to show that group learning provides opportunities for negotiation (of form, content and classroom rules of behavior), which create an environment favorable to learning. In contrast, the large class lecture-centered approach is shown to provide rare opportunities for student engagement, transfer of knowledge to new situations, long term knowledge retention and motivation for further learning. Placing the analysis within the role of group communication in the enhancement of one’s academic, social and personal knowledge, this study demonstrates that when teachers move from primary reliance on the lecture to group learning, they lead their students to academic and cognitive benefits. The purpose of this study is to give empirical support to the use of group approaches in large class settings.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">111-117</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ivana  Cimermanová</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">E-LEARNING IN EFL METHODOLOGY EDUCATION: EVALUATION OF LEARNING PERFORMANCE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e-course</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">on-campus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">test</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=968798</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Distance learning is a phenomenon used in education for many years. E-learning offers a platform that can be very effective, simple to be modified and updated. In addition, it is becoming easier to be administered and more rich and wide in the variety of tools and possibilities. The present study focuses on using e-learning forms in teaching adult students as an alternative to on-campus (face-to-face) programme. It describes not only the results of an experiment run at the university, but also tries to outline several problems that authors of the e-courses face even in case they are skilled, professional experienced textbook writers. 
 The quantitative results of the experiment described in the study created the basis for the comparison of two groups of young adult university students and their verbal responses enabled us to quantitatively evaluate the result of using e-course with the group that is used to take part in face-to face educational programs.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25-35</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1678630499.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century, ISSN 1822-7864
Volume 33, 2011
Compiler</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">148</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1681029183.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century, ISSN 1822-7864
Volume 31, 2011</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">132</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1672567147.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century, ISSN 1822-7864
Volume 36, 2011</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">130</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1672511978.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century, ISSN 1822-7864
Volume 37, 2011</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">132</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1681116487.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century, ISSN 1822-7864
Volume 29, 2011</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">168</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">September/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1678540912.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century, ISSN 1822-7864
Volume 34, 2011</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">172</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1681047715.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century, ISSN 1822-7864
Volume 30, 2011</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">152</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1676913644.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century, ISSN 1822-7864
Volume 35, 2011</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">164</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial Board</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">END</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">end page</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1678802463.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century, ISSN 1822-7864
Volume 32, 2011</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Other</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">144</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Irena Pata  Kapo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ENGLISH LANGUAGE INFLUENCE IN THE 21st CENTURY ALBANIA AND ENGLISH LOANS IN THE ALBANIAN LANGUAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Albanians’ attitude to English</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">English-Albanian contact</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">language shifting</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1406576054.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The intake of English lexis in the Eastern Europe countries has been increasing considerably since the end of their political, social and cultural isolation. Having one of the most severe and violent political systems Albania was probably more eager to accelerate the exchanges with the ‘outer world’ and its integration in Europe. Thus adapting to the international context English language was, and still is, one of the mediators to achieve this integration. From the linguistic perspective what results from this languages contact are the loans, neologisms, and even ‘pseudo – loans’ (Albanian words with the form or the pronunciation of the donor language - English in this case, but that do not exist in the donor language). In this context this paper states some of the extra-linguistic factors (historical, social, political and other factors) which conditioned and determined the language contact between English and Albanian and that would further lead to a considerable number of borrowings from English. Pseudo loans and other new Albanian words created under the influence of English language are briefly discussed under the title of ‘Language shifting’. The study also describes Albanians’ attitude toward English language, which is found to be definitely a positive attitude. Based on the above overview of English-Albanian contact and on some of the linguistic outcomes deriving from it, is concluded that the impact of English language and culture in the Albanian context is of a considerable degree, and that the outcomes of this impact are only at the primary stages of identification and examination.  
 
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41-49</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evelise Maria  Labatut Portilho</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kátia  Beltrami</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EVALUATION INSTRUMENT OF STYLES OF LEARNING FOR SMALL CHILDREN</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">early childhood education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning styles</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=971788</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In order to identify the students’ Learning Style of Early Childhood Education, it has been prepared the Portilho / Beltrami Children’s Learning Styles Inventory which presents 12 learning situations, including the four styles: active, reflective, theoretical and pragmatic. The development of this instrument was based on Alonso’s theory (1994) on Learning Styles. The learning situations contain sentences and images with different ethnicities, cultures and genres. For the trust and validation process, the instrument was initially used on 28 children from a private school. The analysis method called test-retest was used and the collaboration from teachers and researchers experts in the learning field. The learning situations reproducibility was assessed with an estimated Kappa’s coefficient and observing its statistical significance at a 5% level. The second stage of the research comprised seventy-six students aged from five to six years old from a private school and a public city school in Curitiba/PR. The results obtained after the implementation of the Portilho/Beltrami Inventory found that the predominant Learning Style for children aged five and six years old is reflective, both in the private and public city schools. There is no significant difference between the students’ gender and age.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">61-70</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">İlknur  Yuksel</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EVALUATION OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE LEARNERS’ LEXICAL COMPETENCE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">depth of vocabulary</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lexical competence vocabulary</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">productive vocabulary</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">size of vocabulary</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1408434852.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vocabulary is a crucial multi-dimensional component of language proficiency. This study aimed to describe these separate traits of vocabulary knowledge through the construct of lexical competence in a three-dimensional model. Thus, 40 Turkish EFL (English as Foreign Language) learners’ size, depth and use of vocabulary were investigated with a set of tests. The findings of analyses indicated that they had limited vocabulary size and depth knowledge, considering their assumed proficiency levels. Additionally, the profiles of their productive vocabulary in their essays revealed that they mostly used high frequent words but low frequency and academic words least. So, it was concluded that learners had limited lexical competence. These results revealed that all dimensions of vocabulary knowledge are interrelated and it is crucial to handle all in together to understand learners’ needs. In this study, Turkish EFL learners’ productive vocabulary was found as essential to be developed in relation with size and depth.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10-16</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ján  Záhorec</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alena  Hašková</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michal  Munk</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EVALUATION OF THE CURRENT STATE IN TEACHING INFORMATICS AT UPPER SECONDARY LEVEL OF EDUCATION (ISCED3) IN THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC: CONCEPTUAL AND METHODICAL STARTING POINTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cronbach’s alpha coefficient</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quality in education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=939906</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">When considering the quality of education, one of the most important screening values is the information about students´ attitude towards the particular subject that on the one hand is determined by the character of the subject and on the other hand by many other aspects. This paper is based on the widely conceived international research oriented on the comparative evaluation of current state of teaching Informatics from the point of view of specific factors at the upper secondary level of education (ISCED 3) in the Slovak and Czech republics. Based on the comparison of positive experience and diagnosis of strengths and weaknesses in teaching Informatics and Programming its aim from the long-time perspective is to design various possibilities of quality and attraction increase of their teaching in the Slovak Republic. The authors focus on the specification of some factors that significantly influence quality of teaching Informatics from the students´ point of view. They also present an analysis of the questionnaire items reliability used to create a quality tool for obtaining reliable data within the completed international research. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">131-142</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE EVALUATION STRATEGIES OF INTEGRATED SCIENCE TEACHING AND LEARNING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">evaluation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">models of evaluation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science teaching</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1406539867.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In educational literature we can find different definitions on evaluation. Evaluation is the pay-off of description – it is the synthesis of descriptive information and criterial information according to very strict and difficult rules (Scriven, 1975). Evaluation can be characterised as the process by which people make judgements about value and worth; evaluation is the process by which people make value judgements about things (Oliver, 2000).
 It is obvious that evaluation is a delicate and sensitive task. On the other hand, it is not a simple and obvious process. Usually evaluation has its formal and informal sides. 
 The main questions are:
• what is to be evaluated?
• when and why evaluate?
• how to evaluate?
• whether the process of evaluation is fair and objective?
 For an evaluation of process of science teaching and learning there are different strategy and ways. The main questions are: what is to be evaluated? when and why evaluate? how to evaluate? It is clear that for science teaching success one of the most important resources is feedback from students (Lamanauskas, Vilkonienė, 2008). Teachers can evaluate a whole science course, analyse students’ learning needs, and investigate students’ experiences of teaching. Evaluation should be correlated both with the purposes and to specific educational situations. Also it is very important to strengthen teachers` and students` motivation when evaluating. There are multiple methods for collecting data on science teaching effectiveness. Also it is clear that a key to effective teaching evaluation is to collect data from multiple sources (triangulation).</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-6</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thomas (Tom) Edwin  Buabeng Assan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EXPLORING LEARNER UNDERSTANDING OF ECONOMIC AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES’ (EMS) CONCEPTS THROUGH VARIATION OF LEARNING THEORY: CLASSROOM EXPERIENCES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">object of learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">outcome space</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">variation of learning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1405178324.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper addresses one of the fundamental issues in learning and the strategy for enhancing learning within the context of outcomes-based education. The paper argues that the Theory of Variation (ToV), within the phenomenographic paradigm, could be used as a classroom resource to enhance learning particularly in Economic and Management Sciences’ (EMS) education. The article discusses the results of how the understanding of value/price determination of the South African currency (the Rand) among grade 9 (15-16 year olds) was enhanced using the variation theory of learning approach within the phenomenographic studies as a classroom resource. The notions of conceptions, outcome space and object of learning, are found to be key aspects in ToV as a classroom resource. Using these notions, the article analyses the effect of ToV integration into EMS classroom learning activities. It also argues that the use of ToV as learning support strategy significantly enhanced the quality of learning. ToV approach could, therefore, supplement the simplistic outcomes-based learning schemes that overly simplify the outcomes and products of learning and which have received much criticism of late in South Africa.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7-21</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kikechi R.  Werunga</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geoffrey  Musera</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oliver  Sindabi</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FACTORS AFFECTING TRANSITION RATES FROM PRIMARY TO SECONDARY SCHOOLS: THE CASE OF KENYA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cultural factors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">environmental factors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">socio-economic factors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">transition rate</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1406541825.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kenya envisages being a developed nation by 2030. This calls for increased transition rates from primary to secondary school in all districts to meet its anticipated middle and high level manpower requirements. However, transition rates from primary to secondary school in some districts remain low despite the government effort to offer tuition free secondary education. This has been attributed to a number of factors among them cultural, environmental, school-based or socio-economic factors. This is a cause of concern if the government has to meet Vision 2030 as well as MDGs by 2015. This paper reports on factors affecting transition rates from primary to secondary school in Taita Taveta district, Kenya. A sample of 144 respondents consisting of 88 parents and 56 primary school head teachers in the district were used. The main tools of data collection were a questionnaire and interview schedule. Data analysis involved the use of percentages and a Chi- square. The results indicate that an average of 40% of pupils fail to transits to secondary schools every year in the district and the most affected are girls. The main reasons for non transition are lack of funds to pay school levies, early marriages, long distance to school and lack of interest in schooling. There is thus need for the government to introduce incentives such as additional allocations to the poor, include secondary education as basic education, empower the locals through poverty eradication strategies and review the curriculum to make it more responsive to students’ interests.  
 
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">129-139</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ozden  Sahin-Izmirli</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Serkan  Izmirli</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Isil  Kabakci-Yurdakul</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FACULTY MEMBERS’ VIEWS ABOUT OPENCOURSEWARE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">information and communication technology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">open course materials</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=939903</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In this research, it is aimed to determine the views of faculty members about sharing course materials on the web. Seven faculty members who published OpenCourseWare (OCW) are the participants of research. Participants are faculty members from two state universities in Turkey. This research attempts to find answers to these questions: “What are the general views of faculty members about OCW?” and “What are the views of faculty members about the process before, on and after adding OCW on the web?” This research is based on qualitative phenomenological research methodology. Qualitative data were collected via semi-structured interviews and questionnaires. The content analysis technique was used to analyze the data. Results were interpreted and described with direct quotations at the end of the analysis. According to results of the research, faculty members assessed that OCW increase the quality of education and bring new opportunities. Some faculty members prefer to add the existing course resources to the web without any modification. However the others prefer to modify the existing course resources. Faculty members support the use of OCW by others with proper citation. Faculty members also stated that OCW should be revised and updated, and students’ demands should be taken into consideration. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">106-113</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vuyisile  Msila</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FIGHTING FOR PEACE IN THE SOUTH AFRICAN CLASSROOM: PEACE EDUCATION THE MISSING LINK?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">human rights</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">peace education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1405180037.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The post-apartheid education in South Africa is based on the Constitution of the Republic (Act 108 of 1996). Among its aims are to heal the divisions of the past and improve the life of all citizens. The policy is also intent on preparing the learners to live in a free non-racial and democratic country. This curriculum is ideal; with learner-centred approaches, learners are expected to act in the interests of a society that respects human dignity and morality. Schools are seen as institutions that could instill the democratic ideals in a country that is still trying to address the past ills left behind by the apartheid damage. However, years after the attainment of the democratic society, there are a number of challenges that schools face: drug abuse, sexual violence and hate crimes are among these. Recently, South African children have witnessed widespread xenophobia meted by society against black African foreign nationals.
 This article explores Peace Education, an aspect that the current system is hardly emphasizing. Effective Peace Education goes beyond building peaceful citizen; it yearns to develop citizens that can enhance democracy and social justice. There is a need to create proactive citizens who will be creative peace soldiers, who manage conflicts effectively, showing respect for fellow human beings. Teachers and schools can play a vital role in the creation of these future citizens. Some critics perceive Peace Education as a contentious and value-laden approach; however, the society needs strategies to act against the threat of violence that has brought the culture of learning and teaching almost to a standstill in many schools. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">74-85</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sinikka  Pöllänen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tuula Keinonen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Petteri  Vanninen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sirpa Kärkkäinen</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FOREST IN TEACHER EDUCATION: HOW TEACHER STUDENTS PERCEIVE AND RELATE TO FOREST</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">forest perceptions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning environment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">relationship with forest</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=939900</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In a country like Finland, there has been intensive discussion on the use of forests. Forest has a special meaning for Finnish people and also a significant role in comprehensive education. Teacher education should also focus on forest’s role in students’ life. This study describes one approach which could include forest issues in teacher education. Teacher students’ (N=117) perceptions of forest and their relationship to it is discussed in the context of this course. The data has been collected by a questionnaire which the students filled in partly before and partly after their visit to the forest. They were asked to explain their relationship to forest and how they view its use in their future life and teaching profession. For most of them, forest is important. The main reasons for students to visit forests were to seek tranquility and recreation, physical exercise, and to collect berries and mushrooms. In their future profession, they said that they would generally be willing to make different kinds of trips to forests, and be there in order to learn everyday living skills as well as values.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">72-83</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lyubov V.  Cheremoshkina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tatyana N. Osinina</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FORGETTING THE EDUCATIONAL MATERIAL BY SCHOOLCHILDREN WITH DIFFERENT LEVELS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MNEMONIC ABILITIES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">functional mechanisms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mnemonic abilities</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">operational mechanisms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">regulating mechanisms</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1405179086.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">There are the results of the research of forgetting the educational material by schoolchildren of 12 - 13 years old with different levels of the development of the mnemonic abilities are submitted in the article. The  aim of the research was to study forgetting of the educational material by  schoolchildren depending  on their  mnemonic abilities.
The study of mnemonic abilities of schoolchildren was carried out with the use of the technique of diagnosis of mnemonic abilities created by L.V. Cheremoshkina. This technique is based on the method of developed mnemonic activity. To study the forgetting of the educational material was used the procedure, the incentive material of which represents a fragment from a textbook on biology for the 6th form of general educational establishments. This phase of the investigation is based on the method of singling out the semantic units.
The text that we have chosen in a textbook on biology enables us to investigate both functional and operational, and regulating parties of memory. In particular during the reproduction of the given fragment, there is an opportunity to follow various ways of processing and reconstruction of the original text: generalization, concretization, replacement of words, omissions, etc. Moreover, the chosen educational text promotes the occurrence of new details in reproduction as some facts described in it are well known to schoolchildren on the basis of their life experience. The presence of names own, dates, numbers promotes such a way of reconstruction of the original text such as distortion during the reproduction. 
The comparative analysis of the curve of  forgetting of the sensible  material and  the curve of  forgetting  senseless syllables by H. Ebbinghaus  has been carried out. 
The received results indicate the fact that the educational text as a variant of a sensible verbal material results in activisation of operational and regulating parties of memory, and &quot;entwines&quot; in the system of the earlier acquired information, in other words, the system of knowledge of a pupil due to these mechanisms. In consequence, the &quot;curve&quot; of forgetting the educational text gets the other, much flatter form, rather than the &quot;curve&quot; of forgetting senseless syllables.
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">142-165</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FOSTERING RESPECT FOR LIFE IN PRIMARY SCHOOL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary school</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">respect for life</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1405178268.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The respect for life educational process is extremely important for primary school. Psychologists assert that exactly the early school age strongly requires fostering the feelings of love, sensitiveness and help as the period is important for the mastering and establishing certain standards of behaviour. This is the key for the explanation of the different aspects of the teenager‘s behaviour in nature. If the teenager ravages nature, it means that parents, teachers and other educators have not paid enough attention to that age range when a certain standard of behaviour developed on the basis of some habit (Dzenuskaite, 1975).
 The empiric observations, statistic data and other sources of information confirm that we are experiencing a general decline of moral culture that comes along with increased human immorality, expressed by aggressiveness, cruelty, violence, roughness. These humiliating forms of disrespect are extremely characteristic for the present generation, even for teenagers. It could not be denied that fostering respect for life becomes an overall and highly relevant task for our society.
 An important point is to set out the conditions for the child to correlate with nature and on that basis to foster moral and aesthetic feelings in the junior school age. Presumably nobody could deny that fostering respect for life becomes a universally accepted and relevant objective of our society. It could responsibly be contended that society must reconsider its principles of the correlation with nature. 
 
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-6</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sonja  Schoeman</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GENDER AND LANGUAGE IN SOUTH AFRICAN SCHOOL TEXTS: A SINGLE CASE STUDY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">critical literacy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gender-inclusive and -exclusive language</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school texts</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1406612407.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study deals with gender and language in school texts; how it manifested, with what consequences and how it can be addressed. A qualitative intrinsic case study of a sample of school History texts from three textbooks published post-2004 was conducted to determine the extent of the use of gender-inclusive/exclusive language in the texts. The micro-level critical discourse analysis of the linguistic elements and texture of the texts revealed that on the 258 pages analysed, 642 occurrences of gendered language were found. All three selected texts contained occurrences of gender-exclusive language. The generic he and man were less of a problem than gender stereotyping, firstness and omission. Although the raw numbers revealed that the overall instances of gender-exclusive language in the linguistic elements were few, gender-exclusive language persisted in the texture of the texts. The solution seems to be critical literacy. Teachers are encouraged to discuss with learners why gender-exclusive language may occur in these texts and what could be done to eliminate gendered language. The procedure of this single case study could be repeated in multiple case studies of the other school subjects. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">138-148</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dragan  Martinović</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jelena  Ilić</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dragoljub  Višnjić</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GENDER DIFFERENCES IN SPORTS INVOLVEMENT AND MOTIVATION FOR ENGAGEMENT IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN PRIMARY SCHOOL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gender</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">motivation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sports involvement</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1406540795.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Physical education plays a central role in increasing the level and quality of physical activity, especially among young people, with a tendency to such a pattern of behavior one day become life-style. Since that physical ability, level of interest and commitment is varying from student to student, the study of problems of motivation for active involvement in physical activity is very important. At sample of 706 pupils from the 4th - 7th grade primary schools (age 11 – 14) were examined the gender differences in sports involvement and motivation for engagement in physical education. There was a statistically significant difference between boys and girls. Boys who were actively involved in sport attained the highest scores on the motivation scale, and girls who were not involved in sport at all attained the lowest scores. So, raising pupils' awareness of the advantages for health, regular growth and development, have their engagement in physical activities, at least in the most basic form, such as active participation in PE, would be important for girls since their scores at Motivation scale for measurement of involvement in PE were significantly lower than boys, no matter on their sports involvement.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">94-100</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agnes Oywaya-Nkurumwa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">John Gowland Mwangi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nephat N. J.  Kathuri</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A GENDER-BASED ANALYSIS OF THE ROLE OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICES AMONG MAASAI AGRO-PASTORALISTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">agricultural extension</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">agro-pastoralism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">alternative livelihoods</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1406541672.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Maasai like many pastoralists around the world have in recent years been forced to seek alternative livelihoods as pastoralism becomes untenable due to climate change and population pressures. Agro-pastoralism is one of the alternatives being pursued, but there are associated challenges mainly due to the Maasai people’s lack of indigenous technical knowledge on crop farming, and negative cultural attitudes to the practice. Agricultural extension services have a crucial role to play as the major providers of necessary technical knowledge on crop cultivation. The purpose of this gender-based study was to investigate the role of government extension services among Maasai agro-pastoralists as a source of influence and information on crop cultivation. The study also sought to determine the type and frequency of extension contact that the agro-pastoralists receive. The study adopted a survey research design and was carried out in Narok North District of Kenya, using a sample of 153 male and 87 female household heads, who were selected either through multi-stage cluster sampling or systematic sampling. Agricultural extension workers and key informants also provided data for triangulation purposes. The findings indicated the respondents had low contact with agricultural extension service, with 55.6% of male respondents and 66.7% female respondents reporting having had no contact at all. Informal sources comprising of relatives, friends and neighbours were the leading source of influence to grow crops as well as the leading source of technical information on crop farming for most of them, more so for the female respondents.
The frequency of extension contact was generally low, with 50% of male respondents and 64.3% of female respondents reporting a frequency of three times or less over the past two years. Fifty-one percent of male respondents and 53% of female respondents rated the information they received as inadequate.
For the female respondents, the leading types of extension contact were farm and home visits and seminars as well as seminars. For the male respondents, the leading extension type was a combination of different extension methods including farm and home visits, field days, demonstrations, seminars and office visits. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">98-112</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Natalia  Zamkovaja</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Irina  Moissejenko</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Natalia  Tshuikina</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GENERALIZED CHARACTERISTICS FOR THE LINGUISTIC PERSONALITY OF BILINGUAL STUDENTS (RUSSIAN-ESTONIAN BILINGUALISM) GETTING THEIR EDUCATION IN THE ESTONIAN LANGUAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bilingual students</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">linguistic personality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">self-definition</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1405180410.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The article describes general characteristics of linguistic personality of bilingual students (Russian-Estonian bilingualism), who get their education in the Estonian language. As the number of such students in Estonia has been increasing, the problem of their research has been recognized as being of great importance. The data for the article was received through written and oral questionnaire and allow tracing specific social agents for a bilingual student’s linguistic personality formation. By dint of the questionnaire biography data, ethnical and linguistic self-definition, spheres of the languages application, self-definition for the languages acquisition, appraisal for the process of Russian language teaching in the schools given by the students has become apparent.
 In general, the respondents positively estimated the decision to study in an Estonian-medium school made by their parents, they also see their classmates’ and teachers’ attitude as good; however, most of them think that their level of skills in the Russian language (sometimes in Estonian as well) is insufficient.
 Students of different regions in Estonia were questioned, which allows getting a general idea of the matter. The collected material affords to elicit bottlenecks in teaching Russian to such students, to predict and take into account their educational needs while compiling teaching materials.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><orig-pub><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ОБОБЩЕННЫЕ ХАРАКЕРИСТИКИ ЯЗЫКОВОЙ ЛИЧНОСТИ ДВУЯЗЫЧНЫХ УЧАЩИХСЯ (РУССКО-ЭСТОНСКИЙ БИЛИНГВИЗМ), ПОЛУЧАЮЩИХ ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ НА ЭСТОНСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ </style></orig-pub><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">133-147</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sonia  Vanzella Castellar</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Núbia  Moreno</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agnaldo Arroio</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GEOGRAPHICAL EDUCATION: PAST EXPERIENCE, CURRENT TRENDS AND FUTURE CHALLENGES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">geography education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching of geography</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2593720</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">It was in the context of the meeting of learning and concern that took place at the XI Encontro de Geógrafos da América Latina –EGAL- (Meeting of Geographers of Latin America) - located in the city of Bogotá, Colombia, from the 26th. to the 30th. of March 2007, that REDLADGEO was set up with various Latin American researchers. The intention was to create real and virtual spaces in which to present the results of academic research and organize joint investigative projects to strengthen, in the countries of origin, the line of research in Geography Teaching/Geography Education. Therefore, the origin of the network is based on the interest expressed by Latin American academicians and institutions with a central preoccupation: the teaching of geography, its tendencies, problems and possibilities among others to amplify its field of incidence and participation to international level, reflection and theories that favor the permanent constructive action of researchers in Geography Education.
 The problems observed in the classroom lead us think about the manner of teaching and how the students learn. The questioning in common among researchers of various countries also addressed the difficulties in the reading and writing of the students and in respect of geography, how they do not perceive the space in which they live, understand spatial relationships or adequately locate themselves in the place in which they live. Understanding themselves spatially could stimulate students to read a map and recognize elements of the reality in which they live. Many of the experiences presented at the meetings and seminaries show that in general, basic education students, often including the teachers, are not able for example to read a map – its keys –, although for geography this reading is important for the understanding of other geographical concepts. That is, the map has a language that needs to be understood, as in the text of any literary genre, therefore the students need to become geographically and at the same time scientifically literate. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-8</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Raquel Pulgarín  Silva</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GEOGRAPHY EDUCATION AND STUDY OF TERRITORY: POSSIBILITIES FOR INTEGRATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCES TEACHING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">citizen formation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">curriculum</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social sciences</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2594005</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper is based on results of the research project: Guidelines for an Antioquia professorship and it aims to demonstrate the possibilities of curriculum integration that territory, as a matter of education, provides by taking the educational process of social sciences and in particular, seeking to educate knowledgeable citizens of the living space. It is a pedagogical approach where territory as a conceptual resource, is defined as the located area, consisting of a nation, socially produced, always in process and where political, economic, cultural and natural dimensions are identified; these are all conceptual systems that explain it and demand interdependence and complementarity between them when being taught.
 As a pedagogical approach is conceptual and methodologically based on classical thinkers like John Dewey and contemporary authors such as Milton Santos, Gimeno Sacristán, María Laura Silveira, Raquel Gurevich, Lawrence Stenhouse, Carlos Álvarez de Zayas among others.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">112-118</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nubia  Moreno Lache</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GEOGRAPHY EDUCATION: OUTCOMES, TRENDS AND CHALLENGES ABOUT GEOGRAPHY DIDACTICS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">didactics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching and learning geography</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2593980</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This article makes a description of geography didactics, its outcomes, trends and challenges in our society and contemporary territories. Our aim is to make a contribution to education, teachers and all those who are interested in this area by providing some relevant elements for the renewal process of teaching geography at school.
 With this intention, the article presents work and progress in research on teaching geography; work that is reflected in: meetings of researchers, book production, systematization of educational experiences, higher education programs, development of meetings and events. Activities that one way or another contributes to the reflection of geographical education, but especially to think of other possibilities to understand the geographical space and therefore their education at different school levels.
 The intention is to build an academic community to promote and propose alternatives in geographical education, but also geography of the subjects and citizens in harmony with what Milton Santos said in 1995 for the new generation of geographers, students and citizens.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75-81</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ledesma-Perez, F.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION REGISTER AS SUPPORT IN UNDERSTANDING CONCEPTS OF CALCULUS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">graphical representation register</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">visualization</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=968806</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Students taking a calculus course for the very first time have generally had an intuitive approach to infinity, which has likely had to do with “real life” events, such as the infinite nature of the Universe. The students have not usually reflected upon any of the mathematics aspects of infinity and to a certain extent this hampers their understanding within a mathematical context. When learning about the concept of limit (essential in order to adequately build calculus concepts) knowledge of infinite processes is required. Moreover if the task of teaching calculus is restricted to its algebraic aspects without paying attention to the use of non-algebraic representations, it is very difficult for students to arrive at a deep understanding of calculus. It is even difficult to conceive of a student being able to comprehend calculus without having first developed visual skills tied in to building calculus concepts, for example.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">97-103</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kususanto  Prihadi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nizam Ismail  Hairul</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HOW LOCUS OF CONTROL MODERATES THE EFFECT OF PERCEIVED TEACHERS’ EXPECTANCY AND SELF-ESTEEM AMONG HIGH-PERFORMING STUDENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">high-performing students</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">locus of control</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">perceived teachers’ expectancy</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1406612247.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Previous studies have shown that students’ self-esteem is affected by perceived teachers’ expectancy (PTE), which was derived from the students’ observation on teachers’ classroom behavior. It is also reported that students with higher academic achievements are likely to have higher level of general self-esteem compared to the other students in a school. Those findings were supported by symbolic interaction theory, which explained that PTE serves as a symbol for the high-performing students that they are expected to be better than the others. However, little research has been done in schools where teachers are likely to expect their students to achieve equally high or equally low. Aiming to investigate how locus of control (LoC) moderates the influence PTE on self-esteem, this study was conducted in a high-performance high school in Indonesia, where only students with high previous academic reports are accepted. Eight hundred participants were given three sets of questionnaires including Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Internal Control Index, and Perception of Teachers’ Behavior Scale. The results showed that the students’ LoC moderated the influence of their PTE on their self-esteem, where higher self-esteem was indicated by students with more internal LoC. In other words, when their teachers have equally similar expectancy towards everyone; students’ LoC takes over the role of PTE in forming their self-esteem. This finding leads to knowledge that internalizing students LoC is considered effective to improve students’ general self-esteem without jeopardizing their academic achievement. Further practical implications of the findings are discussed at the end of the paper.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">110-121</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pigga  Keskitalo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaarina   Määttä</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Satu   Uusiautti</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HOW TO DEVELOP INDIGENOUS PEOPLES’ EDUCATION? ISSUES AND SOLUTIONS OF SÁMI EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">indigenous people</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary school education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1406611925.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This research presents today's educational challenges of one indigenous people: the Sámi. The data was collected by school ethnography in Norway during 2001-2007 in six Sámi schools. In spite of the many centuries’ educational efforts, the Sámi have not managed to form their own school culture because the current school system has been imported in the Sámi areas by outsiders, namely western educators and missionary workers. Sámi education relates to a whole new dimension at a time when Norway is engaged in another Sámi primary school education reform, while in other countries inhabited by the Sámi people—Finland, Sweden, and Russia—the situation is much more challenging. In this study, results concerning the history-bound and practical problems of Sámi education are introduced. Based on the results, it will be discussed how teacher education should be developed and what issues should be paid attention to in order to develop Sámi education. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34-49</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HUMANISATION OF NATURAL SCIENCE EDUCATION AS A PROBLEM</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">humanistic philosophy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">humanization of the educational process</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">natural science education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">perception of nature</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=971782</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The present humankind has to solve a number of serious problems. Under the threat of the ecology catastrophe, concern for physical and spiritual health care is felt. All our relations with nature turn out to be problematic. The establishment of a harmonious correlation between nature and society becomes an important task. We cannot exclusively rely on knowledge and mind in any activity as these are not overall dimensions. Enforcement of humanism, democracy and being a good citizen - these are common everyday issues in our schools today. The goal of the education reform is to make a school the place for creating a personality and not only the place to pump with knowledge.
Yet human being perceives aesthetical, ethical or other values only when exceptionally subtly minded. The perception of nature as a value is primarily delimited the material interests. Aesthetical values are versatile and serve everyone. Perceiving and cherishing ethical values and moreover, following them is a more difficult task. A human educational process is a marvellous one as it is able to point out the subtle features of human mind and soul. From this standpoint, natural sciences teaching at school are very auspicious. In this case, the humanization of natural science education can be understood as an undivided action of the basic education principles in the training process. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-7</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Angela A.  James</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ICT IN NATURAL SCIENCE FOR EMPOWERMENT: STUDENT WORK OF A DIFFERENCE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ICT</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">service-learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">student teachers</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1408435833.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In 1994 the South African democratic government was sworn into power. A new education curriculum was implemented to replace the redundant, racialised apartheid education curriculum. The Department of Education was concerned with developing a skilled and computer literate workforce for the progressive development of the country to meet the challenges of the 21st century. The research question asked in this research is – How can student teachers engage with ICT for the empowerment of disadvantaged (socially and economically deprived) communities? The theoretical framework that underpins this research is empowerment and authentic learning. The participants in this research were two groups of Biological Sciences student teachers who were registered for a research and service-learning module. The data collection methods included a document analysis of the Biological Science programme, the student work (PowerPoint and research report), semi-structured interviews with students and observation of their interaction with the community. The students used ICT in developing and using their knowledge and skills of research and service-learning at the particular placement sites to engage in empowering themselves with the communities. They also used ICT to communicate their findings for the development of themselves and the community. The personal and community empowerment aspects were expressed and discussed.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">59-69</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Matthew Osaigbovo  Ovbiebo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ILLITERACY AND VULNERABILITY TO HIV/AIDS: THE CASE OF IGUEBEN WOMEN IN NIGERIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HIV/AIDS</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">illiteracy</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1405180147.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">It is believe that Knowledge is power and if literacy has to do with knowledge, then to be illiterate means one lacks power. Since most women lack reading and writing skills in this area, they are powerless when it comes to accessing written information, and this could make them vulnerable to the spread of HIV/AIDS. In this study, the findings supported the literature that women’s vulnerability is strongly influenced and tied to illiteracy. Women’s vulnerability to HIV/AIDS is real and needs to be addressed for there to be any positive progress in the fight against HIV/AIDS. If HIV vulnerability (illiteracy) is not acknowledged and fought, women will continue to succumb to the disease overwhelmingly and Igueben will eventually disintegrate as it will be full of sick people intensifying underdevelopment. This study sought to explore the relationship between illiteracy and the spread of HIV/AIDS infection among rural women. Fifteen (15) illiterate women were purposively selected from the area to participate in this explorative study. The research approach was qualitative. The research was undertaken within an interpretavist framework in the sense that it is a communal process, informed by participating illiterate women, and sensitive to the role of context (Alvermann, D.E., &amp; Mallozzi, C.A. 2010). The design type used in this study is a case study. Data was collected by means of interviews. The interview schedule consists of 10 open-ended questions focusing on various aspects of their views on how illiteracy contributes to their vulnerability of HIV/AIDS. The interview was tape recorded and transcribed verbatim, and the analysis was done by means of constant comparative method (Merriam 1998). </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">97-112</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Katarzyna Potyrala</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE IMPACT OF MEDIA CULTURE ON THE BIOLOGY EDUCATION OF ‘INSTANT GENERATION’</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biology education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">media culture</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">‘instant generation’</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=939902</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The crisis in education is part of crisis of science and this is one of the dimensions of contemporary culture. The media culture addressed to a large audience through technical means of communication is more and more important. Today’s students are no longer the people our educational system was designed to teach (Prensky, 2001). The ‘instant culture’, which main message is ‘carpe diem’, speedy communication and sexualization of life, shapes the identity of young people and their lifestyle (Melosik, 2010).
 The article undertakes theoretical and practical analysis of the trends in biological education, what is presented in the following conceptual framework: /1/ from cognition to metacognition, /2/ from individual experience to community, /3/ from knowledge to attitudes, /4/ from diagnosis to prevention, /5/ from subject skills to life skills. Experimental tests and analyses were designed to verify the research hypothesis assuming that media culture has the influence on biology education of ‘instant generation’. The alternative ways of teaching, including negotiation of shape the reality with students of high school are possible during biology lessons. The conclusions can be the basis of new educational models of ‘instant generation’.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">96-105</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mzia Tsereteli</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Khatuna  Martskvishvili</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ia  Aptarashvili</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE IMPACT OF PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ON ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">academic achievement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school culture</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school management</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1406541769.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The goal of present study is to investigate the impact of school culture on academic achievement level. Specifically, the influence of school management system on students' performance. The study represents the part of the National Assessment in Math. 234 public schools principals were administered with the questionnaire for school principals. The questionnaire consisted of several blocks: the new style of school management; evaluation of effectiveness of teachers' work; evaluation of effectiveness of various school boards; participation of teachers and students in professional trainings, conferences and scientific competitions; various events for students as well as for parents. Result showed that school management system predicts level of students' academic achievement. Specifically, among the best predictors are following variables: democratic strategies of class management, school board effectiveness, popular-scientific meetings, and teachers' democratic approach to students. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">121-128</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kozeta  Hyso</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elida  Tabaku</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IMPORTANCE OF VOCABULARY TEACHING TO ADVANCED FOREIGN LANGUAGE STUDENTS IN IMPROVING READING COMPREHENSION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">context clues</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reading comprehension</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vocabulary knowledge</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1405178572.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vocabulary is important for understanding difficult reading materials. English vocabulary teaching at higher reading levels should involve direct teaching and context-based approaches. Many studies have stated the need for a systematic and principled approach to vocabulary teaching and learning , as word knowledge is essential to reading comprehension not only at elementary levels of reading but also to reading and comprehending the texts students read at university. 
 This research was conducted with 80 first year students studying English as their major in the University of Vlora and University of Tirana, Albania.
 The aim of this research is to give an overview of the beliefs the students have about vocabulary learning, its direct teaching, its importance in university studies and of the vocabulary learning strategies used by them. It also highlights some of the effective strategies used by first-year university students. Teaching and applying a wide range of vocabulary learning strategies will help university students be aware of the importance of vocabulary learning and enrich their own vocabulary. Teaching independent word-learning strategies, including the use of context clues, the use of word parts, and efficient use of the dictionary is useful even for advanced English university students. The conclusions reached are that direct teaching of vocabulary in university context is important and leads to better text comprehension.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">53-62</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Esmeralda  Kromidha</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elida  Tabaku</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IMPROVEMENT OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHER EDUCATION IN ALBANIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">language teaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning skills</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=971787</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Foreign language teaching has been the subject of many changes in Albania in response to the social and economic changes that have taken place in the country and in Europe. The foreign language teacher should be able to teach communicative language and intercultural education. This asks for teachers who work to develop professionally by applying active teaching and learning strategies. Teacher education is the basis for this radical change demanded from the teachers. 
 University of Tirana is working to meet this challenge. Based on the problems experienced, beliefs and attitudes future teachers share, new Master Courses on Teacher Education have been designed and applied in the last two years. They aim at improving teachers’ language and teaching skills by having a balanced proportion of content and pedagogical subjects, teaching practice and research. A well designed curriculum is seen as crucial to teacher education.
 A survey has been conducted on the outcome of the new curricula of Teacher education. The main focus has been to make our foreign language teaching and learning comparable to that of the region by keeping to the standards of European Common Framework of Modern Languages.
 
 
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">50-60</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Artur  Sula</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Irena Ndoci  Lama</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mimoza  Gjokutaj</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF LEARNING THROUGH THE QUESTIONS OF TEXTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quality of learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">questioning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">students’ questions</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1408435301.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Didactic concept on the questioning is a process which is closely linked to student learning, provides interactivity during the process of teaching, enables deeper levels of learning, creates infinite space for the development of critical thinking and many other mental and psychological processes. 
 The dimensions of questioning lie on many levels: the level of the text, the level of student relations and student teachers relations during student group work and other educational activities. 
 The object of this study is the questioning process that relates to the inclusion of respondents used as pedagogical devices within the content of each lesson topic. 
 For the purpose of this study two groups of texts were taken inconsideration: texts of social sciences and natural sciences used in the Albanian school in order to see how questioning represents different levels of the taxonomy of learning and the types of questions designed according to different dimensions. 
 In line with this observation the level of student learning was reviewed. This study gives some research findings based on the above analyses aiming at helping the authors of textbooks and teachers with writing and asking questions which enhance critical thinking and learning.
 
 
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">106-115</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Petar  Jandric</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IN AND AGAINST RADICAL MONOPOLY: CRITICAL EDUCATION AND INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">critical education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">information and communication technologies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">radical monopoly</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=968803</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In the recent study “Ivan Illich Gone Digital: Convivial Information and Communication Technologies for Critical e-Learning” Jandric and Boras (2011) conducted counterfoil research of e-learning technologies. Results of this study strongly indicate that information and communication technologies might possess potentials to develop various radical monopolies, while education might be one of the main vehicles for such developments. Using the aforementioned study as the point of departure, this study confirms that information and communication technologies have the potentials to develop Illich’s radical monopolies and asserts that critical educators have a moral duty to act against such developments. Based on similarity between the position in and against radical monopoly of information and communication technologies and the position in and against the state, it adapts the conclusions developed in 1979 by the London Edinburgh Weekend Return Group to the context of contemporary information and communication technologies. Finally, it identifies oppositional possibilities for critical action against radical monopoly of information and communication technologies in the context of educational praxis. 
 
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">70-84</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ileana  Hamburg</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INSTANT LEARNING ON DEMAND AND COMMUNITIES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eLearning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">instant learning on demand</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social media</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=939896</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In order to cope with many requirements and changes of the labor market, beside a good organized labor market policy, flexibility and fast improving measures in the education programs are necessary. They should also include instant learning on demand by using eLearning, and new IT media embedded into work processes, responding to requirements of work/career situations as well as employees interests and supporting collaboration, knowledge sharing and performance support. Within vocational and continuing education, training on demand should be a good alternative for new staff or some categories of staff like IT professionals being asked to do new work or more work in less time, keeping up with progressing technologies. IT professionals are frequently interrupted during their training with emergency calls to be solved and are often overworked. Communities, where individuals share a domain of interest and knowledge about which they communicate and learn via formal or informal methods in order to solve problems are proper environments for instant learning on demand. Instant learning in communities means the acquisition of knowledge and skills as fast as they are taught or demonstrated to the communities participants – instantly.
 In this paper, first examples of fields and activities which could be supported by instant learning on demand based on eLearning and Web 2.0 are presented. Communities oriented to instant learning on demand and examples of projects aimed also at building communities and strategies for instant learning on demand for small and middle sized enterprises (SMEs) are given. Some conclusions are also presented.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33-41</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Semiha  Şahin</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INSTRUCTIONAL LEADERSHIP IN TURKEY AND THE UNITED STATES: TEACHERS’ PERSPECTIVES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">instructional leadership</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school management</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1406612354.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The aim of this study was to better understand the instructional leadership styles adopted in Turkey and the USA. This is a quantitative study which used the “Instructional Leadership Inventory” for data collection. Study data was collected from a diverse sample of urban elementary school teachers: 157 in Turkey and 150 in the USA. The general statistical findings indicate that teachers tend to develop a positive perception towards instructional leadership styles adopted by school principals in Turkey and the USA. An analysis of study results in terms of the similarities and differences between the instructional leadership styles adopted in both countries indicated that American teachers scored higher than their Turkish counterparts in terms of subscales as well as the total score.  
 
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">122-137</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elena  Makarova</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Walter  Herzog</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE INTEGRATION OF IMMIGRANT YOUTH INTO THE SCHOOL CONTEXT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">immigrant youth</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary school</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social integration</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1406541620.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The objective of this research is to examine the influence of acculturation preferences, sex and age on immigrant youth’s social integration into the school context of their host society. The analyses are performed using the survey of 1,186 immigrant youth and their teachers from 225 classes. The cross-sectional survey was conducted in primary public schools in the German-speaking part of Switzerland between February and April 2008. A generalized linear model was employed to analyze the questions of the study. In short, the results indicate that those immigrant youth who wish simultaneously to maintain their ethnic cultural heritage as well as to adopt the mainstream culture have the best prospects of being socially integrated at school. The findings also show that among immigrant youth girls tend to be better socially integrated at school than boys. Furthermore, younger immigrants indicate better social integration than the older ones. Finally, the immigrant youth’s social integration within the school is supported by teachers favoring an integration strategy.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">86-97</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Richard P.  Kimiti</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">David M.  Mulwa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Samuel N.  Waweru</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stephen  Nalelia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mathew  Muindi</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INVESTIGATION OF TEACHING THE INTEGRATED TOPICS ON DRUG ABUSE IN SECONDARY SCHOOL CURRICULUM</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">integrated topics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">prevalence rate of drug abuse</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1406612016.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The problem of this study was to investigate the teaching of the integrated topics on drug abuse in the secondary school curriculum as a strategy to wipe out the problem of drug abuse among students in Machakos District, Kenya. The specific objectives of the study were to: establish the prevalence of drug abuse at the secondary school level according to gender, locality (urban/rural), boarding or day and religious practice, and establish the effect of teaching integrated topics on prevalence rate of drug abuse. It was also meant to examine which topics on drug abuse are integrated in the secondary school curriculum. A survey study was carried out in Machakos District, Kenya. The subjects of the study were drawn from 24 randomly selected secondary schools. A sample of 774 respondents selected through stratified and simple random sampling techniques were used for the study. The sampling matrix comprised of 24 principals, 280 teachers and 470 students. The study utilized five research instruments: three questionnaires, interview schedule and observation schedule. The data collected was analyzed using frequencies, percentages, mean, mode and median. The main findings of the study were: the prevalence of drug abuse according to gender was Boys’ (11.19%), Girls’ (9.58%) and mixed sex (9.49%) schools. The urban schools had a prevalence of 10.73% whereas it was 9.66% in the rural ones. The prevalence according to status of the schools was: Day (13.84%), Mixed Day and Boarding (12.28%), and Boarding (11.54%). The teaching of the integrated topics on drug abuse had helped schools to reduce the drug menace. The topics on drug abuse were integrated in five subjects in the formal curriculum (English, Kiswahili, Chemistry, Biology and Christian Religious Education), the integrated topics were also taught through the non formal (Clubs and societies meetings) and in the informal (class, assembly and dormitory meetings) curriculum. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">50-63</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silvana  Vishkurti</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aida  Spahiu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Margarita  Paci</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ISSUES OF SCIENCE TEACHING IN HIGHER EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">active pedagogy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">change strategies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">didactics of sciences</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching methods</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=939905</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper aims to propose some ways on how to improve the relation between didactics and science in the field of science teaching in universities. Educating young people in sciences is one of the objectives of a general reform of programs that has swept Higher Education in Albania, due to the Bologna process. But this reform was originally conceived as training for teachers or students rather as an interactive process between these two actors. This paper argues that training teachers with the didactics of science would enable students to acquire knowledge more actively and efficiently. From a socio-constructivist perspective this study analyzes the situation in which vocational education is in Albania as well as the teacher’s role in helping students develop an independent intellectual thought. The results of this study are based on three sources: student questionnaires, teachers’ interviewing and class observations. Data analysis reveals that it is essential for teachers to be professionally trained with innovative methods of didactic research. Their implementation will allow the selection of those practices in science teaching which will facilitate the students’ knowledge acquisition.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">123-130</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thomas  Falkenberg</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">KNOWING MATHEMATICS-FOR-TEACHING: THE CASE OF PLANNING LEARNING ACTIVITIES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematics teacher education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematics-for-teaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teachers’ subject matter knowledge</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching mathematics</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=968802</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Traditionally mathematical subject matter knowledge for teachers was defined with reference to the academic discipline of mathematics. Since the 1990s, however, a reconceptualization of what Shulman has called content knowledge for teachers has been suggested. In mathematics education, it has been conceptualized by some researchers through the notion of mathematics-for-teaching: the mathematics teachers need to know derives from the practice of teaching mathematics at the school level. The study reported upon in this article inquired into the mathematics-for-teaching used by elementary school teachers during joint lesson planning sessions. Implications for teacher education are discussed.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">58-69</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liile L.  Lekena</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anass  Bayaga</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">KNOWLEDGE GENERATION IN EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH: CASE OF SOUTH AFRICA UNIVERSITIES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">knowledge generation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">postgraduate research</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1405179843.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The objective of this study was to investigate forms of knowledge generation in educational research in South Africa in the periods 1995-1999 &amp; 2000-2004. The study was a quantitative by approach. Data from the universities in Gauteng region (South Africa) was extracted from 2340 bound theses database. The results revealed that there are twelve sectors (forms) that have been identified for knowledge generation in educational research.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">47-60</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Murat  Gökdere</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">KNOWLEDGE LEVELS OF SCIENCE AND CLASSROOM TEACHERS ABOUT GIFTEDNESS CONCEPT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=939895</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study aims to examine the knowledge levels of class and science teachers in primary schools about the education of gifted and talented children. As the sample in this study, 55 classroom teachers and 40 science teachers working at the city of Amasya in Turkey were selected, which was conducted within the scope of case study methodology. A test concerning the characteristics of gifted and talented children and a semi-constructed interview method were used in the collection of data. Considering the findings obtained, it can be stated that classroom teachers have a higher level of knowledge than science teachers do. In addition, it cannot be stated that classroom teachers have sufficient levels of knowledge about the education of gifted and talented children. Insufficiency in both teacher groups is considered to be due to the absence of any training concerning the concept of giftedness and the characteristics of these students in pre-service and in-service training processes in the past. In order not to have any hitches in the process for identification of gifted and talented children, studies should be made with respect to improving the knowledge levels and qualities of candidate teachers and the teachers on duty about the characteristics of gifted and talented children. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19-32</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Valbona  Softa</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LEARNING ENVIRONMENT EFFECT AND USE OF TECHNOLOGY IN THE STUDY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">enhanced learning classrooms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">feeling of relief positive attitudes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">language learning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=968810</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The aim of this study is to investigate scientifically the impact that the learning environment has in learning foreign languages, with the main focus English language. This study was based on both qualitative and quantitative techniques of research, by using as instruments of research the case study in a non public language institution and the application of a questionnaire for a number of 230 students. The results revealed that the learning environment in the form of language labs rather traditional classrooms affected the student cooperative skills, interpersonal attitudes of the respondents and also the level of motivation in learning English.
 The results revealed that for each of two scales measured in the motivation test, the average score is approximately 56 out 70, which stands for the fifth alternative in answer choices, a moderate agreement to the statements of importance for use of technology and motivation from learning environment (LE). The students reflected a more positive attitude and a feeling of relief while performing in a technologically advanced environment, like not getting emotional or anxious when expressing in English or making a question in English to the teacher. They would often look around the classroom to find hints for what they had to perform in class or check computers, play the CDs as practical means of operating in the English class.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">127-137</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ana Claudia Ramos  Sacramento</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gislaine Batista  Munhoz</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE LEARNING OBJECTS: A WAY TO TEACHING GEOGRAPHY IN BASIC SCHOOL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">geographical education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning objects</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching-learning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2593999</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The proposition of this article is to analyze Geographical Education from the perspective of the use of the new Information and Communication Technologies, the ICTs, in the context of Learning Objects (LO). Also, how this use is being or may be used in a more effective manner, since in the teaching-learning of this discipline, a daily and effective use of practices that contemplate this is not perceived. The proof of this is that, in recent bibliographical research on this theme from the principal Geographical periodicals and even theses and dissertations (2005-2009), the number of articles about Geographical Education is still small, and even smaller in relation to the teaching-learning of this and the use of the New Technologies. 
Therefore, we discuss the question of Geography teaching, the importance of qualification and the construction of knowledge by the teacher from the Web 2.0 perspective, as well as presenting the concept of Learning Objects and how these multimedia interactive educational resources can contribute in an advantageous manner to Geographical Education.
 Such resources can contribute in a qualitative form, in the sense that they make possible the creation of an innovative environment, in which teachers and students simulate events, create problem situations, making these more positive and closer to reality, concepts often abstract and distant from the students’ reality.
 </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">100-111</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lydia Cheruto Kipkoech</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Salome  Chesire</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE LEVELS OF TEACHERS’ INVOLVEMENT IN MANAGERIAL DECISION MAKING IN SCHOOLS IN KENYA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">decision making</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">management</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1406612105.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Making decisions is one of the prime functions of educational management and in the current educational setup; more teachers are taking management roles in schools. This study therefore assessed the teachers’ involvement in managerial decision making in secondary schools within Keiyo district. The specific objectives were to: determine areas in which teachers are involved in decision making in secondary schools, establish levels of teachers’ involvements in decision making in secondary schools. The entire study was propounded on the basis of Vroom-Yetton-Jago Contingency Theory of participative decision making (1988). This study was conducted by cross-sectional survey design. Data were collected from a sample of 17 head teachers, 17 deputy head teachers, 51 head of departments and 51 class teachers. The instruments of data collection were: questionnaires, and interviews. Findings indicate that teachers in secondary schools are involved in managerial decisions but at lower levels. The study recommends that head teachers evaluate and identify teachers’ needs on managerial decisions in order to facilitate further training on the same. This in turn would encourage teachers’ participation and enhance team spirit in decision making that would result in efficiency in management of secondary schools.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79-87</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitza  Davidovich</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gregory  Agranovich</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yuri  Ribakov</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ido  Halperin</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MATLAB AND SIMULINK LABORATORY – A BASIS FOR LEARNING REAL CONTROL APPLICATIONS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">control laboratory</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">control systems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Matlab and Simulink</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=968799</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A laboratory for teaching computer programming and engineering concepts related to control applications was recently established in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics at the Ariel University Center of Samaria. The new laboratory provides hands-on experience in the design of control systems used in different fields of engineering. The lab offers an excellent introduction to programming concepts and research concepts that are often troublesome for the undergraduates. This paper describes the general approach and practical application of MATLAB and Simulink in the frame of a laboratory for teaching control. The main aim of the laboratory is to help students gain a deep understanding of typical problems in control applications. Students prepare codes in MATLAB and Simulink, based on knowledge acquired in a preliminary course on the theory of control. These codes are further used to investigate and design various control systems. In this way, control lab assignments with models of various physical processes are performed.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36-45</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE ”McDONALD‘S-IZATION“ OF EDUCATION: SEARCH FOR FAST RESULTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educated person</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education system</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">international competition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">university education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1406611709.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The pace of life forces us in getting everything quickly and preferably for free, i.e. the faster – the better. No matter that fast food from McDonald’s simply kills the human organism. The crucial point is that the action itself is fast and cheap. However, I see no sense in discussing the topic of junk food. A better idea is the transformation of the above introduced term into the field of education and debates on “appetite” for learning rather than for fast food. Thus, what are the shown indications? First, it should be noticed that when considering the phenomenon of “fast” training, education fails to retain its purpose, and therefore the systems of comprehensive and higher education appear to be just a blur (Lamanauskas, 2011).
Thus, the international community accepts the idea that more or less the current society is not ready for challenges posed by the 21st century. The activity of being awarded “a rapid” diploma guarantees neither individual nor social progress. The universities supporting the concept of producing similar certificates take a position of self-defeating institutions.
Hence, education is not a game, and universities are not “the playgrounds full of toys”. However, an impression that the number of such “playgrounds” increases along with a growth in the amount of “players” is formed. We can be taught by others; however, education is our personal business. Finally, an educated person who is acclaimed to be a self-determined, independent and strong-minded man the qualities of whose must be inherited by the nation as a whole is our primary goal. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-8</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marie  Volná</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">František  Látal</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Veronika  Kainzová</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jan  Říha</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MODERN TOOLS FOR POPULARIZATION AND MOTIVATION STUDENTS IN PHYSICS TEACHING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">interdisciplinary relations</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">physics teaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">remote experiment</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1406541007.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The project “Modern ICT tools in science and economic disciplines and their presentation” (ICTEDUCA) takes place in the period between June 2009 and June 2012. The project was aimed at improving the quality of the study programmes of the physics teacher training by means of using information and communication technologies (ICT) in physics teaching and show relations between subjects. Some surveys in the Czech Republic show that physics is negatively evaluated by students in primary and secondary schools. In this article it is described some possibilities how to popularize in physics and science education using modern tools. The first part this article describes a searching interdisciplinary relation, which has an assignment to show connections between physics phenomena and human body. In the second part is introduced a voting system, through the teachers improve students in their lessons. The last part of the article attend to remote control experiments, which students, experimenters, teachers or any users can control all our experiments from its personal computer through the Internet from the website http://www.ictphysics.upol.cz/remotelab/.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">112-118</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elena  Vitalaki</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MUSEUM EDUCATION AS A TOOL FOR PROMOTING SCHOOL-WIDE COMMUNITY AND FAMILY COOPERATION IN ELEMENTARY: A PRELIMINARY REPORT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">elementary students</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">museum educators</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school-wide community cooperation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1408435347.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Building relationships among students and their wider community may encourage participation and impact student learning. This study describes the implementation of a three-month model project in Museum Education in a primary school in a rural province of Crete. Observational data of students (N = 11) and their parents (10 fathers and 10 mothers) focuses on: a) what extent students with different educational needs acquired new educational and interpersonal experiences by the investigation of the historical, cultural habits and customs of contemporary children and the children of Minoan civilization, and b) examining the notion of parents’ participation in their children's educational and social school activities. It is indicated that the whole process encouraged student participation in class activities, achieved a more comfortable classroom environment, promoted collaboration with peers, their teacher and museum-educators and created a sense of community. Due to the children’s maximum interest for the programme, parents in order to strengthen the access of such efforts, offered a further cooperation with the teacher and administrators of the program, as well as with other support services that leaded to the constitution of a parent-teacher association and the founding of a new library in their province.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">116-125</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitza Davidovitch</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hadassah  Littman-Ovadia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dan Soen</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MYTHS IN THE ACADEME – PRE-ENROLLMENT PROFILES AND ACADEMIC EDUCATION AS KEY TO POST-GRADUATION EMPLOYMENT AND SATISFACTION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">academic access</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">higher education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1405178393.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Academic education is considered a key to gaining employment and satisfaction. This scientific research attempts to explain the association between the demographic and pre-enrollment profiles of graduates of one academic institution, and their retrospectively reported satisfaction with their academic studies, and with their career. The study, based on a case study of the Ariel University Center of Samaria, Israel, integrates Holland’s classic congruence theory and Seligman’s innovative theory of positive psychology, specifically the hypothesis concerning everyday deployment of individual character strengths. Findings of the study demonstrate that deployment of character strengths was a significant predictor of graduates’ work satisfaction. The interesting finding in this exploratory study is the failure of graduates’ pre-enrollment admission profiles to distinguish among graduates based on their post-graduate employment status or job satisfaction. This finding is especially interesting and scientifically significant in the context of the accepted myth in the academe, according to which admission profiles are key predictors of future success. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22-34</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agnaldo Arroio</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IS THE NATURAL SCIENCE TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAM ENOUGH FOR A CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational innovations</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">global economy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quality of science education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1408435508.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Considering that Science and Technology are in the present day the greatest factors in changing the way we live. They have also made the world very small so that we are no longer living in the confined world of our town, region or country isolated from what is happening in the rest of the globe (Härnqvist &amp; Burgen, 1997). Every change around the world could be connected with change that really affects everyone. As we can see on the last days how the economic discussions in different countries are affecting the entire globe.
 Nowadays it is necessary to take advantage of the Information and Communication Technologies to support innovative methodologies of teaching natural science. As well, it leads to different ways of seeing the world and consequently leads to different beliefs concerning our comprehension of the world. Expanding the experiences as the augmented reality, it is real now.
 A scientific discourse contextualizes reality in a way which differs from a more everyday way of reasoning and the essential meaning of words and terms. So the distance between the everyday world and the scientific world of the traditional school is often so great that it seems impossible for student to benefit from the teaching (Jakobsson, 2001). Säljö (1996) indicates that language use and the construction of meaning are always social processes, dependent on people who interact. Meaning is always relative to options and constraints that are present in social situations.
 Learning in context seems to role an important contribution in students understanding of natural science. Because when students are engaged in context it makes their learning more meaningful.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-8</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">María Alejandra  Domínguez</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">María Silvia  Stipcich</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NEGOTIATION OF MEANINGS IN THE SCIENCE CLASSROOM: PROCEDURES TO VALIDATE THEM</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">communicative exchanges</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">conversational analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">negotiation of meanings</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=971784</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This article derives from a doctoral thesis work. The aim of it was to characterize the processes of negotiation of meaning in Physics classes at High School in the Energy topic. The investigation adopts ethnographic characteristics. In particular it is a multicases study. Each case was conformed by the set of all the classes in which the Energy topic was studied. The four cases studied are considered instruments to analyze the processes of negotiation of meaning. The corpus is made up, mainly, by the audio of the communicative interchanges that occurs in the classes. Interviews with teachers were made and notes of field from the presence of the investigators in all the classes were registered. For the transcription and the analysis of the interchanges some elements of the Conversational Analysis were used. In this paper the construction of indicators is discussed to represent the communicative interaction between the professor, the students and the content. Also, the criteria are put to consideration that has allowed to determine negotiation degrees.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15-23</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ali Huwaishel  Al-Shuaili</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OMANI SCIENCE TEACHERS USE OF COOPERATIVE WORK IN BASIC EDUCATION SCHOOLS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cooperative work</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school science</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science teacher</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=971783</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The aim of this study is to explore the use of cooperative work by science teachers. Quasi-experimental research design was used. This study was carried out in academic year of 2010-2011 at Basic Education schools in Oman. The sample consisted of 25, male (N=12) and female (N=13) science teachers working in 5 Basic Education schools. A 4-point of 39 statement scale observation checklist was developed to find out the extent to which teachers were applying collaborative work effectively.
 Findings reveal that teachers either followed the traditional seating arrangements, or just placing students in groups without any cooperative learning strategies. Findings also indicated no statistically significant difference due to the teacher’s gender in the way collaborative work is applied in co-schools.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8-14</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bronislava  Štěpánková</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Petr  Emanovský</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ON OPEN-ENDED AND CLOSED-ENDED QUESTIONS IN DIDACTIC TESTS OF MATHEMATICS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">closed-ended question</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematical education at elementary school</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pedagogical research</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=939904</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Since educational assessment of pupils is one of the most important activities in educational process the topic of didactic tests is currently very discussed by teachers and pedagogical experts. There exist a lot of factors that have effect on quality of the didactic test. One of them is a kind of test questions (open-ended or closed-ended). In the case of closed-ended questions a pupil has to choose an answer from given variants. These questions are the most frequented form in the world and they are also quite commonly used at Czech schools. There are described the methods as well as process and results of research connected with this problem in mathematical education at elementary school there. The aim of the research was to answer the question: Are pupils more successful solving the test with open-ended or closed-ended questions? Using statistic test of significance there was validated hypothesis that the kind of questions does not play any significant role in the fruitfulness of solving the tests.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">114-122</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sonia  Vanzella Castellar</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OVERCOMING THE LIMITS FOR A MEANINGFUL GEOGRAPHICAL EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">geographic education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">meaningful teaching and learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher training</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2593721</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This is an article analyzing the didactic action and the involvement of geography teachers with their actions in the classroom. This article is the result of analysis of research, financed by the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa (FAPESP), and took place in a public school in the State of São Paulo. The central objective was to analyze knowledge and teaching practices in geography. The discussions presented here are focused on teaching practices – the classroom didactic – aimed at altering the logic of the organization of the school curriculum for Geography in Fundamental Teaching (5th to 9th. years). It also deals with analyzing the teaching and learning of geography, considered most important to the extent that geographic knowledge permits understanding of places and human actions, thereby overcoming a paradigm common in Geography in various countries, of its being a discipline to stimulate learning by rote and description with no relevance to the school curriculum. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9-19</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carla A.  Santos</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Bernardino  Lopes</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Paulo  Cravino</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PATTERNS OF DIDACTIC DECISIONS MADE BY TEACHERS IN PHYSICAL SCIENCES CLASSROOMS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">classroom</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">didactic decisions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">physical sciences</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1408435159.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The purpose of this study is to highlight didactic decisions of teachers in Physical Sciences classrooms. The framework used is teacher mediation of students’ learning.
 Research questions: (a) what aspects of teaching trigger didactics? (b) What are the relationships between the didactic decisions of teachers and their triggers? Are the responses to these questions dependent on teacher or teaching level?
 This study reports on a multi-case study of five teachers from three teaching levels (basic, secondary and higher education). Multimodal narratives (a description of what happens in the classroom, using several types of data collected inside and outside the classroom) were used to analyse the didactic decisions of teachers and to determine what causes them to take a particular decision in the classroom. It searches for categories using open code analysis, and then use cluster analysis to find patterns.
 Four patterns of decisions were found, transversing teacher and teaching levels, and relate them to their triggers.
 It is found that each teacher and each teaching level has a singular profile for decision-making (a particular combination of patterns of decision-making, what draws the teacher’s attention, and the specific decisions taken).</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76-89</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nina  Raud</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anna  Džalalova</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Katri  Raik</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PLURILINGUALISM IN TEACHER EDUCATION FOR MULTICULTURAL SCHOOLS AND KINDERGARTENS IN ESTONIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multiculturalism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1406541722.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plurilingualism as the principle and the aim of education policies presupposes that all teachers know several languages, are aware of particularities of multicultural educational environments and can apply methodology of content and language integrated learning. This paper will discuss how these principles of plurilingualism are realized in teacher education in Estonia which is a multicultural country inhabited by representatives of more than 100 ethnicities with Estonians being the title nation. The Russian language is spoken by almost 30% of the 1.3 million population of the country. Such an ethnic and linguistic composition of the society puts forward a number of challenges for the Estonian system of education – to its system of general education with 20% of it working in Russian, to tertiary education and to teacher education in particular. One of the ways of meeting the requirements set to plurilingual teacher education is the implementation of a trilingual teacher education model with the focus being placed on content and language integrated learning (CLIL) and with language immersion being a part of it. By analyzing various aspects of the model the authors will present the advantages and challenges of its realization. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">113-120</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bożena  Wójtowicz</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE POPULARITY OF GEOGRAPHY IN POLAND AS A SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINE TO STUDY INTRODUCTORY REPORT OF THE RESEARCH</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">entrepreneurship</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reasons for the selection</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">the strategy of education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1406541054.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The number of secondary school graduates choosing a particular discipline to study is, to some extent, the reflection of the position of this scientific discipline and the improvement of its research achievements as well as the economical needs for such university graduates. The popularity of a particular scientific discipline is revealed in the number of applicants wanting to study the selected discipline along with the number of students. It depends on many factors, such as: changing demographic processes, social changes, the demand for specialists in the sphere of the economy, the status and the position of a particular scientific discipline, the personal interest of the individual as well as the formal conditions (e.g. limits of the accepted students, legal restrictions, demanded disciplines, etc.). In order to answer the question how popular the Geographical studies are in Poland, the statistic data of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education was analyzed. Furthermore, the questionnaires among the students of Geography in eight academic centers in Poland were conducted. The research allowed to capture the important factors that had the great impact on the interest in the sphere of the geographical studies among young people. It should allow the universities dealing with geographical studies to develop the strategies of popularization of such studies. The psychological aspect of the made choice had the considerable impact on the popularity. The main factors, which were crucial as far as the selection of the studies at the university was concerned, appeared as follow: the close distance from the university, the possibility of selecting the preferred specialty, the prestige of the university in the rankings, the family traditions.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">119-128</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jaroslava  Radojević</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jelena  Ilić</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dragoljub  Višnjić</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Srećko  Jovanović</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">POPULARITY OF SPORT AMONG PUPILS OF PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN SERBIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">elective course</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary school</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1408435059.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The aim of this study was to determine which sports are most popular among pupils of primary school in Serbia, in order to determine which sports would be advisable to introduce in the classes of physical education to increase the level of interest of pupils to actively participate in PE. The sample included 8120 students, of which 30% are actively involved in sports, 28 % drop out and 42% had never engaged in sports. Most students would like to introduce as an optional sport basketball, swimming, volleyball, football, handball, karate and at least students would like to introduce acrobatics, orienteering, rhythmic gymnastics. Obtained were statistically significant differences according to gender (boys would like to be introduced basketball and football and girls would like volleyball and swimming), success (excellent pupils would most like to be introduced swimming and volleyball; pupils with very good, good and enough success prefered basketball) and sport (pupils involved in sports and those who retreated would like to be introduced basketball and swimming and those who have never been involved in sports would like volleyball and basketball). The results indicated that for the students of primary schools in Serbia basketball the most popular sport and that on promotion of other sports in the school environment should still be done.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">51-59</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agnaldo Arroio</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diana M.  Farías</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">POSSIBLE CONTRIBUTIONS OF CINEMA IN NATURAL SCIENCE EDUCATION TO UNDERSTAND HOW SCIENTISTS AND SCIENCE WORKS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">natural science education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science and scientist image</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">scientific speech</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1408435629.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">It is presented some considerations related to the role of cinema to introduce and contextualize issues as the image of science and scientists and how science works. Cinema can be used as an important tool in science teacher training or education because it lets to establish connections between two relevant aspects in natural science classrooms: the emotional component that allows the audience to establish a relation with the characters of scientific stories (Arroio, 2010) and the historical-philosophical-sociological component which contributes to show a more real image of science in school. Cinema can help to show the presence of different influences in science as the importance of contexts, and to discuss about the presence of some stereotypes, and an idealized image of individual-male scientific work, a neutral science, the meaning of discovery among others. Some movies were analized to establish this possible contribution. In further, according to these results it is possible to compare some important elements of scientific discourse presented in cinema and this one in science school textbooks.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18-28</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merle Kaldjärv</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PRAGMA-DIALECTICS ON THE BASIS OF STATE EXAMINATION COMPOSITIONS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">argumentation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estonian language</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">stages of critical discussion</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=971786</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The present research is based on a study analysing the argumentative skills of Estonian gymnasium students in state examination compositions. The aim of the study is to establish the choices made by students while writing their state exam composition as an argumentative text type. The research considers the implementation of the stages of critical discussion of the pragma-dialectical theory by F. van Eemeren and R. Grootendorst on the basis of one state examination composition (2006, code 356047). In establishing the structure of argumentation in compositions, the macrostructures by T.A. van Dijk were employed as these allow highlighting the macro speech acts expressing more complex speech acts. The stages of critical discussion of the pragma-dialectical argumentation theory could be associated with the argumentation practice used in Estonia. The implementation of the pragma-dialectical theory enhances the comprehension process of argumentative texts from the pragmatical and dialectical point of view.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37-49</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elena Ermolaeva</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE PROBLEM OF DEVELOPMENT OF ABILITIES FOR DIALOGUE WITH THE METAPHORIC INTERLOCUTOR</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dialogic development of students</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dialogic interaction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">prerequisites of the dialogue</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1406576634.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The education of a dialogic person capable of humane and creative interaction with other people, the surrounding world, culture, and her/himself is one of the most important goals of modern education. This paper presents a conceptual study in which the essence of dialogic interaction is analyzed and in accordance with it the main tasks of dialogic education in high school and university are clarified. Particular attention is paid to metaphoric dialogue, because of its role in the educational process and because of its importance for the contemporary culture.
 The study is based on the concepts of the classics of the dialogue theory of the 20th century (M. Buber, M. Bakhtin, G. Gadamer, and others) as well as on some works of contemporary researchers into dialogic pedagogy. We have analyzed dialogic interaction in terms of the struc¬ture of abilities that its participants need to have. We have identified the three main prerequisites of the dialog, closely connected with one another (which define three main tasks of dialogical education). These are: (1) a dialogic relation between participants of the dialogue with one another and with the dialog proper (the emotional and ethical basis of the dialogue); (2) antinomic thinking (its intellectual basis); (3) a procedurally open perception of the world (a prerequisite of the creative development of one's own meanings).</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><orig-pub><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%"> ПРОБЛЕМА РАЗВИТИЯ СПОСОБНОСТЕЙ К ДИАЛОГУ С МЕТАФОРИЧЕСКИМ СОБЕСЕДНИКОМ </style></orig-pub><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">133-142</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sadhasivam  Panchabakesan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTIVES IN DISTANCE EDUCATION IN INDIA IN THE 21st CENTURY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">definition and types</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">distance education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">problems and prospective</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1405180285.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This research paper attempts to introduce the problems and prospective in Distance Education System in India. This paper begins with the definition of distance learning and then proceeds to tell about the types of distance learning. It discusses and analyses the synchronous and asynchronous of distance education delivery system and emphasizes that the asynchronous method is more flexible than synchronous instruction. It also emphasizes that the instructional design, technology and support are the elements which are of paramount importance to any successful distance education program. 
 The history of distance learning narrates the development of distance learning and discusses how it found an alternative method to the then existing effective system which brought the students together to one place and one time to learn from one of the masters. It reveals how the pioneers of distance education used the best technology of their days to open educational opportunities to people who were unable to attend the regular conventional institutions. It also lists and discusses the problems such as lack of student’s co-ordination, conducting examinations, publishing results and other related problems. Further, it attempts to converse on the origin, salient features, and the technologies used in distance education in India. It also brings out the four themes of distance education system and their prospective. Finally, it summarizes and suggests solutions for the problems faced in distance education and also widens the scope of any researcher to further research on the problems and prospective in distance education and to improve the values in distance education system of learning in India. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">113-122</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eyvind   Elstad</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Are   Turmo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Øystein  Guttersrud</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PROBLEMS INDUCED BY AMALGAMATION OF PEDAGOGICAL PROGRESSIVISM AND EDUCATIONAL ACCOUNTABILITY: ORAL EXAMS WITH PRIOR PREPARATION TIME IN NORWEGIAN SECONDARY SCHOOLS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational accountability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">oral exam</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">progressive school philosophy</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1405179678.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The progressive movement in Norwegian education has had the hegemony among civil servants, politicians and major groups of teachers. However, during recent years the assessment system has moved towards increased educational accountability based on performance measures (exams and national tests). At the same time, progressivistic inspired assessment has remained: oral exams with prior preparation time. The pupils are typically given the topics 48 hours in advance and have the opportunity to prepare at home or at school. They may take the exam individually or in groups. The teacher, who also asks the questions during the exam, defines the topics. The grades are assigned by an external evaluator, but the subject teacher should also take part in the assessment. This amalgamation of pedagogical progressivism and educational accountability induces major challenges in education. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22-34</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ledesma-Perez, F.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PROBLEMS SOLVING USING DIFFERENT REGISTERS OF REPRESENTATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">representations</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">solving problem</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">verifying conjectures</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1408434901.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In this paper are showed on the results of research whose aim was to document and analyze the manner in which students relate different representations when solving problems. A total of 20 students took part in the study, students attending their first year of university studies. In order to design the problem, the underlying information in each representation was deemed to be the starting point of different inferences and of different cognitive processes. The findings obtained make it possible to assert that the underlying information in each representation is not visible to all students and that a problem can foster handling of different representations, the making and verifying of various conjectures and the transfer of knowledge acquired in previous courses.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17-27</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Khaled  Almadani</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Norman  Reid</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Susan  Rodrigues</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">QUALITY ASSURANCE: A PRESSING PROBLEM FOR EDUCATION IN THE 21ST CENTURY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">national assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nature of learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quality assurance</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1406541339.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quality assurance in secondary schools (ages about 12-18) and in higher education has been a growth industry for many years, with all kinds of agencies being funded. With apparently endless growth in education at all levels, with insistent demands on more resources, the political pressures in ensuring value for money have increased.
 This study looks at what is meant by quality assurance, challenges some of the current procedures and points to some better ways forward for the 21st century. Specifically, it argues that quality assurance must focus on the key goals for education at each stage with the learner always at the focus of all procedures to assess quality. Finally, the study illustrates this approach by considering what 793 secondary students thought of their experiences at the point when they were almost completing their education journey in secondary schools in the Kingdom of Bahrain.
 The research aim is to show how focussing on the actual learners can identify key issues that need addressed to enrich education provision. These issues include the emphasising understanding and not memorisation, the need for more groupwork and dialogue, restoring the visual-spatial aspects of learning, re-thinking curriculum balance, and re-examining national examination systems.
 The most fundamental question of all is whether quality assurance has improved quality - a key issue for the 21st century?</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9-22</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paul  Snape</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">QUALITY LEARNING FOR TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION: AN EFFECTIVE APPROACH TO TARGET ACHIEVEMENT AND DEEPER LEARNING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">inquiry learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quality learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">technology education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=971791</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In recent times the role of the student in the learning process has received an increasing recognition. They have been transformed from passive receivers and regurgitators of knowledge to active participants at all stages of the learning process. The aim of this research is to introduce and review elements of an educational design for successful teaching and learning in Technology Education. The design utilises a sequenced pathway for successful achievement that details the intended learning, develops multifarious teaching episodes, provides opportunities for tangibly-evidenced student work, and identifies the criteria for successful achievement. It utilises an example of a practical activity that encourages informed participatory experiences to demonstrate examples of good practice in teaching Technology Education. Student involvement in the learning process begins with the identification of meaningful purpose and relevance while their practical work encourages cooperation, authenticity and individual accountability through portfolio assessment. The end result of their endeavour is measured in terms of their success in further developing their technological literacy.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">95-104</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shpresa  Qatipi</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">QUESTIONING AND ITS TRUE VALUES IN THE PROCESS OF LEARNING AND TEACHING TO PROMOTE CRITICAL THINKING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">critical thinking</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">encouragement</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=971789</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Questioning stands at the core of massive communication in general and between a teacher and a student in particular. It is a process teachers and students face every day. It is a powerful tool to stimulate and support critical thinking. Being an active element in the whole teaching and learning process, questioning fulfills a fruitful conversation between students and teachers and the whole community. Since ancient times, Socrates, the Greek philosopher tried to lead his students towards the discovery of the truth itself by means of questioning. ‘Six honest servants have taught me everything that I know; their names are: What? Why? When? How? Where? Who? This is homage paid by Kipling to his six teachers (Reference stated in Aspects of Teaching and Learning, AEDP, Tirana, Albania 1997).
 People ask but sometimes it is difficult for them to get the right answers they have been looking for. At times this is true because of the lack of knowledge and because of the fact that the question itself is not accurate. Questioning is marked as a component part of the four language skills: reading, writing, speaking and listening. It is of great interest among teachers who want to know more about this issue.
 This research paper is based on the experience gained by working with teachers who showed enthusiasm and self- confidence for the application of new methodologies and strategies in their classrooms. The attitude of the Albanian teachers towards the concepts of teaching has changed, so they have become well-aware of what and how to ask while trying hard to get integrated in all spheres of European reality. Brainstorming, pair-work, role play, questioning techniques, discovering lessons have now become an inseparable part of teacher’s work and their active vocabulary as well.
 
