<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Min Xu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pan Li</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baiyun Zhou</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xuan Yi</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MAKING PERFORMANCE TEACHABLE: CURRICULAR ALIGNMENT AND MICROTEACHING IN GROUP PIANO TEACHER EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">curricular alignment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">microteaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mixed-methods pilot</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">music teacher education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pre-service teachers</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2026</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 2026</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">84</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Many pre-service music teachers can play a passage before they can explain, model, or teach it to someone else. This exploratory mixed-methods pilot examines that gap in a required group-piano course at a public normal university in mainland China. The course had been redesigned one year earlier, leaving an archive of checkpoint sheets, SMART practice logs, learning diaries, classroom interaction notes, microteaching plans, and end-of-course assessment forms. In Stage 1, two intact second-year cohorts of non-piano-major undergraduates (n = 20) worked through either a redesigned syllabus, organised around a Learning Outcomes-Activities-Evidence matrix and a weekly Listen-Read-Play-Teach cycle, or a conventional demonstration-and-practice routine. Stage 1 is reported descriptively because the archive did not retain medians, interquartile ranges, Mann-Whitney U values, or individual-level distributions, and the per-group sample was too small for responsible inference. Stage 2 re-read process materials from a wider explanatory sample (n = 40), using a codebook focused on listening, reading, playing, peer teaching, and difficulty turning performance knowledge into teachable language. The redesigned class cleared more threshold-approved checkpoint tasks, kept more target-linked practice logs, and wrote microteaching plans that named cues, broke demonstrations into steps, and anticipated likely beginner errors. The comparison class more often recognised problems but stopped before teachable explanation. The study offers a modest example of how visible criteria, recurring teach-back, and a revisitable evidence trail can help make practical performance knowledge more teachable.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">505-524</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mesut Tabuk</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mehmet Emin Elma</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beyza Nur Demir</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PRE-SERVICE PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS’ SELF-EFFICACY AND OUTCOME EXPECTANCY REGARDING THE USE OF CONCRETE MANIPULATIVES IN MATHEMATICS TEACHING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">concrete manipulatives</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematics education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">outcome expectancy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pre-service teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary school</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">self-efficacy</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2026</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August / 2026</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2026/457-1789647969.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">84</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Concrete manipulatives are widely used in primary mathematics education to support students’ understanding of abstract mathematical concepts. This study examined pre-service primary school teachers’ self-efficacy and outcome expectancy regarding the use of concrete manipulatives and investigated whether these beliefs differed by sex, year of study, and age. The participants were 118 pre-service teachers enrolled in a primary education programme. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, a paired-samples t test, independent-samples t tests, one-way analyses of variance, and Tukey HSD tests. Mean scores for both self-efficacy and outcome expectancy fell within the agree range established for interpreting the scale. Outcome expectancy scores were significantly higher than self-efficacy scores, indicating that participants expressed stronger beliefs in the instructional benefits of concrete manipulatives than in their ability to use them effectively. No significant differences by sex were found. Both dimensions differed significantly by year of study, with some later-year groups reporting higher scores than earlier-year groups. Age-group differences were found only in self-efficacy; however, this result should be interpreted cautiously because the oldest group included only four participants. The findings indicate an association between year of study and efficacy beliefs but do not establish a causal effect of the teacher education programme. Teacher education programmes should provide sustained, practice-based opportunities for pre-service teachers to select, use, and evaluate concrete manipulatives in classroom settings.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">662-675</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Katarína Vančíková</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ružena Čiliaková</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hušlová Orságová, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONCEPTUALIZATIONS OF INCLUSIVE SCHOOLING BY PRE-SERVICE TEACHERS IN SLOVAKIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">conceptualizations of inclusive schooling</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">inclusive education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pre-service teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quantitative survey</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=4664273</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Understanding how pre-service teachers conceptualize inclusive schooling is critical for effective teacher education. The present study examined how 455 pre-service teachers from eight Slovak universities perceive and prioritize eight distinct conceptualizations of an inclusive school, analyzing influences of professional specialization, study mode, and experience with diversity. A quantitative survey, utilizing ratings on a 6-point Likert scale and forced choice ranking, revealed &quot;every child is valued&quot; as the most preferred concept, signaling a strong normative commitment to individual children's worth. &quot;Bottom-up inclusion,&quot; emphasizing practical, team-based approaches, also ranked highly. While no significant differences were found across teacher specializations or personal experience with diversity, part-time students showed stronger preference for &quot;bottom-up inclusion&quot; compared to full-time students, who prioritized &quot;every child is valued&quot;. These findings suggest that professional experience may shape more practical conceptualizations of inclusion, underscoring the importance of structured reflection alongside practical experience in teacher education.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">689-704</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Demir Evcimen, F. B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ulukaya Öteleş, Ü.