<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mesut Tabuk</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mehmet Emin Elma</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beyza Nur Demir</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PRE-SERVICE PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS’ SELF-EFFICACY AND OUTCOME EXPECTANCY REGARDING THE USE OF CONCRETE MANIPULATIVES IN MATHEMATICS TEACHING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">concrete manipulatives</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematics education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">outcome expectancy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pre-service teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary school</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">self-efficacy</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2026</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August / 2026</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2026/457-1789647969.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">84</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Concrete manipulatives are widely used in primary mathematics education to support students’ understanding of abstract mathematical concepts. This study examined pre-service primary school teachers’ self-efficacy and outcome expectancy regarding the use of concrete manipulatives and investigated whether these beliefs differed by sex, year of study, and age. The participants were 118 pre-service teachers enrolled in a primary education programme. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, a paired-samples t test, independent-samples t tests, one-way analyses of variance, and Tukey HSD tests. Mean scores for both self-efficacy and outcome expectancy fell within the agree range established for interpreting the scale. Outcome expectancy scores were significantly higher than self-efficacy scores, indicating that participants expressed stronger beliefs in the instructional benefits of concrete manipulatives than in their ability to use them effectively. No significant differences by sex were found. Both dimensions differed significantly by year of study, with some later-year groups reporting higher scores than earlier-year groups. Age-group differences were found only in self-efficacy; however, this result should be interpreted cautiously because the oldest group included only four participants. The findings indicate an association between year of study and efficacy beliefs but do not establish a causal effect of the teacher education programme. Teacher education programmes should provide sustained, practice-based opportunities for pre-service teachers to select, use, and evaluate concrete manipulatives in classroom settings.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">662-675</style></section></record></records></xml>