 
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">71-81</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jordi Mongay  Batalla</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maria Ledzińska</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ON REDUCING THE DETRIMENTAL INFORMATION FLOOD IN THE USE OF INTERNET</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">information overload</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">information selection</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">use of Internet</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=939901</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Among many positive aspects of the development of the Internet in the last decades, one may also find some damaging ones. This paper centers on the information flood, which any user must face whenever she/he approaches the Internet.
 The amount of information in the network is hastily increasing and it does not seem to have limits. New studies show that the amount of information in the Internet reaches a value near one zettabyte. Zettabyte is a unit of information equal to 10^21 bytes. Any searching in Internet is, ever increasing, an immersion in a sea of information that may bring high discomfort to the users, caused, especially, by the inability to process all the data read.
 This research analyses the issue of information flood and proposes a solution to be implemented as an interface between users and the Internet. The creation of this new tool takes into account the requirements from the psychological standpoint and the implementation issues from the telecommunication point of view. 
 The cooperation between psychology and ICT (Information and Computer Technologies) seems crucial to improve the well-being of people in a as technical a society as the current one.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">84-95</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hasan  Şeker</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">REFLECTIONS OF TEACHING APPROACH-RELATED KNOWLEDGE, BELIEFS AND HABITS ON TEACHING PRACTICE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">curriculum revisions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">student teachers</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1406576245.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The present study aims to investigate the reflections of student teachers’ knowledge, beliefs, and habits about the teaching approach on their teaching practice. The student teachers cannot apply teaching approaches they know and believe both in their lesson scenarios and micro-teachings. This inconsistency observed between the knowledge, beliefs, and practice mostly stems from the old learning-teaching habits. Changing the system alone is not enough to throw off the old habits. We can only “assume” that the radical changes taking place in teacher training programs or education system are adopted by the teachers even if they do not change the knowledge base, beliefs and more importantly applications of the actors responsible for implementing the changes. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">73-82</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Benard Adesina  Odufowokan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SCHOOLS` INSTRUCTIONAL PLANT AND TEACHERS` TASK PERFORMANCE IN NIGERIAN SECONDARY SCHOOLS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">schools` instructional plant</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">secondary schools</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1406612149.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The study examines the relationship between School Instructional Plant and Teachers` Task Performance in Ijebu-Ode Local Government Area, Ogun-State, Nigeria; taking into consideration; teachers‘ educational qualification, sex, marital status and location of school. 600 teachers were randomly selected from ten secondary schools consisted the respondents and two types of questionnaire - School Instructional Plant Questionnaire (SIPQ) and Teachers` Task Performance Questionnaire (TTPQ) were developed based on a four – point Likert Scales. Five hypotheses were generated and tested in the study using chi-square to determine whether sex differences, educational qualification, marital status and location of schools affected Teacher`s perception of school instructional plant. Based on the findings, the five hypotheses were rejected showing that there is a strong relationship.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">88-97</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Svetlana Guseva</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Valerijs Dombrovskis</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vadims  Murasovs</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">REMEDIAL WORK AS A MEANS OF DEVELOPING POSITIVE LEARNING MOTIVATION OF ADOLESCENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning motivation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">remedial work</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">the level of intellectual development</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1405178509.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The topicality of this study is determined by the problem of gaining knowledge and developing positive learning motivation among 13 years old teenagers with low intellectual activity. Since learning motivation and intellectual development are interrelated, the remedial programme, which fosters the increase of teenager’s intellectual activity, may become one of the factors influencing the development of learning motivation. The authors assume that specially developed remedial programme for pupils with low intellectual activity indirectly reforms the hierarchy of motives in the structure of learning motivation.
 Taking into account that all children are different and that intellectual development and learning-cognitive motivation are interrelated, during the research 290 pupils in Latvia have been examined by the use of the GIT method (Group Intellectual Test), which consists of 7 subtests. Out of the all sample group the experiment team chose pupils (101) who had shown the lowest results for the test tasks and studied the peculiarities of their learning motivation. These pupils were divided into control group (56) and experimental group (45), subsequently dividing the latter group into three subgroups. Then two experimental stages were processed: one before the remedial work and one afterwards. The level of intellectual development and peculiarities of learning motivation were diagnosed. It was concluded that remedial work stimulates cogitation, enriches vocabulary and reforms the hierarchy of motives in the structure of learning motivation.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">43-52</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">František  Látal</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">REMOTE TEACHING LABORATORIES IN PHYSICS LESSONS - ATTITUDES OF STUDENTS AND TEACHERS TO THE REMOTELY CONTROLLED EXPERIMENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ICT</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Internet</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">remotely controlled experiment</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1408435928.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This article describes five remotely controlled experiments, which were created at the Department of Experimental Physics in Olomouc (Volt-ampere characteristics of six different light sources, Determination of gravity from the period of oscillation of the mathematical pendulum, Study of water flow in the system of closed tubes, Weather station at Palacky University in Olomouc and Monitoring of radioactive background in Olomouc). These experiments are accessible from the web address http://ictphysics.upol.cz/remotelab. The paper describes a new approach to creating remotely controlled experiments using Web Services from the company National Instrumnets.
 The paper also deals with questionnaire survey, which examined attitudes of students and teachers to the remotely controlled experiments. This questionnaire survey was attended by 74 students of Physics from Faculty of Science in Olomouc and 48 teachers of Physics from secondary schools. This paper outlines our current research and reflection of remotely controlled experiments and it describes the educational point of view of the remotely controlled system.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83-89</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alexander Cely  Rodríguez</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RESEARCHING SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY: EXPERIENCES AND POSSIBILITIES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">geography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">investigation and geographical space</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2593991</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reflecting on research experiences does not only have the intention of socializing some of the findings but also that of comparing contexts and socio-cultural realities that shake up the teaching of geography and about which it is necessary to delve into even more. In this sense, it is also pertinent to be able to compare and contrast other experiences with the aim of providing pathways that will allow diverse ways of teaching, thinking and constructing spatial thought from the perspective of the school. The main outcome of the current deliberation is to compare uncertainties, illusions, projects, and ideas, among others, around school geography, its challenges, tendencies and possibilities. 
Geopaideia research group has spent more than fifteen years to reflect on the current state of geographic education not only in the Colombian and Latin American contexts, but also analyzes the global world with the intention of finding opportunities and to suggest alternative ways teaching space according to contemporary societies and territories.
 Concern has taken special focus on research projects that the group ahead, but also networking and linkages with other research groups in the world, so that roam the roads safer and to accurate and for teaching geography.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">94-99</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Danuše  Nezvalová</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RESEARCHING SCIENCE TEACHER PEDAGOGICAL CONTENT KNOWLEDGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pedagogical context knowledge</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">subject-specific PCK</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">taxonomy of PCK attributes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">topic-specific PCK</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=968808</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) has been embraced as a way of describing the knowledge possessed by teachers and developing models of science teacher education. We try to analyse the possibility of improving quality of science teacher training on the basis of PCK development. The Taxonomy of PCK Attributes addresses the distinctions within and between the knowledge bases of various disciplines, science subjects and science topics. The concept of PCK conceived by Shulman (1986) embraces the idea that successful teachers have a special understanding of content knowledge and pedagogy which they draw on in teaching that content.
 Over the past two years we researched the pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) of pre-service and experienced Czech science teachers. The aim has been to capture, document and share teachers' PCK about specific science topics in ways that may be accessible to teachers and researchers involved in science education. 
 One of the tasks of the science teacher is to help students to understand some of the content knowledge of science. In doing so, Shulman (1986; 1987) posited that teachers make use of pedagogical content knowledge (PCK), a special kind of knowledge that teachers have about how to teach particular content to particular students in ways that promote understanding.We are more interested in finding ways of helping pre- and in-service teachers to improve their practice.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">104-118</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vladimír Bureš</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">David  Griffin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Denisa  Hackett</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peter  Kročitý</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Erik  Kubička</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RETHINKING OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT INTRODUCTION AT TEACHING UNIVERSITIES: THE FRAMEWORK DEVELOPMENT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">knowledge management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">knowledge sharing</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1406541430.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The rapid penetration of information and communication technologies has been the main factor responsible for significant changes in the overall business landscape. Knowledge management (KM) implementation and building of learning organizations have become vital assumptions for a company’s ability to compete in a knowledge society. However, in regards to these issues a lack of attention has been paid to universities as a specific type of organization. The essential problem to be addressed is the tendency of institutions of higher learning to keep knowledge to themselves, which has been proven by several authors. Therefore, questions such as, “Are businesses different from universities? or “What does it imply for the KM implementation efforts at universities?” are considered in the paper. The goal of the paper is to map the changes in today’s business environment, research differences between the functions and processes in businesses and academic institutions in the Czech Republic and Slovakia, and, based on these findings, propose a framework for knowledge management implementation focusing on a special type of academic institution – a teaching university. Consequently, this study can serve as a starting point for implementation of a student-centred approach to knowledge management.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33-46</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Catherine M.  Aurah</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Setlhomo  Koloi-Keaikitse</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Calvin  Isaacs</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Holmes  Finch</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE ROLE OF METACOGNITION IN EVERYDAY PROBLEM SOLVING AMONG PRIMARY STUDENTS IN KENYA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">metacognition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">problem solving</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1405179582.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Metacognition is an important dimension of problem solving because it includes problem-relevant awareness of one’s thinking, monitoring and regulation of cognitive processes, and application of heuristics. This study investigated the effect of Metacognition on problem solving among 150 students at Muraka Primary School, Kenya in June 2010. Students answered a 25-item self-report Metacognitive Awareness Inventory (MAI), and a 1-item multiple choice Problem solving questionnaire (PSQ). Data were analyzed using linear regression and ANOVA. Results indicated that metacognition is a good predictor of problem solving ability. Students showed significant differences in problem solving based on grade. There was also a significant difference in metacognition level based on grade. These results imply that metacognitive ability develops with age, such that the higher the grade levels the higher the metacognitive ability. Therefore, understanding the role of metacognition in children’s everyday problem solving may lead to the development of more effective instruction, by teachers, which incorporates metacognitive skills to help children improve in their problem solving skills and overall academic achievement.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9-21</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Helena  Copetti Callai</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY AND THE DIDACTIC IN THE CONSTITUTION OF THE GEOGRAPHIC EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">geographic education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher training</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2593851</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper discusses the geographic education and, in this context approaches the geography didactics. Those two themes are inserted in the discussion over the school in modern times, considering that the 21st century presents remarkable differences from the 20th century and, the main one maybe is the speed of the information. It constitutes, then a new spatiality as a consequence of the globalization processes that demarcate the places where people live and lead them to incorporate a new kind of demand. The students (children and teenagers) arrive at school at this time presenting expectations that the school is not always able to fulfill. Those questions are discussed and, from the referential supports are presented extracts from a research conducted with docents and undergraduate students from licentiate program, in which emerge the tensions between the academic and docent interest, between the university and the school, among many others.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39-47</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arkadiusz  Urbanek</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SCHOOL PREVENTION AGAINST SUICIDAL BEHAVIOUR ON THE BASIS OF DATA INCLUDED IN GOOD-BYE LETTERS OF MINOR SUICIDES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">good-bye letter</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">prevention</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suicide</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=971792</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This article tackles the issue of reconstructing the circumstances of suicides committed among adolescents aged 14,15 and 17, on the basis of analysis of good-bye letters and the discourse of life stories of individual cases. The presented research procedure focuses on capturing linguistic categories conveyed within the statements of young suicides’ good-bye letters. Abstracting adequate linguistic categories from the entire content has been combined with analysis of their meaningfulness and context in entire statement, hence enabling reconstruction of the interpretation applied by the young suicides while perceiving themselves and the reality around. The methodology implied model of hermeneutic analysis of statements with additional usage of categorizing affiliation method. Conclusions from the research are of practical value, contributing to the issues of early prevention under circumstances of suicidal behaviour, constituting relevant source of practical knowledge for teachers and tutors. The research into young suicide’s statements provides material which may in its practical dimension establish aspects crucial for school discussions facilitating expressions of own interpretation and judgments, as well as making teachers aware of various signals sent out by the pupils. The research results embrace linguistic categories expressed in letters, with presentation of their description and the context. Concurrently those constitute clear information about inadequate ways of interpreting the reality, additionally revealing number of similarities in communication patterns among the suicides. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">105-121</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE SCIENCE EDUCATION TOOLS AND WAYS OF PRODUCING THEM IN THE COOPERATION PROCESS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational process</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science knowledge</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1405179519.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The content of natural science education gives a chance to the dynamics and structure of the educational process. However, the adaptation of natural science knowledge system depends on both the teacher (choosing and applying teaching methods and forms, etc.) and the pupil (the methods of learning, motivation, general abilities). The diversity of teaching and learning content, forms and methods, activities are typical of natural science education. All that makes the educational process effective: develop intellectual knowledge and skills, set out conditions for intense pupils’ activities, shape thinking, foster aesthetic feelings, etc.
 There are different strategies and methods for teaching science. Also there are many different ways in which science teachers can effectively teach students. The problem consists in that how to choose the most effective methods and strategy in each concrete situation. It is obvious, that the information itself is known as the content; how that content is shared in a classroom is dependent on the teaching methods. For example, lecture is a way of providing students with basic knowledge. On the other hand it is well known that lecture has the least impact on students as well as the lowest level of student involvement. It is not so good from point of view of constructivistic teaching. The one of the main points of constructivistic approach is to increase the level of impact and involvement for students. It is clear that reflective inquiry has the highest level of student involvement. On the other hand, reflective inquiry offers opportunities for students to use knowledge in a productive and meaningful way. It is important to notice that teachers should recognize from their practice that inquiry-oriented approach brings deeper understanding, better results of students and their higher motivation and interest to study science (Nezvalova, 2011). Different methods can be effectively used in science teaching: lecture, reading information, audio-visual presentation, demonstration, observation, field trips, interviewing, brainstorming, small group discussions, experimenting, problem-solving activities etc.  
 
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-8</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diana   Liepa</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SELF ASSESSMENT CRITERIA OF INTEGRATED FOREIGN LANGUAGE ACQUISITION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">higher education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">integrated foreign language acquisition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">self assessment</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1405178794.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tendencies in the labour market are indicative of the fact that foreign language mastery and its professional usage are indispensable, which manifests itself in different levels of particular language skills (listening, reading, taking part in conversations, monologue, and writing). 
 Aim of the study - to provide criteria, levels and indicators of the self-assessment of foreign language proficiency. In the study, the author analyses theoretical sources and research data. Using statistical methods the results were analyzed on the basis of the examination of the interplay of data by means of the quantitative statistical program SPSS 17, 0 (Statistical package for Social Sciences). In the present research a personalized approach to the assessment of language proficiency level has been adopted. The language proficiency level of each language learner is assessed separately without the juxtaposition of different language learners. To broaden students' experience the self-assessment criteria of language learners' language proficiency established pursuant to the language proficiency levels of European Framework of Reference can be applied. It can be concluded that majority of language learners admit the necessity to perfect the level of language because they encounter difficulties to use oral and written communication in their professional field. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">89-101</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aija  Peršēvica</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE TEACHERS JOB SATISFACTION IN THE PROCESS OF ASSURING QUALITY EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quality of education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teachers job satisfaction</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1406612202.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The aim of this research is to demonstrate the situation in teacher job satisfaction in the state and to study correlations between the job satisfaction of teachers and quality of education, thereby showing the importance of teachers’ emotional feelings in the process of assuring quality education. The research data were collected at 5 schools with high achievements of the pupils in the mandatory centralised national examinations and at 6 schools with low results demonstrated by the pupils. As a result of the research, it was concluded that teachers are mostly satisfied with the chosen profession. An analysis of the identified correlations between job satisfaction and quality of education showed that there is significant correlation between several levels of interpersonal relationships and various aspects of quality. The obtained results the significance of the pedagogical resource in provision of education as well as allows to identify the scales of teacher job satisfaction with lower ratings which should be improved to significantly improve the overall satisfaction of teachers with their job.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">98-109</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Olga  Denac</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barbara  Sicherl Kafol</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branka  Čagran</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SLOVENE TEACHERS’ ATTITUDES OF ARTS AND CULTURAL EDUCATION IN PRIMARY SCHOOL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">arts and cultural education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary school</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teachers’ attitudes</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1406611845.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Primary school teachers (342 in total) from all over Slovenia were questioned on their attitude towards arts and cultural education. The results of the study show that the teachers were most unanimous in regard to the importance of team planning in educational work in the field of the arts and the importance of cultural education for the life of an individual and society; this was followed by measures for raising the quality of arts and cultural education in primary school and the content of teacher training programs. Statistically significant differences in the teachers’ attitudes occurred with respect to their age and teaching position (class teacher and subject teacher). Unlike their younger colleagues and subject teachers, older teachers and class teachers expressed a more positive view of arts and cultural education.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24-33</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SOME ASPECTS OF NATURAL SCIENCE LITERACY AND COMPETENCE OF PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">holistic concept</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary school</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary school teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">scientific literacy</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1408434804.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Natural science competence of primary school teachers is one of the constituent parts of general professional competence. It is obvious that the students, would-be teachers (future teachers) of primary school, should receive considerably high education in the field of natural science education in the process of studies. Working primary school teachers should also develop their professional competence.
 One of the most significant types of competence is supposed to be the one of primary natural science. The other types of competence (pedagogic, professional, objective, social, methodic, business, etc.) seem to be also consequential. However, the process of studies, as a rule, devotes much attention to the pedagogic-psychologic issues. The primary school teachers teach all subjects, and therefore their training is complex, specific and requires a carefully considered strategy. Primary school teacher training experience in Lithuania allows to state that natural science competence is minimum developed as it is not given enough attention. Similar problems can be noticed in other countries.
A holistic concept (Holism is an attitude that requires to perceive a phenomenon as a particular single wholeness that is not equal to the total amount of its constituents; it is the evolution theory declaring that the unknowable wholeness of the world determines its creative evolution) of natural phenomena is supposed to be highly important to primary natural science competence of the teacher. Finally, it is important to stress that natural science teaching in primary school be powerful and purposeful. It is obligatory to avoid the marginalization of natural science education (teaching and learning) at the primary school level. Natural science education in primary schools, by contrast, must be consistent and efficient, because it is the basis for deeper study of the natural sciences in secondary and higher education.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-9</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Valentin Cosmin  Blândul</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SOME ASPECTS REGARDING CONTINUED TEACHER TRAINING FROM BIHOR COUNTY, ROMANIA, USING E-LEARNING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continued training</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e-learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teachers’ attitude</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=968797</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">According to the European Commission, e-learning can be defined as the use of new multimedia technologies and the Internet to improve the quality of the learning process, access to resources and services, as well as remote exchanges and collaboration. Therefore, e-learning can be understood as an innovative, interactive and student-centred approach to the educational process. Although the advantages of e-learning are obvious, in Romania the e-learning system is only in its initial stage, and the process of teachers’ continued training is almost nonexistent. This research is an important activity within the project entitled &quot;Inter-regional network of e-learning training for teachers in pre-academic education&quot;, which aims to provide teachers with the opportunity to browse on-line courses for life-long /continued education. The objective of this study was to explore teachers' opinions on the usefulness of information technologies, as well as on the difficulties and the opportunities that arise from using these new technologies for continued training. The sample consisted of 200 teachers who teach in preschools and in primary schools in Bihor County, Romania. As research method a 14 item questionnaire was used, out of which only 4 were analysed within this research. The results of the study show that most teachers use computers for accessing and processing information, their main difficulties being related to the absence of direct and immediate feedback, while the main advantages are given by the special opportunities for personal and professional development. In such circumstances, regardless of chronological age, training teachers using e-learning is a huge challenge, since 79% of the respondents answered that they wanted to participate in such educational programs.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17-24</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SOME FEATURES ABOUT THE ISSUE OF FALSIFIED EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education quality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">falsified education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">transparency</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1406541275.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The phenomenon of falsification is becoming more and more interesting and relevant. This phenomenon is related to all educational areas. Such important areas as quality of education, management and funding of education, recognition of qualifications etc. are often susceptible to falsification. 
 Recently, careful attention is paid to the questions of education quality. The systems of quality management are created, services are certified etc. However, along the process of modernization the degradation of education is taking place. Falsification hints are accepted as evidences of degrading education. At present, the problem occurs due to actual insufficient data on the conception of the degradation of education and the actuality of the latter phenomenon in the Lithuanian education system.
From the teachers’ point of view, the conception of falsification can be expressed through distortions in national education policy and bureaucracy. The main factors determining the falsified education are corruption in Government institutions, opaque competition between educational establishments, falsified documentation and ineffective teachers and executives’ attestation. The main factors determining the insufficient quality of education are the wrong use of money, inconsistent educational curricula, complexity of educational content, ineffective evaluation system and too many students at school and in the classroom etc. (Lamanauskas, Aleknaitė, 2008).
Obviously, the problem field of falsified education is rather wide. So, there is the need for open and thorough debate on this issue. Openness and transparency are two crucial keys in this problem solving. Thus, while proceeding with changes in education, publicity and discussions involving the whole society in this process are necessary. On the other hand, education structures are not flexible enough and fail to conform to fragmental changes. Coherent motivated reorganization based on scientific research is needed.  
 
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-8</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eldina  Nasufi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sonila  Sadikaj</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SOME VIEWPOINTS OF UNIVERSITY RESEARCHERS ABOUT INTERCULTURALITY IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">discourse analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">foreign languages</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">university researchers</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1408434952.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The concept of interculturality in foreign language teaching in Albania has been introduced in the last five years and as a result a lot has been written about it. Doing a discourse analysis of university researchers and teachers can help to learn about the concept they have about interculturality which affects the quality of teaching interculturalità in Albania. The corpus analyzed in this paper includes all the papers published in &quot;Revista Pedagogjike&quot;, published in Albania which deals with teaching issues and all the international papers related to interculturality from 2005 to 2010. The method of the written discourse analysis of the French School &quot;analyse de discours&quot; will be used. According to this analysis there is a great tendency to excessive theory about this issue, a lack of adapting this concept in the Albanian contexte, and not very good results in conceptualizing language textbooks that include interculturality, but there has been an increasing interest in adapting it in class practice.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28-36</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Philip J.  Gersmehl</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carol A.  Gersmehl</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SPATIAL THINKING: WHERE PEDAGOGY MEETS NEUROSCIENCE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">map interpretation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spatial association</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spatial thinking</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2593859</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Much of geographic education is a process of training students to think geographically when they look at a photo, map, or other spatial representation. Research on human cognition, however, has undergone a revolution in the past 20 years. Before the 1990s, human brain research consisted mainly of finding people whose brains had been damaged by strokes or in wars or industrial accidents, and measuring what kinds of &quot;thinking” they could no longer do. Then, several new brain-scanning technologies made it possible to observe brain activity as people did various activities. That kind of research clearly shows that spatial thinking is a complex process. A skilled map reader appears to engage different brain structures in order to compare places, delimit regions, describe spatial patterns or transitions, recognize spatial associations, identify spatial hierarchies, and so forth. That fact has implications for curriculum development, educational materials design, and student assessment. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">48-66</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Salomea A.  Popoviciu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anna  Barbu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Damaris  Costea</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lavinia  Culda</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sergiu  Culda</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STUDENTS’ DESIRE TO ENGAGE IN COGNITIVE ACTIVITIES, FAMILY OF ORIGIN CHARACTERISTICS AND NEED FOR COGNITION SCORES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cognitive activities</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">family of origin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">need for cognition</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1406576193.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In this research 30 graduate students were asked to complete the Need for Cognition Scale. The individual scores were compared with: (1) school performance and the desire to engage in cognitive activities measured by: grade point average, the last three books read and interest in recent social events; (2) number of members in family of origin—especially the number of siblings—parental educational attainment, perceived cognitive abilities of siblings, rural-urban differences and parental encouragement of education; (3) gender, age and sibling position. A qualitative analysis of students’ subjective perspectives on need for cognition scores was also included. The results of this research show that participants with a higher need for cognition were more likely to have a higher level of school performance and a greater desire to engage in effortful cognitive activities. Participants that had a higher sibling position, parents with a higher level of educational attainment and that came from an urban background scored higher on need for cognition scale. Participants with a lower need for cognition had a larger number of siblings and perceived the cognitive abilities of siblings as higher. Parental encouragement of education, gender and age of participants were unrelated to the need for cognition scores.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">62-72</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miro  Puhek</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Matej  Perše</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andrej  Šorgo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STUDENTS’ PERCEPTIONS OF REAL AND VIRTUAL FIELD WORK IN BIOLOGY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biology education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">field work</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">virtual field trips</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1408436024.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The outdoor education is a method of learning with the exposure to (not exclusively) the natural environment that combines all human senses. Students tend to acknowledge a very positive effect of this kind of learning. It is easier and more memorable to connect the theory with practice, when they see things in nature, rather than to just hear about them in the classroom. Despite its popularity, teachers face various obstacles when they take their students outdoors. Although the outdoor education is included in the Slovenian primary and lower secondary school curriculum, the percentage is not high enough, which depends on various reasons. Teachers defined lack of time, suitability of area around the school, not enough instruments for field work and to expanded curriculum as the main reasons for not including field work in the classes. Some of these obstacles could be solved by implementation of information and communication technology (ICT) into the biology and ecology classes. 
 In this research the results of 192 students’ point of view on the importance of field work, obstacles of that kind of work and the ICT as a solution to support or replace the real field works are presented. All questioned students were prospective teachers, so sooner or later majority of them will face issues connected to the field work and possibilities to solve them with the help of ICT.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">98-108</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Natalia Vronskaya</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STUDY PROGRAM “HOME ENVIRONMENT AND INFORMATICS IN EDUCATION” DEVELOPING OPPORTUNITIES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">household and home economic studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ICT</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">integration methodology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=971793</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The aim of the research is to clear up the necessity of the information and communication technologies (ICT) integration methodology, offered by author, in the household and home economic education. Studies with the ICT integration methodology, worked out by author, include: 1) possibilities of unassisted and intensive household, home economic and informatics mutual integration providing and development; 2) diversifying and improving of study methods; 3) extended application of ICT. Worked out ITC integration methodology was evaluated with analytic hierarchy process (AHP), by comparing defined criterions and sub-criterions coupled together in relation to set aims. According to global priority summary of experts, it is possible to conclude, that the highest total rating have alternative studies with the global priority vector of ICT integration methodology – 0.393. As well as compliance with study content based on criterions (0.321) and the effectiveness of studying (0.248) the first place takes alternative studies with ICT integration methodology. It means, that worked out and offered by author ICT integration methodology is necessary in household and home economic studies. 
 
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">122-130</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lana de Souza  Cavalcanti</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TEACHER DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE IN GEOGRAPHY: GUIDELINES FOR A GRADUATION PROJECT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">geography teaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher’s development</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2593724</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The text introduces an argument about teachers’ development and practice in Geography, trying to summarize some already reached advancements and highlighting some problems that should be better analyzed in order to improve the quality of this development. Taking the current legislation about teachers’ development courses in Brazil and their theoretical fundaments for granted, the article brings up principles of professional development to serve practice demands, such as the theoretical and practice integration in education projects, the research as an important education component and the school Geography problematization. Based in surveys that took place in post graduations in the country and to comprehend the practice challenges better, the text analyses approaches to the most indicated geographic content about Geography teaching and searches to apprehend daily difficulties faced by Geography teachers. Based in such argument, the text presents, yet, a set of topics to be considered in the graduation projects.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20-29</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Albana  Shijaku</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TEACHER GENDER-RELATED INTERACTION IN UNIVERSITY CONTEXT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biased language</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gender equity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher’s role</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1408435211.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gender equity has always been a broadly discussed issue. The number of studies and publications nowadays shows that this issue will prevail for a long period of time. There are controversies on gender equity in the Albanian society as well. The perception that males do better than females in many fields, persists even in our academic environments. Sometimes teachers unconsciously encourage male domination in the classroom by giving them more attention than females.
 This research explores teacher-student and student-student interaction, focusing on gender and teacher communication style regarding it. The analysis is based on data collected from the observation of the classroom interaction in two university classes, slightly dominated by males. They are monitored over a period of 15 weeks. The aim is to show how the language used in interactions contributes to gender inequity. It is also observed whether the teachers are aware of their interaction regarding gender bias.
 The results indicate conclusions fairly different from what theory suggests. Although teachers are educated to promote gender equity they rarely do it.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">90-98</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Milena  Janakova</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TEACHING ACTIVITY ANALYSIS AND SIMULATION SYNERGY FOR BETTER QUALITY OF EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">information</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Petri nets</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=939897</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The objective of study was education system options such as Moodle. Education systems offer many activities with various procedures for implementation within a course. The benefit is an advantage of the relatively large variety of options, but the question stands on their utility and complexity of implementation. For the evaluation of individual activities, they must accept the dynamic and diverse needs of students. A good starting point is the variety of teaching materials and the addition of such activities such as Database, Glossary, or Link to file or web. An analysis of these options is realized by Petri Nets with support simulation. The profit is the availability of an additional analysis with an incidence matrix and reachable markings. Realized analysis confirms a less important of Database and Glossary activities compared with Link to file or web, or Test.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">42-48</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sérgio  Claudino</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TEACHING GEOGRAPHY IN PORTUGAL: GOING BACK TO THE FUTURE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">challenges</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">classroom procedures</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2593848</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The teaching of Geography in Portugal is going through a period of crisis. The educational authorities recently joined together initial Geography teacher education and initial History teacher education which means that the two subjects are likely to be integrated. The programmes being followed today reveal several contradictions among themselves, mainly because they have overlapping texts produced at different dates and with various approaches and rely on school textbooks that fail to reflect the development of the competences defended by the educational authorities. The Geography Teachers Association launched a manifesto in 2010 in defence of Geography education. In renewing Geography education in Portugal and restoring the projection it enjoyed during the 19th century when it clearly adopted some of the targets deemed important by the society of the time, demands were made for more thorough-going didactic research and for closer dialogue with the institutions and their school actors. On the other hand, it is also necessary to call upon geographical information technologies that are central to a subject which deals with mapping out the country. Last but not least, it is urgent to promote an active sense of territorial citizenship thereby responding to a growing appeal for the population to participate in community decision-making in the sphere of governance.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30-38</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ján  Záhorec</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alena  Hašková</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adriana  Nagyová</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TEACHING INFORMATICS AT UPPER SECONDARY LEVEL OF EDUCATION (ISCED 3A) IN THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC: EVALUATION OF THE CURRENT STATE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quality in education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school subject informatics</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1408436123.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A key aspect for evaluation of a school subject teaching, which is applied in the majority of EU countries, is filling the school curricula with the content subject mater, the extent of their connection with practice and its needs and impulses, compatibility and comparability in the European education area. The paper is based on a widely conceived international research oriented on the comparative evaluation of the current state of teaching the school subject informatics from the point of view of specific factors at the upper secondary level of education (ISCED 3A) in three EU countries - Slovak Republic, Czech Republic and Belgium. The authors describe statistical processing of the collected data and present quantitative and qualitative analyses of the obtained research results.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">119-128</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Suobere T.  Puyate</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Iheanyi Nwokanma  Okwakpam</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TECHNICAL TEACHERS’ FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">academic performance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">industrial education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">technical education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1406540958.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The study on technical teachers’ factors that influence student’s academic performance in industrial education programme in Rivers State, Nigeria was carried out in Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria and Rivers State University of Education, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. The population for the study comprised all students undergoing industrial programme while sample size used for study was 206 students, which comprises 96 students for Rivers State University of Science and Technology and 110 students for University of Education. The only instrument used for the study was the questionnaire. Two research questions and one null hypothesis where posed and tested for the study. The Findings of the study imply that, workshop spaces are inadequate, teacher in both institutions do not use instructional materials always, teachers do not select and use the most appropriate techniques in lesson delivery. Based on the findings, some recommendations were made. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">101-111</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasma  Ulmane-Ozolina</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TECHNOLOGY USE FOR COLLABORATION IN BLENDED LEARNING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">blended learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">collaborative learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e-learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">higher education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1406576325.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">E-learning traditionally is seen as individually oriented learning. The main effort was on creation of effective learning materials. Development of information and communication technologies (ICT) is bringing new possibilities for e-learning mainly on the area of collaboration. The idea of collaborative learning in e-learning becomes more popular. The main question for research is - is it possible or appropriate to use technology for collaborative learning in blended-learning settings at Liepaja University. Research based on partly structured interviews with lecturers about their experience and future view of usage of ICT as a tool for collaborative learning. Case studies of e-learning part of blended learning shows that lecturers still using e-learning tools mainly for content delivering. And for the future they still see e-learning as tool to make learning materials available. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83-91</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TEN THESES ON MODERN NATURAL SCIENCE EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">natural science education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">natural science literacy</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1406575826.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Despite of the fact that natural science education questions are constantly discussed, it is necessary to give much more real attention to this area. It is obvious that the spectrum of the topics of natural science education is too wide and one short article should not manage to cover all burning questions. The author has not raised a task to „exhaustively discuss“ the problems of natural science education. The author held the view that it is important to draw attention to some key moments.
The mentioned ten thesis correlate with natural science literacy in one way or another. It is clear that poor attention is paid to natural science education till now. Public natural science literacy is low. In the 21st century, every person encounters pressing problems of environment pollution, nature devastation, health, etc. New socio-ecologic issues become pronounced (for example, air ionization in the room determined by computers). 21st century is the one of technologies, genetics and information. We will be made to live a different life. The present situation is stressful, for example, overwork with computers, TV and other technologies determine a headache, sight problems, claustrophobia, etc. The man has a majestic and powerful mind but often is full of evil spirit. He has a wish and possibility of making. However, he successfully destroys the creation. The scientists have expressed a serious concern over nature. Therefore, natural science education is not the only subject of discussions today. It is more frequently examined in a very broad context which is natural science – technological – noosspheric education. The professionals of natural science education accept personal responsibility for the creation and extension of natural science education which is supposed to be a primary duty and obligation. Consequently, training of the comprehensive school teachers of natural sciences and the permanent development of natural science competence are very important features from this point of view. School cannot effectively work without the teachers and education managers of suitable qualification. Generally speaking, natural science education is an integral part of general education and educatedness. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-8</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Raffaele Pisano</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TEXTBOOKS, FOUNDATIONS, HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND SCIENCE EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">didactics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=968794</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In history of science we have significant examples of textbooks written by professional scholars, researchers during their teachings job. Thus the research (on foundations of science) and pedagogical aspects are presented, but not at all of them in the same way. Many and various factors are included.
Many European education centres and history of science institutions like the symposia presented in European Society for the History of Science congresses, and the Inter–Divisional Teaching Commission of the Division of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science (DLMPS) and the International Union for History and Philosophy of Science (IUHPS) are reflecting brilliantly upon higher scientific education and its improvements in secondary level. It is unthinkable to learn and understand the scientific sense of a subject without deepening its intellectual and cultural background, e.g. history and its foundations: how is it possible to keep on teaching sciences being unaware of their origins, cultural reasons and eventual conflicts and values? And how is it possible teaching and remarking the contents and certainties of physics and mathematics as sciences not having first introduced the sensible doubt about the inadequacy and fluidity of such sciences in particular contexts? </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-10</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sinikka  Pöllänen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leena  Vartiainen</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A TEXTILE-BASED LEARNING GAME AS A DESIGN CHALLENGE: A LEARNING BY DESIGN PROJECT IN TEACHER EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning game</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning-by-design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1406576145.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">High quality teachers and teacher education are the key components in meeting the challenges education has confronted over the past few decades. Thus, the focus in teacher education can no longer be on theory-based and lecturing-based pedagogy. This article describes one pilot-project in teacher education which may break down the traditional concept of a curriculum unit, disciplines, and knowledge-based and teacher-centred instructional strategies. This pilot-project was contextualized within the framework of learning-by-design. The students’ design challenge was to produce a textile-based learning game for teaching textile material knowledge at school. The idea of this article is to describe the produced learning game, the students’ learning process, and their experiences while playing the game with pupils. The data derives from artefacts, essays and portfolios from two craft student teachers. The project changed the learners’ practices: the students had to solve the design challenge; they needed different kinds of skills, multi-disciplinary knowledge, holistic thinking, information processing, critical evaluation and co-operation to support the activity. The produced learning game integrated different school subjects. Almost invariably, all the pupils liked to learn textile material knowledge through playing, the only thing the students would have altered was the size and the rules of the game.  
 