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Erol Koçoğlu</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE EFFECT OF CRITICAL THINKING PRACTICES ON DIGITAL FOOTPRINT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">critical thinking</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">digital footprint</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pre-service teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social studies teaching</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=4499558</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Individuals equipped with critical thinking skills are capable of evaluating the consequences of their actions in digital environments and ensuring their personal safety while actively using technology. This study aims to examine the impact of critical thinking practices on reducing the digital footprints of prospective teachers. The research was designed as a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest control group model. The study group consisted of 66 pre-service teachers enrolled in the fourth year of the Social Studies Teacher Education Program in Türkiye during the fall semester of the 2022–2023 academic year. Over a five-week implementation period, the experimental group (n=32) received critical thinking instruction aimed at minimizing digital footprints, while the control group (n=34) continued with the standard curriculum. Data were collected using the &quot;Survey on Higher Education Students' Use of Digital Media,&quot; a semi-structured interview form, and a peer assessment form, all developed by the researchers. The findings revealed a statistically significant improvement in the experimental group regarding digital footprint reduction. Additionally, data obtained from the peer assessments and interviews supported the quantitative findings, demonstrating the positive impact of critical thinking practices. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">306-322</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brígido Mero, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rodríguez de Castro, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lejárraga García, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Laviña Pérez, I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nistal Anta, V.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EMOTIONAL TRAINING FOR PROSPECTIVE TEACHERS IN SCIENCE EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">distance education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">emotional teaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pre-service teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2024</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1715414845.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cognitive and affective interrelationships are increasingly gaining importance in educational literature, assigning emotions a prominent role in the teaching and learning process. This study aims to promote awareness among prospective teachers of their emotional vulnerability and the influence of affective and emotional aspects in the teaching of natural sciences, mathematics, and social sciences. The research had a dual purpose: to analyse the beliefs, attitudes, and emotions of prospective teachers regarding the teaching of these disciplines and to examine the impact on their beliefs and emotions after undergoing specific training. The study topic is justified by the growing attention emotions are receiving as decisive factors in learning processes and the persistent substantial gap in scientific education research, particularly in the realm of online teacher training. To address and analyse this gap, a descriptive quantitative survey study on beliefs, attitudes, and emotions towards the teaching of these courses before and after participation in a training program was designed. The analysis of the data revealed results consistent with previous studies. Specifically, the results demonstrated that prospective teachers showed more negative emotions, beliefs, and attitudes towards the teaching of natural sciences and mathematics compared to the teaching of social sciences. However, in all cases, improvements were observed after receiving specific training. These findings highlight the need to incorporate emotional improvement projects into online teacher training, particularly in the fields of natural sciences and mathematics.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">236-251</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johannes Addido</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andrea   C. Burrows</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timothy   F. Slater</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ADDRESSING PRE-SERVICE TEACHERS’ MISCONCEPTIONS AND PROMOTING CONCEPTUAL UNDERSTANDING THROUGH THE CONCEPTUAL CHANGE MODEL</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">conceptual change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">conceptual change model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">conceptual understanding</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">misconceptions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pre-service teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2022</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2022</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2022/457-1662401000.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">80</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teaching science concepts for conceptual understanding has its challenges. Bringing about conceptual change in the science classroom can be difficult because most concepts are complicated and often counter-intuitive in the teaching and learning of science concepts. A review of the literature indicates that the conceptual change model, CCM can be an effective teaching technique in addressing misconceptions and improving conceptual understanding when it comes to science instruction. The aim of this research was to find out the effect of the conceptual change model on pre-service teachers’ conceptual understanding regarding the topic of forces and motion. Using data from tests and questionnaires, the research questions were answered by quantitatively analyzing the collected data. The analysis revealed that there is a statistically significant correlation between the conceptual change model and the conceptual understanding of the pre-service teacher participants. Overall, the results provide evidence in support of the effectiveness of the conceptual change model, CCM in addressing misconceptions and promoting conceptual understanding of forces and motion among the pre-service teacher participants that volunteered for this research. The results also indicate that the CCM is a teaching model which must be considered by science educators and teachers as they seek to address issues related to misconceptions and conceptual understanding in the teaching of science topics. </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">499-515</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nurullah Yazici</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INVESTIGATION OF USE CASES OF MATHEMATICS TEXTBOOKS IN THE TEACHING PROCESS FROM A DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">developmental perspective</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematics teacher</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematics textbook</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pre-service teachers</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1639554024.