<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trina Johnson Kilty</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kevin T. Kilty</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burrows Borowczak, A. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mike   Borowczak</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES WITH SMALL SAMPLE SIZES: AN EDUCATIONAL SUMMER CAMP EXAMPLE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">likelihood ratio</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multinomial probability model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quantitative analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">small sample study</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">summer camp</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">survey research</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1723303067.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A computer science camp for pre-collegiate students was operated during the summers of 2022 and 2023. The effect the camp had on attitudes was quantitatively assessed using a survey instrument. However, enrollment at the summer camp was small, which meant the well-known Pearson's Chi-Squared to measure the significance of results was not applied. Thus, a quantitative analysis method using a multinomial probability distribution as a model of a multilevel Likert scale survey was used. Exact calculations of a multinomial probability model with likelihood ratio were performed to quantitatively analyze the results of questionnaires administered to participants in two cohort groups (combined N=17). Probabilities per Likert categories were determined from the data itself using Bayes theorem with a Dirichlet prior. Each cohort functioned as part of a homogenous sample, thus allowing cohorts to be pooled. Post-test revealed significant changes in participants’ attitudes after camp completion. Using this technique has implications for studies with small sample sizes. Using exact calculation of the multinomial probability model with the use of likelihood ratio as a statistical test of evidence has advantages: a) it is an exact value that can be used on any size sample, although it offers a quantitative analysis option for small sample size studies; b) depends only on what was observed during a study; c) does not require advanced calculation; d) modern spreadsheet and statistical package programs can calculate the analysis; and e) likelihood ratio employed in Bayes theorem can update prior beliefs according to evidence. Utilizing small sample size quantitative analysis can strengthen insights into data trends and showcase the importance of this quantitative technique.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">507-520</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Milan   Klement</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jiri   Dostál</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">E-LEARNING IN TERTIARY EDUCATION FROM STUDENTS`POINT OF VIEW</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nonparametric statistical methods</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">survey research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tertiary education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1410007113.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">43</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">E-learning has become an integral part of the present day tertiary education, not only within the framework of combined, but, to an increasingly larger extent, also of full-time study modes. However, its deployment on a large scale resulted in the emergence of many problems which shall become a subject of research and investigation. The present study reflects the attitudes of university students toward e-learning within their course of study, and submits partial results of the research investigation implemented throughout the years 2007 to 2011. The hereinabove described survey research focused on monitoring and evaluating students` attitudes to the teaching through e-learning based on the use of electronic study supports enriched with multimedia elements. The research data collection was carried out by means of a non-standardized research questionnaire and the data were subsequently analysed using nonparametric statistical methods. Selected outputs of the research, focused primarily on the assessment of the level of students’ satisfaction with the organization of teaching through e-learning, and on the identification of the elements of electronic study materials preferred by the students, are the subject of this study.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33-43</style></section></record></records></xml>