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">50-61</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dan Soen</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TO BE OR NOT TO BE: ACCOUNTABILITY - THE CONGRUENCE BETWEEN PUBLIC'S DEMAND AND TEACHERS' CONCEPT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">human capital</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">performance indicators</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher-student relationships</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=971790</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The study is dealing with teachers' concept of accountability. It is based on a survey carried out among 50 elementary school teachers from Israel's Central District. The study covered three different domains – the academic domain, the behavioral domain, and the ethical domain. All in all, the study encompassed eleven different categories: Four in the first domain, three in the second domain, and another four in the third domain. The study's point of departure was the high complexity of Israeli society and the high pressures to which it is subjected. Bearing this in mind, the research question was to what extent would Israeli teachers embrace accountability in the three domains; to what extent would they be committed to instilling the values included in the eleven categories. The main research finding is the congruence between society's expectations and teachers' accountability and commitment.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82-94</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TRADITIONAL AND CONSTRUCTIVE NATURAL SCIENCE EDUCATION PARALLELS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">constructivist education approach</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">natural science education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching activity</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=939893</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In recent years attention to natural science education is not decreasing. In various information sources we can find a constantly expressed position that natural science – technological literacy of young generation is not only insufficient but also very often inadequate to the time requirements. We can claim with confidence, that the whole last decade (2000-2010) in one way or another was devoted to the discussion of the mentioned problem in various aspects. What is really important today and especially in perspective?
 Thus, we can claim, that constructivist approach teaching natural science subjects is not the only one that is true. It is necessary to search for clear complex, mixed approaches based on systemic thinking and activity. From this point of view, applying of different strategies in teaching activity is an important and desirable thing. However, only good wishes aren’t enough for this. Broadly speaking, a suitable educational environment is necessary; secure working conditions have to be created for teachers and so on. After all, every educational situation is unique. Teacher’s professional skills become a cornerstone and integrating element of the whole educational process.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-7</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kalenga Chimbala Rosemary</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fourie Elsa</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TREKKING BACK TO MAINSTREAM FOR INCLUSIVE EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecosystemic theories; inclusion; Inclusive Education; systems theory</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1406575960.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This research explores challenges faced by the schools when learners from specialized institutions are referred back to mainstream for Inclusive Education. Ecosystemic perspective on Inclusive Education and systems theories underpin this paper. The study was done through interviews, field notes and observations of 120 participants comprising of the Senior Management Teams, educators and parents. The GDE 450 ‘A’ forms were also analyzed. The findings indicate that schools face many challenges in managing diverse learner needs. A lot has been published on Inclusive Education, but none of them offer ecosystemic management strategies for the school management teams, teachers, parents and learners. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29-40</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paul  Snape</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wendy  Fox-Turnbull</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY LEARNING AND TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION NEXUS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">guided inquiry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">life-long learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">twenty first century learning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1406612449.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The new Knowledge (or Conceptual) Age of this millennium is creating a globalised economy that requires a much more diverse range of skills and dispositions yet many countries’ education systems still promote an outdated Industrial Age model of teaching and learning. In New Zealand, as in many other countries, there has recently been an emphasis on raising the level of qualification and success of students in school. ‘No child left behind’ philosophies feature in many countries and much money has been spent on trying to raise the levels of achievement of underperforming groups and keeping students in schools longer. Industrial Age schools screened, sorted and disciplined students for work and life in society (Bolstad &amp; Gilbert, 2008). This has been done through traditional learning disciplines where study has been largely content and assessment driven. A 21st century curriculum will develop in students a generic capacity and aspiration to learn (Claxton 2007). Recent research has identified the twenty-first century skills people will require for successful integration into a wider range of communities. The writers will introduce two perspectives developed to address twenty-first century learning and highlight how the Technology Education curriculum and Guided Inquiry are ideally suited for delivering this skill set. Technology Education and Guided Inquiry (Kuhlthau, Maniotes &amp; Caspari 2007) pedagogy engage students in meaningful and successful 21st century learning. The first perspective is the Framework for 21st Century Learning (Partnership for 21st Century Skills 2009) and the other, the New Zealand Curriculum (Ministry of Education 2007). </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">149-161</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jiří  Břehovský</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Petr  Emanovský</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ON USAGE OF INDUCTIVE APPROACH IN MATHEMATICAL TEXTBOOKS AT SECONDARY SCHOOL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematical education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematical textbook</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">secondary school</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1406540074.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quality of mathematical education is very actual didactic issue at present. One possibility how to increase it is a use of unconvencional experimentally inductive approach. The appropriate textbook then can be a useful helper for teacher who intends to apply this approach. There are given an analysis of the usage of inductive and deductive approach in mathematical textbooks here. The research was focused on the content of mathematics textbooks for secondary school, on their interpretative and exercise text components, respectively. The main interest was to explore the representation of inductive and deductive methods in interpretation of the mathematics textbooks and to measure the content of the exercises whose student's solution requires the use of heuristic approaches. The results of the analysis show that each author prefers a different approach to interpretation which is used in the writing of textbooks. Interpretative means most contained in all the textbooks are a direct interpretation with the motivation (34.4%), a direct interpretation without motivation (31%) and an indirect interpretation with the motivation (24.5%). Inductive and deductive interpretative means are only rarely represented in all the textbooks. The highest rate was registred in the case of task using interpretation with the motivation (7%).</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33-44</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Celeste  Ferreira</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mónica Baptista</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agnaldo Arroio</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">VISUAL TOOLS IN TEACHING LEARNING SEQUENCES FOR SCIENCE EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">visual tools</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">visualization</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1408435793.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The accelerated development of information and communication technologies followed by several studies in the cognitive theory area, have promoted the use and the construction of many visual tools (3D concrete models, statics or dynamics virtual 2D and 3D images, simulations, animations, interactive software, etc) that have been available to educators. With this research it was aimed to investigate how in-service teachers (n=14) enrolled in a teachers’ training course of 40h, understand the nature and the role of visualizations in science teaching as well as the impact of this training. It was also discussed the nature and role of models in science. During the training teachers were invited to build in group teaching learning sequences (TLS) about some science content using visualizations. At the beginning a questionnaire to identify some previous conceptions on this issue have been applied and analyzed. On a later stage it was analyzed the TLS made by them and the audiovisual record of their oral communications to the class. It was also analyzed the final semi-structured interview with these teachers’ groups. As main results we highlight a development of the knowledge about these tools, especially on the impact of the visual language on apprenticeship and on the notion of scientific model. We could also observe a change on the reasons and criteria to use these tools. According to the findings it can be said that this training has expanded the teachers’ initial notion of models and the theoretical background that support the use of this visual resources which was reflected on theirs TLS.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">48-58</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eeva-Liisa  Peltokorpi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaarina   Määttä</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Satu   Uusiautti</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">WHEN A CHILD’S EMOTIONAL COPING FAILS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">child research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">emotional coping</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">emotional intelligence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary school</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1408435013.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The aim of this research is to increase understanding about children’s emotional coping and to support teachers’ work on enhancing children’s readiness to handle challenging social situations at school. Emotional coping skills are important to human beings’ success and wellbeing and the basis for these skills is built already in early childhood. In this research, various interactive learning activities were planned and carried out in the classroom and the measures of emotional coping were created. Nine pupils aged between seven and eight who had problems with their emotional coping were selected as the research participants. Their forms of emotional coping, development and teaching were observed and the pupils’ self-evaluations were collected during the study year 2006-2007 in interactional classroom situations that involved mathematical problem-solving tasks. As a result, six various forms of emotional coping were found, which exemplified either constructivist, operational, or emotional coping. Results showed that pupils’ individual emotional coping can be illustrated through various mathematical reasoning and problem-solving tasks in stages. Familiarizing oneself with the various forms of emotional coping contributes to the teacher’s abilities to enhance students’ emotional coping to survive and direct their emotions when the goal is to develop toward emotional directedness.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37-50</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Janis  Gedrovics</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Daina  Mozeika</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dagnija  Cedere</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ALTERATION OF STUDENTS’ INTEREST IN SCIENCE TOPICS IN LATVIA: 2003 – 2008</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ROSE project</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science topics</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1400515317.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A number of researches confirm that students’ interest in science both in Lower and Upper secondary school has a tendency to decrease. Various international comparative studies such as OECD PISA, TIMSS and ROSE reveal comparatively low achievements of students in Latvia. To analyze the causes behind such a situation it is important to carry out longitudinal studies. The analysis of the results obtained during ROSE studies in 2003 - 2008 show that, through the five year period, the most popular and unpopular science topics basically have remained the same, and there are no significant differences in the distribution of ranks. Changes in the mean value are also not statistically significant, though absolute values have a tendency to decrease. One of the most unpopular topics is “Atoms and molecules”, which is the ground topic in the chemistry course. 
The results confirm that the differences between mean values marked by girls and boys have slightly diminished, which testifies that the Latvian cohort of students both in Lower and Upper Secondary school has become more homogenous.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">45-53</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marzena  Okrasa</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ALTERNATIVE FORMS OF PRE-SCHOOL EDUCATION AS A CRITERION IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF EDUCATION IN POLAND</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">human capital</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">preschool education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quality of education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1400134559.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Investing in human capital, in knowledge and skills, impacts the economy’s development - similarly as investing in new technology. A good and effective employee, who as an adult will be capable of adjusting his or her qualifications to changes in technology, should as a child have access to pre-school education. 
It should be emphasized that the period of early education is very rarely linked to human capital development. Research has shown that the childhood period is crucial to the subsequent development of intellectual potential and social skills. Preschools and schools, where children are taught social skills, determine – in a broad perspective – how a person’s life chances will be utilized. Early care and education should, thus, be the main target of investments in the field of education and innovations. Poland has the lowest indicator of access to pre-school education (38.2% for children between 3-5 years of age). As it is necessary for more children to access pre-school education, alternative forms of pre-school education should be taken under consideration. The article outlines chosen forms of alternative pre-school education developing in Poland.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">109-117</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ineta  Ruškuvienė</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dalia  Augienė</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Domas  Auga</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE ANALYSIS OF PARENTS AND PEDAGOGUES’ SOCIAL ATTITUDES TOWARDS EDUCABILITY OF DISABLED PEOPLE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education process</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social attitudes</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2594602</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The article analyses structural and intensity features identifying parents and pedagogues’ social attitudes towards education of disabled children. The performed research allows to assert that the structure of attitudes towards educability of disabled people contains the following components: recognition of personality and social value of a disabled person, recognition of their abilities, pedagogical pessimism, fatalism, humanistic pedagogics, segregation, inferiority of a disabled personality and their family, orientation to social – every day education priorities, the underestimation of special education needs, archetypical fears of socializing with a disabled person, pedagogue’s function as a family substitute. In fact, all these components integrate into two main educability construct dimensions, pedagogic pessimism and pedagogic optimism. Features of commonness and individuality identify parents and pedagogues’ social attitudes towards educability of mentally disabled people. Commonness lies in the educability model, its structure. Individuality means that parents’ social attitudes towards educability of their disabled children are oriented (with respect to attitude intensity) to a person, whilst pedagogues’ – into education and integration process. The intensity of parents and pedagogues’ social attitudes changes depending on social –demographic factors. The attitude’s intensity (positive and negative evaluation range) to their disabled child’s educability is conditioned mostly by parents’ psychological state. Professional motivation, age, professional activity place, the type of educational institution condition pedagogue attitude’s intensity the most. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">166-178</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ľubomír Zelenický</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beáta Stehlíková</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anna Tirpáková</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DEMOCRACY AND EDUCATION USING SELECTED STATISTICAL METHODS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">correlation coefficient</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">democracy index</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education index</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spatial error model</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1400136306.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Across the world, higher education leads to more democratic politics. The correlation between education and democracy is extremely. This idea has received a good deal of empirical support. Index of education in the newly associated states is due to compulsory schooling in the past higher than in the EU15. 
To analyse the relationship between the Index of Democracy and the Index of Education we used the Pearson Correlation Coefficient. The Pearson Correlation Coefficient was calculated not only between the Education Index and the Democracy Index but also between the Education Index and particular sub-indices of the Democracy Index: Electoral Process and Pluralism, Civil Liberties, Functioning of Government, Political Participation and Political Culture. Moreover we calculated the Pearson Coefficient of Correlation for newly associated EU countries and for all EU countries. Later we analysed the relationship between Democracy Index and Education Index via new methods: The Moran Scatters Plots and Moran's Coefficient of Spatial Autocorrelations were calculated. The geographic location and history are significant. Finally, the temporal spatial econometric model is constructed.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">185-195</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andrej  Šorgo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">APACER: A SIX-STEP MODEL FOR THE INTRODUCTION OF COMPUTER-SUPPORTED LABORATORY EXERCISES IN BIOLOGY TEACHING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">computer-supported laboratory</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">laboratory exercises</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">secondary school students</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2594546</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This article describes a six-step approach used for the introduction of computer-supported laboratory exercises in Biology teaching. Following the model students will be guided from recognizing a problem question to the end report in a series of active tasks. The model was named APACER as an acronym of the six steps: Ask, Predict, Act, Comment, Evaluate and Report. The model was tested with 15 – 18-year-old secondary school students as group and individual work over a time span of ten years and several hundred students performing laboratory exercises in Biology. Work on development of the model can be described as reflective classroom practice. By observation of students’ work, grading of their reports and evaluation of results from exams, it was recognized that students achieved much higher grades because of better knowledge and improved reports. Transfer of the model to other Science subjects is suggested.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">130-138</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hasan  Şeker</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">APPLICABILITY OF THE APPROACHES-RELATED BELIEFS OF PROSPECTIVE TEACHERS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching approach</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching practices</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=924390</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The study reveals that the beliefs of the prospective teachers related to learning-teaching approaches can not find reflections in their practices. The present study investigates whether the prospective teachers’ preferences and beliefs concerning the teaching approach find reflections in practices. The study was conducted with two study groups. The first group consists of 70 last-year student teachers of Primary School Teacher Education Department of Education Faculty, and the second group with 33 second-year student teachers at the same department. One of the measurement scales used in the study is the preference list for teacher behaviors consisting of 38 questions each of which is with two options, and the other is the lesson scenarios written by the prospective teachers. The inconsistency between the prospective teachers’ beliefs about teaching approaches and their practices can not be accounted for by the perceptions of teacher competences. Incorporating teaching practices into the curriculum of the prospective teachers can narrow the gap between the prospective teachers’ beliefs about teaching approaches and their practices. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">138-150</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rudīte  Čevere</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sandra  Sproģe</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">APPLICATION OF SOFTWARE QUALITY MODELS IN EVALUATION OF STUDY QUALITY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education process</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quality evaluation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quality model</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1400135606.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The analysis and comparison of quality assurance of the development processes, quality models and quality evaluation of the results in software development allows observing a set of similar characteristics through the same concepts in the sphere of education, particularly in the studies of information technologies. Comparison is based on the quality assurance in accordance with the requirements of ISO 9001 standard and Quality Life Cycle Model of software development described in ISO 9126 standard. Similar approach may be applied during the formation of a quality life cycle scheme for the study process and quality model of an education system. A short review of the most popular methods of quality assurance of processes and product quality models used in software development and in education represents the comprehensive attention which has been paid to the quality assurance almost in all spheres of activities for the past years. Involvement of lecturers and students of information technologies in quality evaluation of the study courses is described as part of this process. The review of results and processes which is a well-known method of work in software development can be used in this evaluation. The present paper applies an approach, terminology and the concept of quality from ISO 9001 and ISO 9126 standards.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37-46</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Janis  Gedrovics</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jari Lavonen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jekabs  Raipulis</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">APPLICATION OF THE DIFFERENT DEVELOPMENT INDEXES IN THE RESEARCH OF SCIENCE DIDACTICS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gross domestic product</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science didactics</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1400515203.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In the last few decades the analysis of data, obtained from different science and technology education related international surveys, has produced some new viewpoints such as the diversity of cultures, the trends of globalization, different theories such as postmodernism, self-determination. Within those researches different reference factors have been investigated to obtain results, possible to explain different phenomena observed in the society.
 In our research some indexes such as Human Development Index (HDI) and Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI) normally used in sociological research have been used with the aim to find correlations with the international ROSE (The Relevance of Science Education) project data. The items in the ROSE questionnaire are measuring students’ general interest in science and technology and their interest in different content and contexts of science and technology as well as students’ science and technology related experiences. Based on our analysis, there were relatively high correlation between the mean values of different national ROSE variables and responding HDI index. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33-44</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blanka Frydrychova  Klimova</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">APPROACHING A WRITTEN DISCOURSE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">assignments</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">blended learning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2594596</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The article firstly discusses cultural differences between Western and Central European cultures as far as the academic register is concerned. Moreover, the fact why Czech students have a lack of experience in writing is explained. Secondly, the most problematic areas – linguistic and stylistic – (e.g. articles, word order, indirect speech, long sentences, register . . . ) the first-year students at the Faculty of Informatics and Management in the Czech Republic have to pay attention to when they write an academic paper in English are being analyzed. Thirdly, a new approach to writing at a university level is introduced and a few challenging assignments how to make writing more attractive are explored in the article. Thus, the reader might experience how students increase their communicative competence in writing, their motivation, cultural awareness and responsibility when, for instance, they write an article for Wikipedia.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">97-104</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peter  Karlsudd</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ASSESSING ESSAYS TO DEVELOP WRITING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">assessment system</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">essay seminar</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">essay writing</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=924383</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Special needs teacher education in Sweden has by tradition been pragmatic and action-oriented. The higher degree of academization the education is now undergoing has revealed deficiencies in the concluding essay project. A low problematization degree, poor grounding in theory as well as undeveloped analyses are among the explanations of the low quality. 
This article describes a development project conducted at Linnaeus University with a view to improving the quality of student essay writing. With the overarching aim of making students aware of the quality criteria involved in essay writing, students and teachers assessed essays on the basis of 24 different criteria. Initially worked out by teachers, the criteria were developed and supplemented in dialogue with students. After the appraisal the conformity of assessment between student-student, teacher-student and teacher-teacher was presented. 
The result demonstrates that disagreement exists in the assessment. Teachers and examiners assess the quality of the essays as being somewhat lower in certain respects than what students do, whereas they may give higher values on the basis of other criteria. However, individual differences in assessment among teachers are not fewer than among students. There are clear differences in the evaluation of method, theory grounding, innovativeness and creativity. Subsequent discussions have led to clearer quality requirements for essays and have also to some extent reduced the former interpretation gap. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">67-76</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Todar   Lakhvich</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BEAUTYLITY OF CHEMISTRY VISUALIZATION: WHETHER USEFUL CAN BE AESTHETIC</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chemistry education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">visualization</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1399917218.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The analysis of aesthetic potential of Chemistry visualization is carried out, taking in account philosophical, didactic, psychological and socio-cultural aspects. The issue is discussed in terms of the concurrent existence of two different subsystems referred both to Beauty and Utility which can be found in presentations of chemistry knowledge. To be aesthetic means the need to be accepted as attractive one, and thus Chemistry ought to change its paradigm to form new attitude to Chemistry knowledge. The concept can be regarded as for valuable acquisition (and thus very useful!) to learning process. To be useful means the need to be accepted as utile. The latter have been the main intention for the last centuries which turned the Chemistry into generator of the most unexpendable resources for industrial development. And it looks very attractive when people gained the highest plane of intelligence to admire the Beauty both natural and man-made objects. Finally both Beauty and Utility potentials derived from Chemistry visualization can be effectively elaborated within the integrated Philosophical Concept of Beautility. Theoretical study based on profound concepts from Science and Chemistry philosophy as well on few empiric researches carried out by author in the field of Chemistry Didactics.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">46-54</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yordanka Dimova</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Margarita  Panayotova</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Darina  Uzova</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BIOLOGICAL OBJECTS REFLECTED IN THE VERBAL ASSOCIATIONS OF BULGARIAN TEENAGERS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">associative experiment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">knowledge in biology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">the concept of “Nature”</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1400514737.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The article aims to introduce the reader with the results from the second part of a survey on the concept of “Nature” in the minds of 13-year-old Bulgarian students. This time, we focus on the question: What biological objects and knowledge are reflected in the verbal associations of the students? 
The method of study used is a chain associative experiment carried out following the S (stimulus) – Ri (reactions) pattern. Each participant is required to write down the first 7 words that come to their mind when the word &quot;nature&quot; is pronounced. 1400 reactions are used to reconstruct the associative fields objectifying the conscious and unconscious layers of the cultural concept of ‘nature’ in the linguistic consciousness of the participants (100 students in the 6th and 100 students in the 7th grade). We analyze 988 words-reactions that have connection to the biological aspects of the concept of “Nature”.
 We have also described how the associative experiment became a stimulus for organizing a competition for best painting and essay on the subject of “Me and Nature” at a school in Sliven.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16-24</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pavel Doulík</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jiří Škoda</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BRANCH DIDACTICS AND ITS PERSPECTIVES OF DEVELOPEMENT WITHIN THE CZECH REPUBLIC</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">branch didactics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">didactic transformation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pre-gradual teachers´ training</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1399917003.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The article deals with branch didactics (subject methodology) current issues related to its gradual establishment within the fields of scientific disciplines. Branch didactics is analyzed with reference to its variable aspects of development and its gradual determination based on the original branch of science it evolved from. The article is also focusing on staffing as well as the consequences of the individual role of staffing within the development and directing of branch didactics. Such topics as pedagogues´ competencies together with their optimum qualifications are brought up. The article is concluded by frame definitions of main branch didactics activities, concentrating on its aspects of irreplaceable and individual fields of science.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15-19</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">John  Gowland-Mwangi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agnes Oywaya  Nkurumwa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stephen  Wambugu Maina</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BUILDING JUA-KALI OPERATORS’ CAPACITY IN SOFT SKILLS FOR FASTER ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">economic development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soft skills</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=924381</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kenya’s Jua-Kali sector offers an alternative to formal employment. Though one needs technical and soft skills to work effectively, the latter are critical for successful entrepreneurship and unless Jua-Kali operators are trained in soft skills, they cannot function effectively. A trainer requires knowledge of what they need, lack and extent of deficiency. A cross-sectional survey design involving 230 randomly selected operators was used to provide this information. Extension experts ascertained the questionnaire’s content validity whose reliability was 0.93α at 0.05 confidence level. The operators were 15-71years old with 69% married, 65% male, and 99% formally trained. Soft skills’ mean acquisition was 55% at primary, 61% at secondary and 71% at tertiary level and was independent of gender; &gt;90% of the operators lacked but required all 18 soft skills. Males dominated jobs requiring higher capital and more physical strength while females dominated jobs requiring lower capital and less physical strength and also the food sector; The sector accommodated people of all ages, majority being self-employed; on-the-job training was inadequate; and teaching soft skills within curricula was the best training modality. The researchers recommended mainstreaming formal provision of soft skills; training using the best modality and encouraging more people to join the sector.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">43-57</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maria  Theodosopoulou</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE CHALLENGE OF DEVELOPING STRATEGIC LIFELONG LEARNING IN THE SCHOOL COMMUNITY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">collaborative learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuing professional development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lifelong learning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1400136125.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The teaching community plays an important role in promoting Lifelong Learning. In european level teachers’ competences have been described and efforts been made to encourage their active participation in Lifelong Learning (LLL). It is widely recognized that LLL culture should start at an early age and, thus school and teachers are to promote it to students. In a holistic perspective school is a central point for promoting LLL not only within its gates, but also a link between LLL and the community. Examining the role of teachers in a LLL school, as well as experiences and practices of greek teachers regarding notions like continuing professional development, mentor, collaborative learning, self directed learning provide us insight about them as lifelong learners and placing LLL in a strategic framework. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">153-162</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bunyamin  Atici</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ugur  Bati</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CHANGING STRUCTURE OF EDUCATION AND PROFILE OF LEARNERS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ICT</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">profile of learners</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1400135429.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The structure of the education suffers a great change both technologically and pedagogically with using the information and communication technologies in education. The changes which occur in the profiles of the learners become effective in experiencing these changes. The educational organizations try to respond different expectations of the learners with their problems by means of integrating the technology into the education and also the cultural differences. Now the learners could be employed with their capabilities of working in collaboration independently and adopting them to the new situations rather than the knowledge and skills owned. The changes which occur in the structure of the education are examined in the light of the profiles of the learners in this study. The study is obtained by means of interpreting the data which are obtained with the survey study which is applied to 1199 learners.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12-20</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thomas  J.J. McCloughlin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Philip  S.C. Matthews</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COMPARING LEARNERS’ CONSTRUCTS USING “SOCIO-NETS”: AN APPLICATION OF REPERTORY GRID ANALYSIS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">repertory grid analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">socionets</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=924385</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Repertory grid analysis was employed as a means of constructing representations of learners conceptions of living things (described in previous work). Experts in biology and secondary school science learners were probed for their representations of living things. Clearly, a theory is at work in the mind of the experts. The question now is: how many of the students share this theory? A record of commonality is required, and for that a social network framework is necessary. Therefore, representations were compared using the SOCIO program which measures the similarity between individuals and a visual network produced for the groups studied. This work is part of an overall project examining the learners’ innate ability to classify and categorize living things. Classification and categorization are neglected in science curricula which has implications with respect to the renewed emphasis in education on learning about biodiversity. It was found that whereas there is a commonality with respect to learners’ conceptions, the commonality is measurable and that learners often operate within a ‘pre-scientific’ or folk-biological mode, experts operate within a highly formalized mode based on their training, and that notwithstanding such a difference in modes, there remains a degree of commonality between learners and experts.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">87-98</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michalis  Evripiotis</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vassilis  Orfanos</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE CONTEMPORARY INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE SERVICE OF THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION: THE CASE OF GREECE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e-learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">information and communication technologies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary and secondary education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2594594</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The introduction of technology in general and especially information technology in education is a big change in the educational concepts which has taken place during the last two or three decades all over Europe. Besides, Europe through the process of continuous education improvement tries to maintain maybe the unique but also so much decisive comparative advantage that it possesses against all the other countries of our planet that is nothing else but the quality of its human potential. This article presents with brevity the important steps that the main European countries have made in the introduction of modern technologies of information technology in the primary and secondary education, as well as the process and the problems of their introduction in the Greek school. We believe that this experience will be very useful in a country like Lithuania that has already made very important steps in this sector simultaneously with its successfully continuing transition in the market economy system.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">60-86</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zoltán  Balogh</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Milan  Turčáni</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CREATION OF EDUCATION ACTIVITIES MODELS WITH E-LEARNING SUPPORT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e-course</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e-learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">models of learning activities</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2594529</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Education and possible further studies have become a rather demanding investment. At the time of imperfect technology, i.e. technology of the previous period, it was a very difficult and doubtable task. But, is an ordinary use of new technologies a formula for the solution? We shall try to adequately answer this question. In our contribution we shall introduce educational activities (e-courses) based on cooperation and experimentation within the combined form of education. The aim of the paper is to describe possibilities of using the known methods of modelling of systems, such as modelling with the support of Petri nets and modelling technologies known from the sphere of engineering cybernetics. We shall describe possibilities of creation of a model of educational activity and in conclusion we shall attempt at assessing the educational e-activities in the context of qualitative aspects of the combined education with the support of e-learning based on ISO standard.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30-37</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitza Davidovitch</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dan Soen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zila  Sinuany-Stern</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CULTURAL CAPITAL AND THE RICHES OF MANNA: INTEGRATION OF IMMIGRANT SCIENTISTS IN ISRAELI ACADEMIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">absorption of immigrant scientists</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">academic achievements</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">academic distinction</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1400134632.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The article deals with transnationalism – the flow of cultural capital across borders. Around 16,000 scientists entered Israel during the 1990s. Some of them joined the academic staff. This case study is the first to compare between achievement measures of new immigrant and native Israeli senior academic faculty. It is based on the analysis of performance records of 206 senior faculty members from the Ariel University Centre, out of whom 77 were born overseas. The study analyzes staff who received financial rewards for excellence for the three years 2006-2008, based on their activities, as measured by several criteria: excellence in research, teaching, academic administration, and contributions to the community. On the whole, the study revealed that a larger percentage of immigrant faculty members vs. native Israelis scored on excellence criteria. A discriminant analysis was performed in order to examine to what degree scoring on various excellence criteria distinguishes between immigrants and native Israelis faculty. All in all, the research reveals that immigrant scientists have become well integrated in the analyzed institution; their academic contribution was a major one.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">118-134</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin  Bílek</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jarmila  Kmeťová</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CURRENT CHALLENGES FOR COMPUTER SUPPORTED SCHOOL CHEMICAL EXPERIMENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">single-step mode of measuring</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">virtual measuring device</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2594534</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In the article we deal with the topic of Virtual Measuring Devices working in the computer supported measuring system in general chemistry education. We discuss the theoretical base for application of experiments in the chemistry education and its computer support. Attention is focussed to specific features of chemistry, alike to other natural sciences lay in observations of the course of chemical experiments and in forming conditions for their repetition and changes. Then, it is clear that the intellectual activities participate in every senso-motoric (or only sensory, and only motoric) activity. Dominant, or rather starting, activities in the theoretical procedure will be intellectual ones, while sensorimotor activities work in the empirical procedure. 
When implementing the computer support into experimental activities, the adequate combination of measuring systems, simulations and “data-processing” programmes may result in a new environment for using experiments. The computer thus may make the inductive, deductive or combined procedures easier and evidently.
 One of the challenges for school chemistry experiments is so-called “single-step mode” measurement method. Three types of this mode are discussed and examples provided: single-step mode on one experiment, single-step mode on comparison of samples and single-step mode on a set of experiments. Presented examples of class chemical experiment were carried out in the Vernier system, very simple applied in computer labs with science orientation. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">58-65</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hants  Kipper</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tiia Rüütmann</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DESIGN OF THE CURRICULUM FOR CONTINUING EDUCATION OF ENGINEERING EDUCATORS AT TALLINN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuing education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">curriculum design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">engineering education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2594595</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Curriculum development for continuing education of engineering educators has been of essential importance in Estonian Centre for Engineering Pedagogy. The curriculum has been completed in 2010. The newly designed curriculum makes scientifically-founded and practice-oriented teacher training possible. A three-staged methodology in curriculum design has been used. The proposed methodology for the course design starts with decisions on overall goals, learning objectives and intended learning outcomes. The design followed the model: Establish Qualification Profile, Establish Admission Quality, Define Course Content, Establish the Curriculum at Macro Level, Establish the Curriculum at Micro Level, Integrate the Curriculum within the University System, the syllabus and the model is described more closely in the article. Eight possible specializations have been proposed. As the required entrance qualification of the candidate is Master degree in engineering, it is assumed that the candidate has acquired a complete knowledge in engineering speciality on high level afore. The curriculum is based on IGIP (International Society for Engineering Education) Recommendations for Studies in Engineering Pedagogy Science and described in detail, being the only and the very first one in Estonia providing continuing education in Engineering Pedagogy for engineers. The first students will be admitted to the pilot study programme in 2011. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">87-96</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mona Holmqvist</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Karmen  Björkman</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Malin  Ohlin</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LEARNING FACTS AND COMPLEX PHENOMENA: A LEARNING STUDY IN HISTORY BASED ON VARIATION THEORY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">historical awareness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning study</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">variation theory</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1400134342.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study has been carried out as part of a project entitled “The Pedagogy of Learning” (Holmqvist, 2002) whose objective is to use theory and practice to extend our knowledge of learning and teaching. The study was implemented at the upper secondary school level and involved students in the first year of the social science programme. Two classes were evenly divided into three groups. The “learning study” model (Holmqvist, 2006) was employed and three research lessons in history were the focus of the study. The aim was to describe what students could potentially learn, and then compare this with what they actually learned with regard to critical aspects of historical knowledge of the learning object. The learning object was exemplified by the period when Skåne, the southern part of the present country of Sweden, became Swedish after a period of Danish rule. By examining different aspects of the learning object, the aspects necessary to bring about learning were clarified. The lessons themselves were analysed in accordance with Variation Theory (Holmqvist, Gustavsson &amp; Wernberg, 2008; Holmqvist &amp; Mattisson, 2008), according to the constituent concepts of discernment, simultaneity, and variation. What varies and what is invariant in a learning situation are important in determining what can be learned (Marton &amp; Booth, 1997). Changes were implemented in how certain critical aspects of the subject were presented to students with the goal of improving the student learning outcomes. The results confirmed that the nature of what was taught resulted in different learning possibilities. One such element was the ability to identify with those who lived during the period studied. Creating a kind of compassion for one or more fictitious persons enabled students to discern more easily the critical aspects. One conclusion of this study was that an effective learning strategy for students is hard to develop because they try to focus both on understanding the learning object itself, and on gathering hints from the teacher about what will be on the upcoming examination (which constitutes a second implicit learning object). This is amounts to a ‘Guess what he is thinking’ game with the teacher, rather than developing a real understanding of the learning object itself. Another conclusion underscored the important role played by the developed understanding of the learning object in producing long-term or so-called ‘generative learning’. Our study demonstrated that there is a difference in the long term between decreased learning of isolated facts and increased comprehension of overall historical phenomena. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80-92</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DISAGREEMENTS AND PARADOXES OF EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational process</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">schooling system</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">system of education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1400133907.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Why the 21st century scholars start raising their voices while facing troubles and difficulties in the field of education. To identify the situation, it is worth having a closer look at the present schooling system. Post-modern life and education more and more frequently are coming into force. Superficiality becomes a common phenomenon. Only available regularly used and easily with no effort achieved attractive things are greatly appreciated. What is more, only minimal efforts are taken to gain a broader educational background. Quite a few countries display similar tendencies. On the other hand, education is frequently treated as a product or a kind of service. The laws of the wild market fail to get round this area of life. The chosen life style (including education) rather than the meaning of life and education itself often play a crucial role.�
 There is no need to be an expert perfectly knowing matters of education to find out not everything works in the system of education. Also, it seems to be clear that the evaluation of those working in the ‘fields’ of education cannot be rejected. I suppose the latter are not the majority as more and more frequently ‘strangers’ gain access to the education system. Discussions with the representatives of other countries have revealed that those currently studying educational subjects at universities usually fail to understand what the school is and what role they are going to play in this institution. The most important point is studying and receiving a diploma. Modern education encounters a large number of different problems the answers to which can be hardly found.�
 Disagreement between an objective need for a continuous improvement on educational content (is there anyone who will dare to say it is needless) and a traditional pedagogical requirement for ensuring the stability of educational content is another field of the initiated discussion. A try at improving things is closely related with the extensive development of education, for example, more and more alternative course books and information sources for learners are prepared which disintegrates the content of education. Disagreement between the increased abstractness of education influenced by growing theoretical knowledge and the necessity of improving practical learners’ training should be mentioned. An opinion that the process of learner/student training is too much theoretically supported can be frequently heard. In this case, a huge number of reasons could be suggested.
 Life and education with no problems is a hardly acceptable idea. However, a wish to stay at a distance in order not to face the existing problems is one of most awful disasters presently seen in the education system. It might be money can solve all problems as according to Marx, ‘They have by no means merely one mode of affirmation, but rather that the distinct character of their existence, of their life, is constituted by the distinct mode of their affirmation. In what manner the object exists for them, is the characteristic mode of their gratification. Wherever the sensuous affirmation is the direct annulment of the object in its independent form (as in eating, drinking, working up of the object, etc.), this is the affirmation of the object... By possessing the property of buying everything, by possessing the property of appropriating all objects, money is thus the object of eminent possession. The universality of its property is the omnipotence of its being. It is therefore regarded as an omnipotent being. Money is the procurer between man’s need and the object, between his life and his means of life...’ (The Power of Money, Marx, 1844) I strongly reject this idea. The problems of education cannot be solved only on financial grounds. Everyone figures out that vast and broad knowledge as well as full understanding are required to overcome the encountered problem. Education is not a stable system made of insecure and poorly defined components. To find it more reliable, it must contain excess supply, i.e. guided by the principle of redundancy. More investments in education are necessary so that to expect at least minimal results and it makes no account that this idea passes over the presently prevailing liberal economic logics. 
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-9</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE DOCTRINE OF DEGRADED EDUCATION: BETWEEN MYTHS AND REALITY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">criticism of education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">degraded education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education falsification</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2594588</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The title of the article does not promise a positive attitude towards education. The reader can feel impressed that the only purpose of the author is the criticism of education with no positive points. However, this is a wrong position as any vivid detail can be clearly noticed. On the other hand, both positive and negative sides need to be considered and in this case, improvement and modernization are not the only ways. A steady increase in welfare is a myth, thus there is no need to discuss which area of life looks is described. When mentioning progress in education and modernization, we must face the other side of the road full of phenomena of degraded education which is not new in Lithuania. The last decade has generated discussions on this issue at different levels, although this is unfashionable and finally useless from different points of view. The most pressing problem is that the concept of degraded education has not been accepted as reality up to now. Therefore, the above introduced points should be plausibly argued.�
 None of us are Alpha and Omega and thus cannot claim to any ultimate truth and wisdom. Some empathically say that education should solely operate on market conditions (liberal approach), whereas others argue that education should remain the exclusive property state (conservative approach). Both ‘camps’ fail to find a consensus. It seems to be unlikely that education can be developed on the basis of market mechanisms. In this case, education cannot respond to the great expectations of a certain nation, particularly a small one. On the other hand, education cannot be ‘simply dropped’ in the shell of conservatism. How to find the right balance? In any case, we cannot stay away and allow the devils ‘drowned’ positive things. We need to carry on discussing the faced problems. Though the battle between good and evil has been taking place for ages, today, the balance is clearly violated. Famous French philosopher Jean Antoine Condorcet declared that ‘there are two key causes of social turbulence – state / existence inequality band educational inequality’. Thus, save our careful, responsible and public character. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-8</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agneta  Ljung-Djärf</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Charlotte  Tullgren</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DOING PRE-SCHOOL: KNOWLEDGE UTILIZATION AND DISCURSIVE PATTERNS DURING PRE-SCHOOL PLANNING MEETINGS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">knowledge utilization</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">planning meetings</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pre-school work</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=924384</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The aim of this research is to study knowledge utilization and discursive patterns during pre-school planning meetings fronstage. The study is designed as a qualitative case study based on tape recordings of five planning meetings and three video documented activities. Three pre-school teachers and three researchers participated. In the analysis, Foucault’s work on discursive practices is used as theoretical framework. The study highlights knowledge used and cited in the local negotiations. The conclusions are that the knowledge used is based on both professional knowledge related to children's learning and development, and local knowledge of children and their abilities, conditions and personalities. The professional knowledge appears as rather implicit and it is primarily the local knowledge of children and their individual needs and circumstances that is most clearly expressed. Dominant discursive patterns are formulated as the staff make themselves responsible for making the pre-school activity not school-like for the maturing child. On the front stage arena the teachers' tasks primarily appears as a desire to maintain the pre-school content in accordance with pre-school ideology that also controls how they see the children’s learning in pre-school in another perspective than student learning in a school context. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77-86</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ECOLOGIZATION OF THE WORLD OUTLOOK AS THE KEY PURPOSE OF EDUCATIONAL PRACTICE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecologic consciousness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecologization of the world outlook</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">environment protection</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2594254</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">It is obvious that the educational model to the XXI century is oriented at goals of Sustainable Development. This topic is becoming very trendy and urgent in and outside Lithuania. Recent correlation with nature carries a problematic character. D.Birnbacher proposes that “bearing in mind the increased people’s possibilities to influence the future of humankind and other conscious beings, responsibility for the future generations… is an incontrovertible duty” (Birnbacher, 1980). None of the environment protection laws could tackle problems of ecology as a huge part of a contemporary society produces a primitive ecologic culture and very often is completely illiterate. Therefore, the tasks of primary ecology education are to foster ecologic pupils’ culture and raise their ecologic consciousness because the past and present life offers a great number of lessons in ecology including ecology catastrophes, anthropogenesis impact on nature (20th century), etc. Moral responsibility for natural (environment) preservation is relevant as never before today. Hence, the ecologization of the world outlook of society is also crucial.
 The achievements of natural sciences are striking today. The Universe, stars, planets, substances and their structure (mega and micro world) are the objects of research. On the one part, everything is brilliant but on the other part, the man and created technologies behave cruelly and remorsefully towards both nature and human being. The inward world is getting poor, the needs of consumerism have grown into compulsion of spoliation (a pragmatic correlation with nature). The youth‘s behaviour changes. They frequently kill and torture animals, act aggressively and sadistically. We simply cannot live and think that apres moi le deluge. We must save the Earth which is our unique shelter for the future generations. Thus, we have to foster respect for everything around us since early childhood. Generally speaking, the ecologization of the world outlook is the key purpose of educational practice today. And finally – the ecologization of all education demands more attention in the 21st century. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-8</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ECOLOGY EDUCATION AS AN INTEGRAL COMPONENT OF PRIMARY NATURAL SCIENCE EDUCATION: SOME RELEVANT ISSUES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecology culture</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecology education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">environmental protection</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1400135375.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A contemporary environment solves highly relevant issues of environmental protection, natural usage, ecology, etc. In order to overcome all serious obstacles, it all requires our new approach and efforts of the experts’ of different fields. The global matters are our general concern. This is ipso facto because none of the problems is isolated. Most of them are mixed, versatilely determined and originally undivided. Thus, the process of the correlation awareness is rather complex and hardly achievable. The decision is possible only if the points are thoroughly examined in a close correlation. On the other side, the mentioned issues cannot be the only scientists’ concern. This is a business of the whole society and school as “the scale of human activity started reaching the elemental natural processes. The ideal of partnership between nature and human being changed when the latter has become the lord of nature in reality... The ecology era is considered to have been started because neither science nor practice can dispose of ecology problems. The bearing between human being and biosphere is a relevant question for both sides: to be or not to be?” (Minkevičius, 1987). These arguments have to comprehensively be discussed by secondary school pupils. Natural science education, obviously, must solidify the ecology world outlook. Prof. J.Vaitkevičius thinks that one-sided, wrong way of natural science education, the insufficient perception of the phenomenon of nature and human being anticipates the social cataclysms of humankind. Therefore, “the goal of nature comprehension is the development of children’s abilities to aware a natural world and to communicate with it” (The General curricula, 1997). On the other side, it seems to be not enough. A wider point of view would have been helpful. The knowledge of ecology allows us to partially foresee the outcomes of our actions (Pleijelis, 1994). The formulation of a complex concept is acclaimed to be important, i.e. when nature is understood as a cultural value and a tangible property.�
 Ecology education is a permanent process, thus it has to coherently take place in all forms of comprehensive school. Every age range is useful for ecology education. Therefore, we cannot think that if something has been lost in primary school, we will have a chance improve. Full attention should be turned to primary school pupils as they receive propaedeutic, systemized and integral knowledge about nature which is the basis for the adaptation of information and attitudes (for example, environment protection) as well as for humanistic, aesthetic and cognitive motivation. Knowledge (information) about ecology could effectively be implemented only if suitable material facilities of training existed. Primary ecology education is a coexisting part of an immediate interest in nature, fauna and flora care, inhabited locality protection, responsibility for the results of human activity in nature. The sampling, adaptation and implementation of the content of ecology education using particular means (material facilities) are the foremost stages of integration. It could be justly maintained that  ecology is an integral component of primary natural science education. 
The major result of ecology education is individual ecology education that includes cognitive (systemic knowledge), valuable (understanding of values, the models of behaviour in nature etc., a concept of respect to nature), and practice (practical environment protection work, participation in various actions, etc.) fields.�
 Most of the teachers are looking for the so called non-traditional methods as they consider that the existing patterns are very traditional, and therefore are little effective. Basically, it is a wrong attitude because the essence is not the methods or forms that are used. The most important points are the focus, priorities, directions (objective, value, normative, etc.), objectives, tasks and content that we choose. A frequent search for the assumed “innovations” is not effective and even useless in the whole educational process. In this case, the teacher’s attitude and competence in the ecology education field is a fundamental feature. Last of all, fragmentary ecology education is also useless and poorly effective. Ecology education should be coherent and fragmentary in primary school. Individual planning of ecology education for the whole four-year period, the teacher’s disposition to broaden experience and raise qualification in the field, community and parents’ involvement into the activity of ecology education helps to reach the objective. Yasvin and Deriabo (1996) seem to be right that a particular system of ecology education rather than the experts of environment protection will overcome the ecology crisis in our planet. In a broad sense, it must be noticed that the previous ecology-environment protection education is extremely important. On the contrary, the opponents uphold the idea that ecology education is hardly possible in the preschool and primary school period. In fact, an early school age is supposed to be a positive feature of ecology education. Therefore, we cannot refuse the period of individual ontogenesis as it is relevant for effective ecology education. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-11</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maia  Kuparadze</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EDUCATION AS A MEANS OF SOCIAL INTEGRATION OF STREET CHILDREN IN GEORGIA: NECESSARY REFORMS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social pedagogy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">street children</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2594597</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Where they exist, current provisions for the care of street children in the republic of Georgia are inadequate and are incapable of ensuring the children's successful integration into the public school system or of providing them with necessary life skills. Data collected from observation, surveys, questionnaires and academic testing conducted throughout a three-year study of four day-care centres for street children proves that the addition of psychological and educational dimensions to the centres’ basic social functions, the introduction of specialized staff (notably social pedagogues) and the reform of care provision processes based upon the children’s individual needs significantly increases their chances for educational and social integration. This research offers recommendations for reforming the provision of education and care for victimized children in order to enable their successful integration into the public school system based upon an individual approach to their needs and requirements.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">105-123</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lyubov V.  Cheremoshkina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Svetlana V.  Murafa</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EFFECT OF INABILITY TO COPY A SIMPLE NONVERBAL MATERIAL AFTER CORRECT REPRODUCTION BY 7-12 YEARS OLD CHILDREN WITH DEVELOPMENTAL DELAYS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">inborn mechanisms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mnemonic abilities</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">operational mechanisms</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=924392</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research results of mnemonic abilities of 7-12 years children with developmental delays are presented. Research aim was experimental investigation of productivity and qualitative identity of mnemonic abilities of younger students with developmental delays. The method of development of mnemonic activity by V.D. Shadrikov, L.V. Cheremoshkina and the technique of mnemonic abilities diagnosis developed on its basis by L.V. Cheremoshkina were used for the study of mnemonic abilities. Research consisted of several stages: pilot study, experimental research (the test task - memorizing of a card #1; the basic task - memorizing of cards #2 and #3; reproduction of cards #2 и #3; poll of students), mathematical data processing, classification and description of levels of mnemonic abilities development of younger students with developmental delays. Revealed, that the structure of the mnemonic abilities of 7-12 years children with developmental delays differs by underdevelopment of operational mechanisms. Memory functions are based on use of inborn mechanisms. There are children who differ by certain underdevelopment of perceptive abilities and attentional abilities. Operational mechanisms of mnemonic abilities of 7-12 years students with developmental delays are at early stages of the formation. At the analysis of results the effect of inability to copy a simple nonverbal material after its correct reproduction by subjects is revealed. Assumptions of its possible reasons are discussed. This effect needs the further explanation in terms of psychology of abilities, neuropsychology, and neurophysiology.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">162-173</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Margarita  V. Shishonok</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eugene  V. Makarenko</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EFFECT OF LECTURE FORM ON PROGRESS IN STUDIES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">natural science education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">slide show</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">statistical analyze</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2594544</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The results of statistical analyze of the lectures form effect on the progress in studies are presented. Two variants of lecture material representation are compared: the classical lecture with the use of traditional blackboard and chalk and the lecture in the form of slide-show. The results of ten examinations (for the last eight years) on the discipline “Chemistry of high-molecular compounds” has been treated. The significant increase (54 %) of excellent marks share and the decrease (25 %) of unsatisfactory marks share has been revealed as a result of the progressive lecture form as slide-show. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">114-119</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">John  Gowland-Mwangi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">John  Odiaga Oloo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stephen  Wambugu Maina</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FARMER FIELD SCHOOLS’ EXTENSION METHODOLOGY IN CONSERVING SOIL AND WATER USING CONTOUR PLOUGHING, UNPLOUGHED STRIPS AND FARM YARD MANURE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">conservation of resources</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">farmer field schools</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2594298</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Land degradation, characterized by bare ground, wanton destruction of vegetation and poor farming practices, still threatens food production in Africa where poverty and insufficient resources for income generation impacts negatively on the population. The Farmer Field Schools’ (FFS) Extension and Non-Farmer Field Schools’ (NFFS) Extension Methodologies have been used to teach farmers how to minimize the problem in both Bondo and Rarieda districts of Kenysa through soil and water conservation. However, it is not yet clear whether FFS are more effective than NFFS in enhancing adoption of Contour Farming, Un-ploughed Strips and Farm Yard Manure Application. This study sought answers to this question using a cross-sectional survey design to collect data from 150 FFS-trained and 150 NFFS-trained farmers randomly selected from both districts. Ten extension experts ascertained the questionnaire’s content validity whose reliability was 0.85α at 0.05 confidence level. A t-test was used to determine the presence of significant differences between mean scores of FFS-trained and NFFS-trained farmers in adopting the three conservation techniques. The FFS-trained farmers’ adoption rate of the three conservation technologies was significantly higher than that of the NFFS-trained farmers. The FFS extension methodology was more effective than the NFFS extension methodologies. Extension providers should consider using the FFS extension methodology more in their daily extension work because it is interactive and more effective than the NFFS. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">52-65</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Petr  Emanovský</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jiří  Břehovský</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ON EFFECTIVITY OF INDUCTIVE METHODS IN MATHEMATICAL EDUCATION AT SECONDARY SCHOOL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematical education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pedagogical research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">secondary school</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1400515143.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effectivity and quality of mathematical education at secondary school is always very actual didactic topic. One way how to increase them is using unconvencional experimentally inductive methods. There are described the methods as well as process and results of research conected with this problem there. The aim of the research was to check possibilities of using of modern unconvencional methods for more effective mathematical education at secondary school. The inductive methods are compared with the traditional ones when students get completed knowledge without any derivation or proof. Using Students t-test and F-test were verified two hypotheses. The first hypothesis that the experimentally inductive approach and methods in mathematical education at secondary school are more effective and interesting for students than the traditional methods was validated. The second hypothesis which supposed longer persistence of knowledge obtained by the inductive methods was not validated.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25-32</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Luljeta  Buza</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION: TEACHING IN THE PRESENT, PREPARING STUDENTS FOR THE 21st CENTURY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">curriculum</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quality of teaching</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1400514680.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper examines the environment not as a scientific subject matter, but as a teaching process which includes social and cultural elements. The purpose of this study was to investigate the teaching methods, curriculum planning needs and how we shape hands-on the subject; what information and lessons we provide. Research data indicate ways how to improve these issues and provides answers to the questions: Why is environmental education important? How do curriculum and methods of teaching help in the quality of knowledge? How are we (professors) preparing our students to live in this new century? The findings showed a considerably low level of environmental knowledge among all the investigated students. The study is based on the analysis of questionnaires about students’ perception and beliefs. 
The paper is divided into two parts. Part I outlines the key issues related to the understanding of “the importance of environmental education reform”. Part II analyzes teaching, learning approaches, conclusions and recommendations. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8-15</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tiina  Tambaum</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EXPECTATIONS OF THE ELDERLY FOR THE INTERNET AS AN INFLUENCING FACTOR FOR THE INTERNET TEACHING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">elderly internet fears</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">elderly internet learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching elderly people</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1400515929.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In summer 2009, a qualitative study among the late middle-aged and older people in Estonia was carried out in order to find out the functions of the Internet for the older generation and the expectations and fears of the elderly for the Internet. By this study, it was tried to find out what are the needs of the elderly for which they prefer to use the Internet; what kind of contents or functions do the elderly miss in the Internet; what kind of role-taking and contents are unpleasant or scaring for the elderly Internet user. Semi-structured interview was used, 34 elderly Internet users were interviewed during seven interviews.
 The study indicated that the interviewed elderly find the Internet primarily as an environment for everyday practical operations and it is not perceived as an entertainer. Of the contents available in the Internet, the elderly are disturbed by the negativism, superficiality, obscenities, humiliation and excessive concentration on the topics of private lives. The waste of time and the risk to express itself incorrectly or wrongly are felt as dangers of the Internet usage among the elderly. The article gives recommendations for carrying out the Internet training for the elderly and explains which Internet functions and contents could be chosen as the content of the Internet skills training in order to create and maintain the interest and satisfaction of elderly learners. 
The results referred to the need to continue the study on the expectations of the elderly Internet users and to study thoroughly the attitude especially of the elderly men to the Internet as a tool of communication and the role of the Internet games in the lives of the elderly and Internet training.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">117-129</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Violeta  Šlekienė</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Loreta  Ragulienė</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EXPERIENCE OF THE FOURTH-YEAR UNDERGRADUATES IN USING INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES (ICT)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fourth-year undergraduates</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">process of studies survey</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2594598</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">It is accepted that ICT makes the process of teaching/learning more effective and beneficial whereas the education system starts functioning faster. The development of ICT and the process of globalization determine alteration in the education system as well as in the whole society. The implementation of new technologies in the educational process raises new possibilities for both teacher and learner, enhances education quality and makes the educational process more versatile.
 A crucial point is that employing ICT must be highly efficient in the process of training would-be teachers of sciences. The students graduated from comprehensive or upper secondary (gymnasium) schools have a broad knowledge of mastering ICT the major part of which are PCs, palmtop computers, mobile phones, different kinds of audio, video and digital players etc. In this case, we encounter a problem of how to properly develop the acquired abilities in the further process of studying.
 Thus, the object of our research is the ability of the fourth-year undergraduates to use information and communication technologies. The aim of research is to gain information concerning the fourth-year students’ opinion on the application of ICT in the process of studies. The research A Student and Information and Communication Technologies was conducted in January – March, 2010. Research sample consisted of 322 respondents who were 4th year university students. To analyze research data, the measures of descriptive statistics (absolute and relative frequencies, popularity/usefulness/necessity indexes) have been applied.
 The surveyed fourth-year undergraduates have almost unlimited possibilities of using a computer, mobile phone, the Internet and an electronic data storage device - USB flash drive. The students almost daily use the basic functions of the mobile phone (writing SMS, calling). However, calling to other people using a mobile phone and sending SMS are a more frequent occupation of females as male students are tend to search for information on the Internet and send and receive e-mails. Considering all aspects of using information and communication technologies among the surveyed fourth-year students that graduated from city or regional schools, no statistically significant deviation has been noticed. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">124-136</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geert Franzenburg</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FACTS AS EXPERIENCES: HOW TO LEARN AND TEACH HISTORY IN A BIOGRAPHICAL WAY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hermeneutics</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=924378</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The process of historical research, learning and teaching consists of data-sampling, interpretation and communication. Researchers, learners and teachers have to cope with de- and reconstructing historical experiences and their documentations as expressions of impressions. Therefore, the objectives of the study are historical experiences documented in autobiographical texts and in archival material.
 Following the different lessons/modules of a course about biographical history, students can learn how to become aware of certain aspects behind historical facts and events, which are often hidden in documents or neglected by textbooks. They become motivated to make their own experiences in this method by using oral history elements (interviews) and to look for alternative points of view in learning and research.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21-28</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Viktorija  Piscalkienė</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nijole  Zinkeviciene</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FAIRYTALES CREATION POSSIBILITIES OF CHILDREN WITH ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER IN DIAGNOSTICS OF PSYCHO-SOCIAL AND COGNITIVE SPHERE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cognitive sphere</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fairytales creation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=924387</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Methods of fairy tales could be applied not only for educational aims but also for diagnostics in socio educational practice. Analysis of children’s created fairy tales is one of the ways to know his/her inner and outer worlds. Child’s emotional state could be evaluated from his/her created fairy tale text. Child’s created fairy tales show his/her social skills and allow to evaluate cognitive sphere. Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder tend to have cognitive processes dysfunctions and lack of social skills.
 During the research, fairytales created by two groups of children were assessed. The first group was represented by primary forms pupils with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, the other group consisted “natural” population children of the same age. The fairytale content analysis helped to disclose the tendency that in the group of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder positive psycho-social content of fairytales seldom predominates. Their fairy tales were with less developed consistency, simple sentences, and from the cognitive point of view less “mature”.
 The paper discusses the application possibilities of projective methodology – fairytale creation on the basis of visual stimulus – in assessment of children’s with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) cognitive sphere and psycho-social sphere. The authors point out that so far educational science both in Lithuania and abroad lacks methodologies of analyzing fairytales created by children. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">109-121</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mateja Ploj Virtič</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mateja  Pšunder</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FUTURE TEACHERS’ OPINIONS ON THE DIGITAL COMPETENCIES OBTAINED DURING THEIR STUDIES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">different fields of study</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">future teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">use of ICT</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2594541</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Different information and communication technologies have become part of the necessary competencies, as teachers are educators of the web generation, which is characterised by its members using the computer in each aspect of their lives. The use of the computer is specific for each individual field of teaching and as such cannot be directly compared. This article presents the results of a survey into how the field of study influences the use of ICT and the computer in future teachers. The participants in this study were 252 forth-year students from three faculties from University of Maribor, which educate future teachers: Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Faculty of Arts and Faculty of Education. Our research has shown that students of natural, technical and computer science provided the most positive feedback about the availability of computers at the faculty, their performance, software, internet access at the faculty and internet access in their town of study. Future teachers expressed a more positive opinion on statements relating to the necessity of using the computer in class than on statements relating to their competencies for using the computer in class.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">95-105</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jane K.  Amunga</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amadalo Maurice  Musasia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maiyo  Julius</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GENDER AND REGIONAL DISPARITIES IN ENROLMENT AND ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT IN KENYA: IMPLICATIONS FOR EDUCATION PLANNING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gender disparity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">regions and achievement</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2594589</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">According to the requirements of the educational millennium development goals, countries are supposed to ensure that by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike complete a full course of primary education and eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education by 2005 and at all levels by 2015. In line with this requirement, the Kenya government introduced free primary education (FPE) in 2003 and free secondary education in 2008 particularly for day schools. Enrolment in both primary school and secondary school has increased tremendously. This paper examines and highlights the patterns of gender and regional disparities in enrolment and academic achievement in the country. It shows that despite the general increase in enrolment at all levels of education in most regions; the enrolment of boys still exceeds that of girls. The situation is worse North Eastern where enrolment has remained very low despite government interventions. While enrolment figures offer a lot of hope, the situation is grim in academic achievement. Near parity in enrolment in many regions has failed to translate into parity in academic achievement. The girls register low achievement in national examinations when compared to boys nationally and in their respective regions in the country. The paper focuses on the 2009 Kenya Certificate of Primary Education (KCPE) and Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE) results because it is the most immediate examination year. Where possible, other years have been used for comparison purposes. This paper argues that it is not enough to have girls in school. They have to benefit from the system by achieving quality grades which will in turn guarantee placement in marketable courses especially those required to drive the economy. Educational planners and policy makers should shift the campaign from enrolment and participation to achievement particularly that of girls. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9-19</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tamara  A. Artashkina</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GENERAL CONCEPT AND BASIC LAWS OF SOCIAL PROCUREMENT IN THE FIELD OF EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">laws forming social procurement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">problem of definition of objectives</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1400134952.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Handling the problem of the definition of objectives in the system of tertiary school practice, we proceed from the assumption of the existence of an explicit social mechanism allowing transmittance of social demands into the content of education. The framework of this mechanism is based on the specific infrastructure that includes social procurement for a specialist, social procurement for educational institution, and state order in the field of higher education.
 The term “social procurement” emerged in the soviet scientific and pedagogic literature in the 70’s of the XX th century. At present time this term signifies a topical social need for the society on the whole or in part. Social procurement and state order in the field of education are not to be confounded. At all times the advanced ideas in the field of education were formulated prior to state order, outpaced it, and at a certain stage of development came into antagonism with it. 
The main methods of our research are considered to be the dialectic method alongside with such methods as historic-genetic, comparative and hypothetical deductive ones. Thereof, three laws of forming social procurement in the field of education were observed and formulated.
 The first law is identified as “center of balance shifting in the structure of the social procurement”. It states that in certain time intervals society raises demands either to professional training of specialists or to their personality (shifts the center of balance). The second law manifests “the law of replacement of content of social procurement”. In the periods of social conflicts or social changes (bifurcation) the society raises demands to personality; in the periods of steady progressive development the society raises demands to professional training. The third law is “the law of displacement of limits in social procurement”, i.e. limits of displacement of shifting the balance point, as a rule, coincide with the margins of social conflicts (nonbinding revolution outcome) or social changes in the society (nonbinding bifurcations).
 Correlative dependence is with little effort disclosed between state orders and social procurement in the field of higher education, it ultimate manifestation is observed mostly in state order and laws of content replacement and displacement of social procurement limits. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">170-181</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Felisbela  Martins</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE GEOGRAPHY SYLLABUS IN PRIMARY EDUCATION IN PORTUGAL: INTERPRETATIONS BY AUTHORS AND (RE) INTERPRETATIONS BY TEACHERS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">context of influence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">geography curriculum guidelines</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1399917438.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In 2001, the Currículo Nacional do Ensino Básico. Competências Essenciais [National Curriculum for Primary Education. Essential Competences] was published in Portugal. This document reorganizes basic level education from a curricular point of view. It is a fundamental reference document for curricular management in Portuguese schools and outlines guidelines for educational experiences as well as the essential competences, both general and specific, that students are to develop in each subject or subject area throughout their primary education. 
Since its implementation until today, at initial teacher education level, working documents were produced by the Department of Geography of the Faculty of Arts of the University of Porto reflecting the interpretation of the documents issued by the Ministry of Education. These documents were shared by students, future teachers and also supervisors in the training sessions.
 This article aims to contextualize the National Curriculum for Primary Education in Portugal, Curriculum Guidelines for Geography, present guidelines for the initial training of Geography teachers at the Faculty of Arts of the University of Porto, as well as to introduce the empirical study that aims to identify (re)interpretations carried out by teachers at schools within the scope of the National Curriculum for Primary Education and the Curriculum Guidelines for Geography. 
The adopted stance, in light of Ball’s policy cycle, aims to analyze academic discourses and documents produced at initial teacher education level of the Department of Geography of the Faculty of Arts of the University of Porto (context of influence and text production) as well as the contexts of action carried out in schools by teachers (context of practice). 
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">70-83</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andrea Bencsik</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GIVEN COMPETENCIES BY HIGHER EDUCATION VERSUS EMPLOYERS’ DEMANDS MIRRORED IN AN EMPIRICAL SURVEY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">competencies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">knowledge management</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2594257</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Significance of knowledge is realized and appreciated in the life of every competitive economy. But a question must be put. What is the right and required knowledge enterprises need? How can employees acquire this knowledge and how our educational system can keep steps with these continuously changeable economical demands to serve these requirements?
 In an empirical survey we have tried to find the answer to the following question:
 How can the higher education and labour market interpret knowledge? What does knowledge mean to enterprises? What kind of competencies are needed to a successful economy? Do the young employees with a new degree have these competencies? Can higher education provide students with competencies which are required by the labour market?
 Does higher education take notice of these demands in their courses?
 This survey researched requirements and assumptions from three sides. The questioned people were students and teachers from higher education, managers of enterprises. In this paper information is given about a part of the results with the help of two verified hypotheses. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9-18</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Irina  M. Brodskaya</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Natalya  O. Vereschagina</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A HERMENEUTIC APPROACH TOWARDS AN EDUCATIONAL PROCESS PROJECTING IN THE SYSTEM OF THE HIGH SCHOOL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational process projecting</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational programe</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hermeneutic approach</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1400135063.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The present paper is based upon some methodological principles of the pedagogical hermeneutics. It focuses on a question of realizing a hermeneutic approach to an educational process projecting in the system of the high school.
 Having analyzed philosophic, psychological, as well as pedagogical researches, we came to a conclusion that in order to project an educational process it is necessary to reveal specific psycho-pedagogical and organizational conditions of the cognition of a studied matter. 
A humanitarian value orientation in a student – professor interaction is considered to be a constitutive condition of the educational process projecting. Humanitarian component is a principal qualitative characteristic of the educational process. According to ideas concerning the nature of humanitarian component by M. Buber, M. Bakhtin, G. Batischev, it is possible to say that it is engendered by a specific type of a human attitude towards the world, a “Me – You” relations.
 Determining psycho-pedagogical conditions of the cognition of a studied matter, we are founded on an essential specificity of the cognition. A sense is only understood with the help of a dialogue, “by adjoining another (somebody else’s) sense”. As a result of a dialogue an integrity of dialogue participants’ self-view and the subject of the dialogue is reconstructed which means revealing its inner sense.
 Organizational conditions are determined by the necessity of choosing a pedagogical technology at the heart of which there are “Me – You” relations. This is possible thanks to, first of all, the fact of dominating in the educational process such a specific type of pedagogical technologies as a humanitarian one. The humanitarian technology is that means of interaction of which creates conditions for forming an experience of the activity and an experience of the value attitude towards non-typical, new situations in the professional activity. A technology of organizing the pedagogical communication, a technology of projecting the dialogic form of studies, communicative technologies in educational activity can be examples of this type of technologies.
 In the second place, organizational conditions are established due to including to the educational process situations that are recognized by the professional community as significant and repeatable but not given optimal behavior models and common estimation. Thus, preconditions of forming the capacity of choosing, social responsibility of future specialists are created.
 At last, these organizational conditions are established owing to including new bearers of an educational content. These are, above all, schoolbooks, textbooks and other study aids organized according to a dialogic interaction. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">191-198</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sergejs  Čapulis</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HUMANISTIC APPROACH IN THE ORGANIZATION OF SPORTS LESSONS: KARATE AS MEANS OF SPIRITUAL AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational of adolescents</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">humanistic approach</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">karate classes</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=924377</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A great opportunity of humanistic approach implementation is found in spiritual and physical education of students during the lessons of martial arts. Three main constituents are necessary to acquire the mastery level in martial arts: [1] moral qualities, mental power and willpower; [2] physical condition, strength and endurance; [3] technical mastery. It is assumed, that karate takes an important place in the system of spiritual and physical education of a personality, ensuring not only versatile physical but also moral education. Thus, the priority is given to the spiritual aspect of karate, but the fighting technique is of a minor importance. In Latvia, not so many methods of karate teaching have been developed, which are based on didactic sport teaching principles worked out according to humanistic approach.
 That is why the aim of this research is investigation of humanistic approach implementation at the lessons of karate with adolescents according to specially developed teaching methods.
 Eighty 14-15-year-old students, who were divided into experimental and control groups, participated in the research. The following methods have been used: a test “Achievement motivation and Fear of failures”, a test “Feelings – Activity – Mood”; to define the development level of physical qualities control tests of sport standards of Ministry for Education of the Latvian Republic have been carried out. The results have been subjected to mathematical processing applying analysis of variation and Tukey HSD test.
 The results of the research have confirmed, that humanistic approach implementation at the lessons of karate promotes positive dynamics of students’ achievements motivation, improvement of mood and feelings. All the results have been analyzed and interpreted.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10-20</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Renata Holubová</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF TEACHING BY MODERN TEACHING METHODS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">activity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">inductive methods</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching methods</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=924382</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The most important goal of education is improving the quality of teaching. There are several modern teaching methods that can be used in teaching and learning. These methods are focused on students´ active work. In our project we studied some of these methods, for example problem – based learning, didactic games, methods “how to express the idea with a pencil“(mind maps, tasks), discussion (brainstorming, Philips 66, Hobo), brainstormig, heuristic method. The effectiveness, motivation and problems of these methods were tested during high school physics lessons in Olomouc and Skuteč. The methods were used in various classes by in-service teachers and by pre-graduated teachers. Outcomes of this reasearch are discussed in this paper.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">58-66</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Olga Logashenko</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tatyana Shaposhnikova</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INFLUENCE OF PSYCHO-PEDAGOGICAL SUPPORT ON LEARNING EFFICIENCY AND EDUCATION OF STUDENTS AT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">analyticity of thinking</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">intellectual development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">psycho-pedagogical support</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2594313</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In the given work the problem of training and education of students at higher technological schools in the context of the personal formation of a future expert – technologist under the influence of psycho-pedagogical support (PPS) is investigated. The basic criteria confirming the efficiency of PPS helped us to choose the following indicators of cognitive and personal development: thinking, intelligence, impulsiveness and morals.
 The primary PPS goals of training and education of students at higher technological school were: application of pedagogical diagnosis; use of various methods of education; consideration of merits and abilities of students; formation of a positive self-appraisal; training of the self-stimulation positive behavior technique.
 To solve the highlighted problems the following methods have been applied: the organization and holding of conversations and seminars on self-education within the limits of the developing at the university system of students’ moral education; holding some lectures on psychology and pedagogics for strengthening the liberal-moral component of vocational training; the socio-psychological training directed on the formation of communicative skills, the development of abilities to come into contact with associates, helping to remove the internal barriers, disturbing the effective interaction but promoting the consciousness of personal qualities; the self-reports of students stimulating internal activity and work of consciousness.
 The efficiency of PPS influence on training and education of students at the higher technological school is confirmed by the fact that students have increased their analyticity of thinking, have raised their IQ level while impulsiveness has decreased and the indicator of good manners has improved.
 The presented PPS model is a part of the innovative system of psycho-pedagogical support of vocational training of students at higher school that we have been developing throughout a number of years. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">132-141</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boris Aberšek</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kordigel Aberšek, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY AND E-LEARNING CONTRA TEACHER</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e-learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">human teacher</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ICT</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2594527</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This article presents the results of a pilot research about interaction between e-learning/teaching paradigms and “classical” ones, where a “human” teacher is the central element. With other words, we analyzed relation between e-teacher and the human one. Because the presented results are gained in a pilot research and so the sample was relatively small, we would like to show how, with the help of statistical methods the reliability of the results can be increased. In our research work we developed different tools and with this pilot research we would like to test, if this tools:
 • are precisely enough and specially if they
 • give us enough reliable results.
 Results of our research in this paper will point out two important conclusions, namely:
 1. the students need (human) teacher and e-material (or e-teacher/tutor) is simply not enough, especially if we would like to reach higher cognitive, long lasting knowledge, and
 2. with appropriate selected statistical methods, also with small sample, we can obtain enough reliable results.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8-18</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INTEGRATED SCIENCE EDUCATION IN THE CONTEXT OF THE CONSTRUCTIVISM THEORY: SOME IMPORTANT ISSUES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">constructivistic approach</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">context of constructivism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">integrated teaching</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=924376</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">It is obvious that many scientists nowadays speak about constructivistic approach in education. This topic is becoming very trendy. Is it correct to focus our attention only to the study of this topic? This is a really complicated issue. There are quite a large variety of opinions, as well as controversial. First of all it is obligatory to perceive the idea of integrated science education in the context of constructivism as a theory of learning. Secondly, it is important to understand and name the specificities of integrated science education implemented following the principles of constructivistic teaching/learning. Thirdly, it is necessary to be able to predict the possibilities of integrating the content of different subjects of science related to the specificities of students at different age stage as well as to material and human resources (Lamanauskas, Vilkonienė, 2008). Generally speaking previous studies implied that the development of a constructivist-learning environment could contribute positively to changing student attitudes toward science learning (Oh, Yager, 2004). However, we can not make an one-sided evaluation. Who can deny that the traditional teaching and learning is wrong? </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-9</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kofi Poku  Quan-Baffour</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Matthew Ovbiebo  Osaigbovo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">K E  Mohitlhi</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE INTEGRATION OF HIV/AIDS STUDIES INTO THE SCHOOL CURRICULUM OF EDO STATE, NIGERIA: AN EXPLORATORY INVESTIGATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HIV/AIDS awareness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">stigma</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2594601</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HIV/AIDS has become a threat to every individual, family, community, nation and the entire humankind in the contemporary modern world. Scientists, researchers, traditional healers and medical practitioners have not succeeded in their effort to get a cure for the scourge of HIV/AIDS. People in the developing countries, especially, those in rural communities, are less informed about the pandemic. The absence of the study of HIV/AIDS in the school curriculum has resulted in the fact that people do not formally learn to know more about the pandemic and this has resulted in myths regarding its causes and spread. In Edo state of Nigeria like many other parts of Africa victims of HIV/AIDS do not receive much support from their families because of the fear that they risk contracting the disease by drinking from the same cup, eating from the same bowls or touching the victims. Lack of education has been a single most serious cause of wrong perceptions and myths. One way to demystify HIV/AIDS is to integrate the study of the pandemic into the mainstream school curriculum as a teaching and learning subject. Public education through technological media does not reach a majority of the rural population in Edo State which is why the spread does not seem to abate. This paper explores the feasibility of introducing HIV/AIDS into the school curriculum in the Edo State of Nigeria. It is assumed that the teaching of HIV/AIDS in schools could assist in dispelling the myths surrounding the pandemic and that the knowledge gained from studying the disease might empower the people to live with it, manage it and reduce the infection and stigma attached to HIV/AIDS.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">158-165</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geert Franzenburg</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INTERCULTURAL COACHING IN EDUCATION: THEORY AND PRACTICE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">coaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">intercultural</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1400135694.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Based on coaching and educational experiences with Latvian and German students, the importance and characteristics of intercultural training and coaching may be demonstrated. Besides targeting to an increase of intercultural sensibility for a group of participants, intercultural coaching focuses on accompanying the individual’s specific processes and provides support to the individual working internationally. As such intercultural coaching focuses strongly on the requirements of the targeted group and cannot be standardized. Each and every situation and interaction has its own individual context and history. International coaching should therefore be part of a target or specific goal oriented agreement which acts as the basis of a relationship between coach and client; thus, the coach has the task to analyze the spontaneous dynamics, the meanings and the consequences of the new situation. The research describes theoretical aspects of and practical experience with intercultural coaching concerning educational situations and contexts (communication, learning, teaching, counseling), following the different aspects of intercultural coaching in educational situations (language, history, mentality).</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">64-70</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Valentin Cosmin  Blândul</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INTERNATIONAL APPROACHES TO INCLUSION OF CHILDREN WITH SPECIAL EDUCATIONAL NEEDS IN MAINSTREAM EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">children with special needs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mainstream education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1400135561.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inclusion of children with special educational needs in mainstream education is a very complex issue which has been in the focus of specialists from several fields, such as psychology, pedagogy, sociology, medicine, social work in recent years. A great number of documents that address this issue have also been adopted. Probably the best known one is ”The Salamanca Statement and Framework for Action on Special Needs Education”, adopted by the World Conference on Special Needs Education: Access and Quality, organized by UNESCO in Salamanca, Spain, 7-10 June 1994. This document underlined for the first time the importance of inclusive school. By being opened to all children, regardless of their problems, an ordinary school with inclusive view is the most efficient way of fighting against discrimination. The process is by no means an easy one, as not all children in a class are willing to recognize and accept difference as normality. In addition, the success of inclusion of children with special educational needs also depends on the way they are accepted by the larger community they live in, which includes besides classmates, family members and teachers as well. 
Starting from theoretic aspects, in this paper we intend to present our international scientific research that we conducted during the 2009-2010 academic year in some ordinary schools from Romania, Spain, Poland and Italy. The main objective was to understand to which extent schoolchildren with different disabilities were integrated in ordinary classes and how deeply they were accepted from social point of view by their classmates. The representative sample included 800 children, with or without special educational needs, from the countries mentioned above. The research instrument we used was a sociometric test that asked children to express their preferences about their classmates based on different criteria. The results showed us that a great number of non-disabled children were inadequately prepared to accept their disabled classmates and this can be a major obstacle for the latter ones’ effective inclusion in mainstream education.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29-36</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INTERNATIONAL PROJECTS „ARISE“ AND „IQST“ FOR IMPROVING QUALITY OF SCIENCE TEACHING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">augmented reality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">natural science education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher training</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1400514560.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An international cooperation is undoubtedly an important issue. Science is science and it has an international character. Moreover, such cooperation is crucially important for scientists from former Soviet Union countries, because they had no possibility to communicate with colleagues from abroad or such cooperation was strongly limited. It is obvious if we want to obtain the necessary scientific information about different things, to enlarge technological possibilities of societies and so on, generally speaking, to make our world more safe and better, international cooperation among scientists is essential. Only all together we will be able to meet a broad range of global challenges today and tommorow.
 It is obvious that all projects are different. For example, large-scale scientific projects are very different to standard scale projects, which can be characterised mainly in four aspects: budget, human resources, time scale, productivity. The projects usually comprises experts from different areas of science and education. Another argument is that the globalization is becoming an international trend making countries open their doors, integrate and participate further in international co-operation activities. Generally speaking, we should recognize the importance of projects to education success. Projects generally are doing something new, innovative and this is very important. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-7</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Natalie  Vronskaya</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INTRODUCTION OF ICT IN PRACTICE OF MANAGEMENT OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">information system</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">institution management</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1400135172.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Purpose of the research: a study and analysis of introduction of information technology in management of educational institution.
 For example when mentioning the introduction of information technologies in the management systems of educational institutions in Latvia, it is possible to mention the unified information system of the Latvian Informatisation System for Universities (LAIS). This system is composed of a student register, curriculum register and courses register which organize the in-house turnover of documents in the local network, together with monitoring of visiting lessons and student progress.
 Our university has popularized the accessibility of electronic lecture materials and work assignments, also connection students with a teacher for consultation by e-mail.
 Other information system (IS) is provided for student LUA, which can follow to own educational process, i.e. see the chosen subjects and got mark for this subject. 
Conclusion: The information systems teach you the systematic and independent studies, and it is also possible to study whenever time and place.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">206-213</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gladys  Ngao</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maiyo K.  Julius</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mulwa M.  David</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AN INVESTIGATION TO THE EFFICACY OF FREE PRIMARY EDUCATION IN WITHDRAWING AND MAINTAINING CHILDREN FROM CHILD LABOUR IN KIAMBU DISTRICT, KENYA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">child labour</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">efficacy</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=924380</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">It is estimated that about 250 million children aged between 5-14 years were working world wide by the year 2006, at least 120 million were working full time and close to 80 million in hazardous work. These are children who either have no education at all or have had very little education. The study was geared to investigate the efficacy of free primary education in withdrawing children from child labour and maintaining them in primary schools. The study was conducted Kiambu district. The study used descriptive survey research design, the sample size was 70 respondents comprising of: 32 pupils, four head teachers, 16 teachers, and 16 parents, Kiambu District Quality Assurance and Standards Officer (DQASO)and the Secretary of Kiambu District Child Labour Committee (SDCLC).The study employed purposive and simple random sampling design to pick the respondents. Data was collected by use of questionnaires and focused group discussion. The study employed descriptive survey statistics to analyze data obtained. 
The major findings were that most schools did not have any orientation programmes for children withdrawn from child labour (CWCLs), and guidance and counseling programmes were not effective mainly because of the understaffing in the schools. The study established that most schools had various limitations in maintaining CWCLs and did not have any mechanism through which they could reach out to the children who dropped out of school. The study recommended among others that the government in conjunction with NGOs working against child labour should establish feeding programmes in the affected schools.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29-42</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Felicity  Murunga</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JOURNEY TOWARDS EDUCATION FOR ALL IN KENYA AT CROSSROADS? A CASE OF FREE SECONDARY EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education for all</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">enrolment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">free secondary education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1400136041.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Free Secondary Education introduced by the Grand coalition government in 2008 was a major leap in the right direction in Kenya’s education system. It opened doors to millions of youths who had missed a chance to get education and improve their lives. This paper provides an international concept of Providing Education for All (EFA). It follows up the historical development of Secondary Education in Kenya since independence to date.
 The paper endeavors to articulate the challenges which have hitherto emerged in implementing this popular programme which, if not addressed urgently, might undermine the gains made so far. The Free Secondary Education programme has overwhelming support from Kenyans and Africans in general; they see it as a potent instrument that can enable communities in the region to extricate themselves from object poverty, thus empowering them economically. It is therefore imperative for Kenyans to acknowledge that Free Secondary Education is not a luxury but a necessity for equitable social and economic development.
 The paper is exclusively based on secondary documentary data.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">134-140</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miro  Puhek</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andrej  Šorgo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LANGUAGE-INDEPENDENT VIRTUAL BIOLOGY EXERCISE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF KEY COMPETENCES FOR LIFELONG LEARNING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mendelian Genetics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">simulations</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">virtual laboratory</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2594542</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Natural sciences in Slovenia are not as popular as we would like them to be. Biology teaching and learning in great part consist of memorizing the facts and not so much of developing competences. Laboratory and field work are recognized as methods where students can achieve subject specific and generic competences, as recommended by different international organizations. Such key competences are mathematical competence and competences in science and technology, and digital competences. Although competences cannot be learned but have to be achieved, the task seems epical when students can hardly find computer supported didactical tools in their own language. 
On the Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics virtual biology exercise Mendelian Genetics with a translational tool was developed. Teachers have the possibility to translate it into desired foreign language. Virtual exercise is interactive and encourages the critical thinking approach to reach the high level cognitive skills and development of different competences.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">106-113</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Violeta  Šlekienė</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Loreta  Ragulienė</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE LEARNING PHYSICS IMPACT OF INTERACTIVE LECTURE DEMONSTRATIONS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">interactive demonstration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">interactive lecture</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning physics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2594545</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper deals with application of interactive lecture demonstrations (IALD) during lectures of general physics as a way for helping students to better understand functional dependences of physics phenomenon. IALD can be described as an active engagement learning environment in a lecture setting, where computer, sensors, interface and software of PASCO are used together with demonstration equipment. Demonstration results are projected on big screen using computer projector. Assumption – observation – explanation cycle is used during interactive lesson demonstration. During this study IALD was implemented into general physics (mechanics) course. Interactive demonstrations were given for students of Siauliai University faculty of Natural Science studying Ecology and environmental studies. Lectures were given in 2009 spring semester. The same course of kinematics and dynamics were lectured traditionally for students studying Applied biology. Multiple-choice test was used to determine impact of IALD to understanding phenomena of mechanics. It was state, that in those lectures, where IALD was used, achievements of students were better than those of students learning in traditional method. Using IALD students are motivated to be not passive observers, but active participants of education process. Students, who were studying in IALD group, positively valuated employment of interactive demonstrations in learning of physics. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">120-129</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jane  Mattisson</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teri  Schamp-Bjerede</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LEARNING THROUGH TECHNOLOGY: A REPORT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A “NEW” E-LEARNING TOOL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">boilerplate</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cognitive learning tool</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">usability</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2594600</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This article discusses an on-going pilot project for improving essay writing at Kristianstad University, Sweden. It presents a so-called boilerplate which has been designed for Master’s-level English students. This e-learning tool is used as a cognitive tool that facilitates learning with as opposed to learning through technology. The boilerplate is part of a joint learning system (Kim &amp; Reeves, 2007) in which there are three equal participants in the learning process: the tool, learner, and activity.
 As technology is increasingly implemented in education, there is a need to understand pedagogical processes that not only take into consideration the student, but how the technology is used by the student. Our paper discusses the e-learning tool created at Kristianstad University, and looks at the first, preliminary results of its use in connection with pedagogical issues, usability, and interaction. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">146-157</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Renata Bilbokaitė</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Irina Zhikina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inna Portjanskaya</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LITHUANIAN AND ESTONIAN STUDENTS’ ATTITUDE TOWARDS SCIENCE TEACHING/LEARNING METHODS: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning process</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2594537</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A number of the latest investigations specify the necessity of improving science education at all levels of the education system. A decreasing interest in sciences is one of the most acute problems of present education. The purpose of this research is to analyse how students evaluate the current situation on using different teaching/learning methods and means in the process of science education. Research was carried out in Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia (Lamanauskas, Vilkonis, 2008). This article presents more exhaustive research results, which were obtained after carrying out comparative analysis between the respondents of two countries – Lithuania and Estonia. It is very important to compare the evaluation, attitudes of the students belonging to the same region country, because earlier carried out researches show that in spite of common natural science education tendencies, rather significant differences exist between countries. It is believable, that they are predetermined by various educational approaches, teachers’ competence and other different reasons. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">66-74</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Renata Bilbokaitė</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Janis  Gedrovics</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LITHUANIAN AND LATVIAN STUDENTS’ ATTITUDE TOWARDS SCIENCE TEACHING/LEARNING METHODS: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning process</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1399917272.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A number of the latest investigations specify the necessity of improving science education at all levels of the education system. A decreasing interest in sciences is one of the most acute problems of present education. The purpose of this research is to analyse how students evaluate the current situation on using different teaching/learning methods and means in the process of science education. Research was carried out in Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia (Lamanauskas, Vilkonis, 2008). This article presents more exhaustive research results, which were obtained after carrying out comparative analysis between the respondents of two countries – Lithuania and Latvia. It is very important to compare the evaluation, attitudes of the students belonging to the same region country, because earlier carried out researches show that in spite of common natural science education tendencies, rather significant differences exist between countries. It is believable, that they are predetermined by various educational approaches, teachers’ competence and other different reasons. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">55-62</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Violeta  Šlekienė</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Loreta  Ragulienė</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LITHUANIAN STUDENTS` EXPERIENCES WITH TECHNOLOGY: SOME IMPORTANT ISSUES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">first year students</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">information communication technologies</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1400515635.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The role of ICT in education in whole and particularly in science education is very important topic. It is worth emphasizing that in recent years, a general degree of integrating ICT in the process of teaching has increased in Lithuania as well as in other countries. It is accepted that ICT makes the process of teaching/learning more effective and beneficial whereas the education system starts functioning faster. The development of ICT and the process of globalization determine alteration in the education system as well as in the whole society. The implementation of new technologies in the educational process raises new possibilities for both teacher and learner, enhances education quality and makes the educational process more versatile. The research 'Student and Computer-Based Technologies' was conducted in January – March, 2010. Research sample consisted of 663 respondents who were 1st year university students (freshmen). To analyze research data, the measures of descriptive statistics (absolute and relative frequencies, popularity/usefulness/necessity indexes) have been applied. It has been stated, that respondents have practically unlimited opportunities to use mobile phone, computer, internet and e-data mini storage device - USB stick. Relatively new and rather expensive digital technologies are barely used. The most useful information communication technology for the first year students while studying is compute. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">64-75</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sirje Piht</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eve Eisenschmidt</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MENTAL ARITHMETIC SKILLS: COMPARATIVE RESEARCH BASED ON ESTONIAN AND FINNISH PUPILS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">long-term memory</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mental arithmetic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching mathematics</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=924386</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estonian pupils achieved good results in international tests like TIMSS and PISA (IEA’s TIMSS 2003 International Report on Achievement in the Mathematics Cognitive Domains, 2005; Assessing Scientific, Reading and Mathematical Literacy, 2006). Despite the high results of Estonian pupils, annual official tests showed that there were problems in subtraction, multiplication and time calculations at primary school level (The National Examinations and Qualifications Centre, 2009). 
The key question this research poses is what kind of mental arithmetic skills do children in the first three forms of primary school possess? The aim is to analyze what kind of changes should be implemented in the national curriculum in order to improve the maths studies of Estonian pupils. 
Mental arithmetic tests were carried out in late April and early May 2006 both in Estonia and in Finland. Two groups of pupils participated in the tests, one of which consisted of pupils from seven Estonian schools from different parts of Estonia, and the other consisted of the first, second and third form pupils at Turku University Practice School which is the training school for teacher trainees studying at the Turku University, Finland. In this research, mental arithmetic is studied among children attending the first, second and third forms of primary school. Differences between the sexes are studied and, in addition, differences between Finnish and Estonian pupils are examined by comparing the Estonian results with those of the Finnish group. On the basis of the test, Estonian pupils received higher results in mental arithmetic exercises. Both Estonian and Finnish boys performed better than girls in mental arithmetic exercises in the second and third forms. 
The results confirm a good level of skills amongst the Estonian pupils, but also show in which tasks the most mistakes occurred. The exercises which acquired the use of working memory caused more mistakes. Further, the results indicate a difference between the mastery of boys and girls in mental arithmetic which highlights a need for the differentiation of teaching strategies according the sex of pupils. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">99-108</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Solange W. Locatelli</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Celeste  Ferreira</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agnaldo Arroio</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">METAVISUALIZATION: AN IMPORTANT SKILL IN THE LEARNING CHEMISTRY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chemistry instruction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">metacognition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">metavisualization</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2594538</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper is a theoretical discussion about three important concepts related with chemistry learning. The terms visualization, metacognition and metavisualization were reviewed in the literature, in regard to aspects of definition and importance as constructors of knowledge in science education, especially in chemistry. There is a stead growing body of research that recognizes the importance of being metacognitive in the learning process. Also, given the frequent use of visualization in chemistry instruction we began to encounter studies that suggest that metacognition in respect with visualization exits and it’s referred to as “metavisualization”. Particularly, this term has been perceived as a metavisual skill, where the student will monitor and regulate specifically their internal representations, helping him to build concepts in science. Many definitions have been found about these terms, however there seems to be a uniformity to consider its importance in the learning process of students, which allows us to conclude that there is still a great demand for research in this area to clarify many aspects regarding these cognitive and metacognitive processes.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75-83</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agnese  Rusakova</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andrejs  Rauhvargers</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">METHODOLOGY FOR IMPLEMENTING LEARNING OUTCOMES IN A STUDY PROGRAM AS BASIS FOR FUTURE RECOGNITION OF PRIOR LEARNING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning outcomes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lifelong learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">National Qualifications Framework</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2594310</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">One of the most important problems of the next decades in the context of lifelong learning is the integration non- formal and informal learning achievements of individuals with formal learning so that non- formal and informal learning can be used for their formal promotion –gaining credits and/or whole qualifications.
 One of the means for integrating the achievements is through translating knowledge, skills and competencies obtained through alternate forms of learning into learning outcomes (further in text- LO). It is necessary to implement LO approach in the formal system of education to prepare it for recognition of prior learning. 
The objective to be reached is understandable and so is the rationale to do so. However unclear is the way how to translate the theory into a working practice. In the following article the authors will address this problem by proposing and examining a methodology for implementing LO in a program, discussing the possibility to improve the quality of program through this action.
 The LO approach reflects change from „teacher-centered” to „student-centered” learning. The first results of surveying the lecturers involved in the analyzed program show that the LO are currently implemented rather formally. It is necessary to do more explanatory work in order to benefit from the LO as quality instrument.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">124-131</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Olga  Kravchenko</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE MODEL-CONSTRUCT OF AN INTERACTIVE MODULAR TEXTBOOK (TRAINING PROFILE “ADVERTISING AND PUBLIC RELATIONS”)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">adaptability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">high school textbook</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">organization of the textbook’s content</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1400135120.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The object of this study is educational literature, which forms the profile of a graduate (bachelors program focusing on the “Advertising and PR”). The subject are the principles and methods of organization of educational content, that increase the efficiency of interaction of students with educational literature. The aim of the research – to prepare a comprehensive description of the model-scheme profile of a textbook on socio-humanitarian disciplines. Problems that are solved: 1) identification of the relevant parameters of the methamodel of a modern active high school textbook, 2) development of a model-construct of the textbook, preparing future advertising specialists for project work, and 3) an experimental realization of the model-construct in the format of the training manual for a specific contingent. The purpose of the article – for the model constructs to reveal the potential of modularity in the organization of content in an interactive traditional format textbook. We believe that the developed model-scheme of a modular textbook will allow using its informational and didactic components optimally.
 Methodology of the Research. As a methodological framework for the creation of the model-construction we used the recommendations in optimization of textbook as a carrier of information, developing “mental activity” of student, his professional and personal competence, motivation, personal activities and communicative reflection (Antonova, 2004; Buga, 1987; Kanke 2007; and others). 
Results of the Research. The model of the textbook is developed on the basis of an approved modular training manual on the working-out of an advertising product (Kravchenko 2004, 2006; Kravchenko, Novikova 2008). The use of modules allows providing a wide range of multi-level training information. We highlight four content levels: two structurally indicative (1, 2), informative (3) and referential (4). The first level deals with the means of navigation in the structure of the textbook – headings and subheadings. The second level is represented by operators – the system of “keywords”, which follow in a particular order and have the orienting function: clarify the concept, authoritative opinion, research, interesting facts, trends, discussion, master-class etc. A certain mini-module stands behind each operator – the actual information (the third level). The function of the fourth level is references to various sources for further independent work (referential part of the textbook).
 Discussion. A modular textbook is chosen as an optimal model of a new-generation secondary school textbook. The main attention is focused on the principles of clarity and fixed format. In this article the idea of modularity has been developed further in the aspect of optimization of the content of the high school interactive textbook.
 Conclusions. The main advantages of the developed model-constructor of a modular textbook are: compactness, optionality, interactiveness, regulated access to informational resources, and a possibility of developing an individual cognitive style, student’s mobility and adaptability.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">109-205</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lewis  McAnally-Salas</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gilles  Lavigne</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carolina  Armijo de Vega</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ONLINE COURSE INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN FROM THE PROFESSORS' PEDAGOGIC KNOWLEDGE AND TECHNOLOGICAL SKILLS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pedagogical knowledge</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">technological skills</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1399917485.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The educational design of seven on-line courses was analyzed with the aim to relate the professors' pedagogic knowledge and technological abilities with the course design. The courses already imparted where analyzed in the LMS where they were designed (Virtual U, Moodle and Virtual UABC). Assessments were carried out to evaluate the quality of the designs, also semi structured interviews and questionnaires were done to determine the professors' knowledge and perceived abilities. The professors were selected looking to cover all the possible combinations among high (T) and low (t) technological abilities and high (P) and low (p) pedagogic knowledge. Seven courses were selected; two with professors who had high technological abilities and high pedagogical knowledge (TP); two with professors with high technological abilities and low pedagogical knowledge (Tp); two with professors with low technological abilities and high pedagogical knowledge (tP); and finally one with low technological abilities and low pedagogical knowledge (tp). The analysis showed no relationship between the coherence and structure of the course design with the professors' technological abilities and pedagogical knowledge. Analysis of the interviews suggests that the most important element for a coherent and well structured educational course design is the professor's interpersonal relationships and the informal fellowship communications with experience in on-line education.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">84-93</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anne Uusen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mare  Müürsepp</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ORTHOGRAPHIC SKILLS AND TEACHING ORTHOGRAPHY IN LIGHT OF THE RENEWED ESTONIAN LANGUAGE SYLLABUS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">native language pedagogy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">writing skills</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1400136237.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The National Curriculum is a document that prescribes the bases of teaching. All the issues in the National Curriculum are compulsory for each teacher. The issue of spelling skills in the curriculum has always had an active feedback, either positive or negative, among mother tongue teaching specialists in Estonia. Therefore, before starting the next curriculum reform, it is reasonable to analyze former versions and to research what is actually fulfilled or not in the real school life. 
The modern viewpoint of teaching spelling, described by keywords such as the usage of language and focusing on the text, is the basis of renewing the syllabus of mother tongue in Estonia. It means that orthography is taught and evaluated from the basis of informal teaching approach or in other words, by taking into account the language using situation and/or the language using purposes in teaching orthography. It has a clear and convincing scientific basis and ground, which is described also in the current article. 
Strong scientific ground and the results of studying the writing skills in students` independent pieces of writing gave a foundation to claim that the curriculum reform team in Estonia is on the right path. The results of the study also confirmed that orthographical skills and knowledge are acquired more effectively and consciously, when they are learned in the environment, where they are really needed or in other words, connected with the process of writing texts. The fact that the most frequently used words are written correctly even at the end of the first stage of compulsory school, makes it possible to draw more attention to teaching syntax, punctuation and writing different texts in different purposes at the 2nd stage of compulsory school. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">170-184</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">David  Mulwa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Julius  Maiyo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PARTICIPATORY DECISION MAKING IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS: CASE OF STUDENTS' INVOLVEMENT IN MWALA DIVISION, KENYA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">decision making</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">decision making process</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1400135998.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The study was an investigation of the participation in decision making by secondary schools students in Mwala division, Mwala district. The purpose was to identify the key decision makers in Secondary schools and the extent to which students were involved in decision making as far as curriculum and instruction, students’ management and welfare, and school-community relations were concerned. The study was based on the Normative Model of Group Decision making. The study hypothesized that schools would largely involve students in decision making in order to avert major crises like school strikes.
 The study used data collected from three secondary schools randomly selected from 10 public secondary schools in Mwala division. A sample of 80 students was selected randomly to represent the schools. A descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. Data were sourced from the students by use of a questionnaire. Data was analyzed by use of descriptive analysis techniques which involves frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviations.
 It was established that students participated least in decision making concerning curriculum and instruction, and students’ management and welfare but largely participated in making decisions concerning school community relations. More than 95% of the students indicated that they would like to participate more in decision making.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">120-133</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nada  Bizova</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PECULARITIES OF INCLUSIVE EDUCATION IN CHILDREN’S LEISURE TIME WITH SPECIAL EDUCATIONAL NEEDS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">inclusion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">integration in society</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">leisure time education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1400135000.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The report shows on current problem of inclusive approach to leisure time education of children with special educational needs. The inclusion represents educational paradigm, which caused changes in traditional educational system. As it is signed in UNESCO 2006, it is inevitable to create inclusive environment, in order to bring opportunities for active connection into educational process for all children, gain education with appropriate quality level and successful integration in society. In report, we analyzed functions and principles of inclusive education in leisure time and some particularities of inclusive education in chosen organizations. There are also pointed out current problems and perspectives, based on inclusive education analysis in Europe.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">182-190</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE PECULARITIES OF THE EXTRACURRICULAR ACTIVITIES OF PRIMARY NATURAL SCIENCE EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational system</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">extracurricular activities</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1399916909.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The extracurricular activities of natural science education (EANSE) is one of the most significant fields of natural science education. The field hides inside numerous opportunities of choice. Whatever advanced natural science education is – it omits the functions and do not provide the opportunities that could be offered by the EANSE. Teaching is not and cannot be limited only by classes at any stage of the educational system. Pupils gain new experience in the extracurricular activities that is very important to broadening of creativity and other properties relevant to modern life. The usage of the latest information technologies, communication and cooperation, group work, the change of ideas and a critical approach towards social reality are the greatest abilities of human being in a new century. School has to devote an exceptional attitude towards its development. Hence, the system of extracurricular activities should exhaustively be used as this is a place where schoolchildren can acquire knowledge and experience that cannot be obtained at school, i.e. different methods can be applied and the attitude that they are the users of nature as well as responsible for its evolution and protection can be fostered. It should be remembered that an affective value-based aspect is very important to the correlation with nature. It includes a need to feel concern about the environment, to communicate with nature and to feel being an integral part of it (Makarskaitė, 1995).�
 The extracurricular activities of natural science education can be defined as a part of permanent education that should guarantee the complete development of pupils’ physical, psychical and emotional power. It is an excellent opportunity for pupils to improve their natural science education with a help of different coteries, arranged camps, actions, projects, etc. 
Thus, obviously, the extracurricular activities of natural science education in primary school are an influential field of pupils’ training that is extremely useful to fostering affective value-based relations with nature, to cherishing love for nature and respect for life. In general, the majority of children of this age realize the importance and significance of activities related to nature and this is the main point of the extracurricular activities of natural science education training. Also, there are a variety of ways to create extracurricular activities in science education area at a primary school. In every moment teachers should be ready to implement extracurricular activities in real school life. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-8</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Luljeta  Buza</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hektor  Buza</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elida  Tabaku</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PERCEPTION OF LIFELONG LEARNING IN HIGHER EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">innovation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lifelong learning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2594286</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The paper is an empirical study based on questionnaires of 450 postgraduates’ students, and 30 teachers enrolled in different courses in Tirana University. It aimed to identify the problems and to find out some solutions to the problem focused on the wide availability of information and communication, which makes learning take place wherever and whenever it suits the student. The study highlights the way how education can be organized to ensure quality and lifelong learning. The study, based on the analysis of questionnaires, pointed out that it is considered as not efficient if lifelong learning is focused only on short-term requirements. The teacher educators had quite a number of concepts on lifelong learning, and their perceptions were concentrated on: 1) developing a range of skills; 2) being able to identify problems; 3) ways of tackling, finding and using information effectively; 4) understanding and extending ways of learning to gain and apply new knowledge.
 The paper is divided into two parts. Part one outlines the key issues related to the importance of lifelong education and part two analyzes lifelong learning approaches, conclusions and recommendations.
