<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Raffaele Pisano</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paolo   Bussotti</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ON POPULARIZATION OF SCIENTIFIC EDUCATION IN ITALY BETWEEN 12TH AND 16TH CENTURY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abacus schools</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mathematics education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science &amp; society</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">scientific education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tartaglia</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420056837.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">57</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mathematics education is also a social phenomenon because it is influenced both by the needs of the labour market and by the basic knowledge of mathematics necessary for every person to be able to face some operations indispensable in the social and economic daily life. Therefore the way in which mathematics education is framed changes according to modifications of the social environment and know–how. For example, until the end of the 20th century, in the Italian faculties of engineering the teaching of mathematical analysis was profound: there were two complex examinations in which the theory was as important as the ability in solving exercises. Now the situation is different. In some universities there is only a proof of mathematical analysis; in others there are two proves, but they are sixth–month and not annual proves. The theoretical requirements have been drastically reduced and the exercises themselves are often far easier than those proposed in the recent past. With some modifications, the situation is similar for the teaching of other modern mathematical disciplines: many operations needing of calculations and mathematical reasoning are developed by the computers or other intelligent machines and hence an engineer needs less theoretical mathematics than in the past. The problem has historical roots. In this research an analysis of the phenomenon of “scientific education” (teaching geometry, arithmetic, mathematics only) with respect the methods used from the late Middle Ages by “maestri d’abaco” to the Renaissance humanists, and with respect to mathematics education nowadays is discussed. Particularly the ways through which mathematical knowledge was spread in Italy between late Middle ages and early Modern age is shown. At that time, the term “scientific education” corresponded to “teaching of mathematics, physics”; hence something different from what nowadays is called science education, NoS, etc. Moreover, the relationships between mathematics education and civilization in Italy between the 12th and the 16th century is also popularized within the Abacus schools and Niccolò Tartaglia. These are significant cases because the events connected to them are strictly interrelated. The knowledge of such significant relationships between society, mathematics education, advanced mathematics and scientific knowledge can be useful for the scholars who are nowadays engaged in mathematics education research. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">90-101</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">José  Domingo  Villarroel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teresa Angós</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alfredo Grandmontagne</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE ORIGIN OF NUMERICAL CONCEPTS: EARLY MEANINGS OF 'ONE', 'TWO', AND 'THREE' AMONG BASQUE- AND SPANISH-SPEAKING CHILDREN</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cognitive development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">early education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">scientific education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">January/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392315714.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study examines the conceptual origins of the meaning of the first number-words and what role language can play in developing the notion of number. The original hypothesis is related to the idea that the meaning of the number-words “one”, “two” and “three” is supported by the conceptual framework of grammatical numbers, rather than that of integers (Sarnecka, Kamenskaya, Yamana, Ogura &amp; Yudovina, 2006).
 To that end the counting abilities of Spanish and Basque monolingual children and Spanish-Basque bilingual children are tested, because the Spanish and Basque languages express grammatical number in different ways (Perea, Urkia, Davis, Agirre &amp; Carreiras, 2006).
 On the one hand, the findings are in line with the initial hypothesis and with Sarnecka's work (Sarnecka et al., 2006), and on the other hand with a growing body of evidence that shows that the meaning of the count list appears from mapping numerals onto numerical cognitive representations produced by early core systems of number (Le Corre &amp; Carey, 2007; 2008).</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">109-123</style></section></record></records></xml>