<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rita Horak</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lenke Major</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Szabolcs Halasi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vukov Raffai, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Janos Samu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinter Krekic, V.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SUSTAINABILITY EDUCATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL ATTITUDES IN MINORITY TEACHER TRAINING: A CASE FROM SERBIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">attitude formation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education for sustainable development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">environmental education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quantitative longitudinal research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher training</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=4714159</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Integrating sustainability education into teacher training remains a key challenge, particularly in minority language contexts where environmental and cultural dimensions intersect. This study examines how education about sustainability can be effectively integrated into teacher training in such a setting. Specifically, it examines the effects of three elective environmental education courses ‒ introduced during the 2020 curricular accreditation ‒ on the environmental attitudes of students enrolled in Hungarian-language teacher training in Serbia.
The research involved a sample of 150 students over three academic years (2022–2025) and employed a quantitative design using three validated psychometric instruments (RevNEP, ENV, and CHEAKS) to assess ecological worldviews, environmental values, emotions, and behavioural intentions. Data were analysed through descriptive and inferential statistics, revealing statistically significant positive changes in students’ environmental attitudes: RevNEP indicated stronger ecological worldviews, ENV showed growth in pro-environmental values, and CHEAKS demonstrated the development of affective and behavioural dimensions.
The results suggest that the substantive characteristics of the specialization itself, and the students’ motivations have a greater influence on attitude formation than the academic year itself. The study underscores the dual function of minority teacher education: fostering sustainability-oriented awareness while preserving cultural identity. These findings, based on multi-year quantitative evidence, strengthen the empirical understanding of attitude formation in sustainability education and hold direct implications for curriculum development and international discourse on teacher training.
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">766-785</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gomes Senna, L. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CULTURAL BILINGUALISM AND LANGUAGES IN CONTACT IN TEXT PRODUCTION: EXPLAINING THE CASE OF PERMANENT INTERFERENCES IN WRITTEN BRAZILIAN PORTUGUESE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cultural bilingualism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">linguistic rights</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mother tongue teaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">public education policies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher training</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1702996071.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A critical review of the nature of Education as a universal right in peripheral societies, based on the analysis of the social and cultural circumstances that permeate the learning experience of the written Portuguese language in Brazilian schools. The concept of cultural bilingualism is defended as necessary in facing the demand for subjectivation of the universal right to Education, supported by facts of written production among school subjects. It also justifies the overcoming of the classic concepts of bilingualism, listed exclusively from grammatical-functional aspects or issues of use that are restricted to linguistic facts. Situations of tension stand out in the contact between oral and written Portuguese of Brazil - symbolically considered the Brazilian national language - whose origin goes back to historical-cultural aspects that acted in the process of the implantation of the Portuguese Language in Brazilian territory. Derived from such aspects, there are situations of languages in contact that can only be properly explained by the concept of cultural bilingualism.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">811-824</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bušljeta Kardum, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jurić Vukelić, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lovorka Brajković</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EFFECTS OF A SHORT COURSE TRAINING PROGRAM ON APPROACHES TO TEACHING IN HIGHER EDUCATION: EXAMPLE FROM CROATIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">higher education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">short course training program</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher training</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">university teachers</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2023</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2023</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1698378984.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">European countries, in accordance with their higher education policy, regulate in various ways the need for additional professional education of higher education teachers. In the Republic of Croatia, despite the recognized need to improve the process of teaching and learning at the higher education level, efforts and activities in this direction are left to the universities.
The main aim of the present study was to examine how the participants of the short course training program on approaches to teaching in higher education in Croatia perceived their own teaching and learning competencies before and after attending the program. University teachers from five higher education institutions in the Republic of Croatia participated in the research. The participants assessed agreement with the statements related to various teaching competencies, important for university teachers, on a 5-point Likert-type scale. The results obtained through research quantitative and qualitative methods indicate that the participants of the short course training program on approaches to teaching in higher education evaluate their own teaching competencies better at the end than at the beginning of the program. The obtained results indicate the importance of formal training and improvement of teaching competencies of university teachers and can serve as an assessment of the expediency of the short course training program on approaches to teaching in higher education at the national level and as a basis for comparison with programs implemented at other European universities.