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">It is important to determine the behaviors of primary school pre-service teachers, who have successfully completed the &quot;Mathematics Textbook Review&quot; course during their undergraduate education, regarding the use of textbooks in their professional life. Therefore, it is important to determine the approaches of pre-service teachers who have positive ideas about using the mathematics textbook in their undergraduate education and the reasons for these approaches in the process after starting the profession. This research was designed with a developmental perspective from qualitative research approaches and was conducted with two different study groups in Turkey. The first study group consists of 162 primary school mathematics pre-service teachers. The second group consists of 43 primary school mathematics teachers who worked for at least two years in their professional life. As a result of the research, more than half of the pre-service teachers (n=132) stated that they would use textbooks as a basic resource in the in-class teaching process. Pre-service teachers' reasons for using the course book in the classroom teaching process were grouped under four categories: &quot;it is a guide for teaching, homework, affordability, and opportunity for repetition&quot;. When the data obtained from the mathematics teachers were examined, it was determined that most of the teachers did not use the textbook as the main source in the classroom teaching process. When the obtained data are examined holistically, it is concluded that even though the rate of pre-service teachers thinking of using the textbook is high, this rate will decrease in professional life.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">880-893</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Christy Belardo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andrea   C. Burrows</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lydia Dambekalns</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PARTNERING SCIENCE AND ART: PRE-SERVICE TEACHERS’ EXPERIENCES FOR USE IN PRE-COLLEGIATE CLASSROOMS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">art</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pre-collegiate students</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pre-service teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STEM classrooms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">STEM education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1498500916.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">E-ISSN 2538-7111</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Research on teaching through discipline integration is currently emphasized as a gap in educational literature, and this study bridges discipline silos between the arts and sciences by indicating how science and art compliment content learning. A study of secondary education pre-service teachers (3 years, n = 52) participating in a science/art integration unit the semester before their last college experience, explores how integrated sessions capture both scientific and artistic discipline concepts. A mixed methods research approach measured changes in confidence of science and art knowledge, skills, and experiences of the participants. Quantitative and qualitative data support increased awareness and confidence in pre-service teachers’ perceptions of how science and art can be incorporated into pre-collegiate classrooms, recognition of discipline similarities, and significant common themes when teaching both disciplines together. The researchers utilized a social constructivist framework with the qualitative data. Conclusions and implications include: 1) instructors can provide examples and modeling of interdisciplinary learning, which inspire pre-service teachers to explore new integrated disciplines in their own future classrooms, and 2) instructors can influence perspectives of pre-service teachers by offering integrated units, which produces open-mindedness of future teachers to use various teaching strategies.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">215-234</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Julius Ssegantebuka</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE RELEVANCE OF THE VISUAL ARTS CURRICULUM IN THE PREPARATION OF PRE-SERVICE VISUAL ARTS TEACHERS IN UGANDA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">case study</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pre-service teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">relevant visual arts curriculum</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">August/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1503750983.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The research examined the relevance of the visual arts curriculum content with the view of assessing the extent to which it equips pre-service visual arts teachers with the knowledge and skills required for effective teaching. The study adopted a descriptive case study design. Data were collected from three purposively selected National Teacher Colleges (NTCs), six tutors and 90 final year pre-service visual arts teachers participated in this study. The research findings showed that teacher education institutions are inadequately preparing pre-service visual arts teachers because of the gaps in the Visual Arts Curriculum (VAC) used in NTCs. Some of these gaps are attributed to the structure of the visual arts curriculum tutors use in NTCs. The visual arts curriculum lacks explicit visual arts assessment strategies; it has wide and combined visual arts content to be covered within a short period of two years and the limited knowledge of the available art materials, tools and equipment. The research recommended the restructuring of the VAC to accommodate more practical; and the introduction of specialized knowledge in the visual arts education (VAE) to enable tutors decipher practical knowledge from the theory studied so as to adopt an integrated approach in VAE curriculum. 
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">394-409</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knut-Andreas   Christophersen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eyvind   Elstad</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trond Solhaug</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Are   Turmo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GENDER VARIATIONS IN NORWEGIAN PRE-SERVICE TEACHERS' MOTIVATIONAL ORIENTATIONS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">motivational orientations</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pre-service teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">self-efficacy</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February/2015</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1430294332.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">63</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pre-service teachers’ gender and its associations with motivational orientations are under-researched issues. This study, therefore, used a survey methodology to research gender variations in the motivational orientations of pre-service teachers in general. The research clearly shows that male pre-service teachers are less motivated than their female counterparts and have higher levels of disillusion motivation. Female pre-service teachers are more influenced by teacher role models and show higher levels of intrinsic motivation and self-efficacy in classroom management. Males seem to internalize external academic pressure to a lesser extent. Further research is needed to better understand these significant findings. The conclusion is that interactions between gender and pre-service teachers’ motivational orientations need to be further explored and explicitly addressed by teacher educators. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17-28</style></section></record></records></xml>