<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Locatelli, S. W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DRAWINGS TO LEARN SCIENCE: SOME REFLECTIONS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">metacognition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">metavisual activity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pandemic isolation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">self-regulation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1617434387.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teacher needs to reinvent himself or herself all the time, proposing activities in the classroom that enable students to build and reconstruct knowledge. Particularly in science, this knowledge is mediated through scientific models, often inaccessible to students’ understanding. For the comprehension of a chemical reaction, for example, the student is invited to imagine how the interactions between the particles would be, the atomic rearrangement, totally abstract thought and based on models, often expressed by visualizations, that need to be constantly constructed and reviewed by students. However, how to revise these abstract concepts? What strategies could be used? The answer to these questions is complex, but we would like to propose a reflection on the use of drawings, as a possibility, among so many existing ones.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">192-193</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Senar   Temel</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PROSPECTIVE CHEMISTRY TEACHERS’ PROBLEM SOLVING ACHIEVEMENT ACCORDING TO THEIR LEVELS OF METACOGNITIVE SKILLS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">metacognition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">problem solving</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1419346631.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">51</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This research aims at analysing how prospective teachers’ levels of metacognitive skills influence their problem solving achievement. The research was conducted with the participation of the 32 prospective teachers attending the Department of Chemistry Education of the Education Faculty of Hacettepe University and enrolled in Inorganic chemistry course in the 2010-2011 academic year. Metacognitive Activities Inventory, MCA-I and Chemical Bonding Achievement Test, CBAT were used as the tools of data collection. Descriptive statistics as well as one-way ANOVA were employed in the analysis of the data collected. Consequently, the prospective teachers were divided into three groups according to their levels of metacognitive skills. Following the one-way ANOVA, it was found that there were no statistically significant differences between the prospective teachers grouped on the basis of differing levels of metacognitive skills in terms of their achievement in problem solving.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">126-131</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Karin  Bakračevič  Vukman</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">METACOGNITIVE ACCURACY AND LEARNING TO LEARN: A DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">accuracy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">metacognition</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2012</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1413727763.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">46</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Metacognition belongs to higher-order mental processes and enables us to control, plan and accordingly regulate our own learning and problem solving process. In the present study we researched developmental changes in different reasoning domains and in metacognitive accuracy, which is considered as part of successful metacognitive monitoring/ regulation, and as an essential element of self-regulated learning and learning to learn competence.
 The study involved 282 participants from four different age groups: 13-15-, 23-25-, 33-35- and 43-45- year olds. These participants solved tasks addressed to spatial, verbal-propositional and social reasoning, and evaluated their own performance on these tasks. To specify possible differences in metacognitive accuracy, the metacognitive accuracy index was computed. 
 Results showed that metacognitive evaluations were accurate in spatial domain, less accurate in verbal-propositional and quite inaccurate in the social domain. The accuracy of self-evaluation increased with age and males were more accurate in their self-evaluations than females. Improvement of metacognitive accuracy with age is in tune with findings that metacognition becomes more effective with development and that people with age become more reflective and self-aware.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15-21</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Catherine M.  Aurah</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Setlhomo  Koloi-Keaikitse</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Calvin  Isaacs</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Holmes  Finch</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE ROLE OF METACOGNITION IN EVERYDAY PROBLEM SOLVING AMONG PRIMARY STUDENTS IN KENYA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">metacognition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">problem solving</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1405179582.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">30</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Metacognition is an important dimension of problem solving because it includes problem-relevant awareness of one’s thinking, monitoring and regulation of cognitive processes, and application of heuristics. This study investigated the effect of Metacognition on problem solving among 150 students at Muraka Primary School, Kenya in June 2010. Students answered a 25-item self-report Metacognitive Awareness Inventory (MAI), and a 1-item multiple choice Problem solving questionnaire (PSQ). Data were analyzed using linear regression and ANOVA. Results indicated that metacognition is a good predictor of problem solving ability. Students showed significant differences in problem solving based on grade. There was also a significant difference in metacognition level based on grade. These results imply that metacognitive ability develops with age, such that the higher the grade levels the higher the metacognitive ability. Therefore, understanding the role of metacognition in children’s everyday problem solving may lead to the development of more effective instruction, by teachers, which incorporates metacognitive skills to help children improve in their problem solving skills and overall academic achievement.