 The notion of learning society needs some theoretical and analytical potential which requires realization of a considerable work. There is a need for greater clarity in defining the meaning of the learning society, and for establishing criteria for interpretation. Learning continually throughout life is vital if we are to make informed choices about our lives and the societies in which we live. The strength of the idea of a learning society is a concept that needs to link learning process with the idea of a future society. It is necessary to link the theory of relationship between education and economic life and to draw upon understandings of human beings as active, and cooperative in the learning society. The different and differentiated personal development would contribute to better understanding and improved implementation of lifelong learning policies. Formal education needs to become more meaningful and relevant in its on-line application.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">42-51</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mzia Tsereteli</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Khatuna  Martskvishvili</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ia  Aptarashvili</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tamta  Darsavelidze</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shorena Sadzaglishvili</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PREDICTING STUDENT'S SELF-COMPETENCE USING SCHOOL CULTURE FACTORS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school culture</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">self-competence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sense of happiness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sense of success</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1400136188.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Numerous studies in educational psychology field investigate academic achievement as well as factors influencing it. Generally, these studies are addressed to cognitive factors but non-cognitive factors, also play an important role in academic success. Presented paper deals with identification the factors associated to students’ self-competence, specifically, sense of success and happiness. 224 public schools 9th grade (age 15-16) 5385 students (2655 girls and 2683 boys) were administered with the questionnaire consisted of several blocks: parents involvement in school life, class climate and school culture. Result shows that the best predictors for sense of success in school environment are: parent involvement in academic life, parent learning attitudes, their belief of child’s success coping with academic problems, teaching style of teacher, specifically, problem based teaching. The best predictors for student sense of happiness are: student’s self-perception of dealing with problem and involvement in learning processes. The study has implication for school teachers and experts of educational psychology. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">163-169</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boriss  Jarinovskis</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PREPARATION AND DEFENSE OF THE RESEARCH WORK OF STUDENTS: PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">defense of works</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">research work of students</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1399917876.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In the course of study in high school students write scientific papers, developing coursework, undergraduate, qualification, post-graduate works. Performance by students of research work (SRW) has specific features. Each type of research has a purpose. Almost - it complex usage of theoretical and practical solutions, the corresponding specific speciality. The main problems in carrying out research students are: lack of experience in conducting research, the difficulty in generating and processing of scientific information (SI) of speeches and prepare it for printing or the defense, etc. The studies were conducted in the Engineering Faculty of Rezekne Higher School during the academic year in the past 5 years. Follows up on research results ready for publication or protection. Revealed the complexity of the choice of subjects of research, analysis and synthesis of materials. Much of the information students are using Internet resources. In addition, a number of students showing disrespect for intellectual property, violating copyrights, quoting long texts (over 300 words). Recommendations are made for students and heads of scientific works to implement SRW in terms of training, protection, or print study works, dissertations (projects).</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">128-133</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jana  Bouwma-Gearhart</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PRE-SERVICE EDUCATOR ATTRITION INFORMED BY SELF-DETERMINATION THEORY: AUTONOMY LOSS IN HIGH-STAKES EDUCATION ENVIRONMENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">high-stakes testing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">self-determination theory</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher motivation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2594283</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper documents results of research regarding one pre-service educator’s motivation to remain in the teaching profession at the secondary level. This qualitative research was based on semi-structured interviews and collaborative analysis between researcher and pre-service educator that included an iterative process of theory building informed by a pre-espoused theory treated as a secondary source of data. We present an instrumental case examined through the lens of self-determination theory (SDT), a theory of motivation shown to successfully inform a wide array of psychological data concerning human behavior and optimal functioning in a variety of social contexts but that, nonetheless, remains underutilized in the field of education. Applying this theoretical lens, we document the struggle that early educators may experience as a result of the felt loss of autonomy and volition with respect to the pedagogical competencies that teacher preparation programs help to instill. We provide recommendations for both teacher educators and school administrators hoping to secure educator success and retention in schools operating under strong teacher accountability mandates. We argue that self-determination theory is a powerful conceptual model that may inform and predict the experiences of others like our instrumental case subject working in similar environments, with our ultimate motive being the better preparation of aspiring educators’ in terms of their pedagogical savvy regarding professional realities.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30-41</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Angela James</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PRE-SERVICE STUDENT TEACHER PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT: RESEARCH AND SERVICE-LEARNING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pre-service student teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">service-learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">student teacher professional development</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2594301</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pre-service Biology student teachers completed a module/course on Research and Service-Learning as part of their professional development. This module expected of student teachers to take new actions in that they were to work with the lecturer and a manager from a community organization to conduct a Research and Service-Learning project. This paper reports on two student teacher groups experiences of the project. The research questions that drove this paper are: What were the pre-service student teachers’ experiences of their Research and Service-Learning project? An interpretive and qualitative approach was used. An action research case study methodology with document analysis, reflective journals and class discussions was used. The data collected was analysed using a descriptive case study, providing narrative accounts for each of the student teacher groups. The data reveal the emotional, cognitive and social dynamics that the student teachers experienced. The conclusion reached is that this project is an essential component for the professional development of any Biology pre-service student teacher, especially in the South African. It is essential in that the pre-service student teachers can address poverty, hunger, impact of HIV/AIDS and develop an understanding of the learners that they teach.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">66-78</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simeon  Mbewe</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vivien  Chabalengula</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frackson Mumba</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PRE-SERVICE TEACHERS’ FAMILIARITY, INTEREST AND CONCEPTUAL UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">conceptual understanding</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science process skills</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1400515680.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study explored pre-service teachers’ familiarity, interest, and conceptual understanding of science process skills. A sample comprised ninety one primary school pre-service teachers at a university in the Midwest of the USA. Participants were enrolled in two science education courses; introductory science teaching methods course and advanced science methods course. The introductory science methods course is mainly focused on developing science process skills among pre-service teachers while the advanced science methods course is focused on content and pedagogical knowledge. Data were collected through a questionnaire. Results showed that pre-service teachers had higher familiarity and interest levels in science process skills, but very poor conceptual understanding of the science process skills. Their incorrect definitions of science processes ranged from not having any idea to tautology. Moreover, most participants interchanged definitions of some science processes notably measuring and quantification; and predicting and inferring. The findings have implications for science teaching, learning and teacher education. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76-86</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sirpa Kärkkäinen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tuula Keinonen</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHER STUDENTS’ PERCEPTIONS OF TECHNOLOGY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1399917102.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Technology education in the Finnish comprehensive school is an integrated subject, “Technology and the Individual” being one of the cross-curricula themes. It is accepted that students’ conceptions are related to their teachers’ conceptions. From the viewpoint of primary technology education and the development of primary teacher education, it is important to know teacher students’ perceptions of technology and technology education. This study focuses on how primary teacher students think about technology. Results showed that teacher students understand technology from quite a limited perspective, thinking that technology in their everyday life is mostly based on domestic appliances, computers and mobiles. Although the teacher students’ perceptions of technology were limited, their overall experiences towards it were positive. After the cross-curricula course, they viewed technology more broadly, understanding e.g. the history of technology, technological responsibility and its impact at the individual, social and global level. Emphasis was placed on the teacher students’ abilities to apply technology and use it with their pupils in their future teaching profession. Despite limitations, the study provides insight into teacher students’ perceptions of technology and it also contributes for further understanding in the area of cross-curricula themes.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27-35</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Olga Logashenko</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lyudmila Lomakina</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PROBLEMS OF STUDY AND STIMULATION OF STUDENTS-PSYCHOLOGISTS’ CREATIVE POTENTIAL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">creative potential</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">the personality of a psychologist</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vocational formation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=924391</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In the given work the problem of the vocational training of a psychologist, a teacher of psychology at the psychological faculty at the Institute of Economics and Management in Medicine and Social Sphere (Krasnodar) is investigated. The complexity of the given problem consists in the fact that a young expert being a teacher of psychology must be equally prepared both to the vocational psychological and the vocational pedagogical activity.
 The basic emphasis is made on the development of the creative personal potential of students which promotes efficiency of the future advisory, scientific and pedagogical activity of an expert.
 The longitudinal experimental psychological research of the professionally significant characteristics of students-psychologists and future teachers of psychology has been made. The indicators of dynamics of the creative personal potential of students from the 2nd to the 4th course at higher school have been studied. The innovative pedagogical technology of psycho-pedagogical support (PPS) of scientific practical activities (SPA) at the stage of introductory educational and pedagogical practice developed at the chair of psychology and pedagogics have been used as the influence tool.
 It is revealed and statistically confirmed that indicators for developing the creative potential level in the course of the professional formation of a student-psychologist at a stage of higher school education have positive dynamics connected with some features of psycho-pedagogical support of the training process.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">151-161</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nikleia  Eteokleous</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nikoletta  Christodoulou</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE PROCESS OF MULTICULTURAL EDUCATION IN A CENTRALIZED AND HOMOGENEOUS EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">homogeneous educational system</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multicultural education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multiculturalism</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1400135650.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cyprus educational system which as of now could be described as homogeneous, centralized, and bureaucratic is going through a totally new experience since “foreign language speaking” students are enrolled in public school classrooms. The high degree of homogeneity that existed so far has been dramatically decreasing the last few years. Individuals with different cultures, nationalities, languages, and religions enter the country for various reasons. The above changes are reflected in the country’s school system as well. The study examines the current situation within the Cyprus educational system regarding the issue of multiculturalism. The formal, theoretical, and institutional framework of the multicultural education in Cyprus as it is included in the wider educational policy, and the implementation of the official philosophical outline are examined, interpreted and discussed. On the other hand, the informal theoretical framework of the multicultural education in Cyprus is examined, which includes things done based on teachers’ own will, effort, stimulus, and initiative, as well as based on their assumptions and beliefs. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">47-63</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ketevan  Kobalia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elza  Garakanidze</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCIES OF THE 21ST CENTURY SCHOOL TEACHER</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher preparation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher training</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/pdf.html?n=2014/457-1400134439.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">According to the demands of many educational reforms, a teacher should not only be a provider of knowledge and skills, but also have a positive attitude towards innovations, feel the necessity for self-education, and adopt a student centered teaching approach. Teachers are expected to develop professional skills and always try to be &quot;an effective model of competence&quot; (Bruner, 1976). For example, an examination of education students found that the main emphasis in their preparedness was subject area knowledge. Students did not report a focus on the personality traits. This study reports data gathered from education graduates about their perceptions of the level and extent of professional competence experienced during their preparation. This study has been carried out to reveal the interaction quality between the professionally valuable competences and the consequences of teaching process. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">104-108</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Daina Celma</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ausma Golubeva</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF STUDY PROGRAM MANAGERS: TOPICALITY AND ESSENCE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">competences</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">professional development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">study program manager</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1400134293.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">As today is the time of rapid changes, the activities of academic personnel become more and more complicated. This also refers to study program managers, who are the responsible persons for higher education study programs. 
Study program managers are not specially trained to manage study programs. It is usually assumed that anyone with enough academic experience and specific academic degree can become a study program manager and manage it through its existence. However, being a study program manager entails a wide range of different responsibilities which underlies a need for study program manager to possess many competences that a manager in any other organization or position should have - specific knowledge, skills, abilities and also -preferably- certain personal traits. Taking this relevant issue into account, a research was carried out in two Universities of Latvia, where both lecturers and study program managers were asked to fill in questionnaires in order to define a set of professional competences a successful and effective study program manager should possess. Besides, it was concluded that study program managers do need further education and training regards improving their competences and acquiring new ones. Not surprisingly, this need for further education was more stressed by the lecturers than by study program managers themselves. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">71-79</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zita  Jenisová</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin  Bílek</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mariana  Šranková</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PROJECT ORIENTED CHEMISTRY INSTRUCTION AT A SLOVAK BASIC SCHOOL: LEARNERS´, TEACHERS´AND SCHOOL VISITORS´OPINION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">opinions of learners</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">project oriented instruction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school climate</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school project</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1399917059.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The paper deals with an example of the project oriented instruction. The described school project &quot;Healthy and Non-healthy Nutrition&quot; ran at Basic School Jarok, Slovak Republic. In the first part of the article, authors analyze the theoretical background of the project instruction, its advantages, disadvantages, threads and limits. In the second part, the entire project is described. It is structured into two phases. The first one involves project work of pupils, i.e. searching, collecting, processing information on the topic; in the second phase results are introduced to other pupils, teachers and the public. The materials were presented in the form of workshop which was attended by both active participants (i.e. pupils working on the project and their teachers) and visitors (i.e. other pupils, teachers, parents and guests). The project covers five topics (Vitamins, Carbohydrates, Cereal products, Lipids, Drinks). Materials relating to each topic were presented by pupils in attractive ways at separate checkpoints, being supported by competitions and games. At the final checkpoint the feedback (participants´ opinion) was collected from all participants and visitors in the form of questionnaires. They aimed at three groups: pupils, teachers and visitors. Totally 186 pupils, 27 teachers and 67 visitors participated in the project or attended the workshop. The questionnaires monitored the attractiveness of the project instruction for pupils and teachers, evaluated the suitability of the project method for teaching Chemistry and other subjects, etc. Generally said, the topic and method were highly appreciated by the participants and visitors, they supported motivation and created positive image of the school. The project instruction was recognized to be suitable for extended application in the future. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20-26</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Daina  Mozeika</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dagnija  Cedere</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Janis  Gedrovics</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PROMOTING STUDENT LEARNING ACHIEVEMENTS IN CHEMISTRY BY USING THE TETRAHEDRAL SPATIAL MIND MODEL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chemistry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching and learning method</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1400515782.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Students’ knowledge is the main resource for stimulating the development of each country. The results of international and national comparative studies in science show a tendency of a decrease of the level of students’ knowledge. The problem draws attention to the need to promote organization in teaching and learning and the use of progressive methodological approaches. The developed method, called the TETRA-method, is directed to the formation of connections among various phenomena, it was tested to ensure that students (grade 8-10) achieve stable knowledge, improve understanding and promote the students’ learning achievements if the method is used in learning chemistry. The students’ achievements were compared on different topics during the learning process. Obtained results of the research allow us to conclude that the use of the TETRA-method gives an option to raise the students’ knowledge level more frequently one level above the previous. The knowledge stability test showed that students’ knowledge becomes stable. Students’ learning achievements have a tendency to enhance by using the developed method.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">87-98</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sławomir  Postek</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maria Ledzińska</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jakub  Czarkowski</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PEDAGOGICAL PROBLEMS OF DISTANCE EDUCATION FOR ADULTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">adult development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">adult education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational psychology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1400515828.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Our main focus is to highlight the most important challenges in distance education aimed at adults: specific psychological challenges coming from adult development, the problems of quality and evaluation, and the effect particular distance education forms and their content (interactivity, salience, and multimedia additions) have on adult learning. In the opening section, theoretical grounds for how adults learn, treat learning, how they function in informational stress and in the role of a pupil are presented. This is than followed by the discussion of pedagogical aspects (motivation, self esteem etc) of results evaluation and didactical difficulties of planning high quality distance learning. Finally, a review of research results into how different types of material content affects adults’ perception and comprehension and how retention and transfer and influenced in effect. In the summary, we move on to discuss how b-learning (blended) and c-learning (complementary) could be employed in order to facilitate adult distance learning and propose research fields to explore in this area.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">99-108</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gunita  Praulīte</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Viktorija  Perepjolkina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Juris  Porozovs</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Daina  Voita</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PSYCHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL PRECONDITIONS FOR THE INDIVIDUALISATION OF TEACHING/LEARNING PROCESS FOR LEFTHANDERS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">functional asymmetry of brain hemispheres</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lefthanders</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">right-handers</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1400515875.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">One of the basic principles in organising educational (teaching/learning) process is individualisation, in other words - ensuring opportunities and environment for successful learning considering individual students’ personal characteristics. Approximately 10% of our society is the so called left-handers - people with a dominant left hand. Obviously we encounter them at school, too. Left-handed children differ in the ways how they perceive information, analyse space and time, think and feel, i.e. in their psycho-physiological processes.
 Our work deals with research results obtained by means of psycho-physiological testing: e.g. the computerised DT (Determination Test) S1 version and MLS (Motor performance series) test from Vienna Test System. The acquired results reveal that left-handers differ from right-handers in such psycho-physiological aspects as attention distribution and stability, information perception and processing, reaction to conflict situations and reactive stress duration. The former also consume more oxygen while under pressure than the latter.
 The research results indicate that left-handers require an individual educational approach.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">109-116</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jane K.  Amunga</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maurice M.  Amadalo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Julius K.  Maiyo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RANKING OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS AND STUDENTS IN NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS: THE PERCEPTION OF TEACHERS AND STUDENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ranking</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">talent and virtues</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1400133957.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The aim of the study was to investigate the teachers’ and students’ perception of ranking schools and students in national examinations. A descriptive survey design was used and secondary schools in Kakamega south district formed the study population. The sample frame consisted of 75 secondary schools stratified according to performance into low, average and top ranked categories. The sample size consisted of 36 schools (12 from each performance category) selected by simple random sampling and 252 respondents selected purposively from the 36 schools. Data collection instruments were questionnaires. Reliability was established by use of test retest technique. Most of the students and most head teachers approved of ranking while most of the teachers disapproved of ranking. Despite this stand on ranking, both the teachers and students felt that ranking should be improved and thus called for a system of assessment that encompassed all the aspects instead of focusing on academic performance only. This would ensure that ranking of schools and students did not glorify academic achievement at the expense of talent and other virtues. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10-24</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anne Uusen</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">READING ACTIVENESS AND READING PREFERENCES OF THE 6TH GRADE STUDENTS OF BASIC SCHOOL IN ESTONIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reading activeness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reading literacy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reading skills</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1400134678.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reading skills, reading interest, understanding of text and other aspects connected with reading have been researched quite a lot during the last decades in Estonia. A number of studies have reached the conclusion that basic school students in Estonia are rather good readers. However, teachers often claim that teenagers tend to read less and less and also in newspapers there are complaints about bad reading skills of youngsters. One of the reasons of the above mentioned attitude is that we tend to define the concept of reading differently and if somebody complains because of students' low reading interest, he/she mostly refers to reading belles-lettres or fiction. 
Living in the 21st century demands much more from teenagers as readers than it did in the past century and many well-known reading researchers stress the need to be able to properly do our jobs, and simply, to live and manage an everyday life. In these two areas we need to be able to understand what all kinds of written messages are about.
 The content of the broader meaning of reading and the concept of reading literacy is discussed in the current article. Also an overview of the results of the study about reading activeness and reading preferences, the goal of which was to find out what kind of texts are authentic for the students and to start a larger study for analyzing the amount of time teenagers spend with reading, what they read etc., is given in this article. 
Based on the results of the study it became evident that students read quite a lot, but they rather read newspapers and magazines than belles-lettres or fiction. The most frequent texts that students read in the newspapers are news. Also comic strips, TV-programs and book reviews are read rather often. A positive finding was that a large proportion of students read belles-lettres quite often. 
The results of the conducted questionnaire provided the basis for improving and completing the questionnaire for a larger study as well as food for thought about broadening the assortment of reading materials for students and for making Estonian language lessons more pragmatic as well. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">135-145</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bernard W.  Andrews</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">REFINING A PROFILE OF ARTS EDUCATION PARTNERSHIPS ACROSS CANADA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">artist/teacher collaboration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">arts education partnerships</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">arts instruction</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2594590</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ArtsSmarts, a national arts education initiative, supports artists collaborating with teachers to implement arts instruction in partnership with school and community organizations. This study was undertaken after policy interventions were undertaken by the partners to refine 214 arts education projects across Canada. Findings indicate that the projects emphasized student exploration, creativity and arts integration across the curriculum, and teachers undertook an increased role in organizing and participating in the projects. Most projects were offered at single sites in urban settings, and projects were extended over the school term to increase their impact on learning. Visual arts was the most common arts discipline and grade five was the dominant grade level in which arts partnership projects occurred within the national arts program. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20-29</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Remigijus  Bubnys</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vilma  Žydžiūnaitė</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">REFLECTIVE LEARNING MODELS IN THE CONTEXT OF HIGHER EDUCATION: CONCEPT ANALYSIS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">concept analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">higher education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reflective learning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1400134170.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The article presents reflective learning models in higher education. While presenting the reflecting possibilities in teaching / learning in higher education, researchers refer to Kolb’s model, which does not elaborate the reflection as an essential process and feature by applying it in higher education. The researchers view reflecting / reflective learning as a basic for successful learners’ activity analysis and learning from one’s own experience. Research focus in the article is conceptual relationship between reflective learning models and context of higher education. The aim of research is to substantiate the relationship between reflective learning and context of higher education by comparing reflective learning models and illustrating possibilities of implementation of reflective learning in higher education. Research design: conceptual modeling. Method: conceptual analysis. Research outcomes: integration of models while organizing teaching/learning at the higher education enhances the interrelationship between learning experience and reflective activity. Reflective learning as a continuous educational process at the individual and collective levels encompasses the content, process, premises, and is an endless loopy process. Such process starts with reflection for action, orientation towards links of new information and continues with reflection in and on action.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">58-70</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Veronika  Mrázová</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lukáš  Müller</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RESEARCH ON USING THE INTERNET IN CHEMISTRY TEACHING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">electronic material</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2594539</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This article describes some of the results of a research that is mapping the use of the Internet and electronic materials in Chemistry teaching at grammar schools in the Czech Republic. The research was made in 2008 – 2009 at the Faculty of Science of Palacky University in Olomouc. The main aim was to answer the question &quot;What is the extent of the use of the Internet and electronic materials available on it in activities related to teaching Chemistry at grammar schools in the Czech Republic?&quot; and, through this research, to acquire necessary information for preparation own chemical educational portal. It was a quantitative descriptive research; the research method was a questionnaire. The random sample included 50 Chemistry teachers from 50 different grammar schools in the Czech Republic (from total number of 368 grammar schools). Most of the teachers used in connection with teaching Chemistry the Internet and many different electronic materials; they used mostly free materials rather than paid and visited some web pages at least once a week. The vast majority used programs and services enabling basic work with the materials, chemical graphic programs were used just by a half of the respondents.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">84-94</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maria Ledzińska</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sławomir  Postek</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE ROLE OF METACOGNITION IN C-LEARNING CURRICULUM</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">c-learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">metacognition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">modern school curriculum</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2594599</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The article provides the Reader with an extensive review of literature, both theoretical and empirical, concerning c-learning and it’s possible content. Initially, the origins on c-learnign idea are reviewed, from the point of looking at the evolution of various forums of distance education over the Internet. Empirical results that led psychologists and pedagogues to consider c-learning as the answer to a majority of problems of traditional e-learning are presented, followed by a description of what c-learning currently is and what its main challenges are. Than, one of those challenges – c-learning curriculum – is considered and the path that led educational psychologists from treating instilling knowledge as the main aim of a teacher to treating training metaknowledge and metacognitive abilities as such is presented. Following that, the origins of the concept of metacognitive skills, the structure of those skills and their relation to cognitive functioning are discussed. Finally, the place metacognition should take in c-learning, and possibly all types of modern education paradigms (even traditional school), is considered, and the view presented is supported by a review of works from all fields involved in virtual schooling attempts: technology of education, educational and cognitive psychology and pedagogy.
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">137-145</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Salomea A.  Popoviciu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ioan  Popoviciu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ioan  G. Pop</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Daria  Sass</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE ROLE OF THE SCHOOL SOCIAL WORKER IN IMPROVING PUPIL’S ACHIEVEMENT THROUGH A SYNERGISTIC PARENT-PUPIL-TEACHER CONTEXTUAL COMMUNICATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contextual communication model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning spaces</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school achievement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school social work</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=924388</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pupil’s level of achievement is enhanced by bridging the gap between learning spaces and facilitating the transfer of knowledge, behaviours, skills, values, preferences and understandings from one context to another. An important part in this process is the exchange of information between home and school through an improved parent-pupil-teacher communication assisted by the school’s social worker. The research focus of this paper is to identify the challenges pupils face in relation to their learning spaces and to establish the role of the school social worker in improving pupil’s achievement through a contextual communication model of maintaining the collaboration between family, school and community. The research methodology included (1) a questionnaire applied to 110 pupils from one Romanian high-school with ages between 12-15 years; (2) semi-structured interviews with social workers, school teachers, a school psychologist, educational experts and parents and (3) synthesis and comparisons of the psychological and didactical relations between pupils and the context studied. Using the results of the survey and the interviews, this research identified the areas of discrepancy between pupils and their learning spaces, and mapped the role of the social worker in improving pupils’ level of achievement and school adaptation. This mediator role is exemplified through an innovative synergistic model of parent-pupil-teacher contextual communication. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">122-137</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Natalia  Zamkovaja</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Irina  Moissejenko</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Natalia  Tshuikina</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RUSSIAN-ESTONIAN BILINGUALISM RESEARCH AND ITS PRACTICAL MEANING FOR ESTONIAN SCHOOLS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bilingualism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mother tongue</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Russian-Estonian bilingualism</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1400134755.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The article deals with the researches done in the field of Russian-Estonian bilingualism for the modern period of Estonian life, comparing to the results drawn from the times when Estonia formed a part of the Soviet Union. The authors present the situation of bilingual students distribution in the Estonian-medium schools. The problem proved to be topical - the number of bilingual students in Estonian-medium schools has been growing. It means that methods of teaching Russian language for this people have to be modified. Within the research the data on amount of bilingual students in Estonian schools gotten from the Ministry of Education and Science has been specified. The questionnaire was sent to all Estonian schools, and the received data were processed and systematized according to the regions and levels of study, which enabled to present the distribution of Russian-Estonian bilingualism in Estonian-medium (with Estonian as a language of instruction) schools. The data on using Russian in the families of the students were also received.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">146-155</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mona Holmqvist</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Per-Ola  Holmquist</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wai Ming  Cheung</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE SAME LESSON IN TWO DIFFERENT CULTURES – WHAT DIFFERS AND WHAT IS THE SAME? A LEARNING STUDY ON READING COMPREHENSION IN SWEDEN AND HONG KONG</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning study</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reading comprehension</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">variation theory</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1400135760.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This project is about the relationship between what happens in the classroom and what the students learn from reading. We have found that what the students learn may differ in different classes radically even if the school resources are the same, learning is organized in the same way, even if the students are equally capable and motivated and even if the teachers are equally well educated and experienced. We have found that radical differences in what the students learn frequently originate from differences in how the content of learning is handled, structured in the interaction between teachers and students. Such differences have to do with what is made possible for the students to discern, to notice, to become aware of, through what is said, what is exemplified, what commonalities and what differences are brought out by means of discernment, simultaneity and the systematic use of variation. The study is a comparison between how reading comprehension is taught in two different cultures, Sweden and Hong Kong. The same lesson, developed and designed in Hong Kong, and content is given to three school year four-classes in Sweden and one school year-four class in Hong Kong, in the learning study model. The results show the similarities and differences between the learning outcomes, but also the similarities and differences in how the teachers offer the students to experience the object of learning and what implications this have on the student‘s results. The results show how powerful the design of the lessons is independent of the different cultural settings. 
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">71-82</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Velta  Ļubkina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inese  Patapova</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SCHOOL AND FAMILY COOPERATION MODELS FOR REDUCING SOCIAL PROBLEMS AT BOARDING SCHOOL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">boarding school</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social exclusion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">triangle model of cooperation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1400135899.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The task of this report is to analyze the opportunities of cooperation between school and family by considering several models of cooperation. The work specificity is connected with circumstances, created by the economic crisis and the specificity of boarding school in work with social risk group’s pupils and their parents.
 The research is carried out within the framework of Doctoral Thesis „Holistic approach during process of socialization of social risk group pupils”. The report analyses the legislation of the Republic of Latvia, being related to social problems, child's rights and parents' duties, and offers triangular model SCHOOL - NGO - FAMILY, which is pointed towards direct cooperation between school, NGO and family.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">96-108</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Panayiota  Stavroussi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Panagiotis  F. Papalexopoulos</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dionisios  Vavougios</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SCIENCE EDUCATION AND STUDENTS WITH INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY: TEACHING APPROACHES AND IMPLICATIONS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">intellectual disability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching methods</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1399917637.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This literature review aims at discussing current educational perspectives in the specific field of science teaching to students with mild to moderate intellectual disability. The present critical approach focuses on the availability and appropriateness of teaching methods and learning strategies that might effectively support science education of students with intellectual disability, given the cognitive characteristics, the learning difficulties and competencies of these students, the particular academic and learning skills associated with the acquisition of science concepts, and finally the perspective of promoting the access of students with intellectual disability in the general educational programs. Discussion of the evidences reveals a complex picture, which suggests further empirical verification of the research findings specifically in regard to the inquiry learning method and its implementation on science teaching to students with intellectual disability. Given the implementation of the appropriate instruction methods and learning strategies, science education and even more inclusive science education with an emphasis on hands-on activities and real life experiences could yield benefits, at least for students with mild to moderate intellectual disability, related to their everyday functioning in the context of functional academic skills acquisition. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">103-112</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jerusa  Vilhena de Moraes</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sonia  Vanzella Castellar</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SCIENTIFIC LITERACY, PROBLEM BASED LEARNING AND CITIZENSHIP: A SUGGESTION FOR GEOGRAPHY STUDIES TEACHING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">geography teaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">problem based learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher training</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1399917778.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In this paper we will present a part of our thesis: a proposal of problem based learning inside the Geography teaching as an alternative way to the scientific literacy and the citizenship. The research was developed under the context of Elementary School and the Middle School I and II teacher training, and it can contribute to a higher and wider reflection on propositions to the improvement of pedagogical practices and the learning of scientific concepts. This proposal can allow a link between practice and theory: help to organize classes, not just emphasizing the content, but the learning of some scientific concepts and, at the same time, the abilities and proceedings linked to different areas of knowledge. Scholars dealing with teaching (Lambros, 2002; Leite &amp; Esteves, 2006, and others) have been showing that this methodology enable the students a more independent and meaningful learning of scientifical concepts, helping them to develop the competencies and abilities linked to the logical reasoning and cooperation. We will present two different cases to discuss if this methodology can allow an integrated learning process and if they contribute to an improvement of the teaching. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">119-127</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yordanka  Stefanova</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maria  Minevska</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Svetla  Evtimova</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SCIENTIFIC LITERACY: PROBLEMS OF SCIENCE EDUCATION IN BULGARIAN SCHOOL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biology education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chemistry education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">scientific literacy</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1399917711.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This article presents the results of a theoretical study, which purpose is to identify opportunities to update the learning process. Subject of study is the formation of scientific literacy among students in Bulgarian schools. 
Our study has two aspects: scientific literacy in the normative documents regulating the teaching of science in the Bulgarian school; approaches, methods and tools for the formation of scientific literacy. The analysis of normative documents is discussed in relation to scientific knowledge and scientific processes for the formation of scientific literacy among students in secondary schools in Bulgaria.
 Need for changes in science teacing is discussed in terms of: the choice of approaches, methods and tools for the formation of scientific literacy among students, the creation of appropriate tools, including questions and problems, case studies pertaining to specific situations and require event critical attitude towards the statements and opinions expressed and decisions on important life issues, creating the right environment in which students work together as active learners and that could lead to the development of student's knowledge necessary for life.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">113-118</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Julius  Maiyo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Joan Owiye</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Caroline R.  Nandi</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SOCIAL CHALLENGES FACING HEADS OF SCHOOLS IN THE PROCESS OF ENACTING THE CHILDREN’S ACT (2001)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">enacting</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social challenges</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1400135955.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Education has been identified as a tool for fostering the development of knowledge, skills, attitudes, values and ideals necessary for individuals to play a productive role in any society. The signing of the various global policy frameworks such as the 1998 United Nations convention on the rights of the child (CRC), the 1990 Jomtien world conference on EFA, the 2000 world education forum (Dakar, Senegal) and the 2000 Millennium Development goals (MDGs) demonstrated the commitment by governments to the well being of children. In regard to this, Kenya fully implemented FPE in 2001 and also partially free secondary education in 2008.
 However, there are social challenges facing the management of schools in the wake of the craze to achieve high mean scores which go against the rights of children as stipulated in the Children’s Act (2001) and in turn affect retention and participation of the children in education. Overemphasis on the cognitive aspect of education, while overlooking the other potentials that a child has, leads to discriminatory acts that may hinder full participation of a child in education.
 This study therefore sought to identify the social challenges facing heads of schools in the enactment of the children’s rights and also establish ways of dealing with the challenges identified.
 A case study methodology was used to achieve in-depth and detailed information. The study was carried out in Bungoma East District of Western Province where 10% of secondary schools were purposively sampled. The research tools employed included; questionnaires, interview schedules and focus group discussions (FGD) to collect information from students, Heads of departments (Guiding and counseling), Heads of schools and District quality assurance and standards officers (DQUASO). Data was analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. Descriptive analysis was used to report the results of the data.
 The study found out that Principals and DQUASO (District Quality Assurance and Standards Officer) were aware of the children’s Act and policy on repeating but societal expectations and school policies made it impossible to implement the same. Of the teachers sampled, 72% were aware of the children’s Act but upward job mobility influenced their position as regards acts of discrimination in education. Only a small percentage (13) of the children sampled were aware of their rights yet they did not understand that acts of humiliation as regards achieving of low grades in examinations were actually acts of discrimination that goes against their rights in education.
 The study too found out that there is no serious follow up by the government on the implementation of the policy on repeating and the enactment of the children’s rights 2001. Parents seem to stand on the fence helplessly as their children go through acts of humiliation with regard to their grades in examinations. The study recommends the government to endeavor to implement to the fullest both the children’s act, specifically in education and the policy on repeating in schools in order to seal the gaps that allow for discriminatory acts in the school system.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">109-119</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anass  Bayaga</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xoliswa  Mtose</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kofi Poku  Quan-Baffour</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SOCIAL INFLUENCES ON THE STUDYING OF MATHEMATICS BY BLACK SOUTH AFRICAN LEARNERS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematics education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social influence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">South Africa</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2594591</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study sought to explore how social factors influence learner’s Mathematical development. The respondents were selected according to a mixed method approach, where the dominate approach was quantitative method. The study was undertaken in was one science college in East London. Data analysis was with the aid of both descriptive and inferential statistics. Independent variables for this study were grouped into: (i) characteristics of mathematics achievement (MA) and (ii) characteristics of MA members. Results revealed that the social variables significantly predicted learners’ mathematics achievement. These were status of parent, duration of parental ship, parents’ attendance at school meetings. Other significant predictors included financial and material contributions to learners from parents. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30-40</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andris Broks</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SOME GENERAL TRENDS WITHIN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN NATURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION IN THE BEGINNING OF 21ST CENTURY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">modern education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science and technology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2594526</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">As a result of tremendous development of science and technology our modern life has become very complex. Diversity and speed has become the main characteristics of our life today. Actual changes in life always are followed by corresponding changes (reforms and transformations) in education, because education means specially organized gaining of life experience for life. Life experience – it means not only knowledge, not only knowledge and skills, but all together knowledge, attitudes or values and skills (Broks, 2010). Education as a process of gaining life experience includes not only traditional learning/teaching, but also development of corresponding value orientation – attitudes. This note is very important today when globalization processes have initiated a loss of clear value orientation for future development of human’s life on global as well as on local scale. World needs more clever and honest people tomorrow when we have today.
 All mentioned above actual activities in our life and education needs study and conscious use of systems thinking. There are many gaps all around us separating parts of the whole what results in low effectiveness as well as efficiency of many our life activities. The problem of bridging these gaps has become actuality. Modern systems theory as theory of systems thinking is an effective tool when solving complex problems not only in natural and technical sciences, but also in sociology and humanities (Broks, 2010; Sterling, 2003; Agoshkova, 2010; Давидов, 2008; Wilber, 2007). Systemology as applied theory of systems theory within definite branch of our life seams to be very perspective tool to manage many sophisticated situations. Systemology of Education is just one example of such practical use of general systems theory for solving corresponding complex social problems (Broks, 2010). 
World globally and locally needs clever and honest people – good luck to all of us when developing corresponding theory and practice of education as life experience for life in the 21st century!</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-7</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Albert  Ziegler</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diana  Schimke</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heidrun  Stoeger</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peter  Merrotsy</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STANDARDS FOR FIELD EVALUATIONS OF MODIFICATIONS TO EDUCATIONAL SETTINGS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e-mentoring</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">evaluation standards</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">online community</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1400134830.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">It is often not possible to realize ideal evaluation standards when it comes to evaluating modifications to educational settings. In this article theoretical and practical problems in the evaluation of modifications in educational settings are discussed. Based on these considerations the ENDIT model of evaluation is presented. It comprises five minimal standards necessary for a convincing evaluation: 1) effect establishment, 2) control of the novelty effect, 3) discriminant validation, 4) superiority over compared to implicit control groups, and 5) time-delayed control group. The five standards are explained and their utility for research is demonstrated, by way of an example, through the evaluation of a visualization tool that was introduced in order to increase participation in an e-mentoring community. Participants in the investigation comprised 231 female high-school students participating in the e-mentoring community CyberMentor that aims at increasing interest and participation in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics). </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">156-169</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anass  Bayaga</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STATISTICS &amp; PROBABILITY EDUCATION IN SOUTH AFRICA: CONSTRAINTS OF LEARNING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematics learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">South African education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1400134002.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The purpose of this empirical study was to investigate the difficulties of learning statistics and probability amongst students pursuing Postgraduate Certificate of Education (PGCE) programme in University of Fort Hare in South Africa.
 The approach was a mixed method, sampling 43 students, in which case a quantitative analysis (RM-ANOVA, RM-MANOVA &amp; ANCOVA) dominated to test four propositions.
 The findings revealed four conclusions: (1) students receiving deliberate instruction in how to solve problems do become better and are able to ‘think statistically’ (2) there was good reason to suggest that students’ level of specific mathematics skills impact on their statistical ability (3) in contrast, there was not enough supporting evidence to suggest that students’ intuitive notions of probability does get stronger with age and lastly (4) efficacy of computers in guiding design of instruction is an important component of statistical learning.
 Most important implication of the study was that the use of strategies to improve students’ rational number concepts and ratio/proportion reasoning assists to recognise and confront common errors in students' statistical and probability thinking.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25-35</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hants  Kipper</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tiia Rüütmann</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STRATEGIES AND TECHNIQUES OF QUESTIONING EFFECTUATING THINKING AND DEEP UNDERSTANDING IN TEACHING ENGINEERING AT ESTONIAN CENTRE FOR ENGINEERING PEDAGOGY</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">deep understanding</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">engineering education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">questioning strategies</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1399917156.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Questioning is one of the essential teaching strategies or basic skills of teaching engineering, ensuring that all students learn as much as possible, think critically and acquire deep and thorough understanding of the topics they study. The role of teaching is to bring the knowledge to consciousness by asking questions. In the present article research findings are cited about questioning. Reasons are listed why sufficient wait time is important, appropriate questioning behaviours are described, examples are provided of different levels of questions and questioning practices to avoid are presented. Questioning procedures are described. The basic questioning strategies and prompting techniques used at Estonian Centre for Engineering pedagogy are described in the article. It is also discussed how questioning can create a dynamic learning environment in teaching engineering, based on the practice of Estonian Centre for Engineering Pedagogy.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36-45</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tiiu Kuurme</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STUDENT`S PERCEIVED ROLE IN SCHOOL REALITY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school experiences</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school reality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">situational self-concept</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1400135853.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Low satisfaction with school expressed by Estonian students has inspired the author to ask what is the influence of everyday school conditions upon young people’s world of experiences. The author concentrates on the question how students perceive the school institution’s attitude to them and discusses about educational effects of these attitudes. Theoretical background of the approach is in existential phenomenology and its conception of man whose being actualises through different situations. Connected with that the part of the question mentioned above is: How cares the forming person about his or her being in school situations? The students’ reflections how they are valuated by school were studied using semi-structured open questions. The research was focusing to the questions how is own meaning to the school perceived and how does school notice student as a subject. The answers were analyzed by phenomenological experience-studying method. The research results showed that school attitudes to students instrumentally and superficially.
 It was found that students perceive that the school sees them first of all as role fulfillers and that they cannot trust school in problems connected with them as human beings. Students, however, perceive that they have a certain amount of opportunities to change school as well. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83-95</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peter  Odera</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rossette K.  Murigande</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A STUDY OF INVOLVEMENT OF CAREGIVERS IN CHILDREN’S PLAY IN KIGALI, RWANDA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">emotional development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">formal education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">intellectual development</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2594307</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper was based on survey research design that aimed at examining caregivers’ involvement in children’s play in Rwanda. Random sampling technique was used to sample out 89 respondents from 4 different locations. The sample of the study included 40 caregivers, 40 children and 9 social workers in Compassion assisted projects. Compassion is non profit making organization. Data was collected through interview schedules and observation. The findings revealed that the most important variables that influence the perceptions of caregivers were the age of children and education background of caregivers. Majority of caregivers were more favourable to children’s play, especially those children at a younger age. However, caregivers reported that as children grow older, they should take domestic chores and school work seriously rather than spending time in play. The more caregiver had formal education, the higher the likelihood that one would have a positive attitude toward children’s play. Besides, the gender of children, age and also, the gender of caregivers were found to be less significant factors. This study has concluded that the more caregivers were knowledgeable on the importance of play, the more they were willing to facilitate children’s play and the more they actively encouraged children to participate in play.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">90-102</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anne  Bonnevie Lund</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A STUDY ON HOW THE USE OF ICT IN TRAVELLING PERIODS INFLUENCES ROMANI STUDENTS’ ATTITUDES TOWARDS SCHOOL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">adapted learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ICT as communication tool</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">intercultural education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2594279</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In 1998 Norway ratified the Council of Europe’s Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, and in1999 the Romanies and four other minorities obtained the status of a national minority group The Romanies have lived in Norway for hundreds of years. But the assimilation policy was hard and lasted for more than hundred years with the aim to assimilate and eradicate differences from what was perceived as the &quot;Norwegian&quot;. The school has been an important part in this assimilation policy. Although we can see a different political climate marked by multiculturalism, acceptance of diversity and greater understanding of minority groups today, the culture and history of the national minorities has been, and still remains absent from school. And still many students of Romani families drop out of school without any exams when they are 13-14 years old. In this article a developmental project with the aim to make a better school situation for Romani students is examined concerning an attempt using ICT in the travelling periods. The use of laptops have made changes in the relational and communication patterns connected to an intercultural understanding, but many pupils still drop out of school before ending the compulsory school.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19-29</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ya'arit  Bokek-Cohen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitza  Davidovich</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE SUCCESSFUL INTEGRATION OF FOREIGN-BORN INSTRUCTORS IN THE ACADEME: LESSONS FROM ISRAEL’S LARGEST PUBLIC COLLEGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">faculty assessments</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">foreign-born instructors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social networks theory</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1400134115.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Similarly to other industries, the academic world has increasingly become a 'global village', in which foreign-born instructors constitute a large proportion of university faculty. Most studies on foreign-born faculty members have documented various difficulties in the integration of foreign-born instructors in academic institutions. This paper presents data indicating the successful integration of foreign-born instructors in Israel’s largest public college, and identifies the factors that contributed to this success. Data are based on several measures used to assess faculty members on an annual basis in teaching, research, administration, and community service. Linear discriminant analysis (LNA) was performed to examine whether faculty assessment scores distinguish between Israeli-born and foreign-born instructors. Findings show that foreign-born instructors have become successfully integrated in the institution. Four complementary explanations for their successful integration are proposed. We conclude with a discussion of managerial implications for institutions seeking to diversify their staff and successfully integrate foreign-born instructors FBF in higher education institutions. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">44-57</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ioan  G. Pop</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vistrian Maties</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SUSTAINABLE STRATEGIES IN MECHATRONICAL EDUCATION AS VOCATIONAL TRAINING ENVIRONMENT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">knowledge triangle</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lifelong learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">synergistic signification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vocational educational training systems</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1399917568.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Education and training with specific procedures and techniques are crucial in continuously economic and social changes. The vocational educational training systems (VETS) together with industry are confronted with the need to develop theoretical sequences integrated with practical learning sequences, as well, all participants being determined to acquire key competences and update their skills as a continuous process throughout their lives. These objectives can be achieved only by sustainable long term effort raising skill levels with lifelong learning and knowledge triangle, education, research and innovation strategies. The VETS have to contribute efficiently and equitable to the modernization of education at all levels. Lifelong learning is imposed as a necessity in the new emergent knowledge based economy, supporting creativity as a contextual innovative process enabling full economical and social participation, teachers and trainers been challenged by a lot of problems. Technology education holds the potential for teaching all the people involved in the VETS as lifelong learning apprentices to get ability in problem solving, being considered as only logical system based on a new, synergistic education. The new profession, mechatronician, as a technology education job profile, has to be made more attractive, only the quality of teacher education being able to influence the performance of the apprentices.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">94-102</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Julia  Lorke</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Katrin  Sommer</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TEACHING CHROMATOGRAPHY IN SECONDARY SCHOOL -  AN INVESTIGATION CONCERNING GRADE, CONTEXT, CONTENT, EXPERIMENTS AND MEDIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">adsorption</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chromatography</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1399917392.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This investigation focuses on how one of the best established and most efficient methods for the separation of substances – chromatography – is taught in secondary school. A questionnaire-based study with teachers (N=76) was used to get a first glance at the situation in schools. The results show that various chromatographic techniques (PC, TLC, GC, HPLC) are taught in secondary school using different context settings. All teachers use paperchromatography as a students‘ experiment analyzing e.g. colour pens in 7th grade. A far less amount of teachers cover more complex techniques such as gas chromatography e.g. in 12th grade. A detailed insight was attained by analyzing 37 chemistry lessons of 18 classes in 7th grade. It could be shown that a broad variety of experiments, remarkable differences in the use of scientific concepts to explain how chromatography works and in the application of media occure.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">63-69</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitza  Davidovich</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yutri  Ribakov</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TEACHING ENGINEERING SUBJECTS USING MATLAB</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">engineering education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MATLAB</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1399916954.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A required course on programming in MATLAB has been included in the undergraduate programs at Ariel University Center of Samaria since 2000. In the Department of Civil Engineering, students attend a one-semester course in MATLAB in the first year of the program. The course syllabus includes 26 hours of lectures and 26 hours of tutorials. The students learn elementary mathematical commands, functions for vector and matrix operations, logic operators, methods for solving systems of linear equations, graphics, symbolic operations, input-output functions, and other operations. In the MATLAB course, which is taught by a faculty member of the department, students master the methodology of using MATLAB for solving real engineering problems. Throughout their undergraduate studies, students apply their skills in programming to topics related to structural engineering subjects. MATLAB has proved itself to be a very effective tool in the educational process because it offers a simple and powerful tool for analyzing and visualizing results of numerical simulations and measurements. Its universality allows easy understanding of complicated processes in different fields of engineering, forming a basis for greater success in education.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9-14</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin  Cápay</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TESTING THE PROGRAMMING KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS IN ELECTRONIC ENVIRONMENT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">automated assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LMS Moodle</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">on-line testing</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2594593</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Using of modern concepts based on information and communication technologies is still growing and also educational organizations must react on this situation. It requires effective approach in control, teaching and testing process. Classification usually follow-up to testing process is very sensitive phase of the learning process and it is necessary to ensure the greatest possible fairness and objectivity. Assessment of programming knowledge and skills is especially challenging task. To ensure the objectivity of the assessment, it was necessary to proceed to develop a unified system, at least in the case of testing knowledge of the theoretical part. The paper presents the model of computer-aided knowledge testing with regard to the content of programming subjects. We developed and implemented model using the standard quizzes in electronic environment Moodle. It is considered such as the most accessible environment alternative for educational organizations. The research outcomes show that the elaboration of the content into the thematic areas of the model, and specification of their objectives are reasonable. Positive perception of electronic testing is clear, but contrary the students prefer combine form of testing, where teacher still plays the essential role.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">51-59</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ioan  G. Pop</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Salomea A.  Popoviciu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ioan  Popoviciu</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TRANSDISCIPLINARY APPROACH ON KNOWLEDGE PRODUCTION IN FAMILY AS COMMUNITY OF PRACTICE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">community of practice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mutual engagement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">shared repertoire</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1400136084.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper presents a new perspective on family as a possible community of practice using a transdisciplinary approach and the search window methodology with top-down and bottom up levels of knowledge. In a family as community of practice communication is facilitated by a flexible accessible structure (mutual engagement) between parents to children (top-down perspective) and children to parents (bottom-up perspective). In this mutual inform-action process parents through the mechanism of authority and collaborative relationships encourage learning as a central aspect of children’s identity shaped by family participation. The children, through the mechanism of apprenticeship learn through sharing information and experiences. This process of mutual engagement leads to a shared understanding (joint enterprise) and new resources (shared repertoire) which are the building blocks of a community of practice. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">141-152</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vaike  Kiik-Salupere</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jaan  Ross</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TWO COMPLEMENTARY ASPECTS OF CONTEMPORARY VOCAL PEDAGOGY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">performance anxiety</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vocal pedagogy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">voice production</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1400134397.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Increasing competition among musicians on the contemporary scene means additional requirements in terms of preparing of versatile and competitive singers, i.e. students who have acquired stable and high-level technical skills and who cope with the competitive environment. Therefore the additional ability of the voice teacher emerges: that is to support the student emotionally in the lesson, and equip the student with knowledge to deal with performance anxiety. 
Semi-structured interviews were conducted with seven eminent voice teachers and interviews with an ad-hoc-designed questionnaire were conducted with the students of classical singing at the Estonian Academy of Music and Theatre (14), at the Tallinn Georg Ots High School of Music (13), and with the singers of the Estonian National Opera choir (30). The five-point balanced Likert scale was used in the questionnaire. The collected data were subject to statistical analysis. Cluster analysis was applied to those correlations in the obtained data, which were statistically significant (p&lt;0.05). 
Analysis of interviews and answers to the questionnaire demonstrated that besides to the training of technical skills, attention must be paid to the psychological training of classical singers. Results demonstrate that younger students tend to expect more care from their teachers than their older counterparts. Almost all of the respondents are willing to obtain more knowledge about how to learn to cope with stress. The voice teachers admitted that the majority of their students have problems with performance anxiety. Educational institutions which prepare music performers, including classical singers, have to ensure that their students achieve a high level of technical skills and that they have the necessary mental skills to deal with the performance situation.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">93-103</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andrea Bernhard</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TWO EUROPEAN RESPONSES TO ASSURE QUALITY IN HIGHER EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">comparative research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">European Higher Education Area</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quality assurance</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1400134056.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Looking at the “European Higher Education Area” in terms of their different quality assurance systems one can clearly identify a great diversity. This situation reflects the creativity of all countries to establish a system compatible with their own cultural, economic and social background. This article shall highlight examples of two European countries, Germany and the United Kingdom, and their efforts to develop a comprehensive quality assurance system. A systematic and historical approach of these two nations will be based on literature research, scientific studies and personal experience. The article will provide a general perspective on two different national quality assurance systems as well as their current political discussions drawn from an Austrian perspective. The external view but nonetheless European perspective shall maintain a more objective review and assessment of these countries. Although there are diversified quality assurance systems all over Europe, there is a need and a will to cooperate between this diversity while still keeping the individuality of the own country. Thus, I am interested in the development, the challenges as well as problems of these systems and possible ways for improvement.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36-43</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Halimah Awang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Noor Ismail</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">UNDERGRADUATE EDUCATION: A GAP ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS’ EXPECTATIONS AND SATISFACTION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">economics program</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gap analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">undergraduate study</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1400135515.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Students’ experience and satisfaction influence student retention rate and contribute directly to the building of good reputation of a university. The student retention rate is likely to be high if their expectations are met. Thus it is not surprising that universities continue to conduct regular surveys concerning students’ expectations and perceptions as part of their quality improvement exercise. This study looked at the various aspects of undergraduate students’ experience pursuing an economics program in a public university in Malaysia. Gap analysis was employed to examine the difference between students’ expectations and satisfaction level for a given statement related to academic as well as non-academic life. The two most important aspects ranked by the students concern lecturers’ knowledge in their respective field and the students’ sense of pride about the faculty are also the aspects in which they are most satisfied. Generally the students’ expectation of the faculty is very high and the gap scores indicate statistical significance for all items related to teaching and learning, faculty life as well as facilities and support services.
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21-28</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ginta  Kronberga</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Līga  Paula</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dina  Bite</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE UNIVERSITY AS AN AGENT OF KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER: THE CASE OF THE LATVIA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cooperation models</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">knowledge transfer</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">the Latvia University of Agriculture</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2594304</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">There is a discussion within social science literature on theoretical models looking at the relationships between universities and stakeholders in the process of knowledge transfer particularly explaining whether universities are involved in the triple helix relationships (politicians, businesses representatives and university officials) or a quadruple helix system where public constitutes the forth party. Universities have a number of functions which among the other include both creation and obtaining of knowledge and transferring it within wider community, thus promoting socioeconomic development. By studying the case of the Latvia University of Agriculture (hereinafter – LUA), the authors of the paper focus on cooperation networks that are involved in the process of knowledge transfer from the university to regional stakeholders and vice versa. The research methodology is based on the qualitative approach. For identification of cooperation agents, nineteen individual and six group semi-structured interviews were held involving 35 informants. For a deeper analysis of relationships between the LUA and regional stakeholders, policy documents concerning socioeconomic development of Zemgale planning region were analysed.
 The research results show that the LUA operates as a unique agent of knowledge transfer in many fields (agriculture, veterinary science, forestry, wood processing, food technology, etc.) at both regional and national levels thus diversity of structural elements in cooperation networks depends on demand and supply of knowledge as well as on involvement of institutions responsible for facilitation of successful knowledge transfer. The authors discuss which of the theoretical cooperation models is more evident in the case of the LUA and conclude that currently the triple helix relationships dominate; however, in some cases particular relationship patterns and activities indicate transformation towards the quadruple helix system. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79-89</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tuula Keinonen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sirpa Kärkkäinen</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">UNIVERSITY STUDENTS’ ARGUMENTATION IN SCIENCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">environmental education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">higher education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1400515358.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In science and environmental education, one of the objectives is to prepare students for participation in the decision making. To be able as an informed citizen to make decisions, it is important to learn to present an argued point of view. The everyday sense of argumentation suggests that participants present claims, defend their claims, and rebut the claims of their opponents. The study focuses on practising university students’ argumentation in an authentic situation and also the way students argue. University students familiarized themselves with a proposal to change a provincial plan. After reading the plan, they assumed to the role of a resident of the area in question and wrote to the planners starting their opinion. We had two different cases: the first case was in science education course and the other case in environmental education course. In the second case students wrote to the Wiki-environment and the opponent commented on the argumentation. These writings (N=17) were analysed by content analysis. Although the students used scientific knowledge, especially ecology, in their argumentation, it often consisted of personal feelings about the effect of the plan on their own lives.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">54-63</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Claudia  Ayres</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Celeste  Ferreira</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agnaldo Arroio</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE USAGE OF A SIMULATION TO STUDY INTERMOLECULAR FORCES: SOME FINDINGS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chemistry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">visualization</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2594528</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The purpose of this research was to discuss and reflect about the use of a computer simulation in the learning of intermolecular forces. Simulations are dynamic representations of chemical processes or systems, and allow users to select values for input variables from within suitable ranges and observe the results on output variables. In this study we used free software named “Ligações Intermoleculares”, from http://nautilus.fis.uc.pt/molecularium/pt/ligintermol/index.html. The goal of this activity was to help students build internal representations (mental models) for course content. The research is qualitative. We applied a pre-test and a post-test to a class of students (n=30) from a secondary school trying to find what these internal representations are like. The research indicates that students’ pictographic representations of intermolecular forces improved substantially. These findings suggest that the use of this visual tool helped students to make a better connection between the chemical representations and the macroscopic phenomena presented during a mini-course about solubility. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19-29</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vassilis  Orfanos</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michalis  Evripiotis</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE USE OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN THE BUSINESS-TO-BUSINESS EDUCATION: THE CASE OF GREEK BANKS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">banking system</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">business-to-business education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">professional training</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2594309</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The swift technological development compels an enterprise manager for additional education of employees. The survival of an organism depends on his ability to learn faster from his competitors. This is achieved with systematic and long-lasting effort.
 Each employee owes to enrich permanently his knowledge so that he is capable to face the new market requirements. A lot of projects are cancelled because the enterprise personnel cannot cope with their requirements. Changes essential for the reorganization of enterprise are suspended because her personnel cannot accept them. These problems are possible to be solved with the permanent training, briefing, education and training of employees. This responsibility of enterprises for the aid of employees with new knowledge and dexterities is recognized more and more, while the human capital constitutes nowadays the more important productive factor. However, while many times over we invest millions in installations, instruments, offices, material and software of computers, we neglect the investment in the persons, those that is to say that shape, develop and give added value in the material elements of production.
 Aim of this article is to present the policy of Greek banks in the business-to-business education giving accent in the way of resolution of problems that they face. Furthermore, the banking sector is the eminently branch that requires continuous education of personnel.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">103-123</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Renata Bilbokaitė</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">USE OF VISUALIZATION TO MOTIVATE SCIENCE AND GEOGRAPHY EDUCATION OF FEMALE SCHOOLCHILDREN</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">comprehensive school</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">visualization</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2594533</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ICT progress and invasion in education started in post-modern age. The majority of schoolchildren tend to learn science and geography at a low level, there is a lack of specialists in scientific areas in the entire world. This research was done with the aim to identify whether visualization could stimulate female schoolchildren’s motivation in learning geography and science. A survey of 1934 schoolchildren, grades 9 and 10, from general and secondary schools was carried out. This paper focuses on data of female population. Obtained results suggest that visualization as a tool in general could be highly motivating for female schoolchildren, especially for those in grade 9, learning geography: they would like to learn new topics and be more active in lessons. It was also found out that visualization stimulates science learning by girls much more than their learning of geography. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">49-57</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">António  Barbot Silva</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cláudia  Abrantes</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elisabete  Oliveira</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carla  Chumbo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">António  Alberto Silva</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maria  João Silva</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">VIRTUAL AND PHYSICAL RESOURCES: A CASE OF SYNERGY IN STUDYING TIDES AND ROTATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">physical models</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tides</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">virtual models</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2594531</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Because of their very nature, virtual models are usually more abstract than physical ones. Physical models may facilitate the use of virtual models, by making links to physical world. Tides come into play in a wide variety of curricular scopes, but they are not easy to understand, both in basic education and in initial teacher training. In addition to this, simple physical classroom experiments about tides are not easy to conceive, and they may even be misleading. In a previous work, one of the authors developed a virtual model: a computer simulation of tides. It reveled to be useful, although not covering some students’ learning needs: it was too abstract and mathematical for most of the students. There was a need of complementing the virtual model with material ones (“added reality”). Two physical devices were then developed: a “physical model for tides” and a “physical model of grass growing in artificial gravity”. The two physical models proved to be feasible and useful. The set of three models revealed to create synergies in learning.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38-48</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin  Bílek</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ivana  Šimonová</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jan  Lašek</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">VIRTUAL LEARNING ENVIRONMENT AS A SUBJECT OF CURRENT RESEARCH PROJECTS AT UNIVERSITY OF HRADEC KRÁLOVÉ</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">project work</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">virtual learning environment</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2594592</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The paper deals with research activities run at the University of Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Education and Faculty of Informatics and Management, Czech Republic, which relate to information and communication technologies implemented in the process of instruction in various subjects. Particularly the role of a virtual learning environment (VLE) is mentioned and discussed, and information about core current projects is provided. The project work is understood to be a tool of VLE reflection, which is considered both from generally accepted points of view, and some new approaches are also introduced.�
 Current orientation of university education, which is changing under the influence of latest technology development and new key competences, can be researched from various, different points of view. Education supported by ICT has been spreading because of growing popularity of digital technologies in general. Another reason is it enables easier and more complex realization of the instructional process, offers choice of place, time and pace for studying, allows an individual approach to students preferring various learning styles. These are the key values important for the effectiveness of the process. Material and technical requirements having been satisfied, strong attention must be paid to didactic aspects of the instructional process. To contribute to this process is the main objective of these projects. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41-50</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Palle  Qvist</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE AALBORG MODEL AND PARTICIPANT DIRECTED LEARNING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aalborg model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">democratic citizenship</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">democratic learning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1399916304.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Preparing students for a life as active citizens in a democratic society is one of the aims within the Bologna process. The Council of Europe has also stressed the importance of focus on democracy in Higher Education. Higher Education is seen as important to develop a democratic culture among students. Teaching democracy should be promoted in lessons and curricula.
 It has been argued by many that practising citizenship is more effective in relation to “learning about”. Universities should rather be seen as ‘sites of citizenship’ and democracy than promotion democracy in terms of lessons and curricula (Biesta, 2005; Biesta, 2007; Biesta &amp; Lawy, 2006; Van der Veen et al., 2007).
 Creating democratic learning systems in institutions of higher education could be the answer to reaching the aim related to democracy. 
A democratic learning system can be defined as a system where decisions, processes and behaviour related to learning are established through argumentation (discussion) or negotiation (dialog), voting or consensus (alone or in combination) between those affected by the decision simultaneously reaching the learning outcomes, the technical and professional knowledge and insight. In principle the participants must be equal with equal rights and feel committed to the values of rationality and impartiality (Qvist, 2005).
 The Aalborg Model practised at Aalborg University is a learning system which has collaborative democratic elements built into the model.
 This paper brings results from an online quantitative, questionnaire survey between nearly 200 engineering and science students in their second semester at Aalborg University. 
The main findings are: Nearly 85 percent of the respondent’s state that their group uses discussions quite often or always to reach technical decisions. And a little more than 85 percent say that they use discussions to reach decisions related to project management. Almost 60 percent of the respondents state that the group is participant controlled quite often or always. Less than 4 percent are of the opinion that the group is controlled by the facilitator (quite often/always). 90 percent of the respondents are of the opinion that their group is democratic, 3 percent that it is elitist.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">138-150</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boris Yarinovskis</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ACTUAL QUESTIONS OF THE ORGANISATION OF INDEPENDENT WORK OF STUDENTS OF ENGINEERING SPECIALITIES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">independent work of students</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">organisation of independent work of students</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392316062.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Last years the organisations of independent work of students (IWS) in educational institutions it is given particular attention. The quantity of contact hours of teachers with the students, provided by the curriculum is insignificant. By preparation of experts of engineering specialities IWS plays the important role in educational process and in carrying out to research work. Fruitful use of the hours which have been taken away IWS, affects on quality of training and preparation of the future expert. IWS Organisation studying was spent on chair of natural and engineering sciences of Engineering faculty of the Rezekne Higher Education Institution (RHEI) last 3 academic years. By results of researches it is established that a recommended teaching department volume IWS has made from 40 to 84 % from total amount of a training course depending on a training kind (day and correspondence course on specialities:&quot; The engineer of protection of environment &quot;,&quot; the Master of protection of environment&quot;, &quot;Mechatronics&quot;, &quot;Construction building engineer&quot;). Are established both positive, and organisation SRS negative sides. Different level of readiness of students to independent work is established: at students of 1-2 courses of day training it much more low, than at older years and part time students. As a rule, the essential moment in organisation IWS plays a role of the teacher. IWS quality depends on forms of carrying out, a kind, and also the control organisation. Recommendations about improvement of quality of organisation of IWS are offered.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">171-179</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gonzalo  Sacristán Pérez-Minayo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Juan Ignacio  Reguera-Useros</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miguel Angel  Fernández-Muiño</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maria Teresa  Sancho-Ortiz</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ADAPTATION OF SUBJECTS LECTURED AT THE UNIVERSITY OF BURGOS (SPAIN) TO THE EUROPEAN CREDIT TRANSFER SYSTEM</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">demand on students</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">food science and technology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">methodology of teaching</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1395387202.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The European Credit Transfer System (ECTS) implies to modify the actual Spanish credit system based on the time that students are attending lectures and seminars. One ECTS stands for around 25-30 hours of work (in and out of class). The aim of this paper has been to adapt to the ECTS system the subjects “Bromatology” (140 hours of teaching “in class”), “Food and Culture” (45 hours), “Microbiology” (60 hours) and “Food Microbiology” (70 hours), currently lectured in Food Science and Technology Degree at the University of Burgos. Focusing on the student, a specific questionnaire was designed. The questionnaire included some sections such as the student work schedule, an evaluation of the seminars and lectures given, and the most appropriate methodology of teaching. The current number of theoretical lectures and seminars should remain, at least, the same for the new design of the mentioned subjects. Theoretical lectures must combine the use of blackboard, transparency films and power point presentations, teaching the students to learn and to value the formative possibilities of the use of the data processing network, and will be necessary to stimulate them to carry out reviews of topics related with the subjects, and to set them out in front of the lecturer and other students.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">132-138</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mai Normak</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leida Talts</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ADOLESCENTS’ TEST-RELATED EMOTIONS IN ESTONIAN SCHOOLS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school achievement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">test-related emotions</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1399916260.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Positive and negative emotional experiences play an important role in academic achievement settings. Students at school experience a variety of stress-related situations. A major type of stress-related situations is tests students are regularly confronted with.
 The purpose of this study was to compare test – related emotions of students studying in schools with Estonian as the language of instruction and with Russian as the language of instruction and also compare the evaluations of students studying in mainstream classes to evaluations of students studying in special classes for learning and behavioural difficulties.
 This study assessed participants (N = 687) emotional experiences in academic settings when taking tests. We measured students’ positive emotions (enjoyment, hope and pride) and negative emotions (anger, anxiety, shame and hopelessness) (Academic Emotions Questionnaire [AEQ] Pekrun, 2000).
 Results showed that in academic achievement there were differences in grade, sex and class type level. In lower grades students reported significantly better marks than those in upper grade levels. According to our research test- related emotions differ between students studying in schools with Estonian as the language of instruction and with Russian as the language of instruction. That means those in Russian as the language of instruction reported significantly grater positive and negative emotions than those in schools with Estonian as the language of instruction. There was no significant difference in test- related emotions between regular classes and students in the classes for students with learning and behavioral difficulties.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">128-137</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fatimah  Hashim</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Halimah Awang</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zahari  Ishak</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AN ANALYSIS OF SMOKING BEHAVIOUR AMONG SCHOOLING ADOLESCENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">aspirations</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cigarette smoking</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">schooling adolescents</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1399916001.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper examines the extent of cigarette smoking among 16 year old adolescents in Malaysian secondary schools. In particular, it examines the determining factors of smoking behaviours across several characteristics of the students and selected variables related to their aspirations and ambitions. A total of 4404 students participated in the survey comprising 1966 males and 2438 females. Overall, 13 percent of the respondents admitted to cigarette smoking. The proportion of smokers among males is 27 percent compared with two percent of the females. Almost 25 percent started smoking at 12 years or younger and that 35 percent smoked at least six cigarettes daily. The main reasons for smoking include stress and emotional problems, peer as well as parental influence. The data also showed the number of cigarettes smoked per day significantly increased with increasing hours students spent their time at the school library but decreased with increasing hours students spent on computers. Several variables related to the aspirations and ambitions were found to have significant influence on the number of cigarettes smoked per day among the adolescent smokers. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80-85</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pamela  Atieno Ochieng</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AN ANALYSIS OF THE STRENGTHS AND LIMITATION OF QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH PARADIGMS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eclectic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">research paradigm</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1393665925.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Although some social science researchers (Lincoln &amp; Guba, 1985; Schwandt, 1989) perceive qualitative and quantitative approaches as incompatible, others (Patton, 1990; Reichardt &amp; Cook, 1979) believe that the skilled researcher can successfully combine approaches. The argument usually becomes muddled because one party argues from the underlying philosophical nature of each paradigm, and the other focuses on the apparent compatibility of the research methods, enjoying the rewards of both numbers and words. Because the positivist and the interpretive paradigms rest on different assumptions about the nature of the world, they require different instruments and procedures to find the type of data desired.. Nonetheless, people tend to adhere to the methodology that is most consonant with their socialized worldview. This paper is set to analyze the strengths and limitations of Qualitative research focusing on its shortcomings and how Quantitative research can overcome these shortcomings. The paper concludes that an eclectic approach to educational research can not an option. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13-18</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Valentin Cosmin  Blândul</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">APPLICATIONS OF INTERACTIVE DIDACTIC EVALUATION IN PRE–ACADEMIC LEARNING SYSTEM</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">didactic interactive evaluation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational system</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">self-evaluation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1399914030.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The interactive didactic assessment (self-assessment / inter-assessment) is an extremely actual issue in which many teachers and specialists in education are interested. The interactive didactic assessment is defined as being that kind of control and examination activity in which the pupil/student has the possibility to appreciate both his/her knowledge and the knowledge of his colleagues, while the teacher’s intervention is more like a prompt and systematic support given to the students in order to impose a formative character to the process. The most important strategies, which can be used in the didactic assessment, are: self-grading, self-correction, the method of the objective appreciation of the personality, and so on.
The hypothesis of this research is that the use of some interactive strategies of the above mentioned types in the process of didactic assessment would lead to an obvious improvement /optimization of both school and personal performance of students. The lot of students belong to the secondary schools and high-schools from Bihor county and the work technique consisted of the three basic stages of the traditional experiment: the pre-testing ( didactic tests were given to the experimental and control lots), the experimental intervention (some strategies of self-assessment/ inter-assessment are used for the experimental lot) and the post-test stage (a new didactic test is given to both lots). The results obtained in this experiment show that the classes in which the interactive didactic assessment was used, the students’ grades at the disciplines included in this experiment significantly improved, fact that confirms the general hypothesis.
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original Article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10-15</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Airi  Kukk</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">APPLYING THE PRINCIPLE OF SUSTAINABILITY OF EDUCATION TO THE CURRICULA OF THE ELEMENTARY STAGES OF EDUCATION IN ESTONIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational opportunities</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sustainable development of a child</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1393267053.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sustainable education is a multi-level process, which bears humanistic values in today’s and tomorrow’s society and which is achieved through a long-term development process, where acquiring practical skills is in compliance with the theoretical self-concept and the concept of the whole surrounding environment. This principle is the basis for the objectives and competences formulated in curricula of pre-school education and primary education. The stronger is the connection between the two stages of education, the more sustainable is transition from kindergarten to school. However, in practical education we often experience something else. Therefore, the following questions need to be answered: To what extent does today’s education take into account regularities of children’s development? How is the sustainability of the objectives of the curricula of pre-school and primary education guaranteed? The aim is to give a survey on school readiness of children at school entry in different counties of Estonia and the children’s achievements at the end of the first stage of their studies. 
Methods. The research data have been collected in the framework of the ETF grant “Efficiency of pre-school education and its sustainable development in basic schools in four counties (Saare, Järva, Võru and East-Viru County)”; in 2005 data were collected in pre-school child care institutions, and in 2006-2008 in grades 1-3. This is a longitudinal study, which analyses the development of the same children from their last year at kindergarten up to the end of the third year at school. Children’s coping was assessed by their teacher in five point scale in nine different target fields.
 The research results showed that according to their teachers, children were well prepared for school in respect to different subjects, but there were several shortcomings in social skills, in their positive self-concept, and in the formation of abilities to learn.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">74-87</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tatyana  Barysheva</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ASPECTS OF THE REFLECTIVE TEACHING MODEL IN PROFESSIONAL PREPARATION OF TEACHERS-PSYCHOLOGISTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">metareflective position</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">processes of self-comprehension</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reflective model of training</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1399916399.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In the paper the actual problem of modern professional education are examined. For the present stage of professional education some approaches to development of metacognitive, reflexive aspects of teacher's professional mentality are offered.
 The main goal of professional education is development of professional mentality of students. Many researchers note a wide range of desirable qualities that should be developed at the undergraduate level of educational programs for successful future work in educational sphere. These qualities with an emphasis on the student’s personality and professional development should be achieved through the process of self-development and self-planning. Teacher's activity demands high level of reflexive habits. But my diagnostic research of reflexivity has shown their low level of development at students- psychologists.
 Development of metacognitive, reflexive aspects of professional mentality is important problem of modern professional education of the teachers- psychologists. The preparation of psychologists also includes their acquaintance to methodical problems of teaching activity, training to skills of teaching. Teaching practice in psychology is directed to the development of a set of methods and techniques of didactic work. The concept of reflection is an important system-building attribute of these processes. The structure of teaching practice consists of several modules with specific problems. Each module comes to the end with the analysis of performance by the student of corresponding teaching function. The analysis of performance is carried out by probationers of teaching function by the special criteria. Activation of a valuable metareflective position can be considered as the precondition of student's methodical skill. 
In this article different techniques and procedures which contribute to intensive development of students’ reflexive position are shown. The reflective model of training is focused on the professional growth and on the actualization of personal potential of the student. After studies in sequential strategy of directed reflection the output </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">161-166</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dina Bethere</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anita Lidaka</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ASSURING EDUCATIONAL CONTINUITY ON MACRO SYSTEM LEVEL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuity of value system and learning process</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">life long education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1393266765.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This publication will address a problem topical for international educational system: assuuring educational continuity in segmented educational system. Functioning of mutualy united educational stages is a significant factor for implementing the aims of lifelong education. Educational transition period is consequential for segmented educational system and leaves sustainable influence on educational process of the child. This phase is a particular challenge for children with special needs, and it is not possible to overcome transition without external help. One of the most important aspects of educational transition is preparing children and fostering their adaptation for learning in primary school. According to ecosystemic approach, this development depends from interaction of children’s parents and microsystems of preschool and primary school. In Latvian educational macrosystem there are no approaches elaborated that would assure interaction possibilities of above mentioned microsystems. There are no traditions of cooperation also on macrosystemic level. To overcome these problems and to implement transition periods qualitatively, schools need to increase their capacity. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22-29</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ján  Skalka</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin  Drlík</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AVOIDING PLAGIARISM IN COMPUTER SCIENCE E-LEARNING COURSES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e-learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">programming</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1396707549.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The online knowledge testing and evaluation pose one of the main parts in the area of distance education. Their greatest problem is plagiarism. The authors deal with the term definition of the plagiarism and go into some important facets of the plagiarism prevention and revelation in details. They analyze actual state of the fight against plagiarism in Slovakia and in other countries. They try to classify the kinds of online testing and evaluation activities that are supported in contemporary LMSs in the second part of the paper. They describe their own experience in plagiarism reducing in computer science e-learning courses. Finally, the authors stress out the important role of plagiarism prevention and bring several methods that could reduce the risk of plagiarism in e-learning.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">95-101</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maria  Tilk</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BIBLIA PAUPERUM AS NARRATIVE EDUCATION IN MIDDLE AGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biblia pauperum</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">symbols</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392315946.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">It is possible to explain several present - day problems through the phenomena of the past. Among other things contemporary pedagogical community also includes a diverse and variegated language of pictures, images and colours. These are often signals of multiple meanings. Knowledge of the influence of visual information enables the educators to warn their mentees or to increase interest in them. For ages mankind has actually been using the quick, clear, and often multilayered visual language to pass information 
An example of such language during the Middle Ages was biblia pauperum or the Bible for the poor, i.e. pictographs on the walls of churches, monasteries and chapels. These pictures, accompanied by narratives, formed a powerful flow of information that modelled religion, morality, traditions, taboos and everyday life as well. This was a constant narrative that educated the people during the Middle Ages. Biblia pauperum fused into folklore, poetry, literature, art; it taught people how to behave, reminded them of the Ten Commandments, taught fear and joy. It was a multilayered and interesting textbook of the Middle Ages. Resulting from that it can be said that a man of the Middle Ages, despite not attending school and being illiterate, was yet properly educated in accordance to the needs of those times. Even more, learning actually lasted throughout life. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">148-155</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kofi Poku  Quan-Baffour</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Akwasi Arko-Achemfuor</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BRIDGING THE CONTENT KNOWLEDGE GAP OF TEACHERS: AN AGENDA TO IMPROVE BUSINESS STUDIES TEACHING IN SOUTH AFRICAN COUNTRYSIDE SCHOOLS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">in-service</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quality</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1393267218.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transformation’ became the buzz word in South Africa in 1994. Lots of changes have taken place in all aspects of the new South Africa as a result of democratization and education is not an exception to this reality. The changes in education seek to provide equal opportunities for all citizens of the new democratic society. With the introduction of Outcomes Based Education stakeholders of education e.g. government, communities, parents and the general public, have become obsessed with quality of teaching and learning. To achieve quality education teachers must be more knowledgeable and skillful in some particular subjects to be able to teach well. This is however contrary to the observation of these writers. The reality is that most economic and management science teachers in the rural black schools have some gaps in content knowledge of the subjects. The existence of insufficient content knowledge among Business Studies (i.e. Accounting, Business economics and Management) teachers is a direct result of the apartheid education policy which did not provide better resources for training of teachers for countryside schools. Most of the teachers in the countryside schools were trained in under-resourced ‘home land’ colleges of education with little emphasis on content knowledge of business studies subjects. With the drastic changes taking place in the curriculum and content, particularly of business studies subjects in the new South Africa, it has become more apparent that teachers of these subjects need both in-depth knowledge of the content as well as the methodology or skills for imparting the specific content to their learners. The paper which is a case study advocates for the use of in-service training programmes for Business Studies teachers in the countryside schools as a strategy to fill in the gaps in content knowledge. The experiences of the authors are validated by a small-scale empirical investigation. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">108-116</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miroslava  Adamík Šimegová</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BULLYING AND BULLY IN SCHOOL SETTING AS THE ACTUAL PROBLEM OF EDUCATION IN SLOVAK REPUBLIC</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school setting</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social position of aggressor</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1395387297.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This contribution is dealing with the problem of bullying as an intentional, repeated violence among pupils in school setting. Its goal is to discuss the specifics and the research of this weighty phenomenon in the worldwide context. It also brings the quantitative and qualitative research conclusions focusing on bullying and bully in secondary school setting in Slovakia. The main goal of this research was to analyse the phenomenon of bullying with the focus on examining the social climate of classroom where bullying is present, the social position of aggressor, his personal characteristics, the way aggressor perceives bullying, aggression, and how aggressor evaluates his or her family background. As it results from this research, the most frequent place of bullying is classroom with a low cohesion and a bad emotional atmosphere. In classroom aggressor has an ambivalent status, his position within a group is complicated, he belongs to the controversial pupils. There is an ambivalent relationship between the group as a whole and the controversial pupils. Aggressors feel in classroom relatively good, they show satisfaction with it. They are in a positive, optimistic and balanced mood. They are self-confident, self-reliant, spontaneous, relaxed, not controlling their behaviour. The increased rate of spontaneous and reactive agression was not proved. Aggressors consider bullying as something usual, they perceive their victims negatively, and they do not perceive their own behaviour as „the real bullying“. The aggressors who are not satisfied with their own family background, live in an incomplete family where parents are divorced, they evaluate their relationships with parents as conflicting and their relationship with father as more negative, and refer to this kind of relationship as to emotional emptiness, distruss and lack of interest. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">145-154</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitza Davidovitz</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shlomo Sharlin</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CAN AN ACADEMIC INSTITUTION AFFECT GRADUATES’ RESIDENCE CHOICES? A COMPARISON OF PERCEPTIONS AND ATTITUDES OF GRADUATES OF THE ARIEL UNIVERSITY CENTER OF SAMARIA TOWARD THE SAMARIA REGION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">attitudes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">perceptions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tertiary education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1393266910.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study examines the direct and indirect influence of the Ariel University Center of Samaria on the attitudes of its graduates who did not choose to settle in the geographic region in which the institution is located, compared to their counterparts who moved to and settled in the Samaria. According to consistent multi-annual University Center data, the majority (84.0%) of students at the Ariel University Center come from outside the region. Although students on campus focus on their academic assignments toward their degrees, students come into considerable daily contact with the region. Study findings indicate that a very small percentage of students who did not live or work in the region during their studies settled in their region after graduation. An interesting finding is that over two-thirds of all graduates (67.3%)- independent of whether or not they currently live in the Samaria - believe that an effort should be made to encourage graduates to live in the region. The study findings indicate significant differences in the typical profiles and values of graduates who settled in the Samaria region and those who settled outside Samaria after graduation. The theoretical and practical implications of this study are discussed. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">46-60</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Akbar Zolfaghari</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mohammad Sabran</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ali  Zolfaghari</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE CHALLENGES FACED BY COMMUNITY LEARNING CENTER PROGRAM IN COMMUNITY LITERACY DEVELOPMENT: IRAN AS A CASE STUDY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">community learning centers program</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">development</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1393267432.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Literacy has played a very important role in Community Development. Without literacy; people have difficulties improving their quality of lives. Iran is no exception. For this reason, Iran has implemented the various literacy programs. One of the programs is Community Learning Center Program (CLCP). So far, CLCP has been implemented into 3517 communities in the country. 
Therefore, the general objective of this study was to examine the challenges faced by Community Learning Center Program (CLCP) in Community Literacy Development (CLD) while the specific objective of this study was to describe the necessary actions to strengthen the CLCP in CLD. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">144-150</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Julius  Kiprop Maiyo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Joan Owiye</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CHALLENGES FACING PROVISION OF INTEGRATED EDUCATION FOR THE DISABLED CHILD IN WEBUYE DIVISION, BUNGOMA EAST DISTRICT KENYA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">integrated schooling</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392315524.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The foundation of present day special education in Kenya dates as far back as 1968 when the government published sessional paper NO. 5 on special education. The paper laid out a public policy framework for children with disabilities such as hearing and visual impairment, mentally and physically handicapped and multiple handicaps (GoK, 2003). Among the key policies was the integration of disabled children into regular formal schools in order to enhance their participation in formal learning. Regrettably however, 40 years down the line, the government is yet to realize reasonable access of elementary education that can help liberate and make the disabled child self-reliance. The sector still faces challenges related to access, equity and quality. The study carried out in Webuye division, Bungoma East District, adopted a descriptive survey design specifically to analyze challenges facing provision of inclusive formal education to the disabled child. The relationship between the variables was explained using Rawlasian theory of justice. 
A total of 6 schools out of 104 were purposively sampled. Questionnaires and interview schedules and document analysis were used to collect data from education officers, heads and teachers of sampled schools. Analysis of data was done using statistical tools such as percentages and frequencies. Findings were presented using tables. It was concluded that, as much as the policy on special education is clearly laid out, for it has not been fully implemented. People’s attitude towards inclusive education remains wanting, and therefore, only a small fraction (3.4%) of public schools is offering inclusive education. The regular school curriculum is too academic oriented and the teachers are yet to embrace inclusive education. The study recommends that, the MoE adapts inclusive curriculum, examination and grading system. Comprehensive special schools should be established to cater for pre-school, primary school, high school and technical schooling to provide meaningful education to meet their needs. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81-91</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pavel Doulík</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jiří Škoda</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CHALLENGES OF CONTEMPORARY SCIENCE EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multi-disciplinary</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education purposes</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392408363.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The paper deals with basic functioning, objectives and challenges of science education at the threshold of the 21st century. The authors define complex issues of science education: global environmental issues and problems, interrelation of science, technology and society, key concepts and crucial issues of science education along with inter-disciplinary thinking. Due to global trends in curricula management, the autonomy of science teachers rises as well as the amount of their responsibility. The most important selected issues are discussed within the article and the authors attempt to seek optimum solution.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">45-50</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anne Uusen</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CHANGING TEACHERS` ATTITUDE TOWARDS WRITING, TEACHING OF WRITING AND ASSESSMENT OF WRITING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">analytical assessment model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">analytical assessment of writing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">writing skills</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392315647.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Writing is the most visible and probably therefore the most criticized product of education, but often the teacher has not declared to him/her what is the essence of writing and what are the main goals of teaching and assessing writing. Usually, when teachers in Estonia claim about students` bad writing skills, they often mean spelling, which is actually only one element of writing. The present article is going to introduce the research, which goal was to convince teachers, that creating text is a complex process, which involves paying attention to numerous factors: choice of words, syntax, message, peculiarities of different text forms, language usage etc. Therefore analytical assessment is described more closely in named above research paper and in this article, with hoping to encourage teachers to use it more systematically and consciously. Analytical assessment model, worked out for the research and used for assessing 740 pupils written texts, gave complex information about pupils writing skills, from what brief overview will be presented in the current article. The fact, that all pupils had their strong sides and weaknesses, confirmed complex nature of writing and proved, that for assessing pupils writing skills we need to assess many aspects of writing, not only spelling and/or content. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">100-108</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anna Vintere</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Larisa Maļinovska</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CHANGING THE EDUCATION CULTURE THROUGH TECHNOLOGY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">culture of education institutions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">information and communication technologies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">organisation culture</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1393666529.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Technology has a potentially rich, but largely unrealized, role in teaching and learning. This role is defined variously by what the teacher has available, has had time to learn, or can find an appropriate use for, and by what students have access to, are familiar with, and are willing to use. In all of these ways, technology usually plays an adjunct role to others, more traditional modalities for teaching and learning, including lecture, laboratory, library, textbook, tutorial, and practicum.
 Researchers perceive problems arising from the significant cultural and organizational differences affecting the management and leadership environment of the education institutions integrating technology in relation to traditional higher education institutions. 
The study describes and analyzes the culture effects in higher education organizations and supports the view that transformational leadership, collaboration and the classroom culture are three major characteristics of change in higher education institutions, where integrating technology is considered as a way to help the university to be a more effective learning organization. 
The problem is approached by analyzing and evaluating the scientific literature for the development of the methodological basis of research. The article includes theoretical analysis of topical issues, like definitions of organization culture, interaction of the culture of education institutions and achievement, efficient ingredients of school culture as well as some important aspects of school culture.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">127-137</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hana Böhmová</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Milada Roštejnská</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CHEMISTRY FOR GIFTED AND TALENTED: ON-LINE COURSE ON TALNET</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chemistry experiment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">distance learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gifted and talented</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392408099.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Education of the gifted and talented children, as potential contributors for the whole society, is emphasized and actively supported in the educational policy of the European Union. The project “Talnet – Online to Science“ originated in Czech Republic is one example of a wide scale of extracurricular activities focused on the education of the gifted and talented. The methods used in Talnet are based mostly on the interaction of the experts with the children, primarily in the on-line “T-courses“. The paper describes the structure, content and results of a two-semester on-line course “Biochemistry and Natural Compounds” that integrates the problem solving method with the home-made chemistry experiments in the form of an e-learning course. About ten talented high-school students from Czech and Slovak Republic participated in the first semester of the course. According to the evaluation results, the students find the course interesting and enriching. Four final theses were written and will be defended; one of them is intended to be applied for the national Contest for Young Scientists.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14-20</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hana Böhmová</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eva Urválková</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Renata Šulcová</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CHEMISTRY FOR SOCIETY: NEW EMPHASIS IN EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chemistry experiment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=886197</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In 2007 the cooperation between the Department of Teaching and Didactics of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague and the German members of the project CITIES (Chemistry and Industry for Teachers in European Schools) was established. This paper presents information on the results of the cooperation and on a practical laboratory course developed for the further education of European chemistry teachers. According to the aims of the CITIES project, the new experiments presented in the course focuse on the connections between chemical industry and the school chemistry education and on the contributions of chemistry to the whole society. The course was realized for two groups of Czech secondary school chemistry teachers and the evaluation data were obtained from the questionnaire prepared by the German colleagues.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21-27</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johannes  Pernaa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maija  Aksela</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CHEMISTRY TEACHERS' AND STUDENTS' PERCEPTIONS OF PRACTICAL WORK THROUGH DIFFERENT ICT LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chemistry teaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">information and communications technology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1396707455.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper presents the first phase of a design research, where four practical work activities within ICT learning environments (concept maps, molecular modeling, animations and videos) were created and evaluated. Materials were designed carefully after the orientation of research literature and Finnish chemistry curriculum by 21 chemistry student teachers during their M.Sc. chemistry education course. Designed materials were peer evaluated before they were presented to 27 teachers and students who made their external evaluation. Research questions of the research were i) What kind of need is there for creating learning environments that connect practical chemistry and ICT?, ii) What kind of features does meaningful practical work through different ICT -learning environments contain? And iii) What kind of effect does practical work through ICT have on chemistry learning according to chemistry teachers and students? Data was gathered by observing and using questionnaires. This study shows that the need for meaningful practical work through ICT -learning environments is substantial. According to the designers and respondents, meaningful characteristics of practical working through ICT are i) cooperative, ii) constructivist, iii) motivating, and iv) time saving and safe, In addition, they should visualize chemical phenomenon and processes at macro and molecular levels. Studied teachers found that ICT gives i) important aid to learning and teaching practical work, ii) it arouses interest and iii) it develops research skills. At the second phase of this research, activities will be developed to more contextual and inquiry-based form and the effect on learning will be examined thoroughly with comprehensive school students. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80-88</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kordigel Aberšek, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marija Ropič</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vlasta Hus</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CHILDREN’S LITERATURE, TEACHERS AND INTEGRATIVE EDUCATION: THEORY AND SCHOOL REALITY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">integrative education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mother tongue education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher training</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1393668526.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The paper represents the results of a quantitative research performed at the Faculty of Education, University of Maribor. The aim of the project was to establish the implementation of the concept of integrative education, which was recommended for the first triennium of elementary education in Slovenia in the 90s. The essence of Slovene integration concept should be the following: focusing on the structure and the process of child's assimilation as well as accommodation in/of the structure, his/her ability to communicate the content of the structure and his/her ability to express the process of changing the structure.
 Our results show that the majority of teachers follow the recommended curriculum guidelines for integration as the main didactical concept for teaching in the first triennium of elementary school taught as a part of the compulsory Teacher training program - teaching in the first triennium. Nevertheless a big proportion of elementary school teachers (year 1-3) are not entirely aware of the criteria that should be used for integration in the educational process. The same elementary school teachers have difficulties (aware or unaware) with the process of planning and performing the integration concept in the classroom.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">44-55</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mateja  Psunder</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COLLABORATIVE CULTURE AS A CHALLENGE OF CONTEMPORARY SCHOOLS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">collaborative culture</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">democratic school</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multicultural education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1393668766.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Different authors stress that traditional culture is still the most common culture in schools. This culture prefers high educational goals, high expectations and productivity. Under such circumstances, there is no room for cooperation and helping each other. On the contrary, these stimulate competitiveness that causes tension between the participants.
 One of the fundamental aims of today's and future education is also to stimulate cooperation that provides each individual with the strength to come to known him or herself and to behave in accordance with his or her tradition and beliefs, while at the same time staying open to other and different people. This can be achieved only in a culture of good relationships that includes the values of tolerance, solidarity, critical thinking and independence. Research has shown that collaborative culture also has many other benefits over traditional culture reflecting itself in the well-being and effectiveness of teachers and students and also in the development of the institution as a whole.
 Nowadays, it is impossible to imagine effective schools without cooperation at all school levels. Since school culture is a relatively stable phenomenon, it takes a long time to change and such a change cannot be achieved with external orders. The most important initial step towards changing school culture is that all school staff realise its importance, influence and extent in creating an effective school. This can be a starting point and encouragement to think about the existing school climate, make plans for the future and find ways to change it.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">84-93</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE COMMON GOAL OF ALL EDUCATORS: HOW TO IMPROVE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ICT in education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">innovative techniques</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1396706407.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Science education is an integral phenomenon that can be grasped as a whole science. Science education plays a very important role in broadening pupils` world outlook. The science classes always discuss real, concrete things and phenomena, which are a part of pupils` reality and even every day life. It is very important that natural sciences should help learners to formulate a clear concept of natural history based on the latest knowledge of the world strongly emphasizing the character of the correlation between nature and society, civilization and culture. The world is multidimensional, and therefore we must strive to acknowledge it. This is a winning goal of contemporary science education (Lamanauskas, 2003). 
Science education is playing a crucial role in both developed and developing countries. Quality-based natural science education is necessary for every human living in a modern world. Different investigations show that natural sciences have lost their previous attractiveness in the developed countries. On the contrary, the young generation of the developing countries most frequently has a positive interest in natural sciences. On the other hand, in most of the cases, natural science education in comprehensive school is not popular, inexactly corresponds to the curricula and has no relevance to the learners’ needs. The introduced situation is determined by several common and uncommon factors. The process of natural science education in comprehensive school is one of those not adequate for the present day and achievements in sciences. Such inadequacy first of all, has relation with competence of teachers of natural sciences. Insufficient competence is frequently determined by the inappropriate process of studies in universities training prospective teachers of natural sciences. 
Another main point is connected with the whole public, not only with young people, but also with adults. Public natural science education (sophistication) is a burning question. Apparently, natural science education is crucial for training the present young generation. In this case, there is no difference whether a young person will be engaged in natural sciences in the future. The increase of interest of those not involved in sciences or having a previously formed negative attitude towards the subjects is a more complicated problem to be solved. This is concern and obligation of the whole scientific pedagogical society working in the field of natural science education. 
Generally speaking, all spheres of science education are important in our modern, technologically oriented society. It is impossible to discuss all pressing questions of science education here. However, I can notice that some trends raise a lot of doubts. For example, the great majority of works are linked to motivation, interests, attitudes and so on. We can’t assert that this is not important. In fact, this is the sphere of psychology. How difficult it were to find out the reasons for low interest to science and technologies, the fallen prestige of sciences in comprehensive schools, still they are not essential things from the educational point of view. All the more, inquiry based researches give only a panoramic view of the situation, i.e. have a stated character. It is completely not clear or almost not clear what causes such a situation. The main goal of educators is to change, develop teaching-learning process using educational devices. Some last researches revealed that pupils understand the meaning of sciences and technologies to society in general, but they are not satisfied with school science. The main question till now is why? It is obvious, that we come in touch with deeper didactic problems here, for example, the content of teaching, teaching-learning methods, teacher and pupils relations, scientific research activity (the latter is a very important part of the whole science education process), at last, teaching-learning process management in general. If we concentrate only on psychological parameters (interests, motives, demands, attitudes and so on), essential didactic parameters remain outside. In other words, the essential question – effective pedagogization of the whole science and technological education process hasn’t been solved yet (it considerably deviated towards psychologization and sociologization). Researches of a stated character are not sufficient to reach this. In recent years not only in Lithuania but also in academic societies of other countries, it has generally become a norm to carry out different stated (diagnostic) researches. Very rarely researchers try their ideas and theories in practice. Simply there are no possibilities for this. Then, researchers go along the road treaded by sociologists and psychologists i.e., give questionnaires, tests to pupils, students, pedagogues, only strengthening existing educational practice by this (Bitinas, 2006). Thus, there is one more open question how to rationally change existing educational practice in the direction of development. How to achieve that educational researches were much more effective in the practical applicability of their results? As an example we can mention international ROSE (The Relevance of Science Education) research (http://www.ils.uio.no/english/rose/). Countries having participated in the research carried out exhaustive analysis of the results. Different attitude, interest, motive and other differences and similarities in the population of the 15- year old students were discovered. Without any doubt, it is important. However, these results don’t have direct influence on educational practice and on the changes of this practice, of course. On the contrary, quite often- different changes occur rather spontaneously.
 Another important thing is the role of ICT in education in general and particularly in science education. It is worth emphasizing, that in recent years, a general degree of integrating ICT in the process of teaching has increased in Lithuania as well as in other countries. The growth is characteristic not only at university level but also at other levels of the education system. It is accepted that ICT makes the process of teaching/learning more effective and beneficial whereas the education system starts functioning faster. The development of ICT and the process of globalization determine alteration in the education system as well as in the whole society. The implementation of new technologies in the educational process raises new possibilities for both teacher and learner, enhances education quality and makes the educational process more versatile.
 Therefore, *. We should devote all our efforts to stimulating youth interest in science and technologies and to reinforcing scientific-technological education at all levels. Although hardly anyone suspects that technologies are having a growing impact on our daily life, however, they still remain alienated from the major part of society members and policy makers and what is more, frequently stand outside the door of the education system. Hence, opening the door is the obligation of all of us. We should discuss and try to solve all key problems really using the ICT in everyday school activities.This is not an easy task. ICT is not as panacea for solving all educational problems. As I have already mentioned, modern ICT definitely play a crucial role in developing the teaching/learning processes at all stages and improving the quality of education. Educational advantages of ICT raise no doubts. 
One of the most important requirements for applying ICT and innovative techniques of teaching is a qualified teacher able to professionally use technologies in practice. A modern teacher must know how to employ ICT and adapt them in order to achieve specific goals of teaching. Today we can observe paradoxical situation. In the majority of cases, students` computer literacy remains higher than that of their teachers. Nevertheless, teachers` computer literacy becomes an essential professional work condition. ICT application in teaching/learning process shouldn’t be an end in itself. The essential thing is how to achieve that ICT application increased teaching effectiveness, enriched the work of teachers and pupils. Another important thing follows, that it is not enough to use only computers. It is understandable that the majority of modern ICT in one way or another are related to computers. However, not analyzing ICT classification nuances we can notice that ICT variety is necessary to guarantee teaching effectiveness. Not for one country the question arises how to find financial recourses to guarantee such variety. It is obvious, that not the quantity but the variety of technologies is this crucial factor. For example, in the schools of Great Britain active boards are almost in every classroom. “Active boards” are with the software different for primary and secondary schools; “Smart boards” are spread more in the classes and schools of junior and disabled pupils. It is obvious, that constant pedagogues’ interest in the newest ICT is necessary, on the one hand and formation of suitable conditions in schools, on the other hand. It is without doubt, that teacher’s pedagogic competence, his ability and interest to use ICT are closely related. The situation in Lithuania comparing with other European countries is not exceptional. For example, in 2006/2007 only 49% of teachers were using ICT for teaching their subject. In 2008/2009 their part increased up to 67% (Masaitis, 2009).
 On the other hand, we have different students at school. Their capabilities are so different. This means that modern teaching and learning combines different approaches. It is called “blended learning”. Generally speaking, it should be carefully considered because of possible negative outcomes of applying these technologies. Thus, the question of the negative impact of ICT is gaining more weight. It seems no answers are required. On the other hand, we are still suffering from shortage of information on different aspects having negative impact. When the answer is clear, we start feeling lack of required abilities and knowledge of how to reduce the negative impact of ICT or how to eliminate or at least minimize it. Another important issue is what the real impact of modernization on society in terms of ICT implementation is.
 Finally, some words about international cooperation. It is undoubtedly an important issue. I cannot imagine nowadays scientific research or scientific activity in general without international cooperation. Science is science and it has international character. Moreover, such cooperation is crucially important for scientists from former Soviet Union countries, because they had no possibility to communicate with colleagues from abroad or such cooperation was strongly limited. Another argument is that science education today is the most dynamic part of the science of education (Toshev, 2008). It is obvious, if we want to obtain the necessary scientific information about different things, to enlarge technological possibilities of societies and so on, generally speaking, to make our world more safe and better, international cooperation among scientists is essential. Only all together we will be able to meet a broad range of global challenges today and tomorrow. 
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-7</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sedat Uçar</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF EARTH SCIENCE EDUCATION IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS IN TURKEY AND IN THE USA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">comparative analysis of educational systems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">earth science</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392409111.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research in education gives initiatives to countries evaluate and modify their curriculum. Large-scale international assessments such as TIMSS usually inspire these curriculum reforms by that countries compare the results of large-scale assessments with other countries’ scores. Domestic practices also need to be considered for the educational reforms because domestic practices can picture education systems very clearly that international studies might not be able to detect. To make better curriculum decisions both the domestic practices and the large-scale international assessments need to be evaluated together. As a result, local implementations of specific content might be very informative to improve the curriculum of other countries. The purpose of the current study is to compare earth science education in Turkey and in the USA in elementary school levels and identify the characteristics of the instructional practices in order to make suggestions to improve earth science education. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">170-182</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ildiko Marosi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andrea Bencsik</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COMPARISON OF EDUCATIONAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL TEAMWORK</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">companies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teamwork</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1393667170.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teamwork and knowledge sharing are prime motivators of the economic development of companies. Our last research called „Teamwork in Education” is being continued now, based on Hungarian economical companies which were asked about teamwork. Herewith our target was to find features of organizational teamwork in the economical life among small-, medium and big companies. We compare these results with features of educational teamwork, because there is a big responsibility of higher education to communicate it at a high level to the students or create the right conditions to develop their skills for teamwork.
 Results of questionnaires are analyzed with SPSS program (statistics of factor analyses). The results of this research can be used not only in organizational life to give tips and advice to management how to manage their employees' work and knowledge sharing. These results can be used in the development of education and teaching methods. We are going to write about this research and its results in this paper.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">74-82</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Michael  Sanson</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rebecca  A. Robles-Piña</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A COMPARISON OF MATHEMATICS PROFICIENCY AMONG ASIAN AND AMERICAN STUDENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American students</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Asian students</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cultural differences</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1395387250.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In light of the commonly shared view that the United States is the global superpower, one may assume that the academic performance of the nation’s students exceeds all others. However, based on international study, the United States falls sharply behind many industrialized countries, primarily countries within Asia, in mathematics performance. This review explores and compares the curricular, instructional, cultural, and stereotypical influences which reportedly impact mathematical proficiency among American and Asian students. The review concludes with a summarization of critical findings, as well as possible implications for future research.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">139-144</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Majda  Cencič</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mara  Cotič</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vida  Udovič</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bogdana  Borota</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COMPARISON OF THE USAGE OF ICT AMONG SOME COMPULSORY SUBJECTS IN THE SLOVENIAN PRIMARY SCHOOLS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">music instruction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary school</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1399914337.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The ICT occupies a central position both in the knowledgeable information society and in the development strategies of education systems. The ability of working with knowledge, technology and information is one of the three key competences determined by the European Common Principles for Teachers’ Competences and Qualifications, as well as one of the eight key competences for lifelong learning as provided by the European Qualification Framework. Comparison with EU shows that Slovenian schools have, despite highly motivated teachers for using the ICT as well as good equipment and broad band internet access, quite low usage of ICT for instruction in general. Hence, it is a challenge to study the use of ICT for the instruction of some compulsory subjects in the Slovenian schools. 
Our research involved 468 pedagogical workers. Teachers of lower grades classroom teaching level with higher education prevailed. The questionnaire they answered, and which was verified by the factor analysis and Cronbach coefficient alpha in regard to the measurements characteristics, was a combination of numerical rating scales and some open ended and closed questions. The results have shown that computer programmes are used the most for the instruction of mathematic and Slovenian language and the least for musical education. Similar results were obtained for the use of internet sites, which are used the most for teaching Slovenian language, as well as for teaching mathematics and the least for teaching music. The reasons could be found in the shortage of adequate didactic materials and weak equipment of classrooms. 
The results on the relations among the above mentioned subjects concerning the use of ICT are quite interesting, too. We discovered a positive and a statistically significant correlation, which is the highest between the subjects of Slovenian and mathematics and the lowest between the subjects of mathematics and music</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original Article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39-48</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Violeta  Šlekienė</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Loreta  Ragulienė</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COMPUTER BASED REAL LAB WORK AS A COGNITIVE TOOL IN PHYSICS EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">computer based lab work</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">frictional force</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">interface-measurement-system</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">physics education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1396707595.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper deals with application of Computer based real lab work (CBRLW) as a platform for helping students to acquire a functional understanding of physics. CBRLW can be described as an “active engagement” learning environment in a practical works, where computer-assisted data acquisition and analysis tools are used together with experiment equipment and carefully developed worksheets. CBRLW are interpreted as cognitive educational tools and not only as technological ones. The specific technical equipment and software of PASCO scientific and FHYWE were applied in laboratory works of general and special physics of Šiauliai University. Laboratory works of Mechanics, Thermodynamics, Electricity, Optics and Solid State Physics were created and improved by using this universal interface-measurement-system. The varieties of sensors use the same interface box and the same software format. Students are able to focus on the investigation of many different physical phenomena without spending a large amount of time learning to use complicated tools. It provided to integrate modern science tools into physics teaching labs and made it possible to prepare and carry out experiments with a minimum of preparation time and a maximum of technical comfort. An attachment of interface (Figure 1) with a suitable sensor to the computer created very powerful system for collection, analysis and display of experimental data. Two CBRLW are discussed in this paper (Investigation of linear motion using an Atwood's Machine and Investigation of Frictional Force).</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">102-110</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jezek Bruno</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vanek Jan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antonin Slaby</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COMPUTER GRAPHICS IN COMPUTER SCIENCE EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">algorithm and math application</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">programming education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392408480.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">For the past several years computer graphics subjects have played an important role in information and computer technology studies. The inclusion of computer graphics subjects into university curricula is motivated not only by modern technologies and methods being used in this branch, but above all by the training of programming techniques and math application these subjects provide. At the Faculty of Informatics and Management of the University of Hradec Kralove, subjects Computer Graphics I, II and III (CG) have been professed for several years within the curricula of the Applied Informatics and the Information Management study programs. Besides visualisation and graphical data processing, these subjects are focused on practicing and widening the knowledge and practical skills of students, future IT specialists. This paper introduces goals, structure and educational techniques in the CG subjects, which expand informatics subjects such as programming and algorithm development. Educational methods that involve a term project, a special framework and an e-learning support are also described. Finally several specific examples of math application used during problem solving are presented.