</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">572-585</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rolién J. V. Cirilo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elaine A. Colagrande</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INSTRUMENTS TO ACCESS THE CHEMISTRY PEDAGOGICAL CONTENT KNOWLEDGE: AN INTEGRATIVE REVIEW</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chemistry teaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">data collection instruments</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">professional knowledge</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher training</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher’s knowledge</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2021</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2021</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2021/457-1623676595.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">79</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This research presents an integrative review about the methodological procedures adopted in the research of the Chemistry PCK, with the aim of identifying the data collection instruments used to explain the PCK in this field, seeking to observe its frequency of use and also contribute to the advancement of knowledge established by previous reviews. 89 articles published in magazines well evaluated by CAPES were selected, indexed to the Scopus (Elsevier) database. The treatment of the data was based on the technique of content analysis, resulting in six categories constructed a posteriori: a) period of publications; b) country of origin of the research; c) relationship to a specific topic; d) the teaching experience of the target audience; e) research approach and data collection instruments; and f) the use of PCK models as a theoretical framework. The results suggest a methodological predominance of a qualitative nature, with interviews, field diaries, observation of the practice, and questionnaires some of the most used instruments. Besides, a trend related to the specification of topics in the Chemistry discipline can be identified, as well as the lack of clarity regarding the variety of PCK models present in the literature and the failure to adopt these as a theoretical basis in most of the research studies analysed. There is also an express need to investigate the PCK of Chemistry teachers in practice in higher education since the results reinforce the scarcity of papers for this specific audience.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">381-396</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coral I. Hunt-Gómez</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Macarena Navarro-Pablo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ANALYSIS OF PRE-SERVICE FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHERS’ INCORRECT ARTICULATIONS: FREQUENCY, INFLUENCE ON COMMUNICATION, AND A SPECIFIC CORRECTIVE STRATEGY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EFL (English as a foreign language)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">higher education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">second language acquisition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher training</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2020</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2020</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2020/457-1607329741.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">English Foreign Language (EFL) teachers need to be especially aware of their own articulatory errors and to manage strategies to overcome them. A specific corrective strategy using phonetic notation to destabilise the most recurrent articulatory errors to be applied to Spanish pre-service English Primary School teachers is presented. Firstly, the presence of incorrectly articulated sounds in a corpus of 238 minutes of recorded improvised production of 34 pre-service EFL teachers was identified. Incorrect articulations were classified in two groups, those that presented a higher frequency were classified as fossilised errors and those appearing only once were considered mistakes. A categorisation of the most frequent articulatory errors and their possible origins was offered. Errors were also examined attending the effect they posed on communication, if they hindered it, they were considered unintelligible. Results showed that more than 80% of fossilised incorrect articulations were perfectly understandable and did not disrupt communication. Even if these results can be considered positive, research shows that pronunciation highly influences the learning process of other skills, and that it affects learners in terms of confidence, social and work advancement. Therefore, to get rid of their own fossilised errors, future teachers need effective pronunciation skills training strategies. For that reason, a specific error corrective strategy based on phonetic notation and self-learning is proposed.  </style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">933-947</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Artyom Sergeyevich Dontsov</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elena Ivanovna Burdina</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EDUCATING TEACHERS FOR CONTENT AND LANGUAGE INTEGRATED LEARNING IN KAZAKHSTAN: DEVELOPING POSITIVE ATTITUDES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">affective filter</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">anxiety</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">attitude</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CLIL</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">content and language integrated learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">learning motivation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">self-esteem</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher training</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1524597360.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The aim of the present research is to identify whether teachers' attitudes towards the use of Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) in the Republic of Kazakhstan can undergo significant changes if they study a course introducing them to the fundamentals of CLIL. Despite the country's plans to adopt English as one of the languages of education, stakeholders’ attitudes towards teaching through the medium of this language remain rather skeptical. A survey was held among Master’s degree students majoring in Education (n = 59) at Pavlodar State University before the course and after its completion. Since it is the affective component that largely determines the quality of attitudes, the levels of participants' anxiety, self-esteem and motivation were used as the indicators. The tools for measuring these variables were the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Dembo-Rubinstein's Method of Self-esteem Measurement and Dubovitskaya's Diagnostics of Learning Motivation Orientation. The end-of-course results show a marked reduction in the level of participants' state anxiety, a growth in self-esteem in terms of the readiness to use CLIL, and a shift towards intrinsic motivation. It is argued that for attitudes shift to take place, it is necessary to adopt a constructivist approach to teaching and learning.