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9-21</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Solange W. Locatelli</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Celeste  Ferreira</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agnaldo Arroio</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">METAVISUALIZATION: AN IMPORTANT SKILL IN THE LEARNING CHEMISTRY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chemistry instruction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">metacognition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">metavisualization</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2594538</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper is a theoretical discussion about three important concepts related with chemistry learning. The terms visualization, metacognition and metavisualization were reviewed in the literature, in regard to aspects of definition and importance as constructors of knowledge in science education, especially in chemistry. There is a stead growing body of research that recognizes the importance of being metacognitive in the learning process. Also, given the frequent use of visualization in chemistry instruction we began to encounter studies that suggest that metacognition in respect with visualization exits and it’s referred to as “metavisualization”. Particularly, this term has been perceived as a metavisual skill, where the student will monitor and regulate specifically their internal representations, helping him to build concepts in science. Many definitions have been found about these terms, however there seems to be a uniformity to consider its importance in the learning process of students, which allows us to conclude that there is still a great demand for research in this area to clarify many aspects regarding these cognitive and metacognitive processes.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75-83</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maria Ledzińska</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sławomir  Postek</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE ROLE OF METACOGNITION IN C-LEARNING CURRICULUM</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">c-learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">metacognition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">modern school curriculum</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2594599</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The article provides the Reader with an extensive review of literature, both theoretical and empirical, concerning c-learning and it’s possible content. Initially, the origins on c-learnign idea are reviewed, from the point of looking at the evolution of various forums of distance education over the Internet. Empirical results that led psychologists and pedagogues to consider c-learning as the answer to a majority of problems of traditional e-learning are presented, followed by a description of what c-learning currently is and what its main challenges are. Than, one of those challenges – c-learning curriculum – is considered and the path that led educational psychologists from treating instilling knowledge as the main aim of a teacher to treating training metaknowledge and metacognitive abilities as such is presented. Following that, the origins of the concept of metacognitive skills, the structure of those skills and their relation to cognitive functioning are discussed. Finally, the place metacognition should take in c-learning, and possibly all types of modern education paradigms (even traditional school), is considered, and the view presented is supported by a review of works from all fields involved in virtual schooling attempts: technology of education, educational and cognitive psychology and pedagogy.
</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">137-145</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maria Ledzińska</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ewa Czerniawska</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE IMPORTANCE OF COGNITIVE SELECTIVENESS IN THE AGE OF INFORMATION FLOOD</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">information flood</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">metacognition</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392223930.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Civilization changes resulting from technological development are the causes of modifications of life conditions. The effects of technological development are perceived as ambivalent as well as positive, and negative. Psychologists are interested mainly in the latter ones, especially in the phenomenon of overproduction of information, sometimes called information overflow or information flood. This social phenomenon requires from contemporary people the ability of selecting data, their intentional choice, in line with the specificity of the realized cognitive tasks. The competences required to perform this task properly are called metacognition. They involve knowledge of cognitive functioning, i. e. higher-level skills including planning, monitoring, control and regulation of the cognitive activity. The development of metacognition seems to be a major challenge for contemporary education. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80-86</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Katarzyna Potyrala</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TEACHING TO LEARN SCHOOL – CHALLENGES FOR BIOLOGY EDUCATION IN KNOWLEDGE-BASED SOCIETY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ICT tools</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning organization</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">metacognition</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://journals.indexcopernicus.com/abstract.php?icid=860160</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">School is usually perceived as an institution transferring knowledge, fulfilling educational tasks and realising educational objectives. The slogan ‘the learning organisation’ fashionable and popular since the nineties of the 20th century, is a notion which in reference to school is partly metaphorical and functioning without clear structure and organisational plan. Excess of information connected with new achievements in the field of biology science leads to the awareness of existence of knowledge whose resources are unavailable in the course of school education. Overloading of science and biology curricula, few hours allocated for working on them and perceiving only simple cause and effect relations accompanying the didactic processes by the majority of teachers increase the distance between the student and the concept of metacognition necessary for the possibility of permanent education. The concepts of school evolution towards ‘the learning organisation’ or rather ‘teaching to learn organisation’ have been presented in the article. Research issues have been focused arround the influence of selected strategies and teaching models on improving metacognitive skills in students in the course of science and biology education. While verifying the research hypothesis assuming the effectiveness of applied procedures and educational models in improving students’ ‘knowledge about knowledge’ level, among others ICT tools were used. Experimental research results are students’ achievements measured with tests in control and experimental classes. 120 students of scecondary school level participated in the research. The analysis of the number of solutions in test and the results of pedagogical observation allow a statement that the applied experimental factors significantly affected the increase in students’ skills and can create new types of learning opportunities in science and biology education. Conclusions drawn from research results and literature allowed the elaboration of didactic solutions proposals supporting the mission of ‘learning school’ and the new role of knowledge-based society teacher. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">159-168</style></section></record></records></xml>