</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">60-68</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Violeta  Šlekienė</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Loreta  Ragulienė</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COMPUTER-BASED TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PROCESS OF TEACHING/LEARNING SCIENCES IN COMPREHENSIVE SCHOOL: SOCIO-EDUCATIONAL ASPECTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">computer-based technologies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">general schools</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1396707347.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The role of ICT in education in whole and particularly in science education is very important topic. It is worth emphasizing that in recent years, a general degree of integrating ICT in the process of teaching has increased in Lithuania as well as in other countries. The growth is characteristic not only at university level but also at other levels of the education system. It is accepted that ICT makes the process of teaching/learning more effective and beneficial whereas the education system starts functioning faster. The development of ICT and the process of globalization determine alteration in the education system as well as in the whole society. The implementation of new technologies in the educational process raises new possibilities for both teacher and learner, enhances education quality and makes the educational process more versatile.
 On the other hand it is necessary to devote all our efforts to monitor the process of using ICT in general schools. It is necessary to conduct regularly researches of different scale for better understanding of a situation of use ICT in the teaching /learning process. 
Pilot research Student and Computer-Based Technologies was conducted in October – November, 2009. To collect the required data, an anonymous questionnaire was prepared. Research sample consisted of 211 respondents who were 1st year university students (freshmen).
 In the majority of cases, the students learn to use computer independently, whereas next comes help provided by friends and family members. It has been established that computer-based technologies are very rarely used during the lessons of other subjects. The respondents think that using computer-based technologies in the classroom during the lessons of sciences has the highest impact on cognitive abilities (knowledge acquisition, self-sufficient studies etc.).</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">66-73</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marek Persona</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andrzej Persona</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomasz Gęca</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agnieszka Kaczor</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dariusz Matosiuk</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COMPUTERS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY. MOLECULAR MODELING AND CALCULATION OF THE STRUCTURE-CORRELATED PARAMETERS DESCRIBING SKIN PERMEABILITY OF THEAFLAVONOIDS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">molecular modeling</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">theaflavonoids</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392408980.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The application of computational technique for predicting biological activity of chemicals plays an important role in development and design of new drugs. Being now a routine approach in medicinal chemistry, the method still encounters difficulties in teaching medical science students.
 In this paper the project of introduction the students to the computational tools and approaches usually used in pharmacy and medicine is presented. The project involves estimation of the skin permeability of theaflavonoids in respect to their usefulness in topical application. Topical application of flavonoids for inhibition of skin tumor is preferred because flavonoids are poorly absorbed from intestines and are decomposed by intestinal microorganisms.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">139-150</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Irena Katane</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ilze Kalniņa</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONCEPT OF PERSONALITY’S COMPETITIVENESS IN CONTEMPORARY PEDAGOGY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">changeable environment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">competitiveness of personality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational paradigms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sustainable development of society</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392315414.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global level various processes make us questions: where and in what way can we search the possibilities for sustainable development of society and how can we promote its competitiveness in the context of globalization and integration processes? The new ecological, synergetic paradigms in pedagogy enable to study a personality as a self-developing, self-organizing and self-evaluating system which develops during educational process, plans and forecasts; constructs and accumulates its own experience; which is able to choose and to be responsible for the consequences of its own actions under the conditions of modern changeable environment. 
Methodology of Research. During last three years (2005 – 2007) a subject of our research was new meaning of concepts in pedagogy: competitiveness, competitive personality and marketable specialist in the context of human viability in the changeable environment. It bases and builds on scientific sources which represent: 1) evolutionary and cultural pedagogy; 2) developmental, ecological and applied psychology; 3) human ecology, including educational ecology. The methods of theoretical research: the analytical evaluative studies of scientific literature; content analysis of documents; reflection of experience.
 The ecological and synergetic approaches enable to draw the conclusion that nowadays human as an individual of society, personality must learn to live and change in the interaction with the changeable environment, including changeable social, educational, economic, career environment etc. aspects. Therefore concept of competitiveness is becoming pedagogical category, which changes its traditional meaning during last fifteen years. Nowadays it is very important to work out theoretical background pertaining to the new content of competitiveness in pedagogy, analysing the concept in the context of recent changes which take place in the modern society and education as well. In this article new concept of competitiveness is substantiated in the following contexts and aspects: 1) various educational paradigms: liberal-rational, ecological and synergetic paradigm, 2) several approaches: functional, biometrical and structural approach.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">57-68</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ivan Gerlič</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Robert Repnik</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONCEPTUAL LEARNING OF PHYSICS IN SLOVENIAN PRIMARY SCHOOLS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">computers in education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational system</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1393668620.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teaching and learning with computers (ICT) encompasses her help in educational process everywhere there where is this perhaps and reasonable. Using ICT as educated accessory mean search of optimal elements for teaching efficiency and for better achieving teaching objectives. Learning process of science, mathematic and technical subjects in elementary school in many situations demands practically and problem solved work. Conceptual learning of physics is computer based and its strategies lead pupils to a better understanding and use of more difficult processes (thinking, inferencing, using the knowledge). By conceptual way of learning we used „fizlets“as simulatory models. They are interactive materials, where processes happen in certain intervals and there is interaction between the model and the pupil.
 The main goal of study was to research the effects of conceptual way of learning in comparison with traditional classroom education when teaching the topics “Pressure and lifting power” in the eighth class of primary school. We tested four thinking processes of pupils (knowledge, analyses, inference and comparison). The main expected ascertainment of research was that the pupils, who were taught through the conceptual way achieved better results than those who were taught traditionally in the classroom. Hypotheses were confirmed. In general this article will show other users of teaching physics and science some didactic manners of preparing interactive educated materials. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">65-69</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marit  Moistlik</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONNECTION BETWEEN MUSIC LESSONS AND INVOLVEMENT WITH MUSIC AFTER LEAVING SCHOOL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">informal learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">involvement with music</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">participation in music</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1399916197.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The article deals with the relationship between experience and memories gained in music lessons of general education school and current music activity and attitude towards music and analyses the effect of that experience on musical behaviour in further life. The focus is on music teacher’s role in that process. The sample of the qualitative study consisted of 20 university students, ten of whom were actively involved with music (singing in the university choir) and ten were not. A phenomenographic approach was used to analyse the interviews. As the result of the analysis, four profiles were developed – two of the profiles characterising those involved with music and two those not involved with music. The profiles are viewed in the article in the context of the experience of music lessons at school. Gaining awareness of those profiles may help music teachers to understand different behaviours of pupils and their relationship with music as a subject, and create diverse learning situations for representatives of different profiles.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">115-127</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yordanka  Stefanova</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maria  Minevska</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONSTRUCTIVIST LEARNING: DESCRIPTION, EXPLANATION, PREDICTION IN A CHEMISTRY CLASSROOM</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chemical education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">constructivism</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1399915404.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scientific description, explanation, prediction as cognitive procedures are inherent to science and deal with understanding the phenomena in the world around us. This explains the fact many studies exist on the nature of scientific description, explanation, prediction and the relationship between them.
In the majority of studies on description and explanation in teaching, the emphasis is placed on the role of the teacher as explainer of chemical phenomena and less attention is paid to student’s activity in description and explanation of studied phenomena. 
In this article we try to overcome such one-sidedness in addressing these cognitive procedures. We discuss the relationship between description, explanation, prediction in the study of chemical phenomena in high school, as well as the activity of teacher and student in constructing them. Taking into account the purposes of chemistry teaching, the characteristics of chemistry knowledge, the necessity of student-oriented training, the possibilities for change of learning environment, we propose a methodical model for description, explanation, prediction in the study of chemical substances and phenomena in the light of the basic ideas of constructivism.
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original Article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">196-202</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tiia Rüütmann</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jüri Vanaveski</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTEMPORARY TEACHING METHODS EMPHASIZING CONCEPTUAL UNDERSTANDING ADAPTED FOR ENGINEERING EDUCATION AT ESTONIAN CENTRE FOR ENGINEERING PEDAGOGY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">interactive lectures</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching methods</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392409067.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Engineering educators should gain greater confidence through the use of extended range of contemporary teaching tools by obtaining specifics of the art of teaching. Teaching methods fostering active and long-term engagement with learning tasks are used at Estonian Centre for Engineering Pedagogy. Understanding student different learning styles is one of the midpoints of teacher training. The aim of the study programme for engineering educators is to abolish mismatches between students’ common learning styles and traditional teaching styles of engineering educators. The curriculum for engineering educators concentrates on interactive lectures and contemporary teaching methods emphasising conceptual understanding, adapted specially for engineering education, being introduced in the following article.     </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">159-169</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mona Holmqvist</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jane  Mattisson</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONTRASTING CASES AND THEIR IMPACT ON LEARNING: A REP-LICATION OF A LEARNING STUDY CONFIRMING THE IMPACT OF CONTRASTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">generative learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenomenography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">variation theory</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392315254.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The present article describes how Swedish pupils in class 4 (nine to eleven years old) learn English as a second language. The study replicates a learning study carried out within the framework of a more ex-tensive project known as “The Pedagogy of Learning”. The present study is aiming to find out if the re-sults from one original learning study can be generalised to other teachers and pupils. The pupils partici-pating in the presented study learn how to use “to have”. The original Learning Study Cycle (LSC) con-sisted of three lessons per cycle, each lesson carried out in different groups of pupils. The teachers fo-cused on the critical aspects, i.e. the features which must be distinguished in order to understand a phe-nomenon. This process entailed investigating the contrasts between the specified learning outcome(s), i.e. the ability or knowledge targeted. The lessons were planned from a variation theory perspective. The LSC demonstrated that the use of contrast – applied in only one of the three lessons – between “to be” and “to have” had a positive effect on pupils’ generative learning, i.e. continued learning outside the classroom. In order to establish if the results of the present study are coincidental or repeatable the LSC was repli-cated. The first replicated study was conducted by a group of teachers with a good knowledge of variation theory. These teachers had previously applied the theory in mathematics lessons. A second replication was initiated by a group of teachers with no knowledge of variation theory. The results demonstrated that contrast is important for generative learning provided that teachers are able to focus on critical aspects and thereby elucidate contrast. In the group familiar with variation theory the results were similar to those of the original study, i.e. generative learning was promoted, while contrast had little effect on the pupils generative learning in the group of teachers who had no knowledge of variation theory. The study demonstrates that generative learning is dependent on teachers’ knowledge of how the critical aspects of the target knowledge should be presented to pupils. Such knowledge enables teachers to apply contrast as a means of developing pupils’ ability to distinguish qualitative differences. In this way, pupils continue to develop their knowledge beyond the classroom.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">38-46</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jasminka Korolija</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jovica  V. Plavsic</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ivana  M. Mladenovic</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ljuba  M. Mandic</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A CONTRIBUTION TO SCIENCE FOR ALL: LEARNING ABOUT POLYMERS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">enquiry-based experiments</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">inclusive science</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning/teaching chemistry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">secondary-level education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1399914737.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The 21st century is already marked as the century of synthetic polymer materials and their presence in our daily lives makes them unavoidable in chemistry education. The theme of Synthetic polymers is rather extensive, therefore only contents necessary to any student (individual) should be chosen. 
In the present paper, synthetic polymers are considered as a necessity in everyday life, in technology and economy of the contemporary world, as well as potential pollutants of the environment. Knowledge about basic procedures for polymer synthesis, their physical and chemical properties, ways of degradation, all this makes possible for every individual to properly choose and utilize various synthetic materials in diverse areas where they are used. This way provides the perception of the interactive relation between science and society.
The teaching of the theme Polymers enabled students to use knowledge of chemistry from various fields in a situation different from the one where it had been acquired and to link the concepts into a single system. The teaching of the theme proceeded through the discussion and enquiry-based experiments in work with small groups during two teaching hours (1.5 h). The investigation was carried out with a group of high school students (85). Statistically significant difference (p&lt;0.001) in the achieved results at final testing (73.4%) compared to initial testing (32.6%), especially in tasks related to comprehension and application of chemistry concepts, indicates that the tested method of work is applicable in school practice.
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original Article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">107-118</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE COOPERATION OF SCIENCE TEACHERS: SOME RELEVANT ISSUES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cooperation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1399915559.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nowadays a large discussion is open on the teaching/learning quality issue. It is clear that “learning is a process of construction in which the students themselves have to be the primary actors” (von Glasersfeld, 1995). By nowadays the view of the learner has changed from that of a passive recipient of knowledge to that of an active constructor of knowledge. It must be taken into account that “learning is a process of knowledge construction, not of knowledge recording or absorption” and “learning is knowledge-dependent; people use current knowledge to construct new knowledge” (Anthony, 1996). Having in mind this it is important to promote the active cooperation of science teachers in teaching process. 
Collaboration and cooperation (there are some important differences between these two terms and we prefer to use the second one) of science teachers are very important components of process of teaching and learning. It is a first step to the constructive, integrated process of teaching. Without adequate cooperation it is not possible to reach the appropriate level of integration, except for internal integration of teaching subjects at a lesson. But in that case a degree of integration is not high enough. Cooperation of science teachers is possibly at all stages of educational process. For example, such cooperation is very effective by preparation of joint teaching/learning programs (curriculum) and concrete plans of activity. Cooperation depends on many factors, for example, the psychological microclimate in collective, motivation of teachers to work better, motivations of pupils and their interest to natural sciences in general. We need teachers to go beyond traditional school science with its emphasis on “key” concepts (Eisenhart, Finkel, &amp; Marion, 1996) and focus also on the processes of learning and thinking about learning (Watters, James, Ginns, Ian, 2000).�
 Finally, I want to point out that cooperation (collaboration) among science teachers undoubtedly raises efficiency of teaching/learning process. It is a first step to the constructive, integrated process of science teaching. Without adequate cooperation it is not possible to reach the appropriate level of integration, except for internal integration of teaching subjects at a lesson. Teachers` cooperation (collaboration) in schools breaks the isolation of the classrooms. Cooperation is an important vehicle through which teachers can plan and carry out an array of services for students. One of the most promising benefits of teachers` cooperation is the increased opportunity it gives teachers to interact with one another regarding different teaching and learning issues. Specifically, teachers who cooperate are more likely to discuss with their colleagues areas of the curriculum they have difficulty teaching. The some more statements on cooperation among science teachers can be mentioned: cooperation has a direct impact on students; cooperation is becoming an essential ingredient in successful schools; cooperation is based on belief in the value of shared decision making, trust, and respect among participants; teachers cooperate only when they share a goal; teachers must make a personal choice to work cooperatively; cooperation is voluntary, not administratively mandated; each teacher participating in a cooperative effort contributes some type of resource; cooperation can only occur when it is associated with some program or activity that is based on the shared goals of the individuals involved etc. Cooperation with colleagues is helpful way for improvement of professional knowledge of science teachers. So, the need for cooperation is evident in the science education arena in both formal and non-formal situations. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-7</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Luisa  Cerdeira</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COST-SHARING POLICY IN THE EUROPEAN HIGHER EDUCATION: A COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">accessibility and affordability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cost-sharing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tuition fees</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1395386837.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">There has been a worldwide tendency to implement Higher Education (HE) funding policies based upon cost-sharing (Johnstone, 1986, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007; Woodhall, 2002, 2003; Vossensteyn, 2002, 2005; Ziderman and Albrecht, 1995). Such trend has taken many forms: introduction or increase of the tuition fees value; introduction of loans programs, or change of social support from study grants to loans; and incentive and support to the outcome and development of private education. 
Due to the European Higher Education diversity we must perspective a comparative analysis by enhancing the dominant situation in several European countries. In this article we will discuss the relationship of tuition fees policies to the HE accessibility and affordability:
 • What are the HE funding policies followed over the last two decades?
 • What results do are the policies of tuition fee have on HE accessibility?
 In summary, we will demonstrate that in most European countries cost-sharing policies have been implemented, with the adoption of tuition fees with diversified impacts on Higher Education accessibility and affordability. Loans and grants could also be analysed, but we will focus our attention only on the tuition fees policy. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">60-77</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ineta Daiktere</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CREATING, FOSTERING, AND SUSTAINING SCHOOL CULTURE IN LATVIA: COMMUNICATION WITH STAKEHOLDERS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">principal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school culture</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school culture implementation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1393266809.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The primary purpose of this study was to explore communication process in schools provided by principals and the degree of stakeholders’ involvement in the process of development of the desirable school culture. 357 principals, 152 teachers and 78 technical staff members anonymously completed specially developed questionnaires about school culture. It was revealed that the main target groups for principals are teachers, parents, community and pupils. There is still an opportunity to develop better communication with assistant staff members. Communication in schools is still realized in more traditional ways i.e. in oral form of communication with different size of groups and in written form as leaflets distributed in the staff rooms. This study demonstrates that electronic communication was rarely used in a respondent group or at least was not used systematically in the assistant staff group.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30-35</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Christian  Byrge</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Søren  Hansen</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE CREATIVE PLATFORM: A NEW PARADIGM FOR TEACHING CREATIVITY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">interdisciplinary work</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">parallel thinking</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">unlimited application of knowledge</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1399915699.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In this paper The Creative Platform is elaborated as a new paradigm in didactic thinking where the aim is to engage in an experience rather than reflecting on it. The Creative Platform is a didactic approach for unlimited application of knowledge. In that sense it is a didactics for creativity because being creative involves applying knowledge without being limited from professional, social or cultural boundaries.
 Part one of the paper presents a literature review of creativity done from a biological, a cognitive, a knowledge, a social, and a motivational perspective. These perspectives are conceptualised into 4 pillars that form the concept of The Creative Platform. The four pillars are defined as No-Judgment, Task-Focused, Parallel Thinking and Horizontal Thinking. 
Part two of the paper presents a general model for any course or process that is to be taking place on The Creative Platform. The model consists of 6 steps that take the participants onto The Creative Platform, make them work on it, and take them down from it again.
 Part three of the paper presents a general empirical reflection of the past 5 years of implementing The Creative Platform as a didactic model in education ranging from primary school courses to master level university courses.
 The paper concludes that The Creative Platform represents a model for enhancing creativity in a course where students constitute diversity in terms of professional, social or cultural background. It also concludes that The Creative Platform should be used in isolated courses or isolated parts of courses where unlimited application of knowledge is needed to generate new knowledge constructions, new ideas, new thinking or new behaviour.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33-50</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ioan  G. Pop</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CREATIVITY AS A REFLEXIVE TRANSDISCIPLINARY LANGUAGE IN THE MECHATRONICAL KNOWLEDGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">design-process</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">transdisciplinarity</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1393667290.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Starting from the transdisciplinary approach of knowledge is proposed a new transdisciplinary creative reflexive language in a way that can lead to knowledge, enabling the teaching of science and technology to disciples (students, apprentices, pupils, adults) from a large variety of backgrounds, motivating them for research, planning, design and creation of technological projects. Creative thinking is working within and through the design process of projects, changing the teaching methods and creating a rich and flexible learning environment, adopting new assessment methods, combining practical and theoretical knowledge, synthesizing vertical and lateral thinking. Students are preparing themselves the design process, structuring the programs to control the projects, learning environment that emphasizes planning, building activities and team projects, creating challenges, curiosity, imagination, and success in studying technological subjects, to become good mechatronicians. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">94-102</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ivan  Feller</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Philippe  Colin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laurence Viennot</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF POPULARISATION DOCUMENTS IN THE PHYSICS CLASSROOM: AN ACTION RESEARCH IN GRADE 10</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">popularisation resources</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school-oriented reduction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching physics</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1399914586.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Critical work on popularisation resources is a widely recommended activity, one considered to motivate students and prepare them to be responsible citizens. This investigation explores the extent to which some activities aimed at this goal can be fruitfully organised in the classroom, in the course of an ordinary syllabus, at grade 10 level. Two expectations orientate our research: in this context, students presented with written popularisation documents would tend to limit their comprehension of the core message to what is directly connected with their syllabus; and they would not easily evaluate the respective importance - in terms of comprehension - of the implausible elements used in the document to facilitate its reading. After a preliminary investigation with teachers and students, a teaching-learning sequence was designed on the basis of our expectations, completed by the hypothesis that three specific aspects of students’ learning processes would be mutually resonant in a “virtuous circle”. The implementation of this sequence for three successive years (Nt=94 students) with the same teacher provides stable results. Beyond analysing to what extent the outcomes support our expectations (to a rather large extent, in fact) we discuss the value of the elements within the “virtuous circle” to orientate the analysis of student learning processes in this type of classroom interaction.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original Article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">72-96</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ana  Bruton</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rebecca  A. Robles-Piña</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DEFICIT THINKING AND HISPANIC STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT: SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION RESOURCES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">achievement gap</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cultural deficit thinking</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1395386739.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The purpose of this study was to examine the literature that suggests that the academic gap between Hispanic and White students may be due to cultural deficit thinking. The methodology used for conducting this research was to search through databases using the following key words: deficit thinking, cultural deficit, teacher effectiveness, racism in education, student stereotyping, teacher rating of Hispanic students, and achievement gap. Examination of the theory of cultural deficit thinking was applied to the literature and thus non-significant results were obtained. Practical solutions include changing teacher dispositions through self-reflection and education, recognition of deficit thinking and its effect, communicating high academic expectations to Hispanic students, and the implementation of curriculum that demands egalitarian instruction for all students.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41-48</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tiiu Tammemäe</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPEECH OF ESTONIAN CHILDREN AGED 2-3 YEARS AND IT`S RELATIONS WITH THE FACTORS OF THE HOME ENVIRONMENT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">home environment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">preschoolers speech development</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392315585.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Language is a catalyst of cognitive change during early childhood. Identification and assessment are crucial in speech therapy, especially in early years. The aim of current research is focused in children between 2;0 and 3;11 years old – to test preschooler’s comprehension of the language (RDSL) and active vocabulary (HYKS) Parents fulfil the questionnaire about the family’s background. Research group: 333 children. The article provides an overview of the Estonian children’s speech and language level and its dependence on children cultural, social and economical environments. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">92-99</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pamela  Atieno Ochieng</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DICHOTOMY BETWEEN EDUCATIONAL POLICY-MAKING AND IMPLEMENTATION IN KENYA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dichotomy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">policy formulation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1505492484.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A range of interest groups that exert power and authority over policy-making influences the policy process. These influences affect each stage of the process from agenda setting, to the identification of alternatives, weighing up the options, choosing the most favorable and implementing it. Policy practices are not a rational search. A crucial aspect of all policy practice is specifically what and who is included. The style of policy discourses is overwhelmingly to talk as though that were not so; but as though the data were inclusive, the processes rational and the remedy simply knowledge- or research- based (Apthorpe 1986).The paper examines the dichotomy between educational policy making and implementation and focuses on the Policy evolution in Kenya . It examines a few models of policy implementation and shows the possible consequences of dichotomy and the importance of owning a policy. The paper concludes that Policy formulation and Implementation is a complex messy business which is not tied up in neat theoretical packages. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9-14</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ivan Gerlič</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DIDACTICS AND COMMUNICATIONS CRITERION OF DISTANCE EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">distance education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher training</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1393668577.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Last decade’s technological development in the field of information technology has boosted the range of varieties of its use in the distance education and given new dimensions to this type of education. Distance-learning nowadays is practised by several theory’s, each differing from the other in its formal access, in the analyse of its teaching and learning materials, in its ways and range of counselling and the range of its communication with the participants, as well as in its didactic concept of preparing and forming learning materials, etc. Distance education is important criterion for new communication trends in education. Therefore it shall be covered more thoroughly in this work.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">56-64</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sofia  Freire</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mónica Baptista</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carolina Carvalho</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ana Freire</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teresa Oliveira</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mário Azevedo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DISENGAGEMENT WITH SCHOOL: CLASSROOM INVESTIGATIONS AS A POSSIBLE SOLUTION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">classroom investigations</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational exclusion</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1393666230.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We live in a highly complex society that presents its citizens with many challenges and problems. In order to respond it, by making informed decisions, citizens have to appropriate certain key competencies, for instance, reasoning, communication, life long learning, among others. So education has never been seen such a central issue to promote individual growth as nowadays, and also a central issue to enact societal and economical growth. Despite education playing a central role in the international agenda, the failure of the school systems to teach all the students has never been so visible. Nowadays, one of the greatest challenges is to provide an answer to those students who have dropped out of school, or to those who have disengaged from it. Several actions have been developed, some of which concern pedagogic actions. Activities based on investigations in science classes are seen nowadays as a way to enact key competencies, but also to involve students with their own learning. But, what make these activities so successful in getting to all students and, even more, to those who have disengaged from the school system? In this paper, we will discuss the impact of activities based on investigation in secondary students’ involvement with school. Its efficacy seems to be related to identity issues. By changing classroom practices and relationships, not only among teachers and students, but also between students and school knowledge, this kind of activity allows the students to reconstruct new identities, where they can envisage new future paths. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">44-53</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blandina  Šramova</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eva  Poliakova</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DIVERSION IN SEMANTIC SPACE OF FUTURE TEACHERS AND ASSISTANT TEACHERS FOR ROMA COMMUNITY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multicultural education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teachers</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1395387356.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The contribution is devoted to presenting multicultural education, which reflects influence of increasing diversity at schools. Competences of a teacher in given area are considered incredibly important, especially in attitude towards Roma ethnic. Negative attitudes, difficulties in bonding within social space under the influence of globalisation trend can unfavourably affect educational process of a pedagogue, as well as an assistant for Roma community. Therefore we focused our research study to findings of semantic space of identity forming notions, and also notions, which shows bonding of observed dimensions. Participants consisting of future teachers (N=215) and future assistant teachers for Roma community (N=164) expressed to notions, namely by choosing and assigning pictures by using the method the Test of semantic selection (Doležal). Final findings showed certain similarities as well as differences in semantic space, which was attributed to observed notions by future teachers and assistant teachers for Roma community. Particularly stereotypes represented by higher rate were shown with both observed groups. Higher rate of fear from the notion Roma was shown by future teachers on contrary to future assistants of Roma community. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">155-162</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andrea Bencsik</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ildiko  Trunkos</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ECONOMIC CHANGES DEMAND TO MOVE FROM LIFE LONG LEARNING TO LIFE WIDE LEARNING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">knowledge based society</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lifelong learning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1395386623.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lifelong learning is indispensable to develop successfully into a knowledge-based economy and society. Educational level is the most important determinant of employability. According to experience those who have higher qualifications can adapt faster and better to changing circumstances and new tasks than those who have a lower-level education. That is why adult education and training is essential to competitiveness and economic growth.
 In several Western European countries, e.g. in Denmark, Germany and Sweden where adult training has long traditions, the high level, high quality adult training is a determining factor of economic competitiveness.
 Nowadays the term “lifelong learning” is familiar even in Hungary, which includes/would include old age learning as well. However, practically there is no opportunity for it; life-long learning means only the training of those employable in the labour market.
 Nevertheless, a lot of old aged people would learn new things with pleasure. In most Western European countries there are opportunities to do so.
 The question naturally arises: to what extent can old people be burdened, what are they capable of either at school or in the labour market? It should not be treated only as an employment problem: it is also indispensable with regard to life quality. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20-28</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Malgorzata Stopikowska</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EDUCATION OF POLISH NATIONAL MINORITY IN THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS – LAW, MODELS OF ORGANIZATION AND EDUCATIONAL EXPERIENCES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">national minorities</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching of the Polish language</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1393267265.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The article deals with the issue of the educational system of Polish national minority in the Republic of Belarus. In spite of the fact that citizens of Polish origin have always been very numerous there, they had been deprived of national education for almost 50 years (1949-1988). The situation changed in the period of “perestroika”, when members of the Polish minority were allowed to introduce lessons of the Polish language into schools. However, only the collapse of the USSR and the establishment of the independent Republic of Belarus caused a radical change in the status quo. According to the Byelorussian legislation, Poles have been able to open Polish schools and/or courses. As a result Polish national education underwent a period of rapid development which lasted until 2005. The article presents the domestic law of the republic and bilateral agreements (between Poland and the Republic of Belarus), enabling the Polish minority to develop their own system of education. It also shows several examples of organizational models of teaching the Polish language that function within the framework of the state educational system and beyond. The paper gives an overview of the extent and tendencies in the development of the Polish national education in Belarus.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">117-125</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geert Franzenburg</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EDUCATIONAL INTERVISION: THEORY AND PRACTICE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">intervision</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">subjective theories</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1393666171.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teachers are confronted with challenges, which are of individual and organizational character (in classroom, in educational purposes, in groups and institutional structures). Therefore, they need assistance to find solutions in their own context without depending on external experts.
 Such external counselling often is neither necessary nor helpful in every aspect and any circumstances, because of the biographical and institutional frame of the problem or conflict. Therefore, a method combining individual and organizational aspects of counselling, which recognizes the participants in the problem as the experts of its solution, is helpful. On the other hand free group discussions without a systematic methodical approach have to be avoided. Therefore, a certain training is needed in order to assist groups to work effective and systematically. 
The following manual for instructing problem-solving peer groups (PSPGs) is developed from own experiences in teacher training in Latvia and Germany.
 Although there are connections and interdependencies between this model of educational intervision with similar concepts (Balint groups, encounter groups, peer supervision, KoBeSu etc.), it has its special characteristics in the focus on integrating teaching, biographical methods and counselling with the concept of self-actualisation and self-organizing into a program, which is based on the conviction that persons and groups can become subjects of a systematic problem-solving process. Analysing the method of intervision in theory (literature) and practice (in teacher training) can open ways to such assistance without external experts. 
Background, concept and aim of this special way of counselling, based on the model of Subjective Theories, should invite teacher-groups to make their own experiences. The manual (Appendix) can help teacher-groups to find own methods, rituals and rules regarding their specific situation. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37-43</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vladimír Bureš</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pavel Čech</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Karel Mls</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EDUCATIONAL POSSIBILITIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMBIENT INTELLIGENCE CONCEPT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ambient intelligence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">decision-support systems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learner-directed learning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1393666078.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In 2001, IST Advisory Group, as an advisory body of the European Commission in the field of information and communication technology, introduced four scenarios of the future development in information society forming an Ambient Intelligence (Ami) environment. This vision is a relatively new concept that is being developed at both theoretical and practical level. The problem is that although the concept of AmI has a strong technological orientation, there are also social, psychological, ethical or legislative dimensions that have to be taken in to consideration. Successful application of AmI requires entwining technological, managerial and other aspects to a complex soft system. In order to design and create appropriate architecture of this intelligent environment, which will match given requirements, it is necessary to acquire qualitative description of future stakeholders’ needs. One needs appropriate tools or techniques to be able to comprehend such complexity and people in general usually do not possess needed skills or tools. Therefore, the role of education is of a crucial importance here. The paper describes the AmI concept and outlines its relation with educational issues. Experience obtained while implementing of so-called learner-directed educational approach together with achieved findings and lessons learned are introduced. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25-31</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Katri-Liis  Vainio</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EDUCATIONAL ROLE OF TEACHERS´ VOICE AND PERFORMANCE- CHANGING TEACHERS´ ATTITUDE TOWARDS THEIR VOICE IN FIELD CONDITION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pilates-method</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">voice disorders</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1393666476.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Considerable research has been done concerning the prevalence of vocal problems and disorders among teacher students and teachers. All research shows that voice disorders are very typical and are mostly connected to external factors such as environmental factors associated with vocal loading, health-related factors and stress-related factors. How voice disorders are connected to speakers posture, use of resonance and registers has not yet been studied. The primary prevention of voice disorders refers to elimination of circumstances that might cause a voice disorder, involving also teaching vocal hygiene strategies, while secondary prevention involves early detection and treatment of voice disorders. This article shows how teachers´ attitudes towards their voice in field condition can be changed by giving them new models of (1) vocal hygiene strategies and (2) vocal exercises, combined to the Eerola ABC and balance-method and the Pilates-method. The article also gives a model to incorporate such training for all new teachers, for example in Tallinn University. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">115-126</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thomas E.B. Assan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EDUCATORS’ CLASSROOM EXPERIENCES WITH VARIATION OF LEARNING THEORY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">outcome space</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenomenography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">variation theory of learning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1399915600.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Classroom practitioners are expected to facilitate effective learning under the outcome-based education in South Africa. During this facilitation process, educators are required to become more resourceful in terms of their learning and teaching strategies. This article is based on a case study within the phenomenographic paradigm, of grade nine educators and learners in four schools in the North West Province of South Africa, on specific economics topic relating to the understanding of the value or price determination of the South Africa Rand on the foreign exchange market. The article is divided into three parts. Firstly, the concepts of phenomenography and variation theory of learning are explored and constituted as the conceptual framework for the study. The second part deals with educators’ experiences with the variation theory as a classroom resource for learning. The last section of the article deals with the impact of educators’ classroom experiences with the variation theory on learners’ quantitative and qualitative learning outcomes. The results showed an improvement in the learners’ understanding of the economics topic studied. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8-20</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tiia Rüütmann</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jüri Vanaveski</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EFFECTIVE STRATEGIES AND MODELS FOR TEACHING THINKING SKILLS AND CAPITALIZING DEEP UNDERSTANDING IN ENGINEERING EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">deep understanding</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">engineering education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching models</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1399915280.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The article introduces effective teaching strategies and models suitable for teaching engineering, implemented at Estonian Centre for Engineering Pedagogy. Strategies are general approaches to instruction, used to meet a range of learning objectives: skilled questioning, clear communication, organizing lessons, effective feedback, starting lessons with a review and ending with closure, applicable in all teaching situations. Models are specific approaches to instruction having four characteristics: they help students acquire deep understanding and develop critical thinking abilities; they include a series of specific steps intended to reach the objectives; they are grounded in learning theory; they are supported by motivation theory. Introduced models are designed to capitalize deep understanding and critical thinking in teaching engineering. Accordingly students will be able to explain, find evidence and examples, generalise, apply, analogise and represent a topic in a new way. At least four different kinds of knowledge are essential for expert teaching: knowledge of content; pedagogical content knowledge; general pedagogical knowledge; and knowledge of learners and learning. The goal of the article is to help engineering teachers acquire knowledge in each of these areas. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original Article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">176-187</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Klára  Urbanová</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hana  Čtrnáctová</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EFFICIENCY OF POWERPOINT PRESENTATION AS A COMPONENT OF SCIENCE EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">effectiveness of teaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">questionnaire investigation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1399915449.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In recent years, information and communication technologies have been used in the educational process, including teaching of natural sciences. It is generally assumed that these tools have positive effect on the motivation and activation of pupils. However, there has not been much research focusing on the effect these new educational means and methods might have on the learning process in pupils, the position of teachers and on the real performance of pupils. For the above mentioned reasons, the research work which is dealt with in this article aims at eliciting the efficiency, advantages and disadvantages of the use of ICT, namely PowerPoint presentations, in different components of educational process in the field of natural sciences. The research focuses not only on the creation of presentations as didactic tools, but also on finding the optimal, most purposeful and most effective way to use presentations in the educational process. The article summarizes results so far yielded by the research which includes several years of work focusing on the production of didactic presentations and on the feed back from teachers and pupils. These efforts allow defining difficulties involved in the use of presentations, offering remedies and testing all the findings in practice.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original Article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">203-211</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alexis Daj</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andreea Chirca</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">E-MARKETING TOOLS AND THE NEW DIMENSION OF INTEGRATED MARKETING COMMUNICATIONS IN EUROPEAN HIGHER EDUCATION SERVICES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">communication models</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e-marketing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">integrated marketing communications</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1393266857.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The increasing competitiveness, rising target audience’s expectations (students, their families, employees/employers, academic staff, government, suppliers) and widening access to information determines higher education institutions across the world to continuously evaluate their activities with the external environment, get in touch with the users' needs and integrate this analysis into their every day working plan, which, in fact, means adopting the marketing concept – an important issue, that concerns higher education marketers, even with today’s grim economic outlook.
 Recent studies indicate that nowadays higher education institutions are moving online across the spectrum of marketing activities, from building awareness to creating a high-quality virtual education system and they use online tools as an important and effective component of their marketing strategies. In order that the Internet is most effective, it requires to be deployed as part of an integrated marketing communications approach.
 European higher education institutions have to identify ways to integrate E-marketing tools into their communication plans. The unique characteristics of the new media require that a database driven segmentation approach to communication strategy be employed, including the development of a customized, interactive, integrated marketing communication plan.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36-45</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boris Aberšek</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mateja Ploj Virtič</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ENHANCEMENT OF EDUCATIONAL PROCESS USING EXPERIENCE BASED TUTORING APPROACHES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning environment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quality enhancement</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1393668265.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In any technological development we must always take into account very important set of equations:
 