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">140-158</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peter  Karlsudd</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marianne Dahl</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berit Willén Lundgren</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LESS TRADITION FOR MORE PROFESSION: AN ATTEMPT WITH THESIS PROJECTS IN PRACTICAL DEVELOPMENT</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">action research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher training</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">thesis projects</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2017</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2017</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1498501062.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">E-ISSN 2538-7111</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This research scrutinises the question whether an education profile with development-oriented thesis projects in teacher education programs can provide an increased professional relevance without losing scientific quality. The methodology used in the survey can be defined as a participatory approach in which field work, document studies and interviews form the basis for data collection. The suggested activities that students used were development-oriented methods. Before the project's implementation, instructional texts and supplementary examination criteria were written with a view to guaranteeing scientific excellence, with the main aim of improving professional relevance. The results show that the course tutor initially had some trouble communicating disposition and structure, which meant that some of the students at first had doubts. Despite this, the summary assessment is that the development-oriented approach implemented with scientific quality enhanced the students` readiness for future professions.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">252-262</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cheng, C.-C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SITUATED LEARNING AND PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT: A CASE STUDY OF APPLYING COGNITIVE APPRENTICESHIP AND COMMUNITY OF PRACTICES IN A KINDERGARTEN</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cognitive apprenticeship</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">community of practices</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">kindergarten teacher</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher training</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420361779.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">59</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The purpose of this study is to implement and evaluate a teacher training program based on the framework of situated learning. Adapting from the situated learning approaches, the author implemented two in-service teacher training programs based on cognitive apprenticeship and community of practices respectively. Each training program was adopted in a different campus of a private kindergarten. During the six-month training, researcher conducted a qualitative research to evaluate the effectiveness of the training program. To investigate how teachers improved their professional skills in constructive instruction, the researcher invited four supervisors and 10 kindergarten teachers to participate in the training program. The qualitative data included classroom observation, focus group, interviews, and teachers’ reflection notes. The results suggest that both programs may aid learning of engaging in constructivist instruction by providing external supports such as model instruction plans, mentoring, cooperating to solve problems. Nevertheless, the relationship or power hierarchy between mentors and learners is important in cultivating mentees’ capabilities. Practices sharing in community of practices approach, rather than supervisors’ expertise and diagnosis, will help the mentees to enhance their capabilities of solving problems. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15-24</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diana Carmela Di Gennaro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Erika Marie Pace</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Iolanda Zollo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paola  Aiello</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TEACHER CAPACITY BUILDING THROUGH CRITICAL REFLECTIVE PRACTICE FOR THE PROMOTION OF INCLUSIVE EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">critical reflective practice</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">inclusive education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher training</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">July/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1421876550.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">60</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In a time where inclusive education has become the underpinning framework of reference for educational policies globally, effective strategies for a smooth and sustainable transformation of educational systems need to be identified. Recent literature on teachers’ attitudes has suggested that the adoption of inclusive policies, although necessary, is not sufficient for its implementation. Particularly, it has highlighted that the successful creation of inclusive environments requires critical reflection on the beliefs and values underpinning the attitudes towards the practical implementation and long-term sustainability of inclusive education. The research presented in this article outlines the historic evolution of the principles characterising inclusive education in Italy and Europe. It then delineates the competencies required for teacher capacity building in inclusive contexts and provides an overview of the founding principles supporting critical reflective practice. In conclusion, it proposes a guided strengths-oriented process aimed at enhancing critical reflection during initial and in-service teacher education courses in order to give teachers the opportunity to reflect on the beliefs and values shaping their practice, as well as explore new routes to bring about improvement and build strategic alliances to be able to handle the complex nature characterising current school contexts. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">54-66</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jerusa  Vilhena de Moraes</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE CONSTRUCTION OF GEOGRAPHIC KNOWLEDGE IN SCHOOL: A BRIEF REFLECTION ON THE ROLE OF THE TEACHER</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">geographic literacy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">scientific literacy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher training</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2593986</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">For some years there have been theoretical debates concerning the role of school Geography. In Brazil, these questions came to prominence during the decade of the 80’s in the last century. In Europe, whilst the discussions had started previously, given that the development of Geography as a science started in Germany in the 19th. century, questioning on the role of Geography in schools, its methods and specificities etc. in certain ways served to amplify our references and to question which Geography we want and which we are promoting.
 We consider that it is essential to encourage reflection as to what the purposes of an education in Geography are and the role of the teacher in this process so as to think not only about the direction we are giving to this process, but to verify if we are contributing to students being able to construct general and specific scientific reasoning in this area.