Better vocational training = more skilled workers = better production = more competitive production = greater employability = reduce unemployment and its effects.
 
The equations clearly show that any technological development requires adequate preparation i.e. education of human resources for this development. Slovenia wishes to base its own development and prosperity mainly on knowledge. Therefore, the change and modification of education system became an imperative. Consequently, the following article deals with the demand: Slovenia has to fulfil in this process of transformation. 
From the experiences of recent years, it seems clear that the existing education system in Slovenia, as a whole, is perceived as an ailing system that fails to meet the needs of a major portion of the society it serves. Every aspect of the educational process and system must be studied and reconsidered in light of new and different societal expectations. And for these purposes we would like to use all positive experiences from different systems in the world.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7-23</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Janis  Dzerviniks</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EVALUATION OF CHANGES IN PEDAGOGIC OPINIONS WITHIN THE PROCESS OF TEACHING OF NATURAL SCIENCES IN BASIC SCHOOL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">constructivism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education of natural science</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">research work</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1399914385.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">After Latvia joined the united European economy space, more and more attention has been paid to development of natural sciences and technologies. These are natural sciences that teach the student to observe the nature and its phenomena objectively and without prejudice, to analyse and understand them, to formulate conclusions and foresee results. Children are investigators by nature and they actively search for information about their surroundings. They try to conceive of their environment with help of observation and experiment. Research work is an important and unsophisticated natural approach in teaching natural sciences in school. Natural sciences give everything that is necessary to develop and deepen students’ understanding about the surrounding world. They facilitate students’ thirst for knowledge and critical thinking; they depict relations between human beings and nature. Qualitative process of teaching of natural sciences at school gives students a possibility to acquire comprehensive basic knowledge and skills in the sphere of science contributing to development of the student, who will become a technologically educated member of the society, who will be encouraged to move forward in the sphere of science and technology. In order to promote the quality of education, the reform of basic education is being realised. The basis of the reform in subjects of natural sciences is orientation and direction of study content towards research work. In the article the author examines changes of pedagogic opinions in the process of teaching natural sciences, analyses students’ points of view about the progress of acquisition of proficiency in natural sciences during the reform of content of basic education content. 
The aim of the research is to find out problems occurring in the process of studying of natural sciences in basic school and to emphasise facilitating development of students’ proficiency in natural sciences.
Research methods: examination and analysis of literature, inquiring.
Results of the research: the author gathered information about today’s teaching process in subjects of natural sciences, evaluated the process of acquisition of natural science in basic schools in Latvia.
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original Article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">49-57</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thomas  J.J. McCloughlin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Philip  S.C. Matthews</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EXAMINING THE STRUCTURES OF STUDENTS’ CONCEPTS USING REPERTORY GRID ANALYSIS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">repertory grid analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">thoughts</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1399916153.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This work attempts to explore the methodological legacy of George Kelly – repertory grid analysis – as an aid to visually mapping the structures of students’ concepts. Although, Kelly formulated a complex Euclidian framework of psychological laws, axioms, and corollaries, we have concentrated on the methods that later workers took from Kelly’s original ‘RepGrid Test’. The central entity is a self-constructed concept, or set thereof, that may be represented in a matrix. As a matrix of integers can be manipulated by a large variety of statistical protocols, we explore in three studies how such matrices may be derived in relation to students` concepts of living kinds, and then how they may be analysed. Typcially, we use principal components analysis – a model-free form of factor analysis. The resultant loadings derived from these analyses are plotted on Cartesian planes from which additional information about the structure of the students’ conceptualizations may be derived.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">102-114</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ruta  Renigere</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ludis  Pēks</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EXPERT EVALUATION OF SCENARIOS FOR INCLUSION OF EDUCATION ECOLOGY INTO NURSING STUDIES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education ecology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education for sustainable development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">theories of patient care</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1399915219.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Already back in the middle of the 19th century, nurse Florence Nightingale pointed out the importance of interaction between human beings and their environment. With the further advance of nursing theories and models, the 20th century nursing theoreticians highlighted man, environment, health and care as the key concepts in nursing. One of the most important achievements in further development of nursing theories is the health system model of Betty Neuman based on systemic approach which analyses interaction between the patient, medical staff and environment. The UN Resolution on UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (2005– 2014) passed by the General Assembly in 2002 is of great importance in strategic development of education. Over the last thirty years, there has been a lot of research done on ecology of human development, education ecology and change in education in the context of sustainability. The authors of the present article have done extended research including reflection on their personal experience in professional education (L.Peks), practical nursing experience (R.Renigere) and teaching experience in different nursing study programmes. The authors have concluded that there is a contradiction between the nursing study programmes and current developments in nursing theories and models, especially taking into account the latest achievements in the development of education ecology. It is vitally important to include education ecology into nursing studies. A body of experts has assessed scenarios of education ecology inclusion. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original Article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">168-175</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ian Ball</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chris Perry</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AN EXPLORATION OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN TEACHERS’ TEMPERAMENTS AND MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">four temperaments</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multiple intelligences</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching styles</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1399915645.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">For this study on individual differences, predictions were made from the literature on the four temperaments in order to examine how teachers with particular temperaments might use their multiple intelligence strengths in their approaches to teaching and learning. From a cohort of 336 beginning teachers it was found that temperaments and multiple intelligences are two separate constructs. The differences in patterns of intelligence strengths confirm that each of the four temperaments is distinct from the other. Teachers adopting a Catalyst Temperament have above average strengths in Linguistic, Musical, Interpersonal and Intrapersonal Intelligences. Those with a Stabilizer Temperament display above average strengths in Logical-Mathematical and Interpersonal Intelligences. Teachers adopting a Theorist Temperament demonstrate strengths in Logical-Mathematical, Linguistic, Spatial and Intrapersonal Intelligences. Those with an Improviser Temperament show below average strengths in all except Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21-32</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FROM QUALITY MANAGEMENT TO MANAGING QUALITY: SYSTEMIC APPROACH</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">managing quality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quality conception</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quality management</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1393266606.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">There have been more and more discussions going on in recent years about the quality of service provided in different level and different type of educational institutions. It is not one educational institution that characterizes quality as the most important priority of the activity. However, one thing is to characterize and declare and another is to actually strive for this quality. In other words, the priorities of educational institutions can be quite different however, it is inevitably obligatory to try to survive in the market. Quality system is one of the mechanisms helping the institution to organize and fulfill the activity so that to ensure its effective work under competitive conditions. Moreover, no institution should wait for its prestige to start diminishing on the contrary it has to do its best to guarantee successful functioning in the future. Thus, the head of every educational institution today has to care about how effectively its institution functions, what are possible ways and methods of its activity improvement. It is not enough to have practical experience and intuition to do this. Theoretical knowledge is necessary here. It is worth mentioning such a relatively new science field as Qualitology; (квалитология-Russian) which by its nature is triple. The essential parts of it are: quality theory, quality evaluation theory (kvalimetrija) and quality management theory. On the other hand, the analysis of quality management problems is impossible without systemology, management, innovation and theoretical and practical achievements in other spheres. Eventually, the most major are international quality standards ISO 9000:2000. Everything is joined here into a closely related system.
 Several aspects of education quality having been discussed obviously tell us about the importance of systemic attitude. Every educational institution, first of all, has to be able to solve problems itself, look for ways out from certain situations. And this is much more complicated than in business world. In business sphere a defective product made is simply eliminated from the system and doesn’t get to (shouldn’t get to) consumer. In education sphere it is more complicated. It is very difficult to eliminate damage, it is almost impossible. The more, that the emphasis is transferred from external quality control system into internal in other words, institution has to be able to coordinate occurring quality management questions by inner efforts. In general, it can be asserted that any attempt to improve quality means that quality system exists no matter that it is not certified. It is very difficult to implement quality management systems in educational institutions. As it is known, education systems are rather conservative and tend to resist the implementing of innovations. Most frequently they have “we know everything” attitude. Quality management system means, first of all, that processes which are carried out in certain educational institution are managed and forecasted. I would think that duty of any head of educational institution is to seek that quality conception would become a need and virtue of every institution employee. This is a constant work. Constant efforts are necessary for this. Quality management is not a single action. This is a systemic task for the implementation of which a long term, methodical and systematic work is necessary not only for achievement of a certain quality level but for its maintenance and constant improvement. 
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-8</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Josef  Molnar</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Slavomira Schubertova</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FROM RESEARCH ON SPACE IMAGINATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">knowledge of solid geometry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spatial imagination</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching geometry</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1393667447.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The work looks for phenomena related to the development of spatial imagination. In theoretical part, we define spatial imagination and the aim for finding factors which influence its development, e.g. schooling, sex, laterality or the role of senses. Research investigation forms the practical part of the paper. In the individual investigations, we search for the relation between spatial imagination and general intelligence, between spatial imagination and imagination in plane. By means of the Top-view or bottom-view test, we search for the answer to the question how spatial imagination relates to laterality. Based on the findings obtained in the research investigations, we developed the worksheet Wire and cube that was checked during the class work at an elementary school. The benefit of the paper for the development of the scientific branch and pedagogical practice is the study of phenomena related to the performance and the results of the spatial imagination tests that can be influenced by these phenomena. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83-93</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ilze Ivanova</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A GOOD ADULT EDUCATOR AS AN IMPORTANT FACTOR IN THE LIFELONG LEARNING POLICY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">adult educators</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">adult learners</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lifelong learning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1393266960.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lifelong Learning is not a new concept in education and in the development of personality. It has been an issue in theoretical sources, business affairs, in everyday life and on the level of politicians for many years. Nowadays Lifelong Learning in the rapidly changing world has become like an “umbrella” embracing all kinds of education leading to a certain system of education Adult education is an important part of this system. It is never neutral. Educators provide and organize education, encourage learners, promote change based on the social, political and cultural situation and priorities in the society and country, whilst also acting in the global world. Adult educators take responsibility for being open to and responsible for personal development and social intervention. Engaging in adult education means interaction, which should be based on the democratic values and principles. The article characterizes the adult educator as a teacher, a guide, a facilitator, a trainer from the theoretical point of view and gives the real analysis, based on documents, questionnaires, discussions in the case of Latvia, leading to the point that it is a very essential issue in the policy of Lifelong Learning in the country.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">61-67</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maria  Theodosopoulou</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Konstantinos  Siassiakos</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vassiliki  Theodosopoulou</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GREEK ADULT EDUCATION MOVING FORWARD IN THE KNOWLEDGE SOCIETY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">knowledge economy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lifelong learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quality provision</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1395387420.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adult Education is a major contributing force to Lifelong Learning, as inclusive and flexible continuing education can help people adapt to the everchanging needs of labour markets and close the knowledge gap. Adult education can play a positive role to economic growth and social cohesion, by helping people become lifelong learners. In order to achieve this, adult education has to reach low skilled adults with literacy issues, upgrade competences of all adult population and offer a transparent system of recognition of competences and provide better educational programmes by ensuring the efficiency of trainers. These three challenges are examined both in the european as well as in the greek context.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">163-168</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martha  Abrahão Saad Lucchesi</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HIGHER EDUCATION POLICIES FOR THE XXI CENTURY : THE FUTURE OF EMERGING COUNTRIES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">globalization</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">research</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1395386932.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brazilian universities, like the educational system in a great deal of Latin American countries, are experiencing a significant process of transition. They are facing several challenges posed by new education policy settings, mainly in higher education, on the one hand and by social and economic changes on the other. The modern university, as a more recent phenomenon linked to science, also appeared. Born in medieval Europe, transformed in modernity, and expanded worldwide, modern university today seeks a new face capable of accounting for globalization without losing its identity and its ethos of generating, difffusing and guarding knowledge, of the place where this very knowledge may be overcome. Our discussion will be based on theoreticians such as Freire (1996), Bobbio(1987), Carnoy(1997 ) to show that it is necessary to analyze these issues from many points of view. Studies and research about the Brazilian educational agenda developed by local policy makers, consultants and advisers reveal a process in which international institutions and the process of Bologna play a central role. Procedural method is the comparative one, since we are comparing the European reality with that of emerging countries, especially Brazil, in relation to overcoming borders in higher Education. We also analyse the relationship between knowledge production and professional formation.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">90-98</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Markus  Rehm</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peter  Buck</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HOW CAN ATOMS, THE FUNDAMENTAL OF CHEMISTRY, BE TAUGHT ADEQUATELY IN THE 21ST CENTURY?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">approaches to teaching atoms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pedagogical content knowledge</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">understanding atoms</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1399914243.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper is a systematic contribution to Pedagogical Content Knowledge (Shulman, 2004) on teaching atoms in Chemistry. We justify our normative starting points (we call them “axioms”) and proceed 
o from axiom #1 – science education’s foremost goal is comprehension, 
o to axiom #2 –comprehension can exclusively be achieved by an individual, be it the teacher or the learner, 
o then further to axiom #3 and #4 – on the part of the teacher, both her understanding of the subject matter (content) and of learning (its process and perspective) can be expected to lend considerable importance to the way she designs and organizes teaching &amp; learning situations in school science (axiom #3), – on part auf the learner teachers must presuppose a will to learn (axiom #4)),
o and finally come to axiom #5: Any teaching any design of teaching &amp; learning situations in school science must take concordant to contemporary science. 
In this justification process we discovered that the different understandings of comprehension found empirically by Helmstad (1999) correspond neatly to the different didactical approaches of teaching atoms, i.e. the particulate nature of matter. These findings enable both teachers and curriculum designers to make theoretically better founded choices.
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original Article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25-38</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bogdana  Borota</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andrej  Brodnik</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ICT ENVIRONMENT FOR INTERACTIVE LEARNING OF MUSIC IN THE FIRST GRADES OF PRIMARY SCHOOL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">interactive learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">music education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">musical image format</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1399914186.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modern technology is an important factor influencing the strategies of learning and teaching music. In Slovenia the information-communication environment Musical Image Format, Rhythm created by the authors represents the first example of the transfer of image format of music into the computer environment. There are two important elements of successful learning in this environment, i.e., properly conceived system architecture and graphic user interface, which enables simple and transparent as well as creative and problem based learning in the virtual community. At the same time the elaborated computer environment proved to be an adequate didactic tool in the establishment of the conditions for blended learning. The pedagogical evaluation of the prototype has shown that pupils have achieved the highest difference in their average marks before and after the research in the area of the use and the understanding of image music format. Significant results are achieved also in the field of recording and performing music format.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original Article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16-24</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ivana  Šimonova</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ICT IN THE PRESENT AND DISTANCE WAY OF INSTRUCTION: COMPARISON OF STUDY RESULTS CZECH-LATVIAN RESEARCH</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">distance education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">face-to-face instruction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pedagogical experiment</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1399915341.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The article presents results of research which was run during the ERASMUS Programme in 2008/9 academic year. The research deals with comparison of study results in present and distance form of education. Students of author´s home institution, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic, and the partner institution, Riga International School of Economics and Business Administration, Riga, Latvia, participated in the research. Its main objective was to learn whether there exist any significant differences in study results at the institutions and in the present and distance form of instruction there. The research field was English for specific purposes, namely topics Geography&amp;Tourism, Social communication, Education, English grammar etc. The method of experiment was applied to collect the necessary data to verify the hypothesis. First, students´entrance knowledge was tested by pre-tests, and then the process of instruction followed. It was organized either in the traditional present, i.e. face-to-face way, or in the distance way supported and managed by modern technologies. At the end of the experiment, students´knowledge was evaluated by post-tests. The received data were processed by NCSS 2004 statistic software and compared in both institutions. At the end of the article the received results are discussed.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original Article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">188-195</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Svetlana Guseva</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Valerijs Dombrovskis</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Irena Kokina</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IDENTIFICATION OF PROFESSIONS: PSYCHOLOGICAL PECULIARITIES OF ACQUIRING A PROFESSIONAL IDENTITY OF TEACHERS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">identity of personality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">professional identity crisis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">professional training</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392315183.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The article offers an integrated review of literature on the phenomenon of professional identity. Empirically, professional identity has been studied in the experimental group consisting of 214 Daugavpils University students majoring in teacher training programs, using M.Kuhn methodology and the unfinished statement technique. The data obtained from processing first-year students’ responses demonstrate a high level of identifying with the social role “student”. The second-year students begin expressing ambivalent and neutral attitudes to their profession. The situation is quite favorable for building up a professional identity. The Third-year students become more satisfied with their professional behavior during their studies. The Fourth-year student crisis has been identified and the reasons for its appearance discussed.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30-37</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE IMPORTANCE OF STRENGTHENING OF NATURAL SCIENCE EDUCATION IN A PRIMARY SCHOOL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary school</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching program</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392407950.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">To one who understands at least something about education it is obvious that science education in primary school is very important. Every person’s education fundament is formed here. It is understandable that children before school already have certain knowledge about nature. Pre-school children have to know about animal, plant life, should have knowledge about objects and phenomena of inanimate nature, perceive the essence and meaning of care works. Research works show that pre-school children’s knowledge about nature is not sufficiently exact and exhaustive. We should especially focus on enriching and making the knowledge about animal and plant acclimatization more accurate among 5-7 year old children (Ušeckienė, 2000). On the other hand, it is stated (applying modified Kern test) that in the group of 5-7 year old children cognizing nature and its phenomena an average level of thinking functions and intellect predominates which directly depends on child’s mental maturity level and not on child’s sex and age (Plytnykienė, 2002). It is very important for this knowledge to be deepened and broadened in primary school, i.e., in the 1st -4th forms. In this case, natural science preparation quality largely depends on the teacher, on his competence in natural science. Since 1992 a new subject “The world science” has been introduced in primary school which can be interpreted as one of the components of natural science education. Currently in Lithuanian primary school science education fundamentals are integrated into the world cognition course. Biology, physics, chemistry, technological, ecological problems make the part of this natural science program. The main nature cognition purpose is to educate children’s ability understand the world of nature and communicate with it. So, integration of natural science fundamentals on the one hand and social and natural science components on the other hand will further remain a very meaningful sphere of educational process in primary school.
 It is obvious, in order to understand the peculiarities of natural science education working with junior pupils exhaustive researches are necessary and natural science education in primary school has to be modeled, corrected and developed on their basis (Lamanauskas, 2005). Only high-quality natural science education acquired in primary school can guarantee proper continuation of natural science education in basic and secondary school. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-8</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rasma Jansone</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zermena Vazne</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INDIVIDUALISED PHYSICAL CONDITION AS MEANS TO PROMOTE STUDENTS’ HEALTH IN LONG TERM PERIOD</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">individualized approach</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sport education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392408425.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The insufficient parameters of students’ physical and functional condition at schools in Latvia make us study their causes and work out strategies to improve students’ health. It creates the necessity to realize consequently the aims forwarded in society health policy documents, considering the quality of the means used to reach the aims. Thus, the aim of the study was the development of strategic formulations of the sports standard of the secondary education correction. The results of the grade 11 students (N = 254) were analyzed in the research. The following methods of the research were applied: testing, anthropometry, mathematical statistics. Strategic changes in the sports standard of secondary education in Latvia, directed to the use of separate kinds of sport as the means to facilitate students’ health in sports classes have been developed. In the assessment of the subject the qualitative criteria of knowledge, skills and individual attitude have been included. To assess a student’s bio-motor ability standard control exercise tables are replaced by individual result progress assessment.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">51-59</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anežka  Hamranová</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE INFLUENCE OF A SOCIAL – PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAINING ON A GROUP ATMOSPHERE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">group atmosphere</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social – psychological training</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1399915950.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We have realized the experiment as a form of a social – psychological training (SPT) with university students – future teachers (140 participants). Their average age was 22.3 years. We have tried to find out the influence of SPT on a group atmosphere of a trained group based on the comparison of continuous and block forms of training. The experimental group was made up of 69 participants divided into four smaller groups (EG1 – EG4) to which SPT has been implemented in 96 hours appropriations. A continuous form of training has been implemented in EG 1 –EG 2 and a block form of training has been implemented in EG 3-EG 4. The control group was made up of 71 participants divided into four smaller groups without SPT implementation. After the SPT we have found out that SPT has improved a group atmosphere by using A Group Atmosphere Scale. Both forms of SPT had similarly significant influence on a group atmosphere. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">73-79</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maria Zoe  Fountopoulou</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stiliani  Naki</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ioannis  Trifiatis</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maria  Loumou</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INNOVATIVE TEACHING STRATEGIES ON THE DIACHRONIC VIEW OF GREEK AS MOTHER TONGUE: FROM ANCIENT TO MODERN GREEK LANGUAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cooperative learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">modern Greek</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mother tongue</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1399915777.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In this chapter we present the implementation of new technologies in mother tongue learning and teaching based on the principles of cooperative learning. The data quoted come from an educational project named ‘Nereides’, which involved the creation of educational software in support of mother tongue teaching in both obligatory and non-obligatory Greek secondary education, and thus addressed schoolchildren aged from 12 to 18 years.
 Aiming at the optimization of the learning and teaching procedure, the educational tool presented here has sought to combine elements from mother tongue didactics and the use of new technologies in education. At first, educational scenarios were designed based on cooperative learning and teaching of mother tongue in combination with new technologies. This tool was then tested, first, and implemented, after, in the framework of an empirical research, in the school year 2007-2008 in certain Athens schools. The results of this empirical research were encouraging for the research team: pupils responded positively to the learning software, working groups were effective and Greek language teachers highlighted the participation even.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">51-59</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INTEGRATED SCIENCE TEACHING BY APPLYING DIDACTIC DIFFERENTIATION: SOME ACTUAL CIRCUMSTANCES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">differentiated teaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">schooling system</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1393665879.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The discussion about integration cannot dispense with antithesis (differentiation) which is also of high importance. The default of it is a fairly serious lack of comprehensive school. Both processes have to follow each other as this is the most plausible way of human understanding and knowledge improvement (Vaitkevičius, 1979).
 A public knowledge is always wider than personal information. Ipso facto human cognition and public experience are not differentiated. 
Teaching constricted by undivided educational drafts and curricula frequently ignored personal schoolchildren’s qualities. Pupils unable to satisfactorily adopt teaching material are overloaded while others state that such load is insufficient. This is why a general background of a number of learners recedes and the motivation of all pupils decreases.
 Research indicates that genetically all people differ. Genetic inequality most frequently determines the child’s abilities. Natural differences are highlighted by a different situation of upbringing and an environment.�
 Teaching material is imparted insomuch that all learners should be offered suitable opportunities to develop skills during the class. The objective can be reached by maximum solidification of the child’s self-sufficiency and his/her personal free choice to learn what, how and how much s/he wants. Raising distinctive claims to all pupils, information should be given expediently and definitely. All schoolchildren should achieve at least minimum level (should get satisfactory evaluation) and all willing, engaged and skilful pupils could reach much more. The system of evaluation is not important (a five point, ten point etc. system). One purpose is clear – it also should be differentiated.
 Hence, it is clear that integrated teaching seeks the highest level of knowledge and differentiated teaching points out to every schoolchild. It is obvious, that the main aim of differentiated teaching is to create grounds for the childs structural type of thinking, to form possibilities for a learner to master knowledge according to the degree of abilities (individualized teaching) while teaching separate subjects (subject teaching). The application of differentiated teaching seeks to develop powers of learners. Differentiation can be comprehended and defined in the following two ways: first, as a result of spliting a particular whole into segments, levels etc. or, second, as the formation of new qualitative connections between the separate components of the system due to processes of integration. In the latter case the system acquires a new quality – it becomes more complex. Finally, I want to underline that differentiated teaching (or personalized, individual etc. teaching and learning) is a key component of future teaching/learning process. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-12</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vlasta Hus</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE INTEGRATION OF THE SUBJECT ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES WITH OTHER SUBJECTS: THE TEACHERS’ VIEWS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">elementary school</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">environmental studies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">integrated lessons</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1393668325.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The author of the present paper first theoretically describe the didactic concept of integrated lessons, then lay out the discussions on integrating lessons in subject Natural and social studies (now Environmental studies) with lessons in Slovene subject. In the empirical part she demonstrate the attitude of teachers in the first triad toward integrated lessons and how the subject Environmental studies is included into this concept. The findings show that the teachers included in the sample had different opinions about integrated lessons. They saw one of the basic advantages of integrated lessons compared to classical ones in the linking of the lessons with the pupils’ lives. In the integration of the subject Environmental studies with other subjects, the subject Slovene language plays an important role. Teachers, however, cannot find connections with some of the subjects, despite the fact that they are defined in the national curriculum. The teachers claim they have greatest difficulties in the phase of planning integrated lessons.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24-33</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Samo  Repolusk</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INTERACTIVE E-LEARNING MATERIALS IN THE MATHEMATICS CLASSROOM IN SLOVENIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">blended learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">interactive e-learning materials</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematics classes</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1393668918.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This article presents the current development of e-learning in Slovenia, with an emphasis on the domestic E-um web portal (URL: www.e-um.si) for teaching mathematics in primary and secondary schools. Based on findings from recent scientific research, the strengths and weaknesses of e-learning materials in education, particularly in mathematics classes, are analyzed. We are particularly interested in the advantages and disadvantages of interactive e-learning materials in comparison to traditional learning materials as well as in the quality of the E-um web portal in comparison to similar educational web portals at home and abroad. Theoretical findings are tightly interwoven with examples of teaching practice using the E-um interactive materials. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">94-108</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Valentin Blandul</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INTERRELATIONS BETWEEN THE PSYCHIC AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MENTALLY DISABLED SPORTSMEN</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">inclusion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mental deficiency</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1393666010.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Special Sport Olympics România is a non-guvernamental organization which wants to make a scholar, social and profesional integration by sport of the children with disabilities. This results could be obtain by developing the physic and physical particularities at children with special needs (such as: their health, cognitive, emotional and volitive processes, their entire personality). The most important cathegory of childrens which is adressed Special Sport Olympics România is represented by menthal deficiency and the sport which is the most frequent pratices is athletism. In this study, the principal aims are to identify the factors which transform a menthal disorder child into a very good sportman, the way in which sport can improve the quality of life for these persons and the most effective curriculum for scholar of the pupils with menthal disability. The research took place in 2008, at local and national leg of Special Sport Olympics România’s competition and the used method are observation, applying scale and questionary of personality and IQ tests. The results which are obtained prove that pupils which practice sport are more sociable, comunicative, have superior scholar results and they can integrate themselves in the society much better.
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19-24</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inge  Raudsepp</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maie  Vikat</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JOINT SINGING AS A PHENOMENON OF ESTONIAN CULTURAL TRANSMISSION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">choral singing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">joint singing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">transmission</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1393666393.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The recent decades have been revolutionary in Estonia and in all spheres of life including education, quests and changes have taken place. In the period of globalisation it is the time to find out whether and to what extent Estonia manages to maintain its cultural values and national identity in the process of those dynamic changes. In the Estonian context joint singing can be viewed as a representative of cultural transmission. Joint singing originates from the so-called older folk song, Lutheran hymns and, most recently, powerfully emerged choral singing. Joint singing has developed into an important cultural metaphor of the identity of Estonian nation – song festivals.
 The current article focuses on the nature of joint singing and its development in the music education of Estonian comprehensive schools, what was founded by the pedagogue, composer, publicist and researcher Riho Päts in 1930s. The methodological basis of the research is the concept of joint singing, one type of which is choral singing, in the cultural transmission of the new generation of Estonians today. In the study participation of pupils in youth song festivals (1962-2007) is analysed to investigate the tendencies of development of joint singing. The results of the study prove that in contemporary Estonia choral singing is the most powerful type of joint singing and carries a phenomenon of cultural transmission based on innovative-traditional approach in music education.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">103-109</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pamela  Atieno Ochieng</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lydia  Cheruto</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Judith  Achoka</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">KISWAHILI LANGUAGE: A STRATEGY TO OVERCOME ELUSIVE PEACE IN KENYA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">conflict management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reconciliation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1395387046.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">There are more than forty ethnic groups in Kenya. The largest of these is the Kikuyu, representing 22 percent of the population. Fourteen percent is Luhya, 13 percent is Luo, 12 percent is Kalenjin, 11 percent Kamba, 6 percent Kisii, and 6 percent Meru. Others, including the Somalis and the Turkana in the north and the Boran in the Great Rift Valley, comprise approximately 15 percent of the population. These ethnic categories are further broken down into subgroups. One percent of the population is non-African, mostly of Indian and European descent (Population Survey, July 2000).
 The 2007 elections outcome may have triggered the ethnic and post –election violence, but the rate at which this degenerated into ethnic conflict showed how emotive the issue is. Today the country is trying to heal but the ethnic ‘overtones’ speak volumes. Many African countries have deep cleavages based on factors such as ethnicity and religion, (Assefa and Wachira, 1996,) 
This paper purposes to examine the elusive peace and social stratification among the Kenyan people. It further explores the role and utility of Kiswahili language in national unity and conflict management.
 The paper argues for the establishment of a language policy that would create a positive attitude toward a cohesive society, beginning with the Educational Institutions.
 The paper argues that proper language utility can introduce, guide and catalyze the National healing process in Kenya.
 </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">109-117</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andrea Bernhard</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A KNOWLEDGE-BASED SOCIETY NEEDS QUALITY IN HIGHER EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">higher education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">knowledge-based society</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1393266717.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The model of a “knowledge-based society” represents an ideal towards which the whole world strives. Today’s society is based on knowledge as the main good, virtue and competitive advantage and higher education plays a crucial role in shaping a knowledge-based society. The purpose of this article is to position higher education within knowledge-based societies and to emphasis the growing importance of higher education. Discussions about the shift from elite to mass higher education will be outlined as well as the concept of “universal higher education“in the 21st century. With this theoretical basis the need of quality assurance in higher education will be stressed in to enhance, improve and even maintain a quality-focused orientation. Higher education institutions are in a time of great tensions – they have to react quickly to educational needs of a fast-changing society and to assert one’s position with other higher education providers. At present as well as for the future the necessity to assure quality for higher education systems to compete in a knowledge-based society at all levels – national and global – is evident.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15-21</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Célica Esther  Cánovas Marmo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A LATIN AMERICAN IN SEARCH OF EDUCATIONAL INNOVATIONS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">thematic autobiographies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">virtual context</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1395386790.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following text is about a recent experience (October 2008-January 2009) from one of my conferences, “Education and Family” in a town in Mexico. The program I designed was to take account of their personal experiences with the intention to gather thematic autobiographies, aiming toward the reflection of the influence that family background has on the development of each individual. I felt that this activity was a good way for them to begin to understand the realities of their own students as teachers of primary and secondary education. After the compilation of these stories , the students were to design a survey that they were to apply in their place of employment. I asked that they establish clear and practical objectives. I also suggested them to take into account their own thematic autobiography to identify the factors that were significant to them as adults in getting to know their own students. As the group’s professor, a close reading of some of the thematic autobiographies helped me to identify the need that these post-graduate students had in the proposals in educational reforms which promote immediate democratic processes, with special attention to one of the most margined sectors of our community; women. Also, it drew certain evidence to sustain that the power of communication through internet supports a re-design of the role that new educational technologies have as a feasible element that supports such learning processes.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">49-59</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LEARNERS' INTERACTION WITH NATURE: SOME EDUCATIONAL ISSUES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">correlation with nature</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">interaction with nature</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">natural science education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1399913983.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Theoretic and empiric research conducted by a number of scientists has indicated that a well-grounded content of teaching and a purposefully planed process of natural science education create opportunities for pupils to better understand an environment, to perceive themselves as active members of the ever-changing world and to take responsibility for the future of our planet. Though there have been plenty of local ecology crises throughout the history of mankind, today we can clearly face a new global ecology crisis approaching. It requires a new organization of the evolutionary process of the world that is the basis for the renovation of the correlation among Human Being, Nature and Society.�
The necessity of creating a new morality and ethics under new conditions was raised in the past century. It should have been based on qualitatively new relations between Human Being and Nature. Hence, it could be affirmed that natural science education is a very auspicious field of individual self-expression. On the other hand, investigations have revealed that the problem of natural science education exists. Frequently the pupils’ knowledge about nature is shallow, insufficient and ineffective at different age range. Moreover, the reaction of behaviour to the same stimulus highly differ (a child can be aggressive, sadistic, pragmatic, practical, cognitive, aesthetic, ethic and indifferent) even in an equivalent situation (for example, children have noticed a creeping beetle on the path).
The following propositions could be specified:
• effective natural science education does not require conformable psychological substantiation;
• the interaction with nature varies and remains specific within the various periods of life;
• the mission of the teacher is to wisely manage an evolutionary process of the “real” interaction with nature/particularly in primary school;
• an important task of the education system is the framing of the world concept on the basis of the contemporary natural science world view (natural science concept of the world). The holistic concept of natural phenomena is a solid core of all levels and stages of the education system. 
• all levels of natural science education system (the aspects of teaching content and practical activities) have to guarantee the continuity of formulation the concept of animate and inanimate nature as the whole system;
• individual responsibility of the young generation for the future of our planet is the essential (prior) task of natural science education; 
• there is a lack of research intended for the interaction with nature in different periods of ontogenesis in Lithuania.�
Finally, I want to point out some actual moments. A child faces nature very early, and therefore s/he needs to acknowledge it. We should help children to know it, to make them engaged in the environment they live, to approve their close interaction with natural phenomena and to explain the complexity of natural objects from earliest childhood. After all, it is not enough to say „I love nature“. S/he has to admire, feel and confess it. The better a man perceives nature, the stronger becomes his/her correlation with the environment. The man turns into individuality. A human personality cannot progress if isolated from an animate environment. This cohesion should be fostered on the basis of peace from the early days.</style></abstract><reprint-edition><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></reprint-edition><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-9</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ileana  Hamburg</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timothy  Hall</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mihnea  Marin</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LEARNING TO BUILD AN INNOVATIVE WORK CULTURE AND WORKING ENVIRONMENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">action learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">informal learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">working environments</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1399915896.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Working environments will suffer significant changes with the introduction of new techno¬logies, materials and work processes. New designs for the working environment and a work culture supporting creativity and innovation in companies are required. Learning for creativity and innovation in organizations is often a slow process based on iterative cycles of experimentation. Lack of knowledge, skills and resources particularly in small and medium sized companies (SMEs) are often the cause of inability to innovate and/or to change modes of work. In this paper the issues linking work culture and environments are presented. Two learning approaches, which support the building of an innovative work culture and new working environments are discussed, viz. action learning and informal, cooperative learning in Communities of Practice (CoP), both supported by eLearning. Illustrative examples are given of these approaches being applied in SMEs.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">66-72</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thanassis Karalis</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LIFELONG LEARNING AND PRESCHOOL EDUCATION: ODD COUPLE OR ECLECTIC RELATIONSHIP?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational continuum</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lifelong learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">preschool education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1393267009.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lifelong learning seems to be the key concept for educational policy in almost all developed and developing countries. National and international organisations put emphasis on lifelong learning, while at the same time the concept is equated with continuing vocational training in the majority of policy making texts. In this paper, we investigate the continuously evolving concept of lifelong learning and the relationship between lifelong learning and preschool education. In the first section of the paper we will define lifelong learning as a unifying project for all educational and learning activities. Based on Coombs and Ahmed’s typology for educational activities, our analysis will lead to a definition of lifelong learning encompassing all levels and types of education. In the second section of the paper we will explore the location and significance of preschool education in lifelong learning, analyzing all possible ways and frameworks of learning in early childhood (family learning, kindergartens, non-formal educational activities) and their contribution to the making of a lifelong learner.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">68-73</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merle Kaldjärv</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LOGICAL ARGUMENTATION ON THE BASIS OF STATE EXAMINATION COMPOSITIONS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">discussion skills</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mother tongue</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">problem solving</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392315326.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The present article discusses students' argumentative skills as reflected in state examination compositions. The study focuses on the question whether students can logically argue in state exam compositions. For the given purpose 1700 state examination compositions from the years 1997, 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2008 were analysed employing as methods T.A. van Dijk's macrostructures and M.Hoey's superstructures, the latter was related to the structure of the argumentative text type. 
The article discusses the logic of the argumentative text type: the correlation between the third paragraph and the logic of the paragraphs is analyzed, the comparison of the two most frequently used clusters deduced from the cluster analysis are presented with the respective examples of argumentation structures. The main problem of argumentation lies in the perception of the types of argumentation structures: as soon as multiple, coordinative or subordinative argumentation was employed in compositions, the logic of the argumentative structure suffered. During the learning process the specific characteristics of argumentation need to be explained in greater detail. Thus far the Estonian teaching materials have discussed single argumentation, however, mostly neglected the topic of text coherence. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">47-56</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nikolay Gapanovich-Kajdalov</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE MAIN FACTORS OF GRADUATES’ SATISFACTION WITH THE PROFES-SION &quot;PSYCHOLOGIST&quot;</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">professional identity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">professional training</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">satisfaction with the profession</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392315781.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In the article we deal with the substantiating of the urgent problem of a psychologist’s satisfaction with the profession and the professional competence of a graduate. The basic theoretical approaches to the researching the satisfaction with the profession are analyzed. Professional competence of a psychologist is considered as the readiness of a graduate to realize the professional work in such spheres as psychological education, psychological preventive measures, psychological consultation, psychodiagnostics, psychocorrection, etc. The components of a psychologist’s professional competence are considered as the factors of satisfaction with the profession. Various models discovering the contents and the ways of the formation a psychologist’s professional competence are offered in modern researches. A graduate links the satisfaction with the profession with the feeling of his competence in the field of theoretical and practical grounding. As the achievement of a high professional level is impossible without the realization of professional self-reflexion, we have carried out the research of the professional graduates’ competence of the Gomel state university named after Francisk Scorina as a factor of satisfaction with the profession of a psychologist. On the basis of the generalized research results, we suggest the conclusions: what necessary grounding received in high school the future psychologists link their satisfaction with; and the recommendations how to carry out the perfection in the training of experts.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">124-132</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jardar  Cyvin</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MAP INTERPRETING SKILLS – A CLASSROOM EXPERIMENT WITH AND WITHOUT ICT AMONG LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL PUPILS IN NORWAY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GPS</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ICT</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1396707094.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study focuses on 8th- 9th grade pupils’ skills in interpreting biological map information. The teaching was done as a project-based cross-subject work, aiming to test map interpreting skills through pre- and post tests. Data was collected from 100 pupils coming from one lower secondary school in a rural area in Mid-Norway. The pupils were divided into two test groups, a “GPS-group/digital map group” and a “Compass/paper map group”. Teaching was carried out in the framework of sociocultural theory, pupils worked in pair-groups, and the learning was seen as a social authentic inquiry based activity. The results indicate that the pupils increased their map interpreting skills, but no difference was found between the two groups using different tools. The conclusion from this study is that the tools, digital or not, did not influence the subject learning if taking into account the importance of making interesting, challenging, authentic, and inquiry based tasks based on sociocultural thinking. The study will be followed up by analysis of a follow-up test 5 months after ending the project, by deeper analysis of the presented tasks; and of analysis of other tasks involving the understanding of map scale and the map coordinate system.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40-47</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boris  Yarinovsky</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ilmars  Kangro</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MATHEMATICAL MODELLING WITH USE INFORMATION-COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES IN COURSE STUDYING ECOLOGICAL TOXICOLOGY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecological toxicology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">information-communication technology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematical modeling</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1396707300.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological toxicology (ET) - one of is natural-scientific (NSE) courses for which studying theoretical knowledge of mathematics is necessary, for chemistry, biology and others NSE courses. Biological experiments are necessary for fastening of theoretical knowledge on laboratory animal and biological test objects. For carrying out of such experiments laboratory animals, biological objects are required, and also the necessary equipment, reactants, etc. Considering the humane relation to animals and restriction of their use in experiments, methods of mathematical modeling in course studying &quot;ЕТ&quot; are offered. Besides, use of interactive control facilities by the information allows modeling some processes in ET. Authors conduct researches at engineering faculty of the Rezekne Higher Education Institution by preparation of engineers of protection of environment. As a result of the spent researches it is established that at students the greatest interest to studying as course ET, and a course - &quot;Mathematical methods in environmental science&quot; is shown. Students can visually see practical use of mathematical methods in is natural-scientific courses. ICT application supplements better mastering of a material at a studied course. Mathematical modeling with use ICT in course studying ET raises progress of students and gives the chance to use theoretical knowledge on the mathematician. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">59-65</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Katarzyna Potyrala</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Karolina  Rysak</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wioletta  Skrzypek</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MEDIAL EDUCATION –THE REASONS FOR COMPLEX COMPETENCE OF BIOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION STUDENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">competence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1399915114.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Media are the integral part of the contemporary reality, their role in social life and in education seems to be more and more important. Medial education is connected with the knowledge interdisciplinary in nature which is situated between science and everyday life. This kind of education is also a consequence of the development of new information and communication technology. The research issue has been focused on the influence of the various media on students’ competence connected with the communication and mediation of biological and environmental problems. The article takes into account the different opinions dedicated the role of media in biology and environmental education and defines the social and cultural reasons for complex competence students. 129 biology and environmental protection students participated in the practical part of the research (survey and cards of activity). The data were interpreted in view of the new concepts of social communication and mediation and point to the fact, that these students’ skills are essential for knowledge transformation and connection between science and society.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original Article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">152-158</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kofi Poku  Quan-Baffour</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Akwasi Arko-Achemfuor</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MICRO-TEACHING: A TOOL TO ENSURE QUALITY IN TEACHER TRAINING AT A DISTANCE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">standard</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1395387145.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The word ‘micro’ denotes a very small portion of a bigger entity. In education domain micro-teaching refers to teaching practice that involves a small number of learners. Quality on the other hand connotes the degree of excellence, something which is up to standard or fits the purpose for which it is meant. In this ever changing competitive global society Higher Education institutions strive to achieve quality in the programmes, courses, qualifications and services offered to their clients. There is some misconception and myth among some people about the quality or standard of teachers trained at a distance. This paper debunks that myth and argues that micro-teaching can be used as a tool to ensure quality of pre-service teachers trained at a distance. The paper reviews relevant literature to support the experiences of the authors and explores the efficacy of micro-teaching in enhancing professional training of teachers through distance education mode. The literature study and the experiences of the authors are validated by a case study on micro-teaching by distance teacher trainee students.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">125-131</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vivien  M. Chabalengula</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frackson Mumba</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">William Hunter</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Erin Wilson</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A MODEL FOR ASSESSING STUDENTS’ SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS DURING SCIENCE LAB WORK</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">process skills</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392408154.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The assessment of students’ manipulation skills is often neglected by teachers. This trend can be partially attributed to traditional assessment practices which focus upon what the student writes in a lab report rather than the student’s physical performance during the lab activity. Therefore, this article reports on the processes which were undertaken when designing the Performance-Based Lab Assessment Technique (PBLAT). The PBLAT can be used to assess the process skill of manipulation of equipment/materials in biology (i.e. assembling, measuring, and experimenting) as the students conduct science lab activities in high schools and colleges/universities. The PBLAT is not limited to biology lab situations as it can be adapted to other sciences.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28-36</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mateja Ploj Virtič</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MODEL OF ICT IMPLEMENTATION IN THE TECHNICAL EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e-learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">technical education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1393669179.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The operation of a modern university and its competitiveness on the knowledge market are becoming increasingly dependent on the implementation and use of information and communication technology (ICT) in its educational processes. The University of Maribor is entering the process of changes bringing new dimensions to teaching and learning. The present article presents a research that included students/student teachers of technical education at the Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics of the University of Maribor and the Faculty of Education of the University of Ljubljana and design and technology teachers. This research was conducted with the aim to study four fundamental issues important for the implementation of ICT in the educational process on the entire vertical of technical education. These are the available computer equipment, beliefs of students/student teachers of technical education and design and technology teachers about the circumstances regarding the use of the computer and individual forms of e-learning in the educational process, their experiences with using the computer in the educational process and their opinion about the applicability of portals as social environments. One of our main findings was that the viewpoints of both students/student teachers of technical education and design and technology teachers regarding the use of the computer in class were positive. Both confirmed that in technical education different forms of e-learning were appropriate. A high percentage of teachers who regularly use educational portals indicate a great interest for the online social environment. The final finding that students/student teachers of technical education and design and technology teachers support the use of the computer for educational purposes importantly influenced further activities related to the implementation of e-learning into the study process and the preparation of an educational portal.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">144-158</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zoltán  Balogh</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Milan  Turčáni</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MODELING AND SIMULATION OF EDUCATION OF NATURAL SCIENCE SUBJECTS WITH E-LEARNING SUPPORT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e-learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">modeling process</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">operating systems</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1396706473.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">To describe the management of communication between human being and the computer it is appropriate to employ graphic tools in order to describe and formulate the basic rules underlying this interaction. Interaction between student and LMS in the process of teaching and learning is a composite process and it is highly recommended to employ Petri nets for this purpose. The paper aims at presenting the principle of construction of linear and branching learning programmes and their subsequent formulation using Petri nets in education of natural science subjects.
 At present, didactic effectiveness of the e-learning course „Operating systems“ is verified based on the model created by means of Petri nets. In order not to diminish the power of statistic results of created tests, we shall verify their validity and we shall use reliable and valid measuring procedures for data mining (pretest, posttest) (Munková, Munk, 2007). For the solution of this research problem two methods will be used: analysis of variance and analysis of covariance, where the analysis of variance is more simple and does not require the assumption of the homogeneity of regression in individual groups. On the other hand, interpretation is less valid, when between groups exist differences in the controlled variable (pretest) (Munk, 2007). Similarly to other situations it is recommended to execute both ways of analysing and comparing their results. On condition that the results will be identical we can consider them robust.
 In order to apply new forms and methods of teaching the subject from the area of operating systems of computers, we had to analyse the current state and contents of education process from this subject. After the survey a certain model was designed, which could cause shortening of the progression and increasing of the visualisation of instruction of operating systems, which results in the increase in the knowledge level of students and improves the level of their seminary and final works. The created e-course dealing with operating systems of computers is used as a complementary study material and an aid for the instruction of the subject „Principles of construction of operating systems“ for students with the focus on informatics. The current results point out to the suitability of application of Petri nets to the creation of instruction supporting e-materials for the students of informatics study programmes realized at the Department of Informatics of the Faculty of Natural Sciences of the CPU in Nitra.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8-15</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Olga Logashenko</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lyudmila Lomakina</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE MODERN EDUCATION AND THE SAFETY OF HEALTH OF STUDENTS IN CONTEXT OF PSYCHOLOGY-PEDAGOGICAL ACCOMPANIMENT OF THE PROFESSIONAL TRAINING AT HIGHER SCHOOL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational technologies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">psychology-pedagogical accompaniment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">scientific-practical activity</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1393666738.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In the paper a problem of the pedagogical support of students’ health maintenance during the period of their professional training at higher school is studied. On the stage of the educational-introductory practice an innovative pedagogical technique of psychological-pedagogical accompaniment (PPA) of the scientific-practical activity (SPA) was elaborated to ascertain the influence of this technique on the characteristics of mental-physiological health of students. 
The main elements of PPA and SPA are: normative-legal, psycho-diagnostic, methodological, organizational, psychosomatic maintenance and phased monitoring.
 The psychosomatic maintenance is to influence the psychological health, personal and physical health of a student. 
In our research the strengthening and maintenance of health means:
 • for psychological health – the development of a creative way of thinking, attention, memory and volitional sphere; the growth of emotional resistance;
 • for social health – the formation of social adaptation; the development of responsibility, empathy, active position in life; the correction of self-concept and self-control; the focus on self-development;
 • for physical health – the teaching of self-control methods for the state of adaptive potential of the cardiovascular system; the prevention of neuropsychic disorders. 
The elaboration of psycho-pedagogical bases for maintaining and strengthening of health and the application of PPA and SPA is aimed at maintaining and strengthening of health due to reducing the state of neuropsychic tension, the stimulation of the professional interest and the satisfaction of students’ needs to acquire knowledge in the atmosphere of psychological comfort. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">183-191</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bojan Hvala</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MODERNIZING MATHEMATICS EDUCATION IN SLOVENIA: A TEACHER FRIENDLY APPROACH</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematics education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pedagogical approach to teachers</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1393668372.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nowadays, we are facing a large number of varied educational projects which aim to direct and modernize mathematics education. Many institutions (from university bodies and institutes to individual secondary and elementary schools, networks of schools and private enterprises) make an appearance on the project market and contribute their ideas. Such quantity can cause confusion among teachers. Encouraged by the article, a mathematician’s lament, by Paul Lockhard, we present some simple principles for classroom work that, in our opinion, would enhance the efficiency of mathematics classes in the long term. Thus we try to help mathematics teachers build a strategy for a fruitful approach to the ideas, recommendations and advertisements on the educational market. Showing the respect towards the quality mathematics teachers and avoiding discouraging and confusing them are some of the leading ideas that we should pursue in our attempt to improve mathematics education. At the end, we also offer some recommendations about the teacher training system. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34-43</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maria Ledzińska</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MYTHS, ID EST FALSE KNOWLEDGE ON ABLE PUPILS AND ITS EDUCATIONAL CONSEQUENCES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">able pupils</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">popular and academic knowledge</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">regulative function of knowledge</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1393666279.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The issue of giftedness occupies a prominent place in psychology and is developed in the context of various theoretical strands, among which the differential, developmental, and cognitive studies are dominant. An application of major statements, in turn, is the domain of educational psychology and related disciplines, especially pedagogy. A discussion about giftedness is also conducted by teachers and parents, solving various educational and didactic problems in their daily lives. The key assumption of this article is a statement that a common understanding of giftedness is full a myths and beliefs constructed as inconsistent with the current state of knowledge. Some of them are indicated in this essay, drawing attention to the adverse effects of their presence in the mind and behaviour of adults.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">54-65</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mariel  Musso</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eduardo  Cascallar</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NEW APPROACHES FOR IMPROVED QUALITY IN EDUCATIONAL ASSESSMENTS: USING AUTOMATED PREDICTIVE SYSTEMS IN READING AND MATHEMATICS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematics education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">neural networks</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">predictive systems</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1399915068.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Education has been impacted by the shift from an industrial society to an information-based environment. We are now shifting again to an “innovation-based” society which requires what Sternberg (2000) calls “successful intelligence”. As the practice of educational assessment evolves, developments in cognitive science and psychometrics along with continuing advances in technology lead to new views of the nature and function of assessment (Dochy, Segers &amp; Cascallar, 2003; Braun, 2005). Mathematics and reading have been highlighted as crucial indicators of quality in education providing essential knowledge tools and constituting the foundations for lifelong learning skills (European Report on the Quality of School Education, 2000). New methodologies and technologies, and the emergence of predictive systems, have focused on the possibility of assessments which use a wide range of data or student productions to evaluate their performance without the need of traditional testing (Boekaerts &amp; Cascallar, 2006). This article presents the application of educational assessments utilizing neural network predictive systems in two pionneering studies in reading readiness and mathematics performance. It introduces the application of these methodologies in education, and evaluates the results and quality of the predictive systems. Results from these methods achieved excellent levels of predictive classification. Their impact on educational quality and improvement, as well as accountability is highlighted.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original Article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">134-151</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">José  Domingo  Villarroel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teresa Angós</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alfredo Grandmontagne</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE ORIGIN OF NUMERICAL CONCEPTS: EARLY MEANINGS OF 'ONE', 'TWO', AND 'THREE' AMONG BASQUE- AND SPANISH-SPEAKING CHILDREN</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cognitive development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">early education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">scientific education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392315714.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study examines the conceptual origins of the meaning of the first number-words and what role language can play in developing the notion of number. The original hypothesis is related to the idea that the meaning of the number-words “one”, “two” and “three” is supported by the conceptual framework of grammatical numbers, rather than that of integers (Sarnecka, Kamenskaya, Yamana, Ogura &amp; Yudovina, 2006).
 To that end the counting abilities of Spanish and Basque monolingual children and Spanish-Basque bilingual children are tested, because the Spanish and Basque languages express grammatical number in different ways (Perea, Urkia, Davis, Agirre &amp; Carreiras, 2006).
 On the one hand, the findings are in line with the initial hypothesis and with Sarnecka's work (Sarnecka et al., 2006), and on the other hand with a growing body of evidence that shows that the meaning of the count list appears from mapping numerals onto numerical cognitive representations produced by early core systems of number (Le Corre &amp; Carey, 2007; 2008).</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">109-123</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jaroslava  Gajdošíkova Zeleiova</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PARADIGMS OF ARTISTIC KNOWLEDGE AND MUSIC EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">aesthetic literacy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">logical-symbolical communication</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1399916350.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The changing cultural paradigm of a descriptive model into a meaning-oriented model (a holistic model) has been influencing processes, contents and contexts of art education (WaW Factor Research, DeSeco). Aesthetic literacy is grounded in language discourses of knowledge: cognitive regularities of speech, its grammar and syntax, at all levels. The present paper deals with the discussion on noetic dimension in (music) art with the possibility of an overall perception of art, music in particular. Integration of more sensory modalities at the level of sensory perception while finding the artistic value (reception) presumes integration at the level of meaningfulness as well. The integration of the value of an artwork into human experience is realised by expression, impression and reflexion of the artwork. Search for the value of an artistic creation is a case of a process when a sensory perception finds its actualisation in a motoric expression and its importance is adequate to life context, thus the artwork is created by the means of a meaning and at the same time the artwork delivers certain meaning, too.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">151-160</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Renata Bilbokaitė</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PEDAGOGICAL EVALUATION OF PROTOTYPE 3 OF THE AR LEARNING PLATFORM BASED ON THE RESULTS ACHIEVED DURING THE THIRD ARISE SUMMER SCHOOL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">augmented reality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational process</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pedagogical evaluation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392408707.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Augmented Reality teaching /learning platform is an innovative technology aimed at implementing links between the real and virtual world. The technology developed by the ARiSE project focuses on offering conditions for customers not only to observe a combined view (real and virtual) but also to directly interact with the real world (real objects). It is likely that the approach learning by doing is more effectively realized in the educational process. 
Creating teaching/learning modules and constructing didactical scenarios of practicing the modules is one of the main conditions to use the above mentioned innovative technology in the educational practice. The primary purpose of the international research project ARiSE (Augmented Reality in School Environments) was to test pedagogical effectiveness of introducing augmented reality (AR) into the comprehensive school and creating remote collaboration between classes around the AR display systems.
 In the given article the results of the pedagogical evaluation of the prototype 3 of the AR learning platform are presented. The students agree that Prototype 3 of the AR platform is a new and useful tool that could be successfully applied for learning purposes in the educational process.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">86-103</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Irena Kulisha</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PEDAGOGICAL PRECONDITIONS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF SERVICE CULTURE OF A FUTURE HOSPITALITY SPECIALISTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hospitality specialist</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pedagogical preconditions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">service culture</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392315473.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The problem studied in the article is the theoretical substantiation and determination of the pedagogical preconditions of the development of service culture of future hospitality specialists, and searching for technological solutions. Today the Professional education should develop independent, responsible and socially active personalities that are able to solve production and social problems in a high level of service culture. Searching for ways and means for the optimization of the process of preparation of hospitality specialists, as well as development of service culture as a basic quality of a personality for hospitality specialists could be mentioned as one of the most topical problems of modern pedagogy. At the same time, after the analysis of the theory and practice of the preparation of hospitality specialists, it can be seen that service culture is not always developed within Professional education, as there is a lack of appropriate system and technological resources that affect the quality of preparation of the specialists. During the scientific research, the author has analysed literature, observed the pedagogical process and questioned students and lecturers. The research allowed the author to determine the regularities of the process of education and the pedagogical preconditions of the development of service culture of a future hospitality specialist. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">69-80</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andreja  Špernjak</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andrej  Šorgo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PERSPECTIVES ON THE INTRODUCTION OF COMPUTER-SUPPORTED REAL LABORATORY EXERCISES INTO BIOLOGY TEACHING IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS: TEACHERS AS PART OF THE PROBLEM</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">computer- supported laboratory</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">laboratory work</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1393669123.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Computer supported virtual and real laboratories are recognized as tools that can help in raising the quality of biology instruction, and raising development competences in students. Yet biology teachers have been treating the computer as typewriter, as a source of information and as a tool for communication, all of which usages are common to all subjects. The uses of ICT that can significantly help in developing scientific literacy and that are primary tools in science teaching – such as the use of data loggers – are only rarely on the syllabus. The lack of equipment is not the most important reason for failure to use such applications; instead, this is probably due to teachers’ attitudes, opinions and knowledge. Students cannot be recognized as an obstacle in working with ICT. Lower secondary school students aged between 10 and 14 performed three laboratory exercises (Activity of yeast, Gas exchange in breathing, Heart rate) using three different methods: classic, computer- supported and virtual laboratory. As a result of testing, we know that all three methods are suitable even for younger students. When students were asked which method they liked the most, their first choice was computer-supported laboratory, followed by classic laboratory, with virtual laboratory in third place.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">135-143</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Danuta Umiastowska</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ewa Szczepanowska</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PHYSICAL AND MOTORIC DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN IN YOUNGER SCHOOL AGE PARTICIPATING IN EXERCISES OF CORRECTIVE GYMNASTICS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">children</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">corrective gymnastics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">motoric development</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1393667026.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In contemporary school, children more and more frequently appear with different faulty postures. This phenomenon is still dangerously expanding because XXI century civilization changes in our lifestyle encourage them to be non active. Children spent more time watching TV and using computers than participating in physical exercises. In Polish schools, at classes’ I-III, children with faulty postures participate in obligatory corrective gymnastics exercises. In this work, the results of research carried out in preliminary schools of West Pomeranian Province are shown. In this research 288 pupils of younger school age (7-12 y.o.) are examined. In this group anthropometrical measurements are collected (body mass and body height) and the level of motoric efficacy is determined by the Test of Physical Fitness (developed by the International Committee on the Standardization of Physical Fitness Tests). The statistical analysis of the obtained results shows the differentiation in levels of physical fitness. This is related to the kind of faulty posture. Lower levels of physical fitness are presented by pupils with over- or underweight of body mass.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">110-114</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Margarita Putniņa</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PRACTICAL POWER OF INTUITION IN INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">holistic perception</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">interpersonal communication</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">intuition</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1393267163.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The wonders of technology have brought the net society to confusion in different spheres of life: politics, economy, culture and even interpersonal communication. Tons of information about ever-increasing options have determined lack of face-to-face communication, thus alienating humans in the process of interaction
 Researchers from various countries consider that a power of inner guidance system, exactly – intuition can provide humans with the clarity in decision making not only in scientific and job situations but also in the day-to-day issues of interpersonal relationships.
 The hypothesis advanced: if in the process of interpersonal communication alongside the rational reasoning the practical power of intuition is used, interaction of humans is more effective.
 According to the results obtained in the practical research the author states:
 - students’ way of thinking (Left, Right or L/R brain thinkers) and use of intuition differ;
 - the mentioned phenomena depend on person’s possibility to harmonize left – right brain activities, to be creative, positive and open to any experience.
 The author suggests:
 - students have to develop holistic perception of social processes and humans’ interaction;
 - creativity, positive thinking, striving to cooperation, compassion and altruism can serve the young to become intuitive thinkers and good communicators.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">100-107</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitza Davidovitch</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shmuel Schacham</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yuri  Ribakov</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PREFERRED FORMAT OF TEACHING TUTORIALS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">effective learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher ratings</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392315133.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tutorials are an essential part of the academic teaching process. They play an important role in students' understanding of the material and have a direct influence on their final marks. Selection of proper tutoring policy for improving students' success in engineering disciplines is a subject investigated all over the world. It is common to think that efficiency of tutorials in smaller groups is higher. However financial considerations limit sub-division of classes into small groups. This paper is focused on the issue of the preferred teacher of these sessions – lecturer (faculty member) or teaching assistant. The current study examines the effect of this administrative decision on students’ performance, as measured by ratings of their teachers, and also by students' final grades. The influence of additional factors like class size, students’ grades, or majors is also examined. Our findings show that there is no significant advantage of tutorials taught by teaching assistants in small groups over those taught by lecturers in plenum.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21-29</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kristi Kiilu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maia Muldma</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PRESCHOOL MUSIC EDUCATION IN ESTONIA AS A REPRESENTATIVE OF CULTURAL LEARNING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">music education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">music teacher</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">preschool children</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1393667550.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Changes in the socio-economic development of Estonia influence the formation of value priorities in teaching of children in the system of preschool education. Music as a socio-cultural phenomenon represents one of the important parts of teaching and educational process. The authors of this article are concurrently the members of the commission on working out of the new State program 2008 on preschool education in the field of music. Based on common goals and tasks of a new curriculum, in the process of making up the subject program in music there has been carried out the research, the results of which will be reflected in this article. The key person in realisation of teaching and educational tasks has always been, is and will be the teacher. Therefore, it was extremely important to find out the value aims and positions of music teachers, who contribute to the effectiveness of application of musical education as a representative of motivation and knowledge of culture. The research that has been carried out in 183 Estonian and Russian-speaking infant schools in 2008 has embraced all the regions of Estonia. According to the results of the research, the conclusions can be reached that the priorities of musical activities defined by the teachers presume availability of sufficient musical material for enculturation of a child and getting to know by him or her of the cultural heritage; most of the respondents make up a group of so-called “bearers of the traditions” and give basis for assertion that their musical education represents familiarization with culture; the correlation of value priorities in application of different kinds of folklore shows that each of the four kinds of folk creation is the source of the culture study for music teachers.
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">170-182</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amand  Papotnik</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PROBLEMS ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION CONNECTED WITH TECHNIC AND TECHNOLOGY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecological problems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">environmental education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1393668671.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">By planning and selecting the contents of subject technology we must take into account also the contents from environmental education. Combining the different contents are compose from the process of planning, analyzing and/or evaluating achieved result. In the frame of the selected educational strategy (for example Project task) the students must acquire and strengthen the theoretical and practical knowledge, develop skills and working habits. Only if we take into account this, they will be able to transfer this theoretical and practical technological knowledge to solve the ecological problems. This is the teaching and learning in the narrow sense, which we can classified as acquiring new, knowledge, tasks and skills necessary/for solving the problems.
 Learning in the wide sense means preserving knowledge and recalling it back, the knowledge that is connected with technical, technological, organizational and ecological problems.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">70-76</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Irina Zhikina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inna Portyanskaya</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE PROJECT METHOD AS AN ALTERNATIVE TECHNIQUE OF TEACHING IN SECONDARY SCHOOL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multimedia programs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392315832.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The traditional methods of teaching in schools and gymnasiums in our modern conditions cannot properly provide the essential potential of intellectual progress in the ability of students to incorporate new ideas, knowledge and technologies. The project method in school education system can be looked at like an alternative to the class/lessons system. The project method like no other method gives an opportunity to wisely combination the theory and practical use of knowledge in real life. Besides that, the project method allows to deepen self-confidence of students, their self realization, helps them understand the importance of group work. The project method marks a serious role on cooperation in the process of completing creative exercises, forms research skills. This method not only holds educational function, but also teaches how to self educate.
 This article analyzes the experience of using the project method in basic school on chemistry lessons. There are examples of developed and tested projects. The role of the teacher in the process of giving knowledge is also analyzed. The results are taken in mind and future perspectives are developed.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">133-139</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nikolay Gapanovich-Kajdalov</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PSYCHOLOGICAL PARTICULARITIES OF COMPUTERIZED TESTING OF STUDENTS' KNOWLEDGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">computer testing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">knowledge assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">knowledge supervision</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1393666658.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The relevance of the problem of using modern computer technologies in the process of studying is grounded in the article. Also in the article we deal with the main theoretical approaches to the devel-opment and use of didactical tests for checking knowledge.
 Theoretic-methodological basis of the research – the approach of organizing and carrying out peda-gogical tests, offered by V.Avanesov, according to him a pedagogical test allows valid and reliable assessing knowledge and other capabilities of a person that interest a teacher. Computer testing is a very effective and promising form of assessing and self-assessing students’ knowledge if a number of requirements to the test material, computer programs and their use are observed. The experience in developing and using computer tests for assessing knowledge of students in Gomel State University named after F.Scorina is summarized in the article. Main advantages and disadvantages of assessing knowledge with a computer test are considered. The results of computer testing the knowledge of fifth-year students (speciality “Psychology”) are correlated with their competence in using personal com-puters, their experience in testing (school-institute), their anxiety when being tested. In addition we analyze and correlate the results of pre-testing and testing taking into account students’ self estima-tion of their knowledge and ambitions. Great attention is given to the problem of students’ using com-puter tests for self training, assessing the effectiveness of pre-testing. A number of correlative relations (for example, between students’ level of anxiety and the results of a test and so on) making it possible to indicate the ways of perfection knowledge assessment of students with the help of a computer were revealed in the course of our research.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">153-160</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">QUALITY OF EDUCATION: FASHION OR NECESSITY?!</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational organization</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quality management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quality standards</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1395386501.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">One of the quality theory models, undoubtedly, is quality management. At the end of the 20th century and at the beginning of the 21st this model becomes perhaps the most fashionable in management theory. We can say straight away that what can be fashionable it is not always right and reasonable. Is it in reality so? It is hard to pretend to exhaustive analysis in this article however, it is purposeful to pay attention to some things. Another argument – history knows plenty of examples when different theories wouldn’t grow from “infancy” stage, wouldn’t pass on to a practice level, at best they would remain only a mass of pompous slogans. Speaking about quality, such attitude, undoubtedly, has its own positions. Alternative approach has positions as well which claims that quality management ideology and philosophy is not only a common short-term campaign, but a serious universal movement.�
 Different processes are taking place in every educational organization. In some of them, there are more of them, in others less. In some places, they are complicated (e.g. in higher schools), in other places, they can be simpler (e.g. non-formal educational institutions). However, in all places they are relevant and have to be carried out qualitatively, in other words, to satisfy fixed requirements. Some of the processes are important because service (future production) quality depends directly on them, the others don’t have direct influence on service/future production. It is obvious, that all these processes, both basic and secondary are equally important and only acting closely with each other they can guarantee success of organization activity (systematic approach).
 Thus, there is no doubt, that implementation of quality management systems in educational organizations is very urgent. One can ask why it is urgent? First of all, it is because that general quality management philosophy is more and more developing and becoming more acceptable. Quite often one can hear the opponents claiming that ISO standards don’t suit for educational organizations. It is true, that ISO standards are rather universal; therefore, it is not easy to adapt them in the education sphere. On the other hand, such programmed universality gives more action freedom, forms conditions to assess specific character of every concrete organization. Quality management system forms conditions to control not separate, broken up processes or activities, but see them as a whole entirety. Undoubtedly, this is very important seeking to guarantee vital capacity of concrete organization. The second obvious truth is that quality in education sphere is getting worse, competition gets stronger and this in its turn makes organizations search for ways and strategies of making their activities more effective. The third thing is that today in Lithuania and not only in Lithuania, job and education markets do not match. A gap is rather big. Thus, it is not enough to teach, we must know clearly what we teach, how we teach and who for we teach. Undoubtedly, quality management system implementation is a serious instrument to virtually improve the activity of all educational organizations.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-8</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tiia Õun</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">QUALITY OF LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS IN ESTONIAN PRESCHOOLS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning environment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">preschool</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1395387091.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The quality of the learning environment in a group is an important factor in evaluation of activities in preschools. Studies have shown that factors of the learning environment influence different aspects of child’s development as well as smooth transition from kindergarten to school. Since 1994 besides traditional kindergarten groups there are also Step by Step groups in Estonia that emphasise on the need of child-centred education. The present article gives an overview of a study where the quality of the learning environment was compared in the Step by Step and traditional kindergarten groups by using the Early Childhood Environment Rating Scale Revised Edition. ECERS-R consists of 7 areas that cover the main quality factors in kindergarten groups: premises, equipment, programme structure, activities in the group, child-adult communication, cooperation with parents and professional support to staff. Observation based on the ECERS-R scale and an additional interview was carried out in 2008 in 30 groups in total – in 15 traditional groups and 15 Step by Step groups. The results showed that the quality of the learning environment in the Step by Step groups was higher than the quality of traditional groups. The main differences were in relations between teachers and children and group activities.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">118-124</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Olasehinde-Williams  Olabisi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Henry Owolabi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lasiele Yahaya</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE MEASURES OF PERCEIVED PREVALENCE OF ACADEMIC INTEGRITY PROBLEMS AMONG LECTURERS OF TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS IN KWARA STATE, NIGERIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">academic integrity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tertiary education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1393267113.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper presents the report of quantitative and qualitative measures of perceived prevalence of academic integrity problems among lecturers of tertiary institutions in Kwara State, Nigeria. Participants comprised 566 students, lecturers and administrative staff selected through the stratified sampling technique from four tertiary institutions; and data were collected via a Questionnaire, Focus Group Discussions and Informal Interview. Descriptive and ANOVA statistics were employed for data analysis across the variables of status, gender and type of institution. Findings of the study showed that relationship with female students, handling of text books/ handouts, project supervision and examinations were perceived by about 10% of the respondents to be the highly prevalent academic integrity problems among lecturers. It was also revealed that only small proportions of lecturers were indicted in this regard. Also, significant differences were found in the perceptions of respondents from the university, college of education and polytechnic. Based on the findings, advocacy was made for implementing laws relating to integrity and instituting academic integrity policy in tertiary institutions in Nigeria. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">88-99</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maurice Amadalo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Julius  Kiprop Maiyo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jane K.  Amunga</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RANKING SECONDARY SCHOOLS AND STUDENTS IN NATIONAL EXAMINATIONS: THE EFFECT ON PROMOTION RATES AND PERFORMANCE TRENDS IN SCHOOLS IN KENYA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">promotion rates and performance trends</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ranking</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1395386553.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study sought to investigate the effect of ranking upper secondary schools and students in national examinations on students’ promotion rates and on the schools’ performance trends. A descriptive survey design was used and secondary schools in Kakamega south district formed the study population. The study sample consisted of 75 secondary schools stratified according to performance into low, average and top ranked categories. The sample size consisted of 36 schools (12 from each performance category) selected by simple random sampling. Reliability was established by use of test retest technique. Data on promotion rates revealed that, the low ranked schools had promotion rates of 0.990 for form I-II, 0.997 for form II-III and 0.958 for form III-IV. The average ranked schools had promotion rates of 0.984 for form I-II, 0.981 for form II-III and 0.959 while the top ranked schools had promotion rates of 1.00 for form I-II, 0.967 for form II-III and 0.882 for form III-IV. On performance trends, there was no significant difference in the performance of individual schools during the four years but there was significant difference in performance among the different categories of schools.
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9-19</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin  Bílek</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Petra  Skalická</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">REAL AND VIRTUAL LABORATORIES TOGETHER IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY EDUCATION: STARTING POINTS FOR RESEARCH PROJECT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">early chemistry education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">experimental activities</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">general science education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1396707044.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The combination of real and virtual environments in general science (chemistry) education is a current challenge for school curriculum in the period of information society. The article describes theoretical background, starting points and design of a research project in this area. Possibilities of real and virtual school chemical experiment and their combination will be analyzed. These approaches are named remote and virtual laboratories. They are the important part of a virtual learning environment (VLE) as the up-to-date trend in natural science instruction supported by ICT. They bring a new dimension not only to laboratories, but also to everyday life of students, teachers and every other person interested in science education. New possibilities to measure, to control anything from any computer, to receive current data from the opposite part of the world – these are and will bring immense motivation. The project design, including pilot results, is presented on the example of laboratory work “pH measuring”. Two as much as identical scenarios were prepared using either real or virtual pH-meter, managed by worksheets containing tasks of three levels: pH measuring of different solutions, answers to problem-based questions and open-task to create set of next pH measuring. The project is ready for piloting in the K-LaMPa Centre, which is situated in laboratories of the Chemistry Department, Faculty of Education, University of Hradec Kralove, and enables running experimental activities of primary and secondary school pupils and students. The received results will be presented and discussed on conferences and relating actions. Now the authors offer the cooperation concerned to widening of the research. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30-39</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Víctor  Santiuste Bermejo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">David  Padilla Góngora</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">REFLECTIONS ON EDUCATION IN SPAIN: PROPOSALS FOR THE FUTURE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">compulsory education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational situation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1395386681.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This article analyzes the educational situation in the spanish schools, on the basis of the different evaluations realized by international organizations, the opinion of the most reppresentative political parties, the last researchs and publications related with the topic, and finally the opinion of the teachers and parents. It notes the need to promote concrete changes in our education system, saying this need on the basis of school failure, dropouts and their evolution in recent years. It is shown with consistent evidence that our current education system has no mechanisms to reduce the actual negative indicators. It suggests three basic principles on which the change we propose can be based, based on a thorough analysis of the situation of compulsory education in Spain on the basis of the most urgent problems highlighted by the faculty and parents. Finally, it suggests five important goals to achieve and different lines in educational research that, in a priority way, must be enhanced to achieve the goals.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29-40</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ketevan Chkuaseli</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tamar Gegeshidze</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RELATION OF THE STATE AND PRIVATE UNIVERSITIES WITH THE LABOR MARKET</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">graduates</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">labour market</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">state and private universities</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1393267634.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Globalization is not new in education, this process demands integration the labor market and consequently the problem facing to universities are very complex. They should create strategy towards the labor market. Universities should provide quality of education. The current labor market demands such professional level that is not peculiar for the post-soviet mentality.
 Georgia has made historical choice in favor of the European democracy and this process demanded reforms in all areas. The Higher Education entered into new economic space. Georgia has joined to Bologna Process and accepts its main principles – unification space of Higher Education that means the integrity European market.
 The purpose of our research is investigating the relation of the state and private universities of Georgia with the labor market, with employers and study motivation of students how do they make a choice of concrete university.
 Research includes two stages, the first stage - The analysis a web-sites of the state and private universities, the second stage - Interrogation of students.
 Results of research shown: the state universities are oriented by fundamental education, and private universities are oriented by narrow-special formation demanded by the labor market.
 Social and economic situation in the country causes prestige of such specialties which are dominant in the modern market. As a result, students choose prestigious private universities.
 Obviously, state universities should reconsider philosophy of management, at that time, must not lose quality and own identity.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">168-174</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">František  Látal</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jan  Říha</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">REMOTELY CONTROLLED EXPERIMENT: COMPARISON OF VOLT-AMPERE CHARACTERISTICS BETWEEN INCANDESCENT AND ENERGY SAVING LIGHT BULB</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">remote experiment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">remotely controlled experiment</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1399914853.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The paper deals with the remotely controlled physical experiment which is located at the Department of Experimental Physics at Palacky University in Olomouc. A remote experiment is a real experiment with real laboratory instruments and equipment that can be controlled by a teacher or a student or any user from their computer through the Internet. The article presents our first remote experiment (comparison of volt-ampere characteristics between incandescent light bulb and energy saving light bulb with using AC) which is available free on-line on the website http://www.ictphysics.upol.cz/remotelab/. This paper outlines our current research and reflection of remotely controlled experiments and it describes the educational point of view of the remotely controlled system.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original Article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">119-124</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frackson Mumba</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vivien  M. Chabalengula</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Erin Wilson</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jeffrey  Carver</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">William Hunter</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RESIDENT SCIENTISTS’ CONCEPTIONS OF SCIENCE TEACHING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">resident scientist</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392408821.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study explored the conceptions of science teaching held by Resident Scientists who were providing content and pedagogical support to teachers in schools through the National Science Foundation (NSF) GK-12 project in USA. Their conceptions of teaching were compared with those held by teachers and the appropriate conceptions of science teaching reported in previous studies. A sample comprised nine Resident scientists from three science disciplines: biology, chemistry and physics. All the Resident Scientists were training to be scientists and not to be certified as teachers. Data was collected through a questionnaire and semi-structured interview. Data were analyzed by first coding the responses to identify recurring themes and categories. Five conceptions of science teaching emerged: Facilitative process, Conceptual and skill development, Ability and attitude development, Dynamic interactive process, and Content knowledge delivery process. Most conceptions of science teaching held by the Resident Scientists were similar to those held by teachers reported in previous studies. They also had elements for appropriate conceptions of science teaching. However, some Resident Scientists’ views on teaching supported the knowledge transmission instructional mode. The findings have implications for teacher education, science teaching and learning, and the National Science Foundation (NSF) GK-12 program. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">129-138</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frackson Mumba</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simeon  Mbewe</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Selena  Sasser</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vivien  M. Chabalengula</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Erin  Wilson-Miles</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RESIDENT SCIENTISTS’ CURRICULUM AND INSTRUCTIONAL DECISIONS FOR HIGH SCHOOL CLASSROOMS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">instruction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">resident scientist</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1399915014.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study explored Resident Scientists’ curriculum, instructional and assessment decisions for high school classrooms. We also attempted to find out the factors that influenced their decisions. A sample comprised eight Resident Scientists who were providing science content knowledge and pedagogical support to teachers in schools through the National Science Foundation (NSF) GK-12 outreach project in the Midwest of the USA. Data were collected through an open-ended questionnaire. Results show that Resident Scientists made short-termed decisions on curriculum, instruction and assessment for high school classrooms. Their decisions were mainly influenced by partner teachers, textbooks, and antecedent factors. Moreover, their decisions encompassed elements of accountability in the school system. They also exhibited lack of knowledge about the USA Science Education Standards. However, their decisions were within the framework that integrated content and pedagogical support to teachers. The findings have implications for science teaching and learning and the NSF GK-12 program. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original Article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">125-133</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Julius  Kiprop Maiyo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Joan Owiye</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE ROLE OF GUIDING AND COUNSELLING IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN KENYA: PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">character formation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">guiding and counseling</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1395386979.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Since the 1990s, education system in Kenya has faced dynamic and rapid changes that have had overwhelming effects both on the child, teacher, school and society at large. Education policies have changed over the years including the recently introduced policy on caning which was scraped through children’s Act of 2001 and replaced with guiding and counseling as a measure to prepare a child for the challenges they face both in school and outside school. As corporal punishment remains banned and children becoming more aware of their rights, guiding and counseling remains the most acceptable channel of reaching the children in schools; the children too being teenagers, they experience a time of storm and stress characterized by mixed reactions of being happy at one moment and extremely sad at another moment. The reactions to such situations are likely to be intense and volatile. With parents being too busy to give children quality time and attention, the responsibility has been left to rest squarely on the shoulder of the teachers to help students make decisions on aspects that affect their lives. This therefore necessitates the need to strengthen guiding and counseling in schools. This paper examines the role of guiding and counseling in secondary schools mainly in shaping the career life of the teenager and the challenges faced by schools in using it as a measure to replace caning in instilling discipline in the students. The research was based and build on scientific sources, analytical evaluative studies and scientific literature; content analysis of documents and reflection of experience to examine the role of guiding and counseling in secondary schools. From the findings, a conclusion was drawn that to streamline the role of guiding &amp; counseling and overcome the challenges in shaping the students’ integrated development, every party including the MOE, policy makers, schools, teachers and parents have a role to play in shaping the life of the child.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">99-108</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Akbar Zolfaghari</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mohammad  Shatar Sabran</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Azam  Zolfaghari</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RURAL COMMUNITY ADULT LITERACY DEVELOPMENT THROUGH COMMUNITY LEARNING CENTERS PROGRAM IN THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN: TWO CASE STUDIES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">community learning centers program</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">literacy</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1395387480.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Literacy and community development have an unbroken connection. Literacy is a very important tool for community development. The main goal of community development is to improve the quality of life. In order to improve the quality of life, the government of Iran has implemented several programs to promote the level of literacy. CLCP is the newest and the most important literacy program in Iran post revolution that has been introduced by the Iran’s Development Plans. It has been emerged as a result of shortcomings of the previous literacy programs to solve the problem of illiteracy in the country. Therefore, the general objective of this study was to examine the role of the program in rural community adult literacy development while the specific objective of this study was to describe the factors contributed to the success of the program in Iran. For the purpose, two rural communities namely Golshan and Nasr Abad into two different states of Kerman and Yazd in Iran were selected as the case studies. The selection was based on their literacy level. The community with the lowest literacy level in each state was chosen. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">169-177</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin Adamec</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pavel Beneš</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SCHOOL CHEMICAL EXPERIMENT OPTIMIZATION IN WOLFRAM MATHEMATICA ENVIRONMENT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chemical experiment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school experiment</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392408001.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An experiment is an integral part of natural sciences, especially chemistry. Therefore pupils and students should be in contact with it on regular bases during the process of learning chemistry. However, nowadays a major decrease of use of real chemical experiments is apparent in chemistry education. New or modified known experiments can help to reduce this trend. The proposed method of experiment optimization using Wolfram Research software Mathematica is one of the possible ways how to solve it. This method is based on sequential process of optimization and stochastic extreme value finding for functions of several variables. This problem has been solved at the Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Didactics as a part of a research project entitled “Teacher Profession in Changing Requirements on Education”, executed by Faculty of Education. During the research a program was made that computes optimal values of experiment parameters from measured values. This was verified during teacher training courses at Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Education. This paper presents an example that shows the optimization procedure of a selected chemical reaction.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9-13</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ondrej  Jerabek</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Renata Holubova</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS AND PHYSICS TASKS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">physics tasks</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">questionnaire</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1399914645.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The aim of this paper is to discuss the non-ttractivity of the solving of quantitative examples in Physics. The problem was find out not only in teaching and learning Physics at secondary and high schools, but also during various competitions (Physical Olympiad, Physical Kaleidoskope, Fermi Questions tournament). The discussion in this paper will be based on the research that was done in 2009. More than 335 respondents completed our questionnaire about examples. The questions inquired about reasons why students solve examples, if they understand the settings or if they will prefer an animation (video) of the situation and the problem of the classification rating. The statistical evaluation was realized by using the chi quadrate test. The results of this research will be used in our next activity - we will prepare a set of interactive physical examples to make use of the motivation effect of multimedia and ICT technology in Physics education. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original Article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">97-106</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andrej  Šorgo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andreja  Špernjak</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS’ PERSPECTIVES ON AND ATTITUDES TOWARDS LABORATORY WORK IN BIOLOGY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">attitudes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">laboratory work</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">secondary schools</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1393669073.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Interest in Biology among secondary school students in Slovenia is dropping from year to year. 1,046 secondary school students were surveyed about their preferred number of group mates in the laboratory, their attitudes towards and positive and negative views of laboratory work in Biology. From the students’ perspective, the preferred way of teaching biology would be a mixture of interesting lectures and laboratory activities where they would have the opportunity to find solutions to the problems on their own through work in small groups. This is in direct opposition to prevailing teaching practice, where lectures are the dominant way of teaching. To overcome the loss of interest in Biology among students, action is needed immediately. Bridging the gap between students’ perspectives on and opinions about good teaching practice and actual teaching practice should follow three tracks: the first one involves changes to the syllabus in such a way that less is more; the second one requires rewriting of manuals and textbooks, and the third is a change in the teaching practice of individual teachers. If for the first two teachers can find the excuse that this is outside their sphere of competence, there can be no excuse for avoiding immediate changes in teaching techniques.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">123-134</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Manuel  Igado</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE SOCIAL WEB: A PLATFORM FOR MARKETING IN TRAINING COMPANIES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">internet user</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">open learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">training company</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1393667634.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Companies use many different marketing strategies in order to make their products known and place their corporate image and branding in the market. Besides, nowadays, being on the Internet is a must for every company striving for success.
 A company devoted to open and distance learning such as Master-D Corporation is a clear example of how a proper and planned use of the different possibilities offered by the Web 2.0 –based on blogs- allows a company to achieve bigger market shares and brand positioning following the Win – Win Principle.
 Blogs are, undoubtedly, channels of communication that prove the power of attraction of good information.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32-36</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ekaterina  I. Gamova</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sergei Sarychev</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF PREVENIENT PART OF JOINT ACTIVITIES IN YOUTH SMALL GROUPS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">group dynamics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">leadership</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">small group</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1399915825.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The paper deals with research results of prevenient part of joint activity in youth groups. The objective of research was to study that phenomenon as a group process of preparation for joint activity which defines its productivity. Methods of observation and device «Arch» were applied to study three youth small groups in summer camp located in Krasnodar region. It was empirically established that youth groups subject to the level of orderliness are different in performing both prevenient and executive parts of joint activity. The research confirmed the data received in the groups working in extreme conditions of joint activity and revealed the leading role of group leadership in the prevenient part of joint activity.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">60-65</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SOME IDEAS ABOUT SPECIFICITY AND METHODS OF FOSTERING VALUE-BASED RELATIONS WITH NATURE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">moral values</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">value-based knowledge</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392315008.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The interpretation of the concept ‘value’ is extremely varied and brings a historic background. Values are fostered since childhood through the process of sharing and analysing individual experience based on certain concepts such as goodness, beauty, love, etc. Rules and standards are also important for value development. All people tend to seek values and their cognition (“When Values Change”, 1999). ‘The Dictionary of Psychology’ explains that value attitudes as if determine all human works, the main patterns of behaviour, different actions or even a single act (The Dictionary of Psychology, 1993). 
The issues of moral values are highly relevant as they are closely related with the human upbringing, fostering of his value attitudes (The Sketches of Ethics, 1984). Secondly, modern education is in a state of global crisis partially because of the absence of a value-based design of its strategic functions (Sankar, 2004). The development of value-based attitudes is a complex process. In general, morality or moral is the most conservative aspect of inner culture, it changes slowly and gradually. However, children and teenagers have less preconceived ideas and habits than adults. Therefore, their relation with the world is in the making, they are more flexible and susceptible to outward influences (Gurevičiūtė, Galkutė, etc. 1997). J.Piaget is sure that the middle childhood (the age of 6-11 years old) is the most suitable period to foster moral issues. L. Kohlberg referring to various research points out three stages in the evolution of morality. The second stage includes children aged from 10 to 13 and is called the self-decided moral agency. The third stage represents the moral agency using all individual moral standards. This kind of morality develops or fails to develop in the period of adolescence (Kliminskienė, 1999). 
The tutors who attempt to develop respect for nature in the values of their pupils should know and utilize the mentioned peculiarities of the age boundaries. Primary school shares a great responsibility in this process while pupils are curious, sensitive to nature, influenced by the processes of the outward world at this age range (Atutienė, 1999).
 Love for nature, the importance of its protection should be instilled since childhood. Experience acquired in the family is further developed at school where value-based attitudes are continually established, a strong individual opinion about the surrounding nature is developed. These considerations presented by Kliminskienė and Kliminskas (1998), Vaitkevičius (2000), Šapokienė (1998), Gajauskaitė (1990), etc. have become extremely important having assessed the data of recent research. The survey of parents conducted by Miltenienė and Mockevičienė indicates that only 36% of the applicants indicates that they taught their children to love nature, involved children into practical tasks: to perceive the world of nature, to take care about animals, 44% of the parents admitted that they paid little attention to the above mentioned factors or agreed they did not pay any attention as they supposed their child would gain this knowledge at school. 20% of the parents stated it was not the main goal of their family. Most of the researchers agree that very often the media ignore the development of positive value-based attitudes and impose many things without any value-based orientation. Hence, in respect of nature, school is mainly responsible for the fostering the value attitudes of the pupils (Miltenienė, Mockevičienė, 1998). Since 1998, active enthusiasts have launched a project “The Animate World and Me” which involves the city pupils who have pets (Bobrova, 2000). L.Bobrova states that the curriculum of this project developing children’s care for their animals is one of the most effective pedagogic and psychologic methods that builds up mental, emotional and physical well-being of schoolchildren, enriches their free time trying to reach harmony with nature (p.10). 
Research carried out in Russia revealed that actually half of the primary school essays reflect a pragmatic relation with nature, ‘Nature is our greatest treasure’, ‘Forests must be protected because pencils and rulers are made of wood’, ‘Dogs are important because they guard houses’, etc. Such pragmatism of the primary schoolchildren is nothing but a result of the pragmatic content of comprehensive educational school. Children simply repeat the clichés mentioned by their teachers (Jasvin, 2000). Most probably, a similar situation can be found in Lithuanian schools (though not enough research have been carried out). In conclusion, it can be said that contemporary school is not yet ready to perceive and instil the shallowness of consumerism (Uktveris, 1997). 
Having reviewed the positions of various authors on the issue of the development of value-based attitudes in respect of nature in comprehensive schools, the following conclusion can be made in diagram form:
 Value-based attitudes and relations
 </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-8</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Natalya Zamkovaya</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Irina Moiseenko</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SOME INNOVATIVE APPROACHES TO TEACHING RUSSIAN AS FOREIGN LANGUAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational process activity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">innovative approaches</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392315888.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">When studying any of languages foreign to some person and not considering this process as simple as an acquiring certain knowledge and skills volume only, but to the contrary – regarding it as purposeful activity which enables this person to expand his/her cultural background notably, it can lead the student outside the mastering of ready-made knowledge to unobstructed developing of creative mind. In order to achieve that it might be necessary to organize these studies by leading each student to accept the idea that any new knowledge proffered must be accredited with some individual significance valued by this person. 
This can be done by engaging some modern and innovative methods representative with new style of academic activity; these can provide both for various transformed ways of knowledge presentation as well as the different types of absorbing this new information by the way of putting the body of it into practice, engaging each student in this or that joint actions and frequent discussions.
 The most effective methods for studying Russian as a foreign language in our opinion are the following ones which have been put to test by us and by teachers in Estonia and proved to be fruitful. These are: some developing technologies as putting up the problem and subsequent solving of it; an individual project; also the process of unraveling any communicative task and getting the answers; the work in the master-classes and the last but not least – an RWCT technology.
 The novelty of this research presented by authors lies in the nature and specialty of educational materials accomplished using and developing the methods mentioned above, besides its introduction into the teaching practice taking place at the moment. The results of the research are published as two textbooks for Russian language teachers and students of the same profile.
 </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">140-147</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Katarzyna Potyrala</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STRATEGIES OF DIALOGUE IN MEDIA-AIDED BIOLOGY EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biology education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">methods of learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">strategies of dialogue</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392409025.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forming biological and environmental competences in students in the contemporary world of the media assumes application of specific strategies, and hence the methods and techniques of work with students. The theoretical part of research focused on the modules of the teaching strategies' choice. The modules were connected with the patterns of situations for learning through communication, learning through experiencing and learning through action. In the practical part of research the application of the selected teaching strategies supporting multiple feedback during media-aided biology lessons was attempted. The research issue has been focused around the influence of the various media on students' biological skills in the field of new sources of scientific information. The research results were used for preparation of theoretical basis for formulating the main assumptions for media in biology education and evaluation of dialogue's strategies in ethical aspect of teaching contents and objectives. 240 high school students of experimental and control classes participated in the research (lessons, survey, cards of activity). The data were interpreted in view of the new concepts of teaching and learning and point to the fact, that the development of media creates a possibility to shape views; however, it is dialogue, creative attitude and critical knowledge that are the basic conditions for the scientific approach to information. 
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">151-158</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amand  Papotnik</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STRATEGY OF CROSS CURRICULAR CONNECTION AT TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION AS A FACTOR OF MODERN SCHOOL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cross curricular connection</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school curriculum</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1393668714.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This contribution deals with the topic of inter-subject planning and connecting in technique and technology and as a factor of modern school by emphasizing the strategies of training-educational work in technique and technology.
 In this context the most suitable project task is being regarded as that strategy of training-educational work, in which the development of divergent thinking, creative compatibilities, acquiring, deepening, practicing and using the knowledge in the field of technique, technology, work organization, economics, ergonomics, ecology, informatics and computer science, industrial design, etc. is concerned.
 In such a constructed strategy the inter-subject planning and connecting can be represented and the tendency to acquire better knowledge can also be realized, because of the opinion of the constructivists who think that knowledge in its final form can neither be »given« to somebody else, nor it can be »accepted« by somebody else, but it should be rebuilt by everybody with his/her own mental activity and exactly in technique and technology the objective and subjective conditions for such a style and didactic system of training – educational work are being created.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77-83</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stéphanie Mathé</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laurence Viennot</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STRESSING THE COHERENCE OF PHYSICS: STUDENT JOURNALISTS’ AND SCIENCE MEDIATORS’ REACTIONS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">critical analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">physics education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science mediators and journalists education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1505377865.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">With this investigation, we sought to assess the extent to which future journalists and science mediators are able to take a positive attitude towards stressing the coherence of physical theories in their chosen profession. To this end, we also examined a second question: how members of this same population react to an exercise designed to stress the value of coherence in physics, as a possible source of intellectual satisfaction. We sought to document the possible impact of the obstacles we had anticipated, and to characterize the students’ progression in relation to the goals just described. Our investigation was based on 14 interviews with third-year university students who hoped to become journalists or science mediators. We focused our interaction with them on a specific example in physics, concerning a problematic hypothesis widely used in explaining how a hot air balloon operates. We provided elucidation in the course of each student’s intellectual progression during the interview. Finally, we report their value judgements – impressively positive – concerning the two questions outlined above. The results suggest that, despite their low level of specialization in physics, such students can develop, at least in the very particular circumstances described, a critical and positive attitude towards searching for and stressing coherence in physics. They also support the idea that, were a concern for coherence to be taken as a desirable component of a training programme, corresponding teaching-learning sequences should be prepared, designed and evaluated in great detail, to ensure optimum adaptation to each individual’s progression.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">104-128</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Darinka  Sikosek</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STUDENT SELF-EVALUATION OF CO-LECTURE ACTIVITIES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">self-evaluation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">student autonomy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">students-colecturers</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1393669019.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This article argues a greater stress to student-centered, active-learning approaches in teacher education beginning already in lectures by the subjects of DCEM methodological module. Our approach in increasing lecture's activity of students is involving them as teacher's co-lecturers. In order to monitor the efficiency and quality improvement of their outcomes-teacher's activities, we make use of the students'-co-lecturers, as well as students-listeners feedback, which continuously takes place at the end of a program of specific curricular units. Students self – reflections are confronted with techer's trainer noticings. Some significant findings are interpreted in compliance with teacher competences. CO-lecture's activities are valued regarding to optional AADIDG didactic pinciples. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">116-122</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Darinka  Sikosek</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STUDENT SELF-EVALUATION OF SEMINAR ACTIVITIES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">graduated process learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seminar</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching skills and competences</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1393668971.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study is focused on the curricular innovations of methodological subjects for acquiring of teachers competences at undergraduate education where students as prospective chemistry teachers serve as a goal group. The redesign of seminar as an essencial curricular form is based on consistent consideration of topical didactic principles. Research into the optimal performance of seminar work focuses particularly on their organisation, methodology and evaluation. These three model parameters serve to implement student seminar activities in accordance with Bologna teachers competences. Using the descriptive empirical method for students self-evaluation of seminar work defined in methodological subject module of three subjects (Didactics of Chemistry, Experiments and Natural Activities-Mentroship) some eforts in bettering the competence mastery over.
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">109-115</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Larissa Turusheva</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STUDENTS' INFORMATION COMPETENCE AND ITS IMPORTANCE FOR LIFE-LONG EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">information competence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">life-long learning skills</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1393267313.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The objective of the paper is to define information competence, its levels and components, to find out the reasons of low level of information competence among first-year students. Scientific literature analysis, CLRIT (Commission on Learning Resources and Instructional Technology) materials, Information Literacy Competency Standards for Higher Education (ACRL, 2000) and other data are used to analyze the role of foreign languages and IT skills for the development of information competence of a student. Questionnaires and interviews with the students give the necessary data for the analysis of students' information competence. The main conclusions are that self-management and time management of students pay an important role in their use of the Internet and the library, showing preference for the Internet resources for the reason of their easier and quicker accessibility in comparison with the use of library resources. Foreign languages are often needed to gain the necessary information, especially for some specialties, for which information can be found only in English. Information competence is developed during the whole life, and teachers of any subject should pay serious attention to developing information search, selection, evaluation, analysis and presentation skills.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">126-132</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mona Holmqvist</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gunilla Lindgren</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STUDENTS LEARNING ENGLISH AS SECOND LANGUAGE: AN AP-PLIED LINGUISTICS LEARNING STUDY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning study</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher training programme</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">variation theory</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1399916048.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study involved students from a teacher training programme and classroom teachers during in-service training. These students and teachers were introduced to variation theory and carried out a learn-ing study on English as a Second Language (ESL) that incorporated five research lessons taught in paral-lel, rather than in a cycle. The participants in the study were five classes from grade level five to upper secondary school, five university students, and two researchers. The aim was to put learning study to test in describing in what ways students (from fifth graders to upper secondary school students) discerned the letter s at the end of a word, and secondly what kind of knowledge about this learning object they were able to develop during instruction. When an s appears as a terminal letter in English, it can be inter-preted in at least five different ways: contraction, plural, third person singular, genitive or possessive pronoun. It can also be the final letter of a monomorphemic word (bass) or suffix (-ness). Our study dem-onstrated how learning study was used to describe how students of different ages interpret the suffix s. A pattern emerged indicating the way knowledge of a phenomenon develops as a consequence of teaching. This pattern was analysed in terms of the structure of the students’ native language. The outcome showed how students tried to comprehend a second language by means of the structure of the first. A good exam-ple is the pronoun your (dependent possessive form) and yours (independent possessive form). As there is no variation in Swedish between dependent and independent possessives, students associate the two forms with the differences between d- and t- gender. This distinction is made in Swedish (din/ditt) but not in modern English. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">86-96</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Algirdas Čepulėnas</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lota Bobrova</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lauras Grajauskas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STUDENTS’ PSYCHOSOCIAL NEEDS: FULFILMENT AND METHODOLOGICAL BACKGROUND OF THEIR FORMATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">formation and fulfillment of needs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">psychosocial needs</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392316007.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The article deals with the main psychosocial needs of students. It presents the results of empirical research of psychosocial needs among female students in Lithuania (Šiauliai University) and the USA (California University). The psychosocial needs of students are more oriented towards tangible values compared to spiritual humanistic values of life. Students tend to underestimate logical thinking, self-cognizance; they pay too little attention to self-education. The majority of students think that they cannot meet their psychosocial needs of fortifying their health, employment, self-actualization and implementing their goals. In order to strengthen the impact of university studies on the formation of students’ psychosocial needs we should orient our educational technologies towards the formation of a free and responsible personality of a student and the development of students’ creative powers and logical thinking.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">156-170</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Renata Bilbokaitė</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STUDENTS’ SEARCH FOR VISUAL SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION: SITUATION ANALYSIS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">visualization</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1396706598.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The modern visualization is created to help in education processes and it is oriented to the evaluation of knowledge. It is very important for science education to have perfectly prepared aids that could show invisible phenomena and could foster deeper motivation. This research encloses that students like to use internet for their purposes. The most important purpose is to use search for visualizations because students have aspiration for deeper knowledge. Also, results enclose negative aspects in this field. Students do not search for visual information in the internet because they feel lack of need; there are bad conditions in the classroom. The last reason could be identified as highlighted prominence of pedagogues’ role. All this could improve that students who have low interest to search in the internet could be called as unmotivated. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16-22</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marek Wasielewski</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE SYSTEM OF EVALUATION OF STUDENTS’ ACHIEVEMENTS AS AN IMPORTANT COMPONENT OF UNIVERSITY EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">achievement level</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quality of educational process</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ranking system</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1393267485.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In the paper a methodical system of checking the level of achieving educational goals at the university is presented, and some its practical features are characterized. Construction of the evaluation system requires defining the main structural and functional components of educational system. The latter contains an assessment component, existing at two levels. First, the basic concepts, theories, and rules, mastering of fundamental knowledge, and generalized skills should be examined. Fullness of assimilation of the knowledge, understanding of problems, ability of explanation of phenomena and processes, assimilation of appropriate terminology can be treated as criteria of obtaining goals of education. Also, accomplishment of formulation of educational problems, searching of information, executing of experiments could be considered here. Higher level of the educational competency, contains different types of their self-reliant activity. It can be shown by the ability to solve complex or non-standard problems, in which intra-, and interdisciplinary links are realized, and which need the application of the acquired knowledge for achieving a new one. This level of methodological competency needs creativeness and ability of complex usage of the obtained knowledge in the different situations. 
The above mentioned principles have been applied in the methodical system of teaching inorganic chemistry. In the paper the ranking system proposed for complete evaluation of students’ achievements and its constituents are described in details. Every kind of student’s activity is valued in points. Additional points can be obtained e.g. for a presentation at a conference. Penalty points are subtracted for absence at the seminars or laboratories. 
The essence of the ranking system is the necessity of gathering points, which are converted into the traditional marks at the end of each semester. The points collected all over the year account for 40% of the total end mark. Points obtained for the final test account for the remaining 60%. Thus, it’s easier to pass the exam, however, student’s activity during seminars and laboratories is needed. Many years experience shows, that proposed ranking system helps to improve quality of educational process. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">151-158</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maureen  L. Ellis</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eric  Kisling</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TAKING STAFF DEVELOPMENT ONLINE: A THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE OF BEST PRACTICES FOR THE 21ST CENTURY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">design theory</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">staff development</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1399914471.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Professional staff development is a continual process of individual and group assessment where the goal is to inform and improve practice in a school environment. The overall goal is to allow educators and communities of learners the ability to make complex decisions, identify and solve problems; and connect theory into practice to improve student outcomes in the classroom. It is an absolute necessity to ensure teachers continually improve their skills to meet the high standards of learning set for every child. Professional staff development is not only necessary for the benefit of improving instruction but is a requirement by the majority of school corporations in the United States. Continual professional staff development enables educators the ability to offer students learning opportunities to meet outstanding standards in specified content areas and to successfully assume real-world roles and responsibilities for life beyond the classroom. 
In today’s current economic landscape, with budget cuts at unforeseen highs, professional development teams are exploring alternative delivery modes to ensure teachers continue to learn with effective and efficient methods. This article explores steps for developing teacher professional development for the online delivery systems for K-12 school corporations and best practices, which include second life options, to meet school corporation requirements. We explain the long-range vision and strategic plan necessary for moving beyond the traditional delivery methods and provide and in-depth guide, which leads readers through a step-by-step process of the online instructional delivery.
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original Article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">58-71</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Celeste  Ferreira</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agnaldo Arroio</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TEACHER’S EDUCATION AND THE USE OF VISUALIZATIONS IN CHEMISTRY INSTRUCTION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chemistry instructing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher’s formation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1396707155.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The accelerated development of information and communication technologies followed by several studies in the cognitive theory area, have promoted the construction of many visual tools (3D concrete models, statics or dynamics virtual 2D and 3D images, simulations, animations, interactive software’s, etc) that have been placed to the disposition of instructors. When they introduce systematically these tools in there classes, with the purpose of getting better learning results, we verify a changing in the teacher’s role. He is no longer the source nor the transmitter of knowledge, but the mediator between the source and the student. The class dynamic frequently changes without the perception of the teacher. The information was predominantly presented in the verbal and gestural modes, with some punctual introduction of graphics, tables and models, with the purpose of merely illustrating the teacher’s verbal presentations. With the frequent use of these tools, images became the main vehicle of information, and if the learning impact is bigger so is the risk of misconceptions if the image’s choice is inappropriate. 
What pre-service educational training do teachers have to deal with learning/instruction processes strongly supported in visualization tools? What conceptions they have about visualization, representations and images, etc? These are the two questions that we are trying to answer throughout the development of this work. The research is qualitative. We applied a questionnaire with 12 open questions answered by 24 pre-service chemistry teachers. We concluded that their training course discusses these topics in some subjects but in superficial way. We also found that their conceptions are not solid, and sometimes even become misconceptions.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">48-53</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ekaterina Gapanovich-Kajdalova</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TEACHERS' MOTIVATION FOR RECEIVING SECOND EDUCATION (PSYCHOLOGY)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">motivation of reception of the second speciality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">retraining of personnel</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">self-realisation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1393666924.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The requirement for experts, quickly and flexibly adapting to the changing conditions, constantly raising the qualification and level of professional skill assumes presence of steady motivation to mastering by new kinds of activity. Retraining on a speciality «Practical psychology» frequently is means of the decision of personal problems. As the motivation of reception of the second spe-ciality in many respects defines efficiency of educational process, its research gets a special ur-gency. A methodological basis of our research are Z.A.Barsukovoj, T.V.Vasilevoj, E.A.Guzjuk's works, etc. in which the motivation of listeners ИПК and the personal computer is considered as the factor of efficiency of retraining. In article results of research of motivation of the teachers, passing retraining on a speciality «Practical psychology» in ГГУ of F.Skoriny are presented. The comparative analysis of self-estimations of respondents with the various pedagogical ex-perience on a number of indicators is carried out: self-realisation in pedagogical activity; the general professional readiness; theoretical preparation on pedagogics and psychology; the mo-tivation to work as the psychologist; aspiration to self-improvement in a trade; the general satis-faction a trade of the teacher. Representations of teachers about professionally important quali-ties, features of work, the basic difficulties of the psychologist are studied; the factors influenc-ing a choice of a trade of the teacher-psychologist as the second speciality are analysed. Re-spondents in большей degrees are focused on social motives, motives of self-improvement and personal growth. Reception of the second speciality is considered not only as possibility to guar-antee to itself stability in labour relations, but also to raise level of the профмастерства, to deepen and expand knowledge on psychology, to be engaged in scientific researches in the field of psychology, самореализоваться as the person.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">161-169</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sirpa Kärkkäinen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tuula Keinonen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Risto Juvonen</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TEACHING ABOUT INTOXICATING SUBSTANCES IN PRIMARY SCHOOL: TEACHER STUDENTS´ THOUGHTS ON THE SUBJECT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">intoxicating substances</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392408652.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Exposure to harmful substances such as alcohol, tobacco and drugs, is a danger and risk for the well being and health of children. The better children understand these dangers, the easier it is to avoid the adverse effects. Several studies have dealt with harmful substances and the well-being of young people. However, the role of formal, as well as informal education has not been studied as extensively. 
This paper presents the first preliminary results from a larger project. This project focuses on what and how toxicology is taught in Finnish schools and how children and young people get information about harmful compounds. The aim of the project is to create a better way of teaching toxicology in school. This paper reveals teacher students’ thoughts on the teaching of intoxicating substances in primary school. Teacher students wrote before their studies of module “The Human being”. The result of the study shows that primary school teacher students thought that teaching which relates to intoxicating substances, should be neutral and based on facts. We believe that the preliminary results of this study will be useful in improving the teaching of intoxicating substances in teacher education.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78-85</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anastasia  Ferentinou</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Panagiotis  F. Papalexopoulos</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dionisios  Vavougios</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TEACHING MECHANICS TO STUDENTS WITH LEARNING DISABILI-TIES: A CASE STUDY IN GREECE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">conceptual maps</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning disabilities</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching objectives</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1395386885.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mechanics is a basic part of Physics and the main subject of the relevant course in the second grade of Greek high school. The educational implications of the studies in the field of teaching mechanics refer to the instruction of essential concepts such as force, pressure and energy. However there are few research studies of teaching mechanics to students with learning disabilities especially in Greece. In this paper we present a case study of teaching mechanics to students with learning disabilities in the second grade of a general Greek high school. The purpose of this study is to examine the implementation and the efficacy of teaching mechanics to students with learning disabilities of the second grade of a Greek high school by using the conceptual mapping. An experimental teaching procedure took place in a physics resource room for students with learning disabilities of the second grade of a general high school by using the conceptual mapping during a sequence of successive instructions for the concept of energy. A control teaching procedure without the use of conceptual maps was realized in the same resource room during the instructions for the concept pressure in order to compare the two teaching procedures. In both phases, experimental and control teaching procedure, tests were administered before and after each in-struction so as to investigate the prior to the instruction knowledge and the learning outcomes after it. The questions of the student with learning disabilities during the instructions were recorded and analysed in order to define his interest in mechanics by using conceptual mapping. The analysis of the collected data yielded several results. The use of conceptual mapping improved the student’s performance on achievement tests and contributed to the accomplishment of the teaching objectives. However the use of the maps was not successful in stimulating the student’s interest for the concept of energy. We also dis-cuss the implications of our findings to teaching practices and future research in the field of teaching physics to students with learning disabilities.
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78-89</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agnieszka Kaczor</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dariusz Matosiuk</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andrzej Persona</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TEACHING PROTEIN SCIENCE WITH APPLICATION OF COMPUTERS – CASE STUDY OF BCL-2 PROTEIN FAMILY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">protein science</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">proteins as drug targets</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392408585.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Proteins constitute the main group of molecular targets for most approved drugs. Moreover, more than 50% of drugs target proteins are derived from only four gene families: class I G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), nuclear receptors, ligand-gated ion channels and voltage-gated ion channels. The above facts make the prediction of protein structures and the design of ligands which modulate their activity an essential skill for a contemporary medicinal chemist. However, both medicinal chemistry and bioinformatics are often neglected in circulars for chemistry and pharmacy studies.
 This article presents a proposal of computer classes on protein structure and function (10 hours), designated for the students of the third or fourth year of biology, chemistry or pharmacy. The course gets the students familiar with protein databases (eg. SwissProt and Protein Data Bank) as well as typical software for visualization of protein structures (eg. SPDBV, PyMol, Yasara). The participants get to know the diversity of proteins (GPCRs, ion channels, enzymes), learn how to analyze different levels of protein structures, to make a sequence alignment, to create a simple homology model and to analyze ligand-protein interactions. Most practical exercises concern the family of BCL-2 proteins which are apoptosis regulators. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">69-77</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andrea Bencsik</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Erzsébet Noszkay</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ildiko Marosi</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TEAMWORK IN EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">knowledge management system</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teamwork</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1505027294.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knowledge is a determinative factor for companies at the competitive market. Demands change very quickly. Organizations may suit these demands if they can build knowledge management system at their companies. One of the most important elements of this process is teamwork. How can we achieve - from teachers to professors at schools and at universities – that children and students should work in teams with pleasure? 
This international research started in the year of 2001 in Mexico and from that time a lot of teachers, researchers, professors from different countries have joined it. 
The hypothesis was that there are samples in teachers’ behaviour that can be defined in advance and that come from their national cultures especially in the area of teamwork. 
We have continued this research by questionnaires and analyzed it with ANOVA and statistics.
 We verified our hypothesis, but this research does not postulate every difference between these countries deriving from cultures. The fact that there are various forms of differences refer to attitudes to work, which are fundamental differences (structural and cultural, too).
 The results of this research can be used in the development of education and teaching methods first in the university. These results also can be used together with another international research to develop the possibilities and methods of teamwork in education at universities and we can give instructions to management how to motivate their employees to the spontaneous and free decision knowledge sharing. We will write about this research and its results in this paper. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9-20</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Petra  Poulova</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ivana  Šimonova</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE TEN-YEAR HISTORY OF THE PROCESS OF E-LEARNING IMPLEMENTATION AT CZECH UNIVERSITIES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">distance learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e-learning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1399915159.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In the course of last ten years eLearning has become a standard in tertiary education. It is time we considered the whole process, which is not long but has been part of everyday life, and influenced the current way of education at all levels. The article deals with the history of the process at Czech universities. It presents documents which supported establishing eLearning as an inseparable part and form of instruction but even set its role in the process of accreditation of new study programmes; it introduces ways of evaluation of the whole process and single possibilities which eLearning tools offer for teaching various subjects; it provides survey on how eLearning is really used at Czech universities. As the University of Hradec Kralove, mainly the Faculty of Informatics and Management, was the leader in this process, methods used in the process of ICT implementation and ways of evaluation could have been later applied at other Czech and other universities. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original Article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">159-167</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nadezhda Guskova</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tatiana Salimova</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yulia Enaleeva</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE THEORY AND PRACTICAL ISSUES OF THE SELF-ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE APPLIED TO THE ACTIVITY OF THE INSTITUTION OF HIGHER EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quality management system</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">self-assessment</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1393267578.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nowadays, the problem of improving approaches to the quality management in education is a most challenging one. The article deals with the theory and practical issues of the organizational self-assessment as a means of quality management. For this purpose, scientific viewpoints on the content of this category, models, principles, methods of self-assessment have been analyzed. Peculiar features, possibilities and results of applying self-assessment to the educational process have been considered as an important means of permanent process aimed at improving organizational activity, the Eco-nomic faculty of N. P. Ogarev Mordovia State University being an example. The article describes the procedure of self-assessment at the economic faculty; it analyses the results achieved, the system of monitoring information about the satisfaction level of customers and other parties involved; it shows the mechanism of integrating self-assessment results into the process of planning. The research was done on the process and system approach; the following methods were applied: comparing analysis, self-assessment, questionnaires, web-diagram.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">159-167</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blanka Frydrychova  Klímova</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THINKING SKILLS IN THE TEACHING AND LEARNING OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">second language learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">thinking skills</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1399916096.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thinking is as natural as breathing, drinking and eating. People have an innate eagerness to discover things, to reason about the processes and activities they are involved in. But for adults learning a second language in an academic institution various dimensions of thinking play a significant role, including their beliefs, attitudes, their capacity to remember, and the use of strategies. The aim of the article is to list, categorize and define a few (lower order and higher order) thinking skills (according to Bloom’s Taxonomy of 1956 and Newcomb’s and Trefz’s model of 1987) which might contribute to the enhancement of communicative competence in learning and which students might need when studying at the university, particularly when learning the English language. Finally, an implementation of thinking skills and the development of the receptive and productive communication skills in teaching and learning are demonstrated on two university courses run in the English language.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">97-101</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Margarita  Gavrilina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oksana Filina</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TO THE QUESTION ON CREATION OF RUSSIAN AND LITERATURES TEXTBOOKS IN DIASPORA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational abilities</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">national minorities</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Russian language</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1399916467.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This article is devoted to the creation and practical use of the Russian language and literature textbooks for the pupils from schools of national minorities in Latvia. These textbooks are developed by authors of the article. 
In introduction authors prove necessity of working Latvian textbooks out, which could be addressed to the diaspora pupils. 
In the first part of article authors analyze real problems, which have both teachers - in the process of teaching mother language and literature and pupils, which study the native language and literature at the circumstances of diaspora. 
In the second part of the article authors describe the principles, taken as a textbooks forming basis, which can be useful in solving the problems mentioned: 
- principle of dialogue of languages and cultures, which helps to promote the understanding of language and cultural variety of the world in pupils; 
- communicative principle, which supposes the active pupil’s position during the study process; development of abilities to make an interpersonal dialogue to successfully participate in (including – dialogue with the culture text); considering perception of culture texts as active dialogue with their authors; 
- principle of integrative approach (by the meaning of integration the coordination of skills, knowledge and representation in pupils is understood; these abilities could be developed in pupils during the study of language and literature);
 - principle of the educational content’s integrity and variability. 
In the conclusion authors pay attention that the experience, which has been gained in the process of textbooks long-term approbation, allows to expand a culturological outlook of diaspora pupils, and also to purposefully and successfully improve dialogue, communicative, language and educational abilities in pupils.
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">167-176</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martina Manenova</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin Skutil</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TOPICAL ACCESSES TO TEACHING STUDENTS OF THE STUDY LINE TEACHING PROFESSION FOR THE 1ST LEVEL OF PRIMARY SCHOOLS: PARTIAL INFORMATION FROM RESEARCH</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">preparation of teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching methods</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching process</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1393666333.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modern, constructive conception of teaching process presumes adequate choice of teaching methods and learning corresponding to pupil’s possibility in the first place. Also the university teachers have to conform with this trend. The contribution shows on the base of research investigation, how the teaching methods and processes are exploited by the teachers, who take part in the preparation of the students of the line Teaching for the 1st level at elementary (primary) at the Institute of primary and pre-primary education, Faculty of Education, University Hradec Králové. An interesting question seems to be perception of efficiency of the separate teaching methods and subsequently their utilization in teaching process.
It could be stated that in teaching the students of teaching profession for the 1st level of primary school, the academic staff uses different teaching methods. Positive finding is that the lecture, even when it is placed among the most employed ones, does not have dominant position as it was in the past. On contrary, activating and complex teaching methods e.g. discussion and group teaching are coming forward. This phenomenon reveals in performance of the students during their pedagogical practice, which is confirmed by the feedback from the teachers at primary schools.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">66-73</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ľubomír Zelenický</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beáta Stehlíková</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anna Tirpáková</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">UNDERGRADUATE EDUCATION AS A FACTOR OF THE EU MEMBER STATES COMPETITIVENESS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">human capital</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">undergraduate education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1393267385.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Human capital as one determinant of a long term economic growth is often identified with school education. In this paper, the dependency of the total percentage of population in all types of education on the GDP, in all EU15 countries as well as EU25 is demonstrated. The paper also focuses on the spatial aspect of undergraduate education on the level of states as well as NUTS2 as a whole; and also on the university education in technical fields, mathematics, science and technologies that can eliminate overall economic lagging of Europe. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">133-143</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Margarita  Shishonok</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eugene  Makarenko</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">UNIVERSAL LECTURE MATERIAL: DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY OF CREATION AND AUTOMATIC MODIFICATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">digital prepress</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lecture material</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">slide-show</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1396707504.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The automated technology of the conversion of various materials that are used by a teacher in their activity, into the uniformly issued electronic and further printing (paper) forms is offered. The technology is based on standards and requirements to digital prepress of the book edition, allowing to obtain the first-rate quality of the polygraphic press. The basic text of lectures and static graphic components, and also the dynamic graphic components in aggregate named the lecture material, it is necessary to unite in a breadboard model (layout) of lectures. The imposition is carried out by means of program complex InDesign of Adobe Systems Inc. The text is typed by vector fonts of Adobe Type 1 format. All static graphic components, except for photos, are created in EPS vector format. These formats provide the greatest possible smoothness of lines of symbols and drawings at any degree of increase/reduction. Two basic forms of representation of the lecture material are distinguished: for the press on paper and for demonstration on the audience screen – slide-show. For the purpose of uniform design of lectures they are combined in a book for the subsequent press in printing house or on an office printer. The book layout serves the base and the most difficult in technical aspect as the form of representation of the lecture material. By means of scripts in JavaScript language of scenarios it can be completely automatically practically obtained each chapter-lecture in the form of slide-show from the book layout. The basic software for creation of formulas, drawings, diagrams and ways of elimination of program defects are described.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">89-94</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eleonora  L. Melnik</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">USE OF ICT IN NATURAL SCIENCES EDUCATION OF STUDENTS FOR THEIR ORIENTATION IN THE ENVIRONMENT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pedagogical orientation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">visual method</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1396707407.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This article is devoted to one of the aspects of the research focused on a general problem of interaction between a human being and the environment for person’s orientation in it. We see pedagogical orientation as a process: a) creation of conditions encouraging students to study environmental objects and understand the integrity of environment; and b) as a result – expansion of living space of students in the environment. 
Method of zoology practical training in city environment aiming at study of the animal world acts as learning instrument in environmental education. It is based on scientific observation of animal life in different biotopes of the city, their conditions, behavior throughout the year that was made by students with the help of visual aids – photo camera and computer. Educational material includes pictures of animals and traces of their activity, characteristics of biotopes, description of animal species, their biology, peculiarities of behavior depending on season. Results of the natural objects’ study were presented by students in the form of report – presentation in Microsoft PowerPoint programme. Use of observation method with the help of visual aids during the practical training increased students interest to studying the natural world of the city, fostered development of their individual collection of materials devoted to animal life in the city which can be used as materials for lessons on fauna of their home region; helped them to get more experienced in using photo camera as an instrument for observation of natural objects in motion and in use of computer. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">74-79</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tamara Artashkina</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">USING ACTIVITY APPROACH IN HIGHER EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">activity approach</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">professional goal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">target-setting issue</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1393666593.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The conducted research is devoted to the issue of target-setting in the system of higher education. The stated issue was initially solved as a development of models of specialists. In the late 1960s there formed two directions that researchers followed. The first one represented by E. Smirnova’s works focused on two separate objects: humans and their activity. The second direction is connected with the name of N.F. Talyzina who proposed a special language to describe the goals of learning – the language of professional tasks. However, “a model of specialist” in all its aspects used in the late 1960s – early 1980s contained regulatory characteristics, that is, standard (etalon) attributes, thus not being a model proper. 
The analysis of professional activity proper requires methodological framework suitable for this activity. Activity approach and psychological activity theory become such a universal framework but remain the matter of scholarly and philosophic discussions. Within this approach the author analyzes the structure of creative activity and singles out the structure of humanitarian activity and the structure of professional activity of PR specialist. Based on the analysis of the stated structures the conclusion is made that humanitarian training is not only capable of but bound to perform professional functions to educate non-humanitarian specialists. 
Activity approach is also employed by the author to analyze the concept of professional goal. Based on this concept two ways to train generalists are proposed. In the first case generalist mode is maintained by the system of professional goals of a certain personnel “module”. The second way is based on the usage of general methods to solve professional goals of different personnel modules. 
Finally, the conclusion is made that competence approach is not applicable to distinguish activity structures but it can be extensively applied to distinguish professional goals. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">138-152</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jiří  Hrbáček</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">USING MYIMLE SYSTEM FOR INTERACTIVE WHITEBOARDS IN EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">interactive animation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">interactive whiteboard</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1396707254.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MyIMLE is a multimedia interactive educational environment which makes possible a direct connection of Flash interactive study supports with real systems connected to users’ computers. This way of using Flash animations is not so widespread nowadays but it brings many advantages which had been offered only by expensive systems until now. There is a possibility of an interconnection of software applications and their control of a real electronic system connected to a computer of a user. A universality of using this solution, an easy way of creating applications and almost no requirements on HW offer a user almost unlimited possibilities of using these systems in creating study supports. The aim of this contribution is to show one of many ways of using these systems – using them together with interactive whiteboards. The principle of controlling a real system and the structure of an interactive animation is demonstrated on the example of an animation “A model of Tsunami – its beginning, behavior and its consequences” connected to a real model of an ocean and a coast. This animation can also work independently as a simulation without a real system connected. The application can run on web, it can be embedded into the working environment of an interactive whiteboard, or it can run as an independent desktop application.
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">54-58</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yordanka Dimova</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tatyana Angelova</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Emil Roussev</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">VERBAL ASSOCIATIONS OF BULGARIAN TEENAGERS FOR ‘NATURE’</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">associative experiment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">concept of ‘Nature’</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392408208.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper presents a part of a survey aimed at studying the content of the concept of ‘Nature’ in the linguistic mind of Bulgarian children and adolescents. 
The issue under study is: &quot;Are there significant differences in the group associative fields of the word nature in the minds of Bulgarian teenagers depending on the differentiating factor of gender?&quot; 
The method of study used is a chain associative experiment carried out following the S (stimulus) – Ri (reactions) pattern. Each participant is required to write down the first words that come to their mind when the word nature is pronounced. 1000 reactions are used to reconstruct the associative fields objectifying the conscious and unconscious layers of the cultural concept of ‘Nature’ in the linguistic mind of the participants (100 girls and 100 boys). 
The results of the paper can be commented upon along three aspects: 1) psychological – according to the type of reaction; 2) psycho-linguistic – a) according to the verbal reactions in the minds of the participants, b) according to the lexical and grammatical meaning of the words-reactions through which the associations have been expressed; 3) didactic – according to the degree of correspondence between the thesaurus that can be drawn (a system of knowledge about the world expressed through language) and the thesaurus of the concepts set in the syllabus of the natural sciences subjects. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37-44</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Renata Bilbokaitė</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">VISUALIZATION IN SCIENCE EDUCATION: THE RESULTS OF PILOT RESEARCH IN GRADE 10</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">secondary school</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">visualization in science</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1396706997.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The modern visualization is created to help in education processes and is oriented to the evaluation of knowledge. It is very important for science education to have perfectly prepared aids that could show invisible phenomena and could foster deeper motivation. The more images there are in education process the better pupils understand and realize information. This article encloses that visualization was popular in biology lessons and in physics, but teachers did not use computer based visualization and students did not use concept mapping in chemistry classes. Students had similar conditions to learn science in grade 10 and their opinion is generalised in the article. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23-29</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boris Aberšek</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">YOUNG PEDAGOGICAL CENTRE WITH EXTENSIVE EXPERIENCE AND KNOWLEDGE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pedagogical center</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1393668190.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The contributions gathered in this publication have been prepared within the framework of the Pedagogical Center (PC) of the Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics (FNM) at the University of Maribor, which might seem to be a young center since it has only been established in 2009, nevertheless, the extensive experience and knowledge of its faculty tell a story of a much more established institution. “Pedagogical” is a defining term indicting that the center's activities are focused primarily on pedagogical programmes at FNM and on educating teachers at all levels in the broadest sense of the word.
 Pedagogical center FNM is a pedagogical research unit, that supports all natural science, mathematical and technology programmes at both the Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, as well as the entire University of Maribor, especially the teaching programmes, since after the separation of the large Faculty of Education into three entities - FNM being one of them - its “colour” as well as educational and historical core have been lost. Teacher education at FNM lost previous value and has become much less emphasised than it was the case with its predecessor institution the Faculty of Education. Thus the main aim of the center is to give back to the faculty a part of its previous “colour” as well as to promote and develop educational sciences and their interdisciplinary integration that will certainly mean a step towards guaranteeing quality of work as well as quality of education for all students. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-6</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Irina Moiseenko</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Natalya Zamkovaya</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ABOUT INTERNET’S POTENTIALITY IN THE FOREING LANGUAGE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational process</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">language education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392222277.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">These days the mastery of the Internet or at last the proper know-how needed for this sort of work is regarded among the same basic skills of civilized person as an ability for reading or writing. The necessity of developing these skills among the people in the large scale has been realized in Estonia on the state level in the first years of newly regained independence. So it was back in the year of 1995 when there was developed the large-scale project named “Tiger’s jump” / when Estonia joined in the global project with the purpose to provide all municipal schools / all sort of schools and colleges with the means for using the Internet connections or so to speak “to open the way out into world-wide web or Internet”. According to US researchers most of the schools in US / EU countries are connected / have links with the quick-system Internet. In Estonia that quick-system Internet-connections are at the disposal for 90% of schools. Furthermore, that our joining the global project / that above-mentioned project was successful we have the corroborative fact of including Tallinn, the capital of Estonian Republic with the same league as London and Tokio, both the capitals of the most powerful countries and with the best equipment and connections to the Internet. 
However such technical equipment in the possession of the schools by itself is not a guarantee for any effective using of Internet-provided means and resources in the educational process. Researches into the most popular educational methods described by authors of teacher’s books, for example in the field of Russian language teaching shows, that aforementioned resources are far from fully used. 
These were the facts that triggered the creation of current research paper with the double kernel-points of considering theoretical aspects and offering practical methods for introduction of contemporary powerful and extensive technical means into the language-educational process. With that purpose in sight, using most direct and picturesque examples we are describing in our research paper several different ways of using Internet in the educational process, then the means for further improvement of teacher’s books and by last but not least we are considering the best ways for introducing these new methods into the real practice of language-teaching.
 The results of our research may be used for further developing and increasing the effects of an educational process in a whole and the system of foreign language studying in particular.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">102-109</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Irena Kokina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Svetlana Guseva</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Valerijs Dombrovskis</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ANALYSIS OF PROBLEMS OF EDUCATION: MASTER STUDY PROGRAM “COMMUNITY AND ESTABLISHMENT ADMINISTRATION” IN THE CONDITIONS OF COMMUNITY’S DEMOCRATISATION IN LATVIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">master study program</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392284364.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This research is focused on philosophical basis of the master study program &quot;Community and Establishment Administration&quot; in the context of community's democratization in Latvia. Integration into European Union is a main priority for the nearest future as it is defined in the documents of Ministry Cabinet of Latvian Republic. The majority of administration staff in European Union countries has a status of official and their activity is regulated in accordance with the law of civil cervices. It is necessary for the civil service of the state level to have a systematic analysis of its activity and problems connected with that activity, assessment and further development of its further perspectives of development and timely realization of the corresponding study program and professional training of the staff members.
 The offered professional master studies in the program «Community and Establishment Administration» widen students' knowledge and professional competence in many aspects of establishment administration issues. The research envisaged by and done within the framework of the program carries the problem of changing the life quality of people, and this pertains to Latvia's integration with the European Union as well.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">55-67</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Renata Bilbokaitė</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ANALYSIS OF VISUAL THINKING MEANING IN SCIENCE EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">visual perception</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">visual thinking</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392222464.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Western culture coding mostly all information in verbal codes influenced all Europe human thinking and its skills that is why verbal thinking was broadly analyzed in science. However, the meaning of visual thinking is visibly developing because of spreading technologies and visual culture. It is very important to turn scientists’ attention to the meaning of this phenomenon in education process because encoding of the views is getting daily pupils’ need during the learning process. The pupils have to learn from the visual images in science education. Decoding of them conditions the structuring of the mental models in conscious. The quality of knowledge depends on the last mentioned objects. The built model explains the meaning of visual thinking processes in science education. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7-13</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Volodymyr  Boublik</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mariya  Gornostay</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AN APPROACH TO DEVELOPING PERSONALIZATION ENVIRONMENT FOR E-LEARNING SYSTEMS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">personalization</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">recommender systems</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392222150.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Personalized support for users becomes very important and integral part of many information systems. It allows proposing to a user courses or news which the user may be interested in. Personalization makes information systems more user-friendly, increases their popularity, users more often come back to such systems and generally users' satisfaction increases. This paper provides comprehensive overview of recommender systems applicable for e-Learning, their architecture. It shows role of personalization for e-Learning and opportunities which can be covered by this technique. The work describes types of recommender systems and the ways they can be used in e-Learning; data-mining algorithms and methods are provided. Ways of their optimization for e-Learning environment which allow decreasing recommendation time and increasing recommendation quality are shown. А hybrid personalization system for e-Learning environment has been proposed.




</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">87-92</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yuliya  Vashchilko</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ASSESSING FOREIGN PEDAGOGICAL EXPERIENCE: IDENTIFYING SPECIFIC FACTORS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">assessment of quality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">foreign pedagogical experience</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392222736.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The article explores the concept of foreign pedagogical experience, viewing it as such experience that originated and developed in different from domestic socio-cultural environs, is conditioned by them and reflects the socio-cultural experience of the country of its origin: its traditions, stereotypes of activity and thinking, mentality, etc., and characterizes the established educational practice. It is viewed as a means of enhancing and up-dating the quality of professional training of would-be teachers of foreign languages. 
Lack of research in field of assessing foreign pedagogic experience together with a number of examples of negative pedagogical borrowing bring about the need of exploring the problem. 
The identification of the specific nature of the phenomenon of foreign pedagogical experience makes it possible to introduce a number of extra factors to be taken into consideration when assessing samples of foreign pedagogical experience. They are educational and cultural values, cultural identity, traditions and educational conceptions (paradigms). The detailed appraisal of these factors confirms the belief that this identification could complement the existent approaches towards assessing progressive pedagogical experience through the consideration of socio-cultural aspects of education. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">57-64</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Noor Ismail</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Halimah Awang</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ASSESSING THE EFFECTS OF STUDENTS’ CHARACTERISTICS AND ATTITUDES ON MATHEMATICS PERFORMANCE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">attitudes towards mathematics learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematics achievement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematics knowledge</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392298052.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper analyzes mathematics performance of grade eight students using Malaysian data drawn from Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study 2003. In particular it examines the effects of students’ characteristics and attitudes towards mathematics learning on their achievement. Background information including gender of students, parents’ education level and whether students speak the language of test at home are assessed in terms of their influence on mathematics score. The number of books in home, availability of study desks and computers in home are categorized as educational resources while students’ attitude takes into account students’ educational aspirations, their perception of being safe in school, time spent on mathematics homework, self-confidence in learning mathematics and the value students place on mathematics. Chi-squared tests and odds ratios are used to examine the associations and strength of the relationships of these factors with mathematics achievement. The results show that except for gender, language spoken at home and time spent on mathematics homework, all of the other variables have significant positive influence in classifying students to low, medium and high achievers. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34-41</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tiia Õun</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ASSESSING THE QUALITY OF PRE-SCHOOL ESTABLISHMENTS IN ESTONIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pre-school establishment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quality</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392222643.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The article describes theoretically the quality evaluation system of pre-school establishments in Estonia. According to the constitution of the Republic of Estonia (1992) the education is under the state surveillance. When in earlier years the state surveillance was performed in all the pre-school establishments at least once in six years, then since 2006 an internal assessment obligation was established in the pre-school establishments and the counselling on internal assessment issues shall be ensured on the state level. That means that the personnel of the pre-school establishments can plan and analyse their operation in all the areas, co-operate with interest groups and collect feedback from them about the performance of their work. The basis of the assessment is internal assessment criteria, the compiling of which has followed the principles of Total Quality Management. The internal assessment of pre-school establishments is supported by external assessment system, the aim of which is to support and counsel the development activity of the pre-school establishments. The article gives overview about opportunities and problems of quality measurement in pre-school establishments in Estonia. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39-45</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shorena Sadzaglishvili</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mzia Tsereteli</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thea Berdzenishvili</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ASSESSMENT OF LEARNING-TO-LEARN PROCESSES IN STUDENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational achievement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning-to-learn</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lifelong learning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392235429.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Concept of learning -to - learn is a key competence for lifelong learning which is one of the most critical demands of the new educational reforms in Georgia. The core of learning to learn is formed through good educational practices. Learning-to-learn is defined as the competence and the willingness to adapt to novel tasks, which activates person’s affective and cognitive processes and leads to learning action (Hautamaki, et al., 2002). 
National Curriculum and Assessment Center of Georgia, Assessment Unit developed the special measurement instrument for learning to learn (L-t-L) assessment in students. The purpose of the study was to analyze whether students grouped by their self-assessed level of success differ according to their L-t-L components assessed by our L-t-L measurement instrument and in general, to reveal the most influential factors of L-t-L for Georgian context. 
Our Sample comprised of 1007 students of 38 schools located in the different regions of Georgia. Analyzing results by factor analysis, anova, and non-parametric measures showed that students having better performance on L-t-L components have higher self-assessed academic performance. 
These results show the highest importance of Learning-to-learn assessment. Its inclusion as a distinct indicator in educational evaluation system would provide a means to analyze the relative role of the different factors affecting student’s achievement, and help direct schools towards practices and contents that would truly foster lifelong learning. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">126-132</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ya’arit Bokek-Cohen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitza Davidowitz</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BEAUTY AND TEACHING EVALUATION: A COMPARISON BETWEEN FEMALE AND MALE COLLEGE PROFESSORS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">beauty premium</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">physical attractiveness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">role image</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching evaluation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392234673.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Two studies were conducted in order to examine the impact of beauty on teaching ratings. The purpose of the first study was to compare this impact between women and men. The physical attractiveness of fifty-five instructors was rated by their students and correlated with their teaching ratings that had been collected in the previous semester. More attractive male instructors received higher ratings, but only from female students. The more attractive female instructors did not receive better ratings from male or female students. We conclude that male instructors benefit from a 'beauty premium', while female instructors do not. The purpose of the second study was to confirm this conclusion by examining the 'beauty premium' in an occupation characterized by the fit between role image and gender image. The physical attractiveness of 31 female administrative employees was rated and then correlated with their service evaluation. The more attractive clerks received higher ratings, but only from male raters. We conclude that the gender-based differential in the evaluation bias was caused by a lack of fit between role images and gender images. When the role image corresponds to the gender image, as in the case of male instructors and female administrative employees, the 'beauty effect’ benefits beautiful employees. Our findings have implications for the improvement of teaching evaluation tools and taking physical appearance bias into consideration.


</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15-30</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adediran Taiwo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BENCHMARKING EDUCATIONAL QUALITY IN AFRICAN UNIVERSITIES: THE CASE OF THE DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE EDUCATION, UNIVERSITY OF BOTSWANA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">academic quality assurance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">moderation of students’ academic work</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392284775.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A common mode of benchmarking educational quality in the world of academia is through the system of peer review. This system of benchmarking educational quality in many an African university adopts the use of external examiners to moderate academic programmes and student academic performances. But this system of external moderation was abolished about six academic years ago at the University of Botswana necessitating the establishment of an academic quality assurance regime for benchmarking educational quality in the University. The Centre for Academic Development (of the University) which was charged with the responsibility of developing pertinent guidelines for monitoring the new system mounted a series of workshops in aid of academic departments a year or so before the commencement of the new dispensation. A lot of efforts were devoted by the university academic departments to craft policies and procedures for academic quality assurance. For example, the Department of Mathematics and Science Education mapped out quality assurance matrices in five key areas of (i) academic programmes, (ii) teaching and learning episodes, (iii) teaching-learning resources, (iv) academic staff matters and (v) student matters. In the area of staff matters, for example, staff recruitment, staff development, staff retention and staff appraisal were covered. This write-up examines the procedures put in place in the Department to enhance and guaranttee quality assurance of its academic programmes.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">146-152</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blanka Klímová</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BLENDED LEARNING AND TEACHING FOREIGN LANGUAGES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">blended learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e-learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">language learning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392223836.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teachers are all the time looking for different ways of increasing the quality of their teaching. At present the use of computers and new technologies has become an important aspect of foreign language learning. They have enabled the language teaching community to redefine some of the strategies and concepts of teaching and learning. In this climate computer-based distance learning courses have emerged. One of the supports of the distance learning is e-learning, which is widely used at the University of Hradec Králové. Sometimes e-learning is also exploited in the so-called blended learning. The talk will concentrate on the perception of the term blended learning, its possible model and contribution. In conclusion one of the representative blended courses will be introduced. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">69-74</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Airi  Kukk</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leida Talts</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Helle Sikka</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CHILDREN`S SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN PRESCHOOL AND AT THE END OF THIRD GRADE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social skills</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sustainability</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392233708.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The present paper deals with social skills of Estonian preschool and primary school children. The aim is to analyze how teachers evaluate students` social development and what substantial differences occur in the level of social skills at preschool and at the end of third grade. In order to develop children’s perception of themselves as citizens, it is important to emphasize those goals of the curriculum, which promote the main qualities of citizenship: identify, belonging and participation.
 Assessment of social skills based on the questionnaire „Transition from Preschool to School”. The study was carried out in four stages- the same children were evaluated by their teachers at the end of pre-school and at the end of first-, second and third grade. At each stage of the study teachers were asked to evaluate children`s individual achievements in nine target areas relying on curriculum aims: learning skills; social skills; language; mathematics; ethics; health; physical development; art and culture. The nine areas were rated on a scale from one to five. The results showed a very high reliability for the teacher rating (Alpha=.95).
 The mean assessments of teachers demonstrate that social skills as well as appreciating different attitudes and altruism and accepting diversity have received weaker assessments from the teachers than other objectives.
 


</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">124-135</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oleg Popov</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONSIDERING LIBERAL AND HUMANISTIC VALUES IN SCIENCE EDUCATION CURRICULUM</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">complementarity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">curriculum emphases</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">methodological principles</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392221931.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper examines current changes in the value-base of science education curricula. One of the theoretical instruments used to describe values in science education is the notion of “curriculum emphases” developed by Roberts (1982). The evolution of values in school subjects goes hand in hand with general value-shifts in society that Bauman (2000) describes as ‘liquid modernity’ and ‘liquid life’. Kress (2000) argues that whereas the previous era required an education for stability, the coming era requires an education for fluidity and instability. Similar arguments for the “appreciation of irreducible uncertainty and multiple perspectives” in science education are also proposed by Gray and Bryce (2006). The present paper suggests a conceptual framework for considering curricular values in science education and describes currently shifting priorities in curricular values towards more ‘light’ and ‘soft’ science education. It is also argued that the democratic science education curriculum should provide space for students to pursue liberal education values as well as humanistic values. This also poses new challenges for science teacher education. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40-47</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Danuse Nezvalova</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONSTRUCTIVISM IN SCIENCE TEACHER EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science teacher training</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher training institution</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392298418.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The constructivist perspective is becoming a dominant paradigm in the field of the science education. This approach in the initial science teacher training is not still too common at many European teacher training institutions. In this article the constructivist approach in science teacher training is described. Science teacher training in five science teacher training institutions in five European countries (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Cyprus, Lithuania and Turkey) is compared in this article. These countries cooperate on the project which in the main goal is to implement constructivist approach in science teacher training.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81-89</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Irina Dobrodeeva</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Svetlana Kochina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aleksey Osen</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CREATION OF HIGH SCHOOL QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM THROUGH MAKING AND SUPPORTING THE PERSONAL INITIATIVE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">conditions of initiative realizing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">process approach</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ways of initiative perfection</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392284955.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In this article the authors reflect on the problem of introduction the system of quality management into High School. They have analyzed the process of making quality management system in the pedagogical university where they work. The authors think that quality management should realize in accordance with the process approach. The basis of the quality management of a company contains four groups of indices: satisfaction of the staff, resultness and effectness of the inner activity processes, satisfaction of consumers, financial results. The position of the authors includes the idea that only satisfied staff can provide good ultimate results through optimized processes, which are directed to the satisfaction of consumers. Such satisfaction leads to appearing a new personal characteristic – initiativity. At the same time the initiativity is the criterion of the employee’s satisfaction and his join into the process of the management of a company.
 The authors refer to their University results of the staff satisfaction monitoring and formulate the basic conditions for initiative of the staff and its further support. Among them the following ones are declared: to standardize the plan of introduction rationalization proposals and ideas; to make the stimulating system of labour payment and personal financial benefit; to realize personal safety of an employee from reveal of initiative; to divide the functions, to delegate authorities and create the team work. More than that, the employee’s personal contribution into the common product of a company must be improved (when each member of the staff realizes public benefit of his work, when his own personal rating in the company is increased, when he realizes the importance of himself and perceives his working space as the personal one and feels necessity in new activity to improve the common product). At last, knowledge and authorities help to realize initiatives, the direction trust its staff professionalism; each member of the staff realizes the aims which are considered to be the most important for the whole company.
 Based on these conditions the authors see the following ways of forming and supporting the initiativity of the staff.
 1. Definition of the personal working space field. For more effective results an employee must get definite independence, autonomity and responsibility in the limits of his competence. The conditions for initiativity demand one’s own host space for every staff member.
 2. Professional growth of an employee. This means not only study at different qualifying courses but constant perfection of the managing culture of every man, forming the system of corporative values. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">173-178</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elena Ermolaeva</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DECREASE IN THE LEVEL OF SYSTEMATIC THINKING OF PUPILS: REVEALING OF THE TENDENCY AND THE ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCING FACTORS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school reform</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">systemic thinking</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392222947.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In the article the changes in the development of systematic (regular, logical, analytical) thinking of pupils are analyzed. At the beginning of the article it is explained, why the term “systematic thinking” has been chosen.
 The purpose of this article is to draw attention of educators to the crisis in the development of systematic thinking, and to prove the necessity of proposing new techniques and methods of developing corresponding abilities.
 In our research the qualitative method of experts’ estimation has been used. The author comes to conclusion that in the last 15 – 20 years the level of systematic thinking of pupils has decreased. The conclusion is based on interviews with teachers and teacher trainers most experienced in teaching. Several examples are given to demonstrate the decrease.
 In the process of school reform the problem has not received sufficient attention so far. Moreover, some features of school reform interfere with the development of ability of systematic thinking. Systematic thinking is negatively influenced also by some characteristic trends of modern culture. It is most important for the teachers and teacher trainers to pay due attention to the problem.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">89-95</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Natalia Deryabina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alla Deryabina</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DEVELOPMENT OF CLASSIFICATION FOR CLOSED TEST TASKS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">system analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">test tasks</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392234190.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The expediency of inclusion in one test of various types of test tasks (TT’s) that adequate to the content of the studied materials and to the purposes of testing in the best way is often marked. However, developers of tests in practice are often forced to be limited and to include in one test several tasks of only one or of two types (- with a choice of one or several answers). This restriction is usually caused both by opportunities of specialized software, and by absence of classification TT’s according to their structures.
 The purpose of the present work was development of classification for closed forms of test tasks according to their structures. For the purpose the principle of the system analysis to the consideration ТT and for investigation of ТT’s elements, of TT’s elements properties, and of links between TT’s elements was applied. Having chosen properties of TT‘s elements and some special kinds of links between TT’s elements as criteria, a classification of TT’s by structural types was developed and 6 structural types for closed forms of TT’s were discovered. 
The presented work has allowed to determine and to describe invariant structure of the test task, and to make a classification of test tasks by structural types.
 We consider that the given classification of these TT’s structures can form a basis for an estimation of complexity level of TT’s made on the basis of the studied materials and will allow in the further to develop test tasks of several complexity levels for pupils of different categories. Developed classification can also serve as a reference point for creation of software intended for the control and estimation of pupils’ knowledge.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">203-210</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oksana Filina</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DIDACTIC MATERIALS FOR STUDENTS AS MEANING OF EDUCATIONAL QUALITY IMPROVEMENT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">competence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">didactic materials</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">interactive methods</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392236443.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The article is dedicated to one of the actual questions in didactics – the making and realization of didactic materials for students. The purpose of given article is showing to the readers the experience of creation of didactic materials on pedagogic for the students of not pedagogical specialties of the Baltic International Academy, which were developed by the author. 
In the introductory part the author goes on telling about the global tendencies of modern education. Namely, O. Filina stresses attention on formation of basic educational competences of the students. In accordance with the author’s mention, the main components of the educational competences formation are the interactive methods of training.
 In the first part of the article the author characterizes the formation of student’s pedagogical competence.
 In the second part the author stresses attention on the characterizes of the didactic materials which allow to organize the research study of students.
 In the third part the interactive methods of training in pedagogic, directed on formation of the student’s pedagogical competence are analysed. As the illustration, the author gives detailed description of the own experiment.
 In conclusion the author points out that the offered didactic materials positively influence to the quality of educational process: develop knowledge and skill of students in pedagogic, intensify the motivation and creative activity of students, form positive attitude to the new for them sphere of socio-cultural activity.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">162-168</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vladimír Bureš</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Daniela Ponce</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pavel Čech</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DIGITALIZATION OF EUROPE: A NEW CHALLENGE FOR EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gagné’s approach</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lifecycle of t-learning course</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">t-learning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392223740.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Digital television broadcasting has become a reality in most countries in the European Union (EU) as well as in other developed countries outside the EU. Interactive digital television (iDTV), as a relatively easy way to use technology, brings many challenges and opportunities into the field of education, i.e. formation and utilization of learning via TV, called t-learning. T-learning has many characteristics (i.e. technological or pedagogical aspects) that differentiate this type of education from other well elaborated approaches (e-learning, face-to-face learning, classroom learning, etc.). These characteristics include learners’ motivation, lean back interactivity, and combination of education and entertainment known as edutainment. The main attention is paid to interactive applications (iAV applications) that have to contain relevant study content and to be based on appropriate principles. Therefore, comparative analysis, analogy, generalization and other methods were used while studying different problems related to t-learning. The paper presents results and outcomes of the international scientific project Enhanced Learning Unlimited that were achieved in areas such as human-television interaction, learner-centered education or iAV applications development.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">43-54</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jasminka Korolija</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Snezana Rajic</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ljuba  M. Mandic</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EDUCATION ABOUT DIET THROUGH CHEMISTRY LEARNING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chemistry education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">foodstuffs-teaching aid</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary school</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392298307.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In the last century chemistry played an important role in improving the quality of living. However, uncontrolled application of many chemistry achievements has resulted in a range of problems (environment pollution, foods production…) requiring solution in the current century. Solving the problems, apart from chemists, should involve every individual who will take care of what he is taking or giving back to the living environment, who will take care of his health that well-balanced diet is one of the prerequisites for. Starting from the aforementioned, it was assumed that introduction of foodstuffs as teaching content and/or teaching aids in the teaching of chemistry, at different levels of education would provide for observation/problem solving of well-balanced diet and developing of chemistry literacy, vice versa. Therefore, the present paper examines possibilities of presenting various foodstuffs and additives at the beginning of teaching themes (transition to scientific concepts is best realized through spontaneous concepts), at the end of teaching themes (systematizing numerous scientific concepts) and within knowledge testing. Investigations were carried out with primary school students (103) by applying diverse teaching methods and forms of work. Such approach to learning (from spontaneous concepts through chemistry concepts to well-balanced diets, or from foodstuffs over spontaneous concepts to scientific ones) brought about the climate, where a student gets the impression that he only expands the knowledge he already possesses, the possibility of developing chemistry (scientific) literacy and accomplishment of education about importance of well-balanced diet. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">65-73</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EDUCATION FORTUNES AND FAILURES: BETWEEN TENDENCIES AND CONTINGENCIES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education system</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">general education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392232594.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dear Readers,
 It seems to be a paradox that frequently initiated political decisions in the field of education influence the expected alterations as well as a number of negative factors. Recently, the quality of education has been devoted meticulous attention. There is no doubt it is a pressing matter at all levels of the education system. Every stage is specific and encodes the fortunes and failures of the following stage. The one, who obviously failed to succeed at the very beginning, can experience arising problems in the future. First of all, in this particular case I refer to lack of certain education and therefore, probably no one can be blamed as the education system is often found guilty about the situation. The education of the post soviet countries encountered a variety of fortunes and failures. On the one hand, the reforms of the education system were an inevitable and necessary process. A worse point is that in certain cases, they became sustained, ongoing and not preserving the established order, and thus caused discontent at a varying degree. For example, applying the so called modern ICT in the education system was not always a clever idea as only later it was perceived that the technologies themselves brought no success. Skills at purposefully using them, abilities to effectively apply the required equipment in practice etc. are necessary. 
The rejection of the identical programmes of general education in a number of post soviet countries including Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia can be accepted as success. Up to 1990, all Baltic States used the same course books as in the former Soviet Union. After gaining the independence, an underlying update of teaching content at all levels of the education system started. First original (not translated from the Russian language) course books appeared. In a few years time, first course books written by the European authors were published. However, didactically, these were not particularly suitable for Lithuanian students. For example, for more than ten years, the Latvian students of comprehensive school have been provided the possibility of choosing a learning curriculum. Although at previous times, they had a chance of selecting teaching subjects, still the latter principle did not satisfy expectations. A number of disagreements on bringing profiled teaching in practice occurred in the year 2000 (Lamanauskas, 2000b). The prospects and reality of the former education reforms taking place in Lithuania were openly discussed (2000a). It was expected that the then chosen model would ensure the individual possibilities of free choice. However, it can be stated that to a larger extent the implementation of the model in Lithuania did not succeed. After making the major transformations the initial model was withdrawn. It is clear that not all students are equally good at all subjects taught at school. Although the idea of profiling was brilliant, however, the chosen strategy for implementing things in practice had not been properly checked considering the prevailing conditions in Lithuania. Another important aspect is that this seems to be one of the ways to deny the core of comprehensive schooling. Though rather selective education systems exist in a number of European countries (for example, in Germany), too early specialization contradicts the conception of general education as the one graduating secondary school, must receive thorough education. Certainly, an opponent should state that presently, almost there is no country that should not provide a child with the possibility of choosing at least a part of educational content. Even supposing it is true, who can ensure it is a careful, well-balanced etc. choice. Since 2007, controversially evaluated profiled education in the Lithuanian establishments of comprehensive education has been changed to a less elaborated system that allows the learners to individually decide on 40% of the subjects they want to be taught. Following a new requirement, a basic school graduate first of all, must choose not the profile but at least nine subjects from the basic school curriculum and almost the same number of the optional subjects. 
Another failure is that up to now, no equally qualitative education has been guaranteed for students neither in Lithuania, nor in Latvia. Despite the fact, that conditionally the above mentioned countries are quite small, the level of social isolation varies to a large degree in the city site and the rural area. In the majority of cases, financial support for education institutions depends on municipalities as these promote the latter establishments and are responsible for providing the required resources which definitely worsens the quality of education in general. Secondary schools were transformed into the institutions of basic education whereas the former basic schools were either closed or reorganized into the establishments of primary education in the larger part of rural areas in Lithuania. Such situation cannot be explained referring to demographic arguments, for example a decreasing number of learners, which on the contrary, facilitates higher quality education, as having the same financial resources, the number of students remains reduced and therefore more attention can be devoted to teacher training etc. Modern technologies and a smaller amount of students in the classroom create conditions for every learner to work out an individual plan of education that helps with introducing a personal style and pace of studying. In this case, the larger part of countries supports the idea of individualized teaching. 
Strong competition, general instructions on enrolling in the Lithuanian institutions of higher education and students experiencing pressure of their parents ignoring natural children’s abilities to learn have a negative impact on education. To organize the process of total enrolment, all universities in Lithuania have formed an association. A number of young people break studying due to the wrong choice of a subject. For the last few years, the regulations have specified that up to 20 positions pointing out the chosen curricula of studies can be included in the application form. It is an opened lottery. The results of random enrolment are dramatic. Statistics shows that students’ options frequently do not correspond neither to their interests nor individual possibilities. The annual average of people eliminated from higher and vocational schools makes more than 20 000. For example, in the school year 2003/2004, 378 in 10 000 citizens of Lithuania were studying in universities. Under statistics provided by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Lithuania, more than 70% the same year secondary school graduates are still studying in the institutions of higher education (44% - in universities and 238% - in colleges) http://www.smm.lt/. Thus, on the one hand, the number of students constantly increases, on the other hand – the required financial support cannot be guaranteed, and therefore the quality of studies remains reduced. The Rector of Vilnius University suggests that if a number of students having no motivation enter the university and study no matter what they get, logically they fail to qualitatively study (Juodka, 2007). Another evident failure of education policy is that the number of managers having a doubtful qualification is increasing while that of qualified workers is decreasing in all three Baltic States. 
The problem of teachers’ social status can be accepted as a serious failure in some post soviet countries. Though education in Latvia and Lithuania is considered to be a priority field, nevertheless teachers’ remunerations remain really poor. Such situation does not attract qualified teachers to work at school. They must work longer hours and sometimes increase work load twice which prevents them from raising qualification, training courses and professional advancement. For the last few years, the trade unions of the above discussed countries have been fighting for their rights so that they would be honestly paid for the work they did. Periodically performed protest actions and strikes do not help with achieving main political decisions. 
A positive point is that all three Baltic States are closely collaborating in the fields of policy and education. The latest statistics and research have disclosed that the achievements of Estonian students surpassed those of Lithuanian and Latvian learners. The Latvian students of upper secondary school (forms from 10 to 12) were provided with new equipment necessary for laboratory experiments in sciences which is a very complimentary decision. During the last 15 years, an interest in natural sciences has remarkably decreased, is negatively evaluated by the majority of people and certainly will have a damaging impact in the future. A relevant task that should be undertaken by the Lithuanian Government is to arrange school network and properly supply schools with necessary equipment. However, a matter of concern is frequently and motivelessly closed schools having a small number of learners. The decrease of schoolchildren is not the major argument about the closure of school. In the majority of cases, the schools located in the rural area are the only focal points of education and culture. Therefore, the space of education in the Baltic States can be more or less treated in a similar way. It is likely that a close collaboration in the fields of education and policy will be central issues in the future. The Ministers of Education and Science of the Baltic States regularly discuss achievements in education in each of the countries.
 The problems of education fortunes and failures have been briefly discussed. Even such a subtle point of view should encourage researchers to more critically analyze the phenomena of fortune and failure in education. Quite a few failures were obviously programmed in the past and retrospectively can be accepted as a tendency. A number of things are being programmed nowadays as this is the way to programme the future of our society. Is it a tendency, contingency or both? Sinergetically, contingency can be accepted as creative constructive antecedent. With reference to education, it has a positive shade because of the power pushing forward the tendencies stimulating the growth of education planning and efficiency. 
The present and future education policy is definitely related to globalization and rapid changes taking place in society which is a real information revolution connected with the use of information communication technologies. It is clear that the countries that intended to change the education system and thus society itself had approved purposes. Some goals were achieved whereas a part of those were not attained. There is no excuse for a strong wish to intercept experience of the Western countries as the latter situation prevented from solving local problems. Therefore, a pertinent question whether we have our own science and education policy and a future project or only blindly follow things occurring in the West and enthusiastically take them over arises. An objective to change things and be changed is welcomed. It can be emphatically affirmed that education is able to change society. However, are the politicians competent enough to change education itself and create the required conditions for changes in education? The increase of reforms at different level is determined by gaining certain freedoms. Nevertheless, the main problem remains the same – how to combine the previously launched various projects on the reforms of education into the wholeness in order to achieve better implementation of the projects through coordinating them and how to succeed in getting the best results. Losses and failures have never been ageless as they can be treated as general systemic regularities. It is the time to take control over, predict and learn from the failures of education. In the end, a controversial question asked by A. Bloom Will future learning be in tablet form? can be repeated. 
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-8</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Renata Holubova</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Veronika Kainzova</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jan Řiha</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ivo Vyšin</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EDUCATION OF TEACHERS IN ICT APPLICATIONS FOR TEACHING PHYSICS AT PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOLS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multimedia resources</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching and learning physics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">using multimedia</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392298005.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The aim of the paper is to discuss the results of the research in the field of using multimedia , ICT, in teaching and learning Physics in the Czech Republic. The first part of the project was realized in 2005, where the analysis of available multimedia resources and their use at schools was done. Evaluation criteria for multimedia materials were summarized. According to the findings in the second part of the project courses for physics teachers in using ICT were created. Basic tools for computer measurements (data processing, procedure management), basic tools for modelling and simulations (including internet tools); work in a virtual laboratory, especially in applets/physlets, work in a distant laboratory, ability to use it effectively, and knowledge of appropriate freeware, shareware and software were presented. There were for example courses: Interactive Physics in teaching physics, Mathematica and Mathematica CalcCenter in teaching physics, Digital phototechniques in laboratories and technical subjects, The word processor, LaTeX for teachers of sciences. The project was evaluated, results of the reliability and validity of the courses will be discussed. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24-33</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maryanne Fisher</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anthony Cox</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EDUCATIONAL CHALLENGES ARISING FROM STUDENT PERCEPTION OF ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">instant messaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">post-secondary education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">text-based communication</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392221797.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contemporary students and instructors have differing views about communication technologies that can impact their learning relationship. We have found that although e-mail is students’ primary method for contacting instructors, some students view it as too slow for their academic needs. At the same time, many students do not want to use more immediate, and consequently, more personal communications technologies such as instant messaging. Meanwhile, instructors are relying more than ever on electronic communication, such as e-mail, ‘blogs,’ instant messaging, and newsgroups to create virtual online environments that replace or supplement traditional classrooms. Thus, instructors must find appropriate technologies that satisfy both educational and student requirements. Unfortunately, instructional needs, such as the ability to create transcripts of communication, can conflict with those of students, such as a desire for anonymity. As a consequence, technologies designed to enhance communication can inadvertently be disruptive and create barriers to effective education. We conducted a survey on student’s use of e-mail, instant messaging, and other text-based communication technologies to accurately ascertain contemporary attitudes towards these tools and determine their impact on the educational environment. Our results identify currently existing problems, such as differing attitudes about ‘spam,’ for which further study is needed.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7-25</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EDUCATIONAL POLICY IN TERMS OF THE CONCEPT OF MODERN LIBERAL EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education system</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational policy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">liberal education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392284010.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">At the outset of the 21st century, education evidently faces a number of challenges and transformations (frequently baseless) at all stages including national and international level. Such situation is primarily determined by political, economical and cultural changes in society life. New complex problems are encountered at the crossroads of global and local tendencies. On July 4th 2003, under the resolution No IX-1700 put forward by the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania, National Education Strategy 2003 – 2012 was approved. The document states that „education should be developing having in the forefront all new challengies and possibilities for a society... (Regulations of National Education Strategy, 2008). What kind of assistance should be given to the members of society? This is the key issue that needs to be clearly defined as we are living in a consumer-centred world based on consumerism and pragmatic morality. In general, modern Western Civilization is a capitalistic and global society mainly focused on consumerism. What is more, the attitude that this is the only universal and approved system is formed. Too many economy factors make impact on the pattern of life and thus on Lithuanian education. Economic logic determines education policy in Lithuania as well as in a number of countries. Education seems to be a sort of service that can be clearly noticed in the sector of higher education. Almost no ordinary life at university has been left – life is more focused on providing services, attracting customers, making money etc. It seems to be that the idea of university has been carefully hidden underground and waiting for more promising future. The students have become customers offering money for universities. Therefore, even a more pragmatic outcome is elaborated as the establishments of higher education are expecting everyone having enough money to pay for studies. Individual ability to study is undeserving and stays out of the way. Universities may vary from providing poor quality services to those very positively valuated by the customers. However, I suppose that slight marking exists which once removed pushes a university towards the nowhere (only a name and signboard of an institution remain visible). More and more university degrees are obtained in Europe and North America as well as in the rich countries of Saudi Arabia, China and Japan. It comes with career opportunities and tells about our imaginary success. Nevertheless, it is only an external aspect including mobility, changes, variety etc. However, such paradigm of global education and production/consumerism contains prior evaluation. The market value of those unable to satisfy the established criteria significantly decreases and thus leads to uncertainty whether they can be appraised in general. In this case, winners and losers are formed in the system ‘prosumer – consumer’. The only question is about the quantity of those and whether the assumed winners are as they have to be. Certainly, it comes true. Still, even the most socialized capitalism (Scandinavian) fails to escape from the ideology of consumerism. 
The young generation encounters the tendencies of society’s growth (or regression?), follows daily life and appropriately develops individual world outlook. It is true that comprehensive school cannot aimlessly foster the values that should be cherished as a part of a schooling mission. The principles and values cherished or encouraged by school environment most frequently appear at a standstill in Lithuania. The world is different outside school walls. The youth experiences severe difficulties in such discrepancy and avoids trusting in school. They clearly distinguish between things declared at school and underlying reality. Axiomatic truth declares that the mission of education is fully accomplished when its evolution goes beyond a general development of society. However, to achieve the purpose, the Government must pay real rather than declarative attention to the education system. Supporting the ideas of modern education, knowledgeable society, the development of information technologies etc. is not enough to fulfil the task. Any state finds insufficient upraising education as a national priority because valuable and regular assistance is required. Nonetheless, the youth in Lithuania is observing other type of ‘concern’. The teachers of comprehensive and the lecturers of higher schools are forced to go on strikes to show they are worth getting more attention than they are presently given. 
Recently, Lithuania and other countries of Central and Eastern Europe very frequently run into a number of problems addressed to the system of higher education. The decrease of the quality of studies, corruption, insufficient financial support, the inadequacy in reality and university mission etc. are the issues in progress. Everyone knows that in order to survive and compete in a knowledgeable society, all countries, especially small ones, must learn how to create, accumulate and manage intellectual property. Knowledge is the only resource to be accumulated when using it. It is extremely important for small countries having insufficient natural resources. Yet in 1999, the rectors of 14 higher education institutions in Lithuania declared that on the 20th of December of the running year, a preventive action Higher Schools against Destructing Education would be performed and that no academic work would be done that day. It seemed to be a matter of great concern. If higher schools are made to go on a strike, obviously, serious problems may occur. Although almost a decade has gone, still the situation remains the same. The sector of higher education in Lithuania is waiting for going out again. A few weeks ago, mainly the same requirements for the Government were presented i.e. the salary of the teaching staff and operating-household personnel should grow 20 percent in 2009. Particular attention is devoted to improve the present situation and achieve that the Government should adequately support the students and allocate necessary finances for studying. Currently, considering different types of methodology, the Government totally spends only 48 percent of the sum of money required for studies. Another concern is the salary of staff as due to low compensation for work, universities may encounter difficulties in recruiting appropriately-qualified staff at all levels. In higher education sector some negative tendencies recently are observed. Many experts of higher education underline that the Western universities get attributes of the original enterprises (clients, services etc.). In the centre of attention the finance, servines, and „the goods“, instead of formation / preparation of well-educated young people. The main mission of any university is positive influence on society development. Despite that the tendency of the estrangement of universities from the traditional value orientations is strengthened. Similar tendencies can be noticed in Lithuania. The universities that have been accepted as the temples of knowledge have become the tools of the powerful market. A.Samalavičius (2003) notices that one-sided orientation is very dangerous when a university becomes an institution of trade and highly specific vocational activity. Hence, following such logic, universities turn into the market and university education becomes a simple item. A customer always feels right in such higher education market. It seems to be clear that customers have different needs and possibilities to be accepted. Consequently, the curricula of university studies will be designed following the concerns of the companies that may appear as the potential employers of students. Bearing in mind that the post- soviet youth is not selective enough, it is likely that one will try to get the required diploma rather than necessary education. After all, in one way or another, the above introduced process is in progress. Besides, the problem is more than pressing. An evident satisfaction of students and businessmen’ needs translate the university not into the force forming society but into a usual market agent playing an invaluable beforehand defined role. Fundamental knowledge is not treated as a marketable product in such political-economical conjuncture. A narrow point of view creates an impression of disengagement. Universities take a flexible position on the market needs. Nevertheless, it seems to be an illusion. Even the satisfaction of the speedily varying market needs shows understanding that in order to effectively design the curricula of studies, a broad theoretical background, for example prognostic, is necessary. Universities carefully observe market fluctuations, and thus become doomed to failure. 
An interesting point is that depending on the number of students per thousand citizens Lithuania falls into the category of the EU member states having the largest number of students, however, considering the average allocation received by a single student of a higher school, we are lagging far behind other European countries. Thus, the system though has limited resources, ‘produces’ a number of graduates. The number of received graduation certificates cannot be an index showing the level of education. Bright students and those having high motivation and ready for further studying choose the universities in Western countries. The process of the so called ‘brain drain’ is taking place. Different onetime actions are arranged to provide improvements on the situation (for example, Design and Implementation of Brain Drain Programme). Therefore, can we accept the present situation as an outcome of democratic education? Taking into account that democratic education is mediocrity-oriented mass education, the situation should not be a matter of great concern as this is a sort of education for the majority. So, the question is if ‘liberal education’ vs. ‘democratic education’ should be the only real way of overcoming the problem? ‘Liberal education’ is evidently not ‘democratic education’. Simple life-based logic confirms that if having one thing, you loose another. Are the contracting parties facing the problems of higher education ready to choose another option? Are universities determined enough to form national policy and at least minimally participate in the process of arranging it or on the contrary, they will start receding from policy and stay ‘shut in’ becoming the blind executers of the beforehand adopted ideology? Several countries of Central and Eastern Europe have already dealt with the above introduced situation? An interesting example is that in 2004, the Chinese Government organized a conference and invited 30 leaders of the most prestigious universities worldwide including the representatives of Harvard and Oxford. The final outcome of all discussions was that China preferred fundamental education as the foremost one at national level. 
Shortly after restoring State Independence, a conception of education at national level was formulated. It is a paradox, however, that in the above mentioned conception, we can hardly find such concepts as liberalism and conservativism. A major objective was to design a concept aimed at national traditions and the needs and interests of a modern society. The core of the conception is an effort to combine the conservative and liberal tendencies of education. Such steps as the renewal of gymnasia, the revival of teaching religion, awakening confession schools, look back at national culture and history etc. are the vital elements of the conservative tradition. On the other hand, a private sector of education, the right to choose educational institutions, competition among educational establishments, the growth of market relations etc. are the apparent elements of liberal policy. Within the period of almost 18 years of regained independency, the Lithuanian Government has changed from the extreme left to the extreme right wing. It can be treated as an objective stage of development in the post-soviet countries. A valid point is that the political forces of both sides have mainly failed to make corrections to the already formulated and implemented concept of education. A number of political decisions in the field of education have been reached in light of the business concerns of narrow political groups rather than taking into account clear value-based political attitudes. This type of behaviour is characteristic of the whole region of Central and Eastern Europe and is frequently narrowly accepted by western countries. I suppose that too liberal (which means cosmopolitan) attitude to education has a destructive character when fostering national traditions and values inherent to small countries. On the other hand, the liberal education system of Great Britain could serve as a good example. This is a tradition of British education. However, it does prevent neither from corruption nor from the fictive organization of studies or receiving diplomas and in general, from plenty of problems encountered by the system of education. As far as you know, education policy was decentralized in the Soviet Union. Some countries have strict regulations issued but a few of those follow very liberal traditions. Both positions, after Aristotle, can be considered as extremities. Education in a modern world has turned into a huge market which means that relations here are not always based on values and common decency. The problems facing the illegal producers of the certificates of higher education, the counterfeiters of scientific degrees, illegal studies and establishments of ‘higher education’ have become burning issues in a number of countries. The powerful market demands not only for knowledge and real qualification but also for ‘paper-based’ pseudo-education. Thus, the conception of real education and background is being obviously devolved.
 Liberal commercialized education in Lithuania is not the exact way to be followed. The approach of cosmopolitism, disorganization and denationalization cannot be acceptable to Lithuanian people as it may cause national decline. In this case, I do not support a position that liberal education acts either as absolute evil or absolute good as much depends on the context and various circumstances. Proper (elite) education apparently brings neither honour nor conscience etc. for a person. Excellent education can be available for dishonest and corrupt people. Therefore, such education can be used for deceiving society on a broader scale. In this instance, the importance of national-value-based substructure in the whole framework of human education can be clearly noticed. Unfortunately, following only the liberal concept of education cannot act as the basis for forming such substructure. Only the citizen of Lithuania having emotional spiritual culture-focused relation with national and human historical experience uncloses new sources of property power for freedom and creatively develops informative and financial (economical) relations with all people (Srėbalius, 2002). Finally, manipulating the concept of ‘citizenship’ is very modern nowadays. However, the situation when citizen, citizenship, civil society, civil nation or civil education based schooling do not reflect even the smallest part of Lithuanian nation can only get to homo sovieticus times and nowhere else (Nainys, 2008). It is expected that Lithuania as well as the other countries of Central and Eastern Europe will find the most appropriate way to develop education and nation prosperity. It is worth making a question whether eudaimonía by Aristotle is somehow reflected in the current education policy? I dare to say it is not. Will we come back to the Aristotle’s Golden Mean formulated in the ‘Ethics’ the essence of which the balance between excess and shortage? The question is still open and every idea about this issue will be accepted to be appreciated. 
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-8</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alfredo Goñi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eider Goñi</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EDUCATIONAL SUPPORT FOR ENHANCING PHYSICAL SELF-PERCEPTION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational support</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">physical self-concept</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392233383.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Educational intervention is often very slow to take advantage of theoretical progress made in the field of psychology. Over the last twenty years, numerous studies have been carried out on the structure of physical self-concept and its relationship with many different behaviors (eating disorders, healthy habits, etc.) which have prompted a great deal of social interest, as well as a demand for criteria, guidelines and resources, not only in formal educational contexts but also in other non-formal and informal ones. This paper aims to establish a series of psychoeducational principles based on a review of new knowledge on physical self-perception: a) its multidimensional nature; b) its relationship with physical activity; c) its association with healthy habits; d) its susceptibility to socio-cultural influences; e) differences in the perceived physical self in accordance with age and gender. Based on these psychoeducational principles, the paper also reviews the most common educational programs aimed at improving self-concept and offers a number of suggestions and guidelines for intervention.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78-85</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EFFECTIVE ICT IMPLEMENTATION AS A PRECONDITION FOR DEVELOPING GENERAL AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">general education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">modern ICT</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quality of education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392223337.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In the 21st century, the questions discussing background quality became crucial issues having a reflection in the international documents (the Barcelona Declaration, 2002, Lisbon Strategy Implementation Programme, EUROSCENE 2003 etc.) which draw up the guidelines for future education and decisive actions. The documents focus on the relevance of developing teaching methodology and technologies. Shortage of close attention prevents from the process of creating a competent public knowledgeable society (Strategy for Education for Sustainable Development, 2005) that is constructive and highly capable of building democracy in continuously changeable present and future life. Daily growing signs and impact of globalization show that individual steps require greater coordination in the international context. Formally, all the above mentioned subjects are highly relevant to us and closely relate to the dimensions of the Education for Democratic Citizenship in Europe (Education for Democratic Citizenship, 2001-2004). 
Modern ICT definitely play a crucial role in developing the teaching/learning processes at all stages and improving the quality of education. Actively involved information/knowledge-based society offers new opportunities to effectively satisfy students’ needs for teaching/learning. In addition to this, no new teaching/learning environments can be created without ICT. Technological progress and rapid development inevitably touches education sector. The breakthrough in education can be clearly noticed in the majority of European countries. 
Educational advantages of ICT raise no doubts. The use of ICT substantially helps with introducing educational material in a more modern and vivid way. Applying ICT in the teaching/learning process does not object to the basic didactical principles such as visualization, systemization, links between theory and practice, knowledge consolidation, encouragement of student participation in different activities, individualization and differentiation of teaching etc. Recently, Lithuanian teachers have been deeply involved in the Microsoft PowerPoint program which is very useful for preparing lessons as well as for other educational activities. The teachers suppose that such lessons are much more purposeful, interesting and increases motivation for learning. It can be clearly stated that when using the above introduced program, the teachers of different subjects have already made suggestions on different topics which open wide possibilities of integrating various themes, presenting information contained in a few chapters, increasing visualization of teaching etc. The teachers notice that shortage of time is one of the major drawbacks. In order to put forward qualitative suggestions, enough time and appropriate computer literacy skills are required. Gained experience and prepared teaching/learning material are the subjects worth being emphasized. Legal requirements of copyright certainly must be satisfied. A series of recent expert surveys in Lithuania disclosed that some teachers including Lithuanian Association of Physics Teachers (LFMA, 2008) and Lithuanian Association of Geography Teachers (LGMA, 2008) found useful a possibility of using special databases where necessary didactic material should be accumulated (Lamanauskas, Vilkonis, 2006). However, at the moment, Lithuanian Associations of Chemistry and Biology Teachers are not very actively involved whereas Lithuanian Association of Informatics Teachers (LInMA, 2008) is working very effectively. The website of the latter association is particularly useful as it presents different information that embraces conference texts, methodical information, discussion notes, reviews etc. 
Apart from the above mentioned program that focuses on making presentations, Lithuanian teachers widely and effectively use such general purpose software as Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel etc. It is worth noticing that Microsoft Excel has a number of qualities, and therefore everyone learning to use a computer can find this software helpful. Microsoft Paint is rather frequently applied in educational practice due to its quality to produce computer graphics. Another virtue of ICT which is saving teacher’s time must be emphasized. Using a computer is convenient as it helps with presenting and organizing different sorts of data whereas the Internet greatly assists in finding necessary information. Collaboration between teachers and students’ parents is an important process of schooling. E-mail helps teachers with contacting learners’ parents as well as the learners themselves. Lately, e-calendars are being widely implemented in Lithuanian schools which offer learners’ parents possibilities of becoming acquainted with schoolchildren’s achievements. The process of applying the Intranet in such educational institutions as comprehensive and vocational schools is slowly progressing. However, even in this case, a rapid development is taking place. The implementation of the Intranet occurs with increasing rapidity. The Intranet presents report forms, annual and long-term educational curricula and other required documents and references which facilitate manipulating information.
 Another apparent quality of applying ICT is inter-cultural collaboration. Lithuanian comprehensive and vocational schools are active in joining international projects and programmes. In case of rejecting ICT, such collaboration should be barely accepted. The employment of ICT can help with organizing audiovisual conferences and expanding other methods of collaboration. For example, a number of Lithuanian comprehensive schools have been participating into the international project ENO-Environment Online (ENO-Environment Online, 2008). 
School life is extensively attacked by virtual teaching and learning environments allowing easily and flexibly organize the processes of teaching and learning. The virtual teaching/learning environment Moodle (http://moodle.org/) is one of the most popular systems. Suchlike environment offers a lot of different teaching and learning activities. Moreover, teachers can introduce teaching/learning material using a simple text, references to different websites on the Internet or hypertexts created on individual basis. Other virtual learning environments including Web CT, ATUTOR, First Class etc. are also being used. It should be mentioned that the establishments of higher education were the institutions that first started implementing and using the above introduced environments. Nevertheless, at the moment, comprehensive and vocational schools are trying` not to lag behind their colleagues from universities. In recent years, in order to adapt vocational training for the needs of labour market and to encourage collaboration between employers and institutions of vocational education, the system of Lithuanian vocational education has been improved. The use of the European Union funds designated for vocational training helps with a rapid implementation of ICT. 
However, ICT implementation covers more than creation and development of virtual learning environments. Practising only a virtual environment is not the most efficient way. For example, taking into account teaching natural sciences, it is worth reminding that sciences are based on experimentation. Therefore, the process of science education requires a practical-experimental approach in real teaching/learning environment. In this case, a burning question how to combine modern ICT and the above mentioned approach arises. One of the methods is implementing teaching/learning technologies of augmented reality. At the moment, five countries of the European Union are participating in the international project ARiSE based on the innovations in the field of ICT. (http://www.arise-project.org). A group of Lithuanian scientists from Science Education Research Centre of the University of Siauliai are involved in the project. The ARiSE project will develop the AR platform and associated pedagogical scenarios of use, enabling teachers to promote new teaching practices for teaching scientific and cultural content in primary and secondary schools. The ARiSE project is carried on in a consortium of seven partners: Fraunhofer IAIS (Germany) – coordinator, Siauliai University (Lithuania), AccrossLimited (Malta) /until 30/06/2007, replaced by University of Brighton (UK), ICI Bucureşti (Romania), Czech Technical University in Prague (Czech Republic), Siauliai City Juventa School (Lithuania) and Rabanus-Maurus Gymnasium Mainz (Germany). The first consumers’ impression about the AR teaching/learning platform is positive. The product is evaluated as highly useful. The AR learning platform creates conditions for a better understanding, and therefore is acceptable for younger learners encountering difficulties with perceiving abstract, invisible processes. The AR learning platform increases students’ motivation for learning. The possibility of learning by doing, touching a real object with hands, monitoring and changing the place of the object has been positively evaluated. The learners’ ability not only to monitor but also to control certain processes has been perfectly evaluated (Lamanauskas, Pribeanu, Vilkonis, Balog, Iordache, Klangauskas, 2007). 
One of the most important requirements for applying ICT and innovative techniques of teaching is a qualified teacher able to professionally use technologies in practice. A modern teacher must know how to employ ICT and adapt them in order to achieve specific goals of teaching. If previous teachers were more focused on technical aspects of applying ICT, recently, educational aspects of employing ICT have gained more weight. Likewise in the majority of countries in Central and Eastern Europe, shortage of young teachers can be noticed in Lithuania. An effective use of modern ICT is difficult for aged teachers. Although they can increase their qualifications in teacher training institutions at different level, still, similar activities do not compensate substantial gaps in the field they are dealing with. An interesting point is that in the majority of cases, students’ computer literacy remains higher than that of their teachers. Nevertheless, teachers’ computer literacy becomes an essential professional work condition. The use of ICT in education offers many new possibilities but the necessary ones are only the latest knowledge and skills of teachers (Bilek, Zemanova, Turcani, 2007). It is likely that these fields of discussion will be paid closer attention. 
Apart from effective implementation of ICT, it should be carefully considered possible negative outcomes of applying these technologies. For example, the premises equipped with a larger number of work stations must agree with certain hygiene standards established individually by every country. However, the standards themselves do not vary. A relevant fact is that in case of a larger number of computers in the classroom, a person might work in a strong electromagnetic field which negatively affects organism. A learner must sit in a comfortable work station that fulfils all possible hygiene requirements. The latter conditions are frequently ignored in schools due to various reasons. Electromagnetic radiation emitted by computers first of all, affect eyes, central nervous, reproduction and heart and vascular systems. It is extremely dangerous for younger learners. If a child spends too much time at a computer, one can start suffering from reduced eyesight sharpness. Though the rays sent out from computer do not cause any particular diseases, however, the human organism is definitely affected. Besides the above introduced valeologic and ergonomic problems, other disorders such as psychological dependence might occur. One of the Lithuanian websites discloses information that the findings of psychological research carried out by the scientists from the U.K. show concern that children under ten years old have nothing to do at computer! Even educational games might have a negative impact on younger children as in that case, maturity is decelerated, interest in child-focused games and communication with peers are decreased, attention is disturbed and imagination is poorly developed (Child Addiction to Computer / Vaikų priklausomybė nuo kompiuterio, 2007).
 A short review reveals that in one or another case, ICT may cause negative outcomes. First of all, it might be users’ health problems. The researchers underline that widespread using ICT has caused necessity to rise up questions about protection of students` health and other categories being taught, for example ergonomical problems (Jarinovskis, 1997, Gedrovics, Lamanauskas, 2006). Thus, the question of the negative impact of ICT is gaining more weight. It seems no answers are required. On the other hand, we are still suffering from shortage of information on different aspects having negative impact. When the answer is clear, we start feeling lack of required abilities and knowledge of how to reduce the negative impact of ICT or how to eliminate or at least to minimize it. Another important issue is what the real impact of modernization on society in terms of ICT implementation is. We are expecting that the coming years will bring us together to solve the above discussed problems and find positive decisions. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-8</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Noor Ismail</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EFFECTS OF TEACHERS AND SCHOOLS ON MATHEMATICS ACHIEVEMENT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">academic performance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematics achievement</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392233590.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of factors related to schools and teachers on mathematics achievement of Malaysian students in the Trend International Mathematics and Science Study conducted in 2003. A total of 150 schools were involved in the study and these schools were selected at random using simple random sampling from all secondary schools in Malaysia. This study employed a uni-variate analysis such as t-test or ANOVA to investigate the differences in mathematics achievement among groups. It was found that students taught by female teachers, participating in developing mathematics contents and mathematics curriculum, having few or no limitation on instruction, spent less time in reviewing homework and more on working problem on their own, students coming from economically less disadvantaged homes, good perception on the school climate and good class attendance had significantly higher mathematics achievement.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">103-112</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Olga Logashenko</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tatyana Shaposhnikova</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lyudmila Lomakina</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE EFFICIENCY OF THE PSYCHOLOGY-PEDAGOGICAL ACCOMPANIMENT OF THE SCIENTIFIC-PRACTICAL ACTIVITY OF STUDENTS-PSYCHOLOGISTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">creative activity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">psychology-pedagogical accompaniment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">research potential</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">scientific-practical activity</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392235691.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The presented work is the logical continuation of the research carrying the title “The Motivation and Methodological Aspects of Psycho-Pedagogical Accompaniment of the Scientific-Practical Activity of Students-Psychologists” published in the scientific collection “Problems of Education in the 21st Century”, Volume 2, 2007, “Variety of Education in Central and Eastern Europe”.
 In addition to the two earlier presented stages of the psycho-pedagogical research (the diagnostic and forming) the results of the third stage devoted to the efficiency identification of the presented system of the scientific and practical activity of students have been analyzed.
 In our opinion the efficiency of the continuous system that is an integral component part for the training of qualified specialists and that was defined through the notion “scientific and practical activity” is expressed in:
 1) the development of the specialist’s ability successfully project and discover earlier unknown ways to solve coming problems;
 2) the ability to work out in the teaching process some evaluating mechanisms for the cognitive activity that include the modeling and comprehension of problem situations, the forming of aims, the planning and the evaluation of activities, the making of hypothesis and analogies;
 3) the support in discovering of the research potential of a future specialist;
 4) the development of the personal position in the educational and research activity;
 5) the stimulation of the “breaking” the limits of the curriculum, deliberate self-determination
 6) the orientation of the educational process of a student to the individual research activity otherwise it is impossible to create the educational environment where a new type specialist – teacher-researcher ready for the innovative activity, the participation in the reforming test – research work by using individual creative approach as one of the productive interactive forms of teachers and students.
 The efficiency is proved by:
 • the increase in the quantity of students aimed at the pedagogical activity and having the formed general educational and pedagogical abilities;
 • the meaning growth of the educational and familiarization practice in students’ minds;
 • the increase of the creative activity;
 • the readiness for using the results of the educational and familiarization practice on the subsequent stages of the professional training.
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">180-191</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Galina Saprykina</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ELECTRONIC TUTORIALS FOR SCHOOL DISCIPLINES TEACHING AND LEARNING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">activization of thinking</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">passive and active attention</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quality of training</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392224346.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Equalization of opportunities for getting qualitative knowledge by schoolchildren in various regions of our planet and individualization of the educational process become the most important problems of the education system in 21-st century. Our time is characterized by intensive computeriza-tion and development of electronic communication systems. Keeping this in mind, the author considers the development of technologies of creation of electronic educational tutorials (EET) as one of the decision of these problems.
 In this paper the features of the some cognitive processes, such as memory and attention, are considered in the context of their rational activization while working with EET. Recommendations on inclusion in technology of creation of EET of the following ways of activization of cognitive processes are formulated: the novelty; unusual, inherently “surprising” situations; gradation of task complexity; interactivity; current control of task performance; answers to questions. The important role is played by game elements, original external envelopes and use of comfortable visual media during displaying information.
 EET differs from traditional printed textbooks by multiple-leveling, integrative abilities, visu-alization of presentation, mobility and availability, and variety of forms and contents. Basic principles of the development of EET on natural science subjects, which define the structure, the content and ways of presentation of the teaching material, are preconditioned by the requirements of didactics and are reflected in vertical presentation of the teaching material, mathematical modeling, demonstration of relations between studied phenomena and laws and habitual for pupils images of the surrounding reality, the nature, and understandability of the presentation of the scientific facts.
 Examples of the EET created with a contribution of the author in physics (&quot;School physical experiment on PC&quot;), in mathematics (&quot;Algebra. Functions and graphs&quot;), in literature (&quot;Classics of the world literature at school lessons. 19-th century&quot;) are described. Prospects of introduction of EET in school educational process are discussed.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">145-153</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inna Adamson</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ENTERTAINING BROADCASTS AND UPDATING OF A LEXICON AT STUDYING RUSSIAN AS FOREIGN</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">idiomatic expression</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Russian as a foreign</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392222083.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The matter concerns one of aspects of practice of teaching Russian as a foreign. In the centre of attention there are features of work with audio materials, which are presented in the form of the speech in some entertaining broadcasts of the Estonian radio on Russian. In particular, the perception was analyzed by students of the speech sounding in programs of youth channel &quot;Energia&quot;. In total it has been heard six hours of a broadcasting time, which are two airs of the specified channel.
 The basic attention in the article is given understanding and then to learning by students of new words and idiomatic expressions, with the purpose of updating of a vocabulary and improvement of speech skills. 
Broadcasts which it was offered to hear, had following features, characteristic for the majority of broadcasts of entertaining property: selection of the entertaining facts as a rule from sphere of show business, jokes, interactive interrogations (in particular, by phone), music etc. 
Speech sounding on the air often has features spontaneous; clauses, halts, repetitions, an unusual word order, greater speed of pronouncing of the statement, etc. therefore are possible. 
Besides speech of leading entertaining broadcasts often happens is sated by elements of slang, words of the colloquial sphere, specific idiomatic and display of realities unfamiliar to the listening student. In such situation the student studying language as foreign, gets in inconvenient position. 
Work on listening and the analysis of the matter of broadcasts is effective only at close cooperation with the teacher. Its function consists in the following. Together with the student it listens to the same first got fragment of broadcast (it can be a record of broadcasts). 
Then it in dialogue with the student tries to find out or explain sense and contextual features of the sounded not clear word or an idiom. That is gives the necessary comment. It is necessary to note, that the fragment of broadcast should not be greater. Its length - about three minutes, can be and more or less depending on competence of the student. In the text of article fragments of broadcasts which caused the greatest difficulties at understanding of sense told are resulted. Comparisons of interpretation of word meanings and idioms in the dictionary and in the concrete statement are resulted also.
 As a result of such work students have an opportunity considerably to expand representations about real functioning words and idioms of modern Russian. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79-86</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eleonora  L. Melnik</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ENVIRONMENT AS A SCIENTIFIC AND PEDAGOGICAL PHENOMENON</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">environment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">relations</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392222227.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">It is observed different interpretations to understanding and use of definition &quot;environment&quot; by various sciences at studying mutual relations of the person with The environment. The environment is more often considered as system of external subjects, the phenomena and the processes influencing the person. In pedagogics the environment is understood as circumstance in relation to a studied subject and used concerning social-cultural a component. The understanding of an environment as the multicomponent system consisting of several subsystems and cooperating among themselves, meets seldom. The person is considered only as the factor of influence on environment, instead of as, a component making a modern inhabitancy of alive essences, as the accomplice of processes of transformation and development of an environment. In spite of the fact that, the person as the biological kind was allocated from an environment, however he during all life, still, there is in the &quot;shipped&quot; condition in the environment &quot; a field - a place &quot;, being in interaction with all making this environment. During interaction the image of environment in consciousness of the person is created. This image also determines his relation} to her, style of behaviour in the present and the near future. As a whole set of natural and social components of environment forms that name « the vital environment » or « the direct vital environment ». 




</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">93-101</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tiia Rüütmann</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jüri Vanaveski</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ESTONIAN TECHNICAL TEACHER EDUCATION IN THE PROCESS OF TRANSFORMATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">curriculum design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">engineering pedagogy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">technical teacher education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392235361.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">During the past 3 years curriculum development has been of essential importance in Estonian Centre for Engineering Pedagogy at Tallinn University of Technology. A three-staged methodology for curriculum design has been used. The proposed innovative methodology for the course design starts with decisions on overall goals, learning objectives and intended learning outcomes. The curriculum was designed according to the following model: Establish Qualification Profile, Establish Admission Quality, Define Course Content, Establish the Curriculum at Macro Level, Establish the Curriculum at Micro Level, Integrate the Curriculum within the University System. The new curriculum for technical teacher education on Master level was completed in 2006. Curriculum for technical teachers has been designed taking account of the most popular and perspective branches of industry in Estonia. Eight possible specializations have been proposed. As the required entrance qualification of the candidate is Master degree in engineering and professional experience for at least one year, it is assumed that the candidate has acquired knowledge in engineering speciality on high level. The curriculum is based on IGIP (International Society for Engineering Education) Recommendations for Studies in Engineering Pedagogy Science. The curriculum has been accepted and registered by Estonian Ministry of Education and Research. The curriculum is the only and the very first one in Estonia providing education in Engineering Pedagogy for technical teachers on Master level in the amount of 60 ECTS credits. The first students were admitted to the designed study programme in 2007. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">117-125</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alicja Keplinger</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Iwona Koczanowicz-Dehnel</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EVALUATION IN EUROPEAN ACADEMIC EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">analyze questionnaires</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">evaluation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">specificity and identity of the evaluating criteria</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392233651.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In recent years the teaching evaluation process has become one of the pillars of academic education. It is a form of students participation that creates better teaching quality. The students’ active participation in affecting the quality of teaching is a basis for forming the academic educational identity. This article is an attempt to bring closer and compare the scheme of teaching evaluation in three academic systems. We are going to analyze questionnaires from University of Wroclaw, “La Sapienza” University of Rome and The University of Wales, Aberystwyth. We are interested in specificity and identity of the evaluating criteria and function it performs in educational system. Through this analysis we are also trying to define the concept of evaluation as an essential criteria of: collecting data, description, estimating or valuing.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">113-123</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andrejs Geske</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antra Ozola</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FACTORS INFLUENCING READING LITERACY AT THE PRIMARY SCHOOL LEVEL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">achievement level</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary school</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reading literacy</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392233338.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The objective of this paper is to find out the reasons behind the low level of reading literacy among primary school students. The data from IEA (International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement) Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) 2001 are analyzed. And the main conclusions are drawn that the socioeconomic situation of the family has a great impact on students reading literacy as well as parents’ education and reading aloud to a child at the preschool age. Students high achieving in reading literacy usually like reading for their own enjoyment and come from families where parents spend a lot of time on reading.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">71-77</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kari Sormunen</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FIFTH-GRADERS’ PROBLEM SOLVING ABILITIES IN OPEN-ENDED INQUIRY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary science education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">scientific inquiry</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392221974.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The goal of this article is to discuss the actual relation between scientific inquiries used in science classrooms and problem solving processes. A model of problem solving ability levels is also introduced. The empirical aim of this study was to explore four fifth-graders’ problem solving abilities in related to so called open-ended scientific inquiry tasks. The data was collected in the context of three weekly 60–70 minute sessions in a voluntary science club of 14 pupils. The goal of the sessions was to construct the concept of density with the aid of scientific experimentation. The informants were four pupils paired into two groups. The problem solving process was based on the open-ended inquiry that included five phases: orientation, planning, execution, evaluation, and communication. Both of the pairs were separately observed and video-taped during each of the sessions, and each of the pupils was individually interviewed after each session. All the interviews were based on video stimulation where the crucial parts of the problem solving sessions were reviewed step-by-step with the pupil. The analysis was based on the pupils’ problem solving performance: orientation and motivation towards solving the task; aims and actions during the execution; the roles of the pair and the teacher. The problem solving abilities were quite modest, but the results give detailed information on the pupils’ own descriptions and explanations related to the different phases of the problem solving process.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">48-55</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aristotelis Stamoulas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FRANCHISED HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE CONTEXT OF “FREE AND PUBLIC EDUCATION” COUNTRIES: THE GREEK EXAMPLE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">information society</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">knowledge economy</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392236325.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ongoing developments in information and communication technologies, coupled with an emphasis put on the value of knowledge-driven societies, have been vehicles of a worldwide dramatic expansion of the social demand for higher education services, including the emergence of new variables of provision, alternative curricular forms and course contents and also changing qualifications. At the same time, budgetary constraints and infrastructure shortages of the public sector lay down fertile ground for the flourishing of internationalized facets of higher education, questioning traditional “free and public” perceptions and transforming education into a tradable service within the context of a million dollar global market. The establishment of local branch campuses or subsidiaries by foreign universities on the ground of other countries, as well as course offerings by domestic private colleges leading to degrees from foreign universities, appears progressively as an alternative type of higher education provision, which has gained considerable ground in many countries the past few years. The present article will report the situation in Greece, where the growing presence of foreign universities through franchise or validated partnerships with local private organizations seems to play an influential and critical role on the future shaping of the domestic higher education system and is further associated with essential aspects of an administrative and academic nature.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">153-161</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blanka Kudlačova</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FROM REPRESSION TO INCLUSION – HISTORICAL MODELS AND APPROACHES TO DISABLED PEOPLE IN THE EUROPEAN CONTEXT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">disabled people</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">European thinking</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392284424.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The aim of the study is the examination of philosophical-anthropological foundations of historical models and conceptions of the approach to disabled people in the European context. We proceed from our existing studies on the reflection of human and from the model of education in the traditions of European thinking (Kudláčová, 2003, 2006a), since we consider the history of education of the disabled being a part of general history of education. We also aim to identify anthropological background of individual conceptions of approaches to the disabled people within the scope of special pedagogy according to Scholz (2007). Concerning this classification range, we preferentially deal with the examination of inclusive approach to the disabled people. The outcome of our analyses is a tabular summary of the development of approach to disabled people in a wider context of understanding of human and ideas of education in the European thinking.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">68-78</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FROM TEACHING TO LEARNING: A NEW PARADIGM IN MODERN EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education system</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">modern education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">paradigm change</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392222415.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The 4th edition of publication “Problems of Education in the 21st Century” is in front of you. The main idea of this publication, not without reason, is paradigm change in modern education. We can safely claim that the role of education in the global world is, undoubtedly, the biggest comparing with the other spheres of social life. Education dimensions have grown up greatly in almost all countries. Informal education sector has increased immensely. The most modern ICT are being implemented into education system. Perhaps we will not find any scientific conference in which the questions of ICT application in education process were not discussed.
 However, it is obvious that education systems in most countries experience various difficulties. It is clearly seen in Central and Eastern European countries, in which the second decade in turn education system reforms of different level and amount are taking place. So called “Instruction Paradigm / Teaching Paradigm” has been dominating for a long time in education. In recent years the accents are being transferred to learning, to motivation of self learning. It has been realized, that it is impossible to teach if the person doesn’t want to or is not able to do this himself. At present the opinion occurs that it is impossible to teach another person, it is possible only to help him to learn. From this as if directly follows the statement that the responsibility falls on the student first of all, what, how and how much he/she will learn. However, didactically it is a totally wrong approach, especially when it is applied to junior forms of comprehensive schools. The systematization, deepening, formation of general concepts can’t be left for the student himself, because frequently it happens that students master the new things which are related to the old ones without their interrelations, without any system (Vaitkevičius, 1968). Ability to systematize information is one of the most important. As J.O‘Connor and Mc.Dermott (2006) notice, there is a very remarkable tendency in many spheres nowadays, to solve everything „in parts“, i.e. to analyse different phenomena and situations only in separate aspects. From this point of view, transferring education aspects only into learning is not fully grounded. Each learning personality is very different, therefore different approaches should inevitably be applied in teaching process.
 On the other hand, education quality in many aspects is getting worse. We can‘t claim that education quality is getting worse because of former mentioned paradigm change. Lithuania as a post soviet country has a many year experience when education, especially secondary, was unified. However, it is necessary to emphasize that education at that time was also better supervised. We can‘t say that there is no supervision nowadays. It really is. But, everlasting reforms, sometimes even opposing to each other, don‘t make Lithuanian education more effective. As professor G. Merkys noticed, the therapy of shock continues in Lithuania. We not only have to think about this but, of course, solve the problems arising in reality.
 Speaking about Lithuania, it is obvious, that now it is very important for our state what decisions and steps, what ideas and actions in the sphere of education we will suggest and implement. 2006 PIRLS research shows that the ability to read and understand fiction and informative texts of our country 4-th formers has declined very much. 2006 PISA research states that natural science, maths literacy and general reading abilities of our 15 year-older are by statistics significantly lower than OECD countries‘ average result. Though Lithuania is not at the end of country list and it seems that the results are not so bad but the matter is worth of concern. The results of the research highlighted one of the most sore points of education that the preparation of our students for practical life is still poor, the main attention being further concentrated on theoretical education. Theory without practice is not the goal of today‘s teaching. We can discern here another meaning of the mentioned paradigm improvement – from knowledge towards the development of abilities. In the ability development process the learner himself has to take part most actively. The mission of education system is to form suitable conditions for that purpose and give all round help.
 Other countries like Latvia, Estonia, Czechia, Poland and other have serious problems in education sector as well. Obviously, every country has its own traditions and context. Besides, education is a part of culture. In this case we are speaking not only about national cultures but also about common European culture. We are speaking about common European education standards. The question arises how to match national and European aims. Any school has a challenge to create the future of the state. Education reforms have been going on for more than ten years in several countries with the purpose to achieve higher education progress and to implement the latest innovations. However, attitude to changes and innovations is not the value on its own. Changes have to be conciliated with the basic human and nation values. Modernization is a very necessary and inevitable thing, however it doesn‘t have to dwarf the vision of the school mission. Among permanent reforms direction and vision of the whole education purpose shouldn‘t be lost. This applies not only to Lithuania but to all European countries. I would like to go back once again to our mentioned paradigm change. The implementation of innovations into education doesn‘t have to overshadow the good side of education experience. Not everything that is modern is sensible. For example, Lithuania as well as the other countries of central Europe has a many year tradition when the priority was given to strong knowledge and to education basis in general. Lithuania hasn‘t lost this tradition completely and that is good. The main goals of education are: to help to form knowledge system of a learning person and give him basic social communication skills. Knowledge is not everything in person‘s life. Not only knowledge makes the man. However, we have to agree, that without its powerful movement in history, mankind wouldn‘t be as it is. The progress of humanity in many ways is conditioned by the development of knowledge, its expansion and so on. Thanks to it the greatest changes have taken place. School doesn‘t have the right to doom children and youth to ignorance.
 It is not difficult to foresee necessary changes theoretically, to discuss about paradigm changes on a methodological level, but it is much more difficult to put these ideas into practice because of various both subjective and objective reasons. It is necessary to really perceive the mission of education and other questions of education, to analyze them from different perspectives, taking into consideration different theoretical and practical approaches. Education is not a one-day matter. The rule 'Education is in the hands of those who have power' doesn‘t suit here. To develop education is almost to be ready that everything what is moral in your mind will inevitably be overcome by immorality of real world (Butvilas, 2006). Education in the socioeconomical and cultural context is multiform. Therefore, we can‘t one-sidedly accept a statement that moving from teaching to learning is a new paradigm indeed. Its newness is limited by time, amount, content and application aspects.
 This edition contains different articles. I hope that the articles included in this publication will interest the readers by their problematics, content, methodology of research and its methods, will encourage their systematic and critical thought, will make them active in scientific discussions.
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-6</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boris Aberšek</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FUTURE FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">curriculum design</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">problem based learning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392232723.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">School educational systems on the threshold of millennium all over the Europe are experiencing radical changes. Deliberation, which generates this changes, is mostly oriented into balancing which competences (capabilities) should educational system develop with the students, so they can successfully perform roles, that can be expected during their life, and therefore to create their own prosperity.
 In this context it is exceedingly important to see curriculum aims 
 as global (and not as it happened at previous renovation; subjects dispersion). We have to think about a correlation of knowledge between the humanities, social sciences, natural sciences and technical fields and also their role (dimension) at forming entire personality for future grown. It is not possible to deny, that humanities, social sciences, natural sciences and their application: techniques are inseparable connected, because things are getting their practicability value (become logical) only in the field of application. (Foreign language, when or if we meet foreigner, mathematics, when we want to calculate something…). Natural science knowledge gets its meaning in application (techniques), and therefore gets its market value – that can led up to rise social welfare (prosperity). That however reflexively generates new impetus of society: art, culture, humanism…The circle is joined or even better, a vertical spiral is released (Picture 1).
  it is highly important to use in this process methods, that's support such curriculum aims. In our research we proposed Problem-Based Learning (PBS). PBS was first established as part of the education of physicians in medical school over 40 years ago. Developed by Howard Barrows, this strategy has grown into an instructional approach which is finding success in elementary through high school. PBL is now a prominent strategy in many elementary schools through high schools.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9-17</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Frackson Mumba</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morgan Chitiyo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HIGH SCHOOL SCIENCE TEACHERS’ CURRICULUM, INSTRUCTIONAL AND ASSESSMENT DECISIONS FOR INCLUSIVE CLASSES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">assessment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">curriculum</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392298356.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study explored high school science teachers’ curriculum, instructional and assessment decisions for inclusive science classrooms. We also attempted to determine the factors that influence their decisions. The sample comprised thirteen science teachers from two high schools in the Midwest of the USA. One of the schools had failed to meet the Academic yearly progress under the federal No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act in the four years prior to this study because of its Student with Disabilities (SWD) sub-group. Data were collected through a questionnaire and semi-structured interviews. Results show that science teachers’ curriculum, instructional and assessment decisions were influenced by factors associated with accountability and personal interests and preferences of science teaching methods. Although science teachers’ decisions were within the framework that integrates content and practical classroom knowledge for regular classes, such decisions may not promote effective science teaching and learning in inclusive classes. As such, most science teachers exhibited lack of knowledge about effective science teaching in inclusive classrooms. These findings have implications on science teacher education and science teaching in inclusive classrooms.




</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">74-80</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HIGH-QUALITY EDUCATION AS KEY FACTOR FOR SUCCESS IN A KNOWLEDGE-BASED SOCIETY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational process</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">knowledge-based economics</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392221736.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This is the third edition of a new scientific collection Problems of Education in the 21st Century. The articles included in the publication discuss the issues of modern education. It is a great responsibility for writing such an editorial, because it should correspond to the ideas and conclusions expressed by the authors and highlight them from some other points of view of potential readers. On the other hand, it is very important to express the view of editorial board, try to discern certain research trends of modern education and its spheres. The purpose of this publication is unique, that is, try not only to convey, but also synthesize educational experience of East and West. This is a complex and ambitious task, but necessary, trying to perceive similarities as well as differences and also expectable development perspectives.
 The advance of IT has never been as rapid as nowadays. The influence of globalization on ICT expansion is incontestable. However, it is a tremendous challenge to education. The implementation of technologies in education does not mean that they will have only positive influence. For that purpose consistent educational, ergonomic, valeological and other research is necessary, constantly giving information not only to users, but also to ICT producers. We can assert that in Lithuania, as well as in other Central and East European countries, observation of ICT application in education is still carried out episodically. As it was already mentioned, the process of ICT development is so rapid and so socially important that monitoring technologies, having earlier been created in other countries (especially West European), eventually occur to be not full and not compatible with ever changing realities. Thus, as a matter of fact, it is impossible to prepare standard, constant methodology.
 In Lisbon strategy 2000, it was foreseen to seek that Europe would become the most competitive knowledge-based economics in the world. No doubt, to achieve this aim, ICT influence really should be great. Such international organizations as IEA (International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement), UNESCO, OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) organized fairly comprehensive research in the application of ICT in educational system. Organizations such as: IOSTE (International organization for Science and Technology Education), ICASE (International Council of Association for Science Education) and other so called professional different sphere scientist organizations are interested in the above –mentioned problems.
 The application of ICT in comprehensive schools as well as in higher educational establishments is, undoubtedly, a positive thing. According to I. Mažulienė (2002), the usage of ICT makes the pedagogues change their settled style of work, raise qualification, develop skills and plan differently their and children’s activities. On the other hand, the aims of creating information society change inner and outer surroundings of schools, therefore information processes and technologies acquire greater and greater significance in modern educational organizations. In addition, interesting research was carried out by specialists from Information Institute in Germany (Munich University). (Woessmann, 2005). The research showed that computers can harm the learning process. It is claimed, that the number of computers at school and the time spent at the computer at home don’t confirm the fact that children learn much more by using IT. The importance of IT in the process of learning is not denied, however, it is stated that those who are using IT at home and at school moderately, besides, the time of its usage is limited, achieve better results than those who spend too much time at the computer.
 However, not only in comprehensive schools some or the other of the ICT application problems arise. One of the biggest problems the majority of universities face is passing from ICT integration and e-learning in the project level onto strategic level when all technologies are implemented all over the institution. The research shows that in EU universities general level of ICT integration into teaching process has increased over the last few years. Nevertheless, application of ICT is still perceived as the usage of computer in traditional pedagogy and didactics. Not many universities use ICT equipment according to principles of innovative didactics and pedagogy. The same can also be said about Lithuanian universities.
 Speaking about general education sector it is necessary to acknowledge that application of ICT depends not only on teacher’s qualification and his preparation to use ICT in the teaching and learning process. The essential questions are as follows: how much does the school administration support the implementation and usage of ICT at school?; What ICT infrastructure (equipment, software, Internet connection and so on) is available at school?; What services connected with ICT do exist for the staff improvement and support?; How much do the schools apply the aims and the way of work emphasizing independent learning, and so on.
 Thus, it is obvious that vast, comprehensive, detailed research in the appliance of ICT in education process is necessary. In the Software &amp; Information Industry Association report of the year 2000 it is stated that so far more than 3500 research studies of ICT application in education process have been carried out, the majority of which are devoted to analysis of infrastructure and computer literacy situation. However, statistics of the latest research studies doesn’t allow to discern some ICT application aspects. Not only strict statistic data analysis is necessary discussing specific questions of ICT application in education, but also a deeper qualitative approach to this phenomenon in order to perceive present situation, its advantages and disadvantages and also further perspective not only on Lithuanian but also on EU scale.
 As a matter of fact, harmonious ICT integration into the teaching process is placed in the centre of all European country strategies, in this way trying to significantly improve teaching and learning in order to correspond to children’s demands. The secondary becomes earlier dominated task of computer equipment supply and teaching about technologies. (Simonson, Thomson, 1990; Plomp, 1996; Sendova, 1994). ICT service development in different education spheres prevails in the European Union and other country strategic directions. .
 A very special attention is devoted to natural sciences and to technological children and youth education. About the concern in this sphere tells one of the newest prepared documents (Science Education Now…, 2007). Constantly going down natural science and technological literacy of our society is noticed in many countries (Lamanauskas, 2003). Opposite and significant tendencies in this sphere were discovered by ROSE research. (http://www.ils.uio.no/english/rose/). In this publication the reader will find urgent articles on this subject. Up-to-date ICT application in natural sciences and technological education is developed most rapidly.
 It is obvious that the implementation of new technologies in the educational process raises new possibilities for both teacher and learner, enhances education quality and makes the educational process itself more versatile. However, education quality still remains insufficient as the content of education and studies is poorly oriented towards developing the new abilities and competencies necessary for people living in an open public society and market conditions. The economy based on information becomes a priority in the European countries. It should be noticed that the reality of an open public society and market conditions is not and cannot be ideal and that qualitative education has to help people not only to accept this reality but also to critically evaluate and advance it. In this case, the most important point is that human must preserve his/her identity, self-sufficiency and to strive for a purport of life. Any action such as the improvement of the education system or implementation of new technologies must be carefully studied and firmly fixed. All possible outcomes, results and impact not only on a further but also on individual development of a young personality must be evaluated (Lamanauskas, Vilkonis, Klangauskas, 2007).
 Thus, on behalf of the editorial board I would like to thank all this volume article authors for their contribution to the development of educational research studies, their ambition to get acquainted with very complicated education, teaching and learning phenomena, ability to develop interdisciplinary, methodological thinking and action. Only such thinking and action approach has decisive significance towards education quality. 
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-6</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Raffaele Pisano</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ada Guerriero</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND SCIENTIFIC EDUCATION: PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">history and epistemology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">scientific and interdisciplinary approach</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching of physics and mathematics</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392233861.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In the past the gap between humanistic and scientific culture was much more evident than it is nowadays. After centuries of prejudice about scientific learning and discoveries, when science was underestimated as a kind of pseudo-culture; after generations of scientists considered extravagant people, or worst, outsiders, as regards such rules imposed by religious and moral beliefs and code, the primary function performed by scientific education has now become unquestionable.
 In this paper we shall try to deal with the issue of scientific education from a historical-foundational perspective. We shall try to show the importance of introducing the history of science as an integrant part of the culture of scientific education to the extent of considering history of science either an indissoluble pedagogical element of culture or the basis of inter-discipline. This project-research is not finished, so we only present the outline of the problem, some hypothesis and applications. Beyond, it is based upon use of historical categories to investigate the foundations. For this reason the latter are not analysed by means of a traditional approach. Of course, the content of this study could appear potentially factious, since it cannot be the unique possible perspective. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">145-158</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Robert Ruprecht</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HOW TO GUARANTEE QUALITY IN EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">demands on teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">personal development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quality in teaching</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392235313.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quality has become a key word. Self-assessments and peer reviews, quality management and student polls have become ubiquitous. With all these bustling activities the main element in education, the personal quality of the teacher somehow got lost. If we want to discuss real quality in education, we must first ask what the teacher’s position is. This paper is going to discuss what conditions the teacher must fulfill in order to be a good teacher: what are his demands on himself, what he must he demand from the students? The society also part of this: What must a teacher expect from society in order to be a good teacher? The answers are, briefly: the teacher must be very exacting towards him/herself; he must constantly improve his personal and scientific qualifications. The teacher must not be soft towards his/her students. Society must provide him freedom, independence and respect. Yet these are only the prerequisites of quality in education. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">107-116</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Irena Kulisha</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HUMANITARIZATION OF EDUCATION AS A DEVELOPMENT FACTOR OF PROFESSIONAL CULTURE FOR FUTURE HOSPITALITY SPECIALISTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">humanitarization</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392222550.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Change in the system of public relations actively affects education, requires mobile and adequate answers for the tasks brought forward in the new stage of the state’s historical development. One of the most serious complications is that over a long period of time the education of students was carried out in the circumstances of mental culture deficit.
 For an extended period the main emphasis in the development of professional skills in tourist service and in the training process of hospitality personnel was put on the technocratic components of service and management processes. Technical predominance over the humanitarian does not correspond to contemporary requirements. A necessity arises to return to monolithic views about nature, society and man. The determinant tendency of a contemporary education must not become a further differentiation of the varied world cognition ways, but quite contrary, its ways of integration and system approach in world cognition.
 A way out from the present situation is to be found in humanizing the education of natural science. The meaning of humanitarization is expressed in the ordering of the education content and form process according to a person’s nature, soul and spirit, activating the entirety of a human’s inner world, the formation of a high integrity personality.
 In the result of the performed theoretical research the author has developed a unified humanistic model for hospitality specialists. The foundation of this model is made by the humanistic qualities of personality, such as freedom, thinking, mentality, culture, creative spirit, values and meaning, responsibility.
 It is the humanitarization of education which defines the directions and ways of development for a hospitality specialist as a cultural personality, which links up high professionalism with socially psychological qualities able to solve contemporary, complicated scientifically technical and social problems.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22-30</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vlasta Rabe</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ICT-SUPPORTED INTERDISCIPLINARITY OF SUBJECTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">collaborative learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education process</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">role of teacher</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392224118.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper deals with new access to manage of the teaching process not only in university, regarding dramatic development information and communication technologies, and last but not least with reference to possibilities of ICT in supporting interdisciplinarity of subjects. There are submitted essence of lecturer’s and student’s standpoints on chances of exercise of e-learning in state of affairs and view of future this method in education, and the necessity of new skills in information and communication technologies.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">113-117</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tiiu Kuurme</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE IDEALS OF EDUCATION AND STUDENTS’ SCHOOL EXPERIENCES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational relation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ideals of education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">intentions of consciousness</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392235118.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The main question of this article below is: what happens to education at school? What society think of education, at school it gets a real existing concreteness. Taking the holistic character of education as a ground we assume that emotions, experiences, state of minds wishes and others, that happens by living the school-reality, becomes a part of young peoples’ world-view. At first we concentrate on the ideals, that are bonded usually with the traditional notion of Education (Bildung). After that we stop at litigious side of Bildung - what kind of emotional attitude is expected when becoming educated and bonding it with the notion of intentionality from phenomenology. We handle education as relative concept, noting the fact that the specific way of being in relationship of educational processes goes with searching, aspiring, self-changing me. 
The everyday school experiences of Estonian students are researched empirically where the interpretation of researcher are spontaneous school-oriented sayings. These meanings which are given to school on the level of experiences and associations are analysed with phenomenological methods and connected to an ideal which belongs to educational idea-content and has an education-allowing cognitive attitude. The result of research says that the associations of Estonian students in everyday life of school reality develop next signs: the knowledge of learning is experienced as an external dictated recession, it is their discipline and engrosses time. The school everyday life way of intentions mainly goes with what concerns students subsistence of school control mechanisms and self-esteem. It is more like self-defence than aspiration for new knowledge. Created and repeated intentions in school reality can (according to Hussler) become as a creator of impulses for the next attunement for the reality. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">71-80</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chris Perry</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ian Ball</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IDENTIFYING THE UNDERLYING DIMENSIONS OF TEACHERS’ EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">effective teaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">emotional intelligence</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392235221.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Within the area of educational research that has its focus on individual differences, the concept of emotional intelligence and its study in relation to the professional lives of teachers has raised considerable interest over the past decade. This article reports on data from a new measure of emotional intelligence specifically related to situations in the teaching environment. The four underlying dimensions that are identified in this study appear to be a more relevant way of characterising emotional intelligence for those in the teaching profession than other conceptualisations of emotional intelligence. The article concludes with an examination of the contention that emotional intelligence is strongly connected to effective teaching practice.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">89-98</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agnaldo Arroio</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Káthia Honório</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IMAGES AND COMPUTATIONAL METHODS IN MOLECULAR MODELING EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">misconceptions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">molecular modeling</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392297937.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The way as Chemistry is boarded in the schools can contribute for the misconceptions, a time that the concepts are presented of form purely theoretician (and, therefore, tedious for the majority of the pupils), as something that must be memorize and that it is not apply the different aspects of the daily life. So, the aim of this work is to provide the understanding of the chemical world that underlies everything around us by introducing basic chemical concepts and their everyday applications. So that, some specific topics will be presented and they were selected according to their relevance and their ability to be presented in lessons on molecular modeling. This strategy is based on the use of images and free graphics programs employed in chemistry successfully, as the visual effects help the students to “see” abstract descriptions in a concrete form. According to the results obtained by using this methodology, we can conclude that the use of images and computational techniques help the presentation of scientific topics and motivate and facilitate the &quot;chemistry communication&quot;.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17-23</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maria Ledzińska</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ewa Czerniawska</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE IMPORTANCE OF COGNITIVE SELECTIVENESS IN THE AGE OF INFORMATION FLOOD</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">information flood</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">metacognition</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392223930.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Civilization changes resulting from technological development are the causes of modifications of life conditions. The effects of technological development are perceived as ambivalent as well as positive, and negative. Psychologists are interested mainly in the latter ones, especially in the phenomenon of overproduction of information, sometimes called information overflow or information flood. This social phenomenon requires from contemporary people the ability of selecting data, their intentional choice, in line with the specificity of the realized cognitive tasks. The competences required to perform this task properly are called metacognition. They involve knowledge of cognitive functioning, i. e. higher-level skills including planning, monitoring, control and regulation of the cognitive activity. The development of metacognition seems to be a major challenge for contemporary education. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80-86</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gábor Rébék-Nagy</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE IMPORTANCE OF CONFERENCE PRESENTATIONS IN HIGHER EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">conference presentation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">interpersonal communication</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">signposts</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392235268.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The international cooperation of researchers around the world is a pre-requisite for the development of science. English, the lingua franca of the 21st century, is a widely accepted tool for global communication of those involved in research. The present paper is meant to investigate into the kind of language these scientists, very often non-native speakers of English, need to cope with in the field they cultivate. Empirical facts indicate that what they need is not simply English for genereal purposes but English for Specific Purposes (ESP), which includes research article writing, participating in joint projects and giving conference presentations, just to mention but a few. The study claims that a genre-based approach may multiply the use of the outcome. In the corpus of 24 English conference presentations three levels of communication are identified and their role and relative weight are discussed. The conclusions include recommendations on what, how and when non-native speakers of English should be taught to become efficient presenters.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">99-106</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Iveta Balode</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IMPORTANCE OF CRITICAL CONSTRUCTIVISM STUDY ENVIRONMENT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMPETENCES OF HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT SPECIALISTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">life-long learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sustainability</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392234616.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Introduction. The article deals with the issue of the organization of hospitality management studies in the critical constructivism environment from the viewpoint of student learning and development of professional competences. Goal. By comparing the study environment, to offer a conception of critical constructivism, which brings into the centre of educational development a personality who is motivated to obtain life-long education. Methodology of Research. In the article, analysis of pedagogic literature is used, a pedagogic research including questioning of students has been carried out in the Information Systems Management Institute, as well as comparison and observation of the pedagogic process has been provided. Results of Research. The methodological foundations of the critical constructivism study process have been outlined, and suggestions for the improvement of the hospitality management study environment have been provided. Conclusions. It is necessary to improve the study environment, paying more attention to the organization of studies oriented to an individual in the context of life-long learning.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9-14</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Julius  Kiprop Maiyo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Achoka Judy</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ndiku Judah</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jane K.  Amunga</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wasike Duncan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INCOME INEQUALITY CONTROVERSIES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION IN KENYA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">inequality</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392235175.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Income differentials are a phenomenon that is manifest among individuals, regions and nations. The magnitude of the inequality has diverse effects on education which is itself a key determinant of individual as well as group income. Income inequality is reflected in the unequal access to different levels of education and to schools of different quality of education. This results in unequal consumption of education. These factors heighten the already existing inequality since the distribution of earnings is to a large extend determined by the level and distribution of schooling across population. The effect of income inequality on education dispersion and the average attainment in the population depresses economic growth and affects investment in education by individuals as well as states. Differential investment in education means unequal access to new knowledge and skills which are the driving force in this century. Already, the knowledge revolution has brought the threat of widening the gap between developed and developing countries with disparities in knowledge and information reinforcing disparities in capital and other resources.
 This paper examines the controversies causes of income inequality and the resultant effect on the development of education. The study is a desk review which nevertheless extensively explores existing literature on income inequalities and education dispersion. It narrows this down to the situation in Kenya by focussing on current reactions to income inequality in general and the effect on education. The paper also provides the conclusion and the way forward through the recommendation.
 </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81-88</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tamara Artashkina</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INDIVIDUAL PICTURE OF THE WORLD AS A COMPONENT OF TRIVIAL CONSCIOUSNESS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">individual picture of the world</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">inter-textuality of visual images</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">trivial consciousness</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392222690.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In the course of historical evolution the following main channels that form, consolidate and transmit the individual picture of the world: mythology; religion; philosophy; science; education are developed. In modern environment the abovementioned channels have been expanded by new ones: information technologies, cinematographic art, modern television. Education ceases to be the main channel responsible for formation, consolidation and transmission of the individual picture of the world. The common feature of the new channels is not the rational thought but a profoundly emotional reaction of a person to the environment. Withdrawal from the tradition of realism becomes one more means of formation of specific virtual reality.
 At present there are two pictures of the world: natural-science and humanitarian, in trivial consciousness they, as a rule, don’t correlate. This is reflected in discussions on the subject matter of school education. This is the reason for the following principle that comes into effect: it is necessary that representatives of Humanities commence “to come down” to the problems of Natural Science, and representatives of Natural Science should “come up” to the level of humanitarian problems. From didactic point of view this stated principle shall lead to setting of the issue of formation of the picture of the world in the subject matter of school education.
 Modern movies and television programs reflect the latest scientific achievements, hypotheses and guesses much faster than the subject matter of school education. The active process of mythologisation of individual picture of the world is observed in modern society due to the inter-textual character of visual images created with the help of modern mass media. The subject matter of school education should work on the special mechanism of prompt reaction to any innovation in the area of modern science. It means that the subject matter of education, at schools in the first place, can not be static and rigid. General education requires appropriate mechanism of popularization of scientific achievements.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">46-56</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anda Zeidmane, Anna Vintere</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INFORMATION CULTURE IN ENGINEERING EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">information culture</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">information literacy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">technology literacy</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392224211.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">One of the characteristic features of the development of modern society is a rapid growth of the information flow. It is more and more complicated to find one’s way in it at present. That is why the issue of acquiring the necessary knowledge, abilities and skills for work increase the flow of information. It means that nowadays the question about information culture is becoming more and more important. 
The process of forming information culture is aimed to train and develop a creative person and his self-development. In the authors’ opinion information culture is an extent of knowledge, abilities and skills connected to the search for, processing, storing and creation of information items using new information technologies, realizing the necessity of using information resources; principles and rules of the person’s behavior in information and communicative systems; vital aims, estimations and attitude to the world. 
The report summarizes and presents some aspects (cognitive, operational and contextual, communicative, valuable and reflexive) of information culture and describes the information culture as a methodological devise of cognition and ways of forming the person’s information culture.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">129-135</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Igors Ivashkins</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AS EDUCATIONAL RESOURCE FOR FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">approach</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">computer-mediated communication</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">networking</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392221841.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The present paper deals with application of the Internet network for English teaching as foreign language.
 The aim of the paper includes two pedagogical aspects. The first is theoretical and traces the role of computers in the approaches to foreign language teaching such as structural, cognitive and sociocognitive. The second – discusses the types of reading by means of information technology and the application of the internet recourses and tools for educational needs: an electronic book, a group’s address and hypertext reading. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26-32</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andrea Bernhard</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AN INSTITUTIONAL PERSPECTIVE ON QUALITY ASSURANCE IN HIGHER EDUCATION. THE EXAMPLE OF THE AUSTRIAN ACCREDITATION COUNCIL (ÖAR)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">accreditation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quality assurance</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392284112.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The ongoing necessity of quality and quality assurance in the whole Bologna process remains one of the main issues for European policy makers. The aim to create comparable systems to guarantee quality within higher education systems are the reasons for national developments and their eagerness to reform. The situation in Austria is in the centre of discussion and shall exemplify one way to cope with international developments and the need to establish a comprehensive quality assurance system. The main purpose of this paper is to provide a deeper insight into the work and problems of the Austrian Accreditation Council (ÖAR), a quality assurance agency which is responsible for re-/accreditation and supervision of Austrian private universities. As the author was a former scientific staff member at the office of the ÖAR, the paper looks behind the scenes of higher education policies and will strengthen the insistent demand for further reforms. In spite of the short history the ÖAR can be considered as one of the main national key players in the field of quality assurance as well as an internationally accepted quality assurance agency.

</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17-24</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mona Holmqvist</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gunilla Lindgren</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jane  Mattisson</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teresa Svarvell</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INSTRUCTION BUILT ON LEARNERS’ PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE BY USING THE VARIATION THEORY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">contrastive linguistic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenomenography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">variation theory</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392233451.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This chapter discusses teaching based upon pupils’ previous knowledge. As the world becomes more and more globalised, it is harder and harder for a teacher to form a picture of the pupils’ knowledge when planning instruction. However, without this information about pupils, it is impossible to know if the created learning situations are conducive to learning or if the pupils had already acquired knowledge about the learning object before the learning situation. In this study pupils’ previous knowledge is investigated in relation to how English as a Second Language is learnt when pupils have different mother tongues. In a phenomenographic study we found that pupils with three different mother tongues, when placed in the same learning situation, made errors which could be traced back to the structure of their mother tongue. This observation led to a learning study, in which variation theory was the theoretical point of departure, and in which three different research lessons with three different groups of pupils were carried out. The learning object was dependent possessives, and the pupils’ mother tongue was Swedish. As there is no differentiation between independent and dependent possessives in Swedish, the pupils could not discern the difference between these two forms. As Swedish has a differentiation between t- and n-gender, the puils wrongly assumed that the difference between my and mine was not connected to dependent and independent possessives but to gender. The results of our study show how teachers who are familiar with the pupils’ previous knowledge (mother tongue) can become aware of what mistakes they might make as ESL learners; this knowledge has a profound effect on instruction. In this way, teachers can also predict and plan what information is needed to develop learning situations which provide maximum opportunity to learn. They also understand what kinds of critical aspects are necessary to enable pupils to discern. As a result, teachers are more effective, which is reflected in better pupil results in the classroom. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">86-95</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dan Soen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitza Davidovitch</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INTEGRITY AND DISCIPLINE IN ACADEMIA: DEALING WITH STUDENTS’ MISCONDUCT ON TWO ISRAELI CAMPUSES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cheating</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">disciplinary committees decisions and policies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">students’ misconduct</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392233991.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Higher education underwent a huge massification process since the 2nd half of the 20th century. What used to be a reserve for the elite opened its gates to the middle, lower middle and the working classes. Consequently, students’ profile changed dramatically. Integrity, honesty, discipline and violence became a major problem on campus. It is taken for granted that the prevalence of misconduct is the outcome of students’ characteristics, institutional culture and environment, and faculty attitudes and behaviour. Mainly, it reflects society at large. The problem is bound to deepen in the 21st century. The article tries to outline the problem and its emergence, both in the world as well as in Israel. It then analyzes in detail an Israeli case study. It is based on minutes of two Israeli Disciplinary Committees on two different campuses: One university, the other- a public college. It tries to answer several questions: What is the volume of misconduct cases brought before the committees? Is it stable? Does it change over time? What is the breakdown of misconduct cases brought up before the committees? Does it change over time? Is there a difference between a university and college in this respect? What are the penalties imposed by the committees on the guilty students? </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">169-183</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lenke Parázsó</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INTERACTIVE LEARNING MODELLS OF THE ELEARNING IN THE HIGHER EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e-learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">interactional level</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">problem-solving thinking</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392223975.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The nature of the interactive teaching learning process is approached from various perspectives. First, I will talk about the nature of multimodel interactions in the eLearning teaching learning processes with systematic approach. Second, I would like to present the efficiency of using the Interactive Study System. • Third, the structured, programmed features of on-line educational materials, the visualisation of media elements, the simulation, the possibilities of testing and improving efficiency offers the introduction and application of modern electronic examination methods.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">87-97</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Airi  Kukk</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maia Muldma</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LANGUAGE IMERSION - AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH TO THE PRE-SCHOOL ACHIEVEMENTS IN THE CURRICULUM OF ESTONIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">child’s readiness for school</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">language immersion</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392236656.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">After becoming a member of the European Union Estonia has started to become more multicultural and this has brought along the need to teach the Estonian language to children with different native languages. Language immersion is a form of study which is applied as a national program in Estonia with the aim of facilitating acquiring Estonian as a second language. Although early language immersion is popular in Estonia, teachers, parents and educational institutions do not have a clear idea of how language immersion influences a child’s coping in different educational stages and which issues should be considered as primary concerns in guiding the development of a non-Estonian child.
 In 2007 kindergarten graduates, who had participated in the language immersion program for at least two years, were studied. Data was collected from the teachers of language immersion groups in 9 kindergartens and the parents of the children, who gave their assessments on the readiness of children concerning nine of the most important learning areas (Framework curriculum (1999) of pre-school education). 
Research results show the effectiveness of the language immersion method. The subject-based (native language, mathematics) skills of the children were especially good. There are some deficiencies concerning the indicators of self-esteem and forming prerequisites for learning. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">169-179</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Katarzyna Potyrala</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MEDIA AND CULTURE AS CIVILISATIONAL CHALLENGES FOR BIOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biological education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social changes</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392284589.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Education should be viewed as supporting students in learning to use the tools for formation of meanings and constructing reality in order to better adapt to the real world. The article is devoted the changes in thinking of biology education according to civilization challenges: media and culture. The different theories which show for the reason for the crisis from one hand and speed development of civilization from another have been presented in the article. Research issues have been focused around the question: What educational strategies should one accept in the face of such state of thing? 
While verifying the research hypothesis assuming that biology teachers should initiate scientific dialogue and create a certain bridge between science and the society first in connection with social aspects of the new forms of communication among others ICT tools were used. The servey research among secondary school students, biology students and teachers was conducted. The results of pedagogical observation aiming mainly at the analysis of processes connected with mass media aided biology teaching and learning also play a very important role. Conclusions drawn from research results and literature allowed the elaboration priorities for biology education in the contemporary world of media.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">97-104</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Bernardino  Lopes</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J. Paulo  Cravino</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maria Branco</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elisa Saraiva</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">António Silva</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MEDIATION OF STUDENT LEARNING: DIMENSIONS AND EVIDENCES IN SCIENCE TEACHING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science teacher</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher mediation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching activity</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392298120.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Our study intends to focus the teacher mediation of student learning in sciences' classrooms in new theoretical and empirical perspectives. The science teacher action, in a research perspective, has been considered as sum of several aspects. Our research problem is how to consider, in a scientific way, the mediation of student learning in science classroom by facing the teaching activity as a whole. We present a theoretical framework to analyse the teacher mediation. We also developed an innovative methodological instrument to obtain data relevant to analyse the teacher mediation. Our instrument is a multimodal account of what happens inside the classroom or what particular context conditions some teacher decisions. We provide preliminary results from two particular science teachers to evidence the usefulness of this framework, in particular the dimensions of analyse and the richness of the instrument to collect data from multiple sources.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">42-52</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Olga Logashenko</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lyudmila Lomakina</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">METHODOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF PSYCHOLOGO-PEDAGOGICAL STUDY ON THE CORRELATION BETWEEN PERSONALITY TRAITS AND ORIENTATIONS FOR THE LIFE SENSE SEARCHING FOR FUTURE TEACHERS OF PSYCHOLOGY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">orientations for the life sense searching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">personal traits</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social adaptation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392223008.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In post-industrial society the paradigm of education has changed towards the personal orienta-tion and humanization. The turning of the higher education in Russia to the two-level system has empha-sized the understanding of importance of education got by personality means of self-realization in life and making a personal career.
 The psihologo-pedagogical study of the correlation between individual peculiarities, sex differ-ences and self-consciousness at student’s age is actual due to the necessity in the process of professional training to take into account some reorientations of consciousness from the space of personal experiences and self-cognition in the system of interrelations to the search and identification of one’s place in life, self-determination as a member of society. 
The Proposed methodology of the study includes:
 a) the methodological base- of the theory of the action, personality-oriented and value-oriented approaches, the concept of personality-professional development of students, the theory of the tendency to sense and logoterapy of V.FRANKL, the theory of the interpersonal relations;
 b) the stages of the study- preliminary, certifying, comparative, interpretational, practice-oriented;
 c) the methods of the study- observation, interview, testing, statistical processing of results, quali-tative analysis of experimental data;
 d) the methodic of the study- modified by us &quot;Test orientations for the life sense searching (OLSS)&quot;, the questionnaire of social-psychological adaptation (SPA).
 Methodological approaches applied in this study have the practical meaning for foregrounding and predictive of personal of social adaptation and for the realization of the principles of individual ap-proach to the professional progress of future teachers of Psychology.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">96-110</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Svetlana Gorbunova</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MODERNIZATION OF RUSSIAN HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION INSTITUTE IN CONNECTION WITH PROBLEMS OF HUMAN CAPITAL ACCUMULATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">higher economic education</style></keyword><keyword><style  fa