 The purpose of this article is to present that which, in terms of sciences in general, has been proposed, so that students can construct specific science concepts and to which geographic education can contribute, so that students and teachers can have a significant understanding of the concepts involved in this science.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82-93</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sonia  Vanzella Castellar</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OVERCOMING THE LIMITS FOR A MEANINGFUL GEOGRAPHICAL EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">geographic education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">meaningful teaching and learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher training</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2593721</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This is an article analyzing the didactic action and the involvement of geography teachers with their actions in the classroom. This article is the result of analysis of research, financed by the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa (FAPESP), and took place in a public school in the State of São Paulo. The central objective was to analyze knowledge and teaching practices in geography. The discussions presented here are focused on teaching practices – the classroom didactic – aimed at altering the logic of the organization of the school curriculum for Geography in Fundamental Teaching (5th to 9th. years). It also deals with analyzing the teaching and learning of geography, considered most important to the extent that geographic knowledge permits understanding of places and human actions, thereby overcoming a paradigm common in Geography in various countries, of its being a discipline to stimulate learning by rote and description with no relevance to the school curriculum. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9-19</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Helena  Copetti Callai</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY AND THE DIDACTIC IN THE CONSTITUTION OF THE GEOGRAPHIC EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">geographic education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher training</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2011</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=2593851</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper discusses the geographic education and, in this context approaches the geography didactics. Those two themes are inserted in the discussion over the school in modern times, considering that the 21st century presents remarkable differences from the 20th century and, the main one maybe is the speed of the information. It constitutes, then a new spatiality as a consequence of the globalization processes that demarcate the places where people live and lead them to incorporate a new kind of demand. The students (children and teenagers) arrive at school at this time presenting expectations that the school is not always able to fulfill. Those questions are discussed and, from the referential supports are presented extracts from a research conducted with docents and undergraduate students from licentiate program, in which emerge the tensions between the academic and docent interest, between the university and the school, among many others.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39-47</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INTERNATIONAL PROJECTS „ARISE“ AND „IQST“ FOR IMPROVING QUALITY OF SCIENCE TEACHING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">augmented reality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">natural science education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher training</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1400514560.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An international cooperation is undoubtedly an important issue. Science is science and it has an international character. Moreover, such cooperation is crucially important for scientists from former Soviet Union countries, because they had no possibility to communicate with colleagues from abroad or such cooperation was strongly limited. It is obvious if we want to obtain the necessary scientific information about different things, to enlarge technological possibilities of societies and so on, generally speaking, to make our world more safe and better, international cooperation among scientists is essential. Only all together we will be able to meet a broad range of global challenges today and tommorow.
 It is obvious that all projects are different. For example, large-scale scientific projects are very different to standard scale projects, which can be characterised mainly in four aspects: budget, human resources, time scale, productivity. The projects usually comprises experts from different areas of science and education. Another argument is that the globalization is becoming an international trend making countries open their doors, integrate and participate further in international co-operation activities. Generally speaking, we should recognize the importance of projects to education success. Projects generally are doing something new, innovative and this is very important. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Editorial</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-7</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ketevan  Kobalia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elza  Garakanidze</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCIES OF THE 21ST CENTURY SCHOOL TEACHER</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher preparation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher training</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/pdf.html?n=2014/457-1400134439.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">According to the demands of many educational reforms, a teacher should not only be a provider of knowledge and skills, but also have a positive attitude towards innovations, feel the necessity for self-education, and adopt a student centered teaching approach. Teachers are expected to develop professional skills and always try to be &quot;an effective model of competence&quot; (Bruner, 1976). For example, an examination of education students found that the main emphasis in their preparedness was subject area knowledge. Students did not report a focus on the personality traits. This study reports data gathered from education graduates about their perceptions of the level and extent of professional competence experienced during their preparation. This study has been carried out to reveal the interaction quality between the professionally valuable competences and the consequences of teaching process. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">104-108</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jerusa  Vilhena de Moraes</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sonia  Vanzella Castellar</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SCIENTIFIC LITERACY, PROBLEM BASED LEARNING AND CITIZENSHIP: A SUGGESTION FOR GEOGRAPHY STUDIES TEACHING</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">geography teaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">problem based learning</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher training</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1399917778.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In this paper we will present a part of our thesis: a proposal of problem based learning inside the Geography teaching as an alternative way to the scientific literacy and the citizenship. The research was developed under the context of Elementary School and the Middle School I and II teacher training, and it can contribute to a higher and wider reflection on propositions to the improvement of pedagogical practices and the learning of scientific concepts. This proposal can allow a link between practice and theory: help to organize classes, not just emphasizing the content, but the learning of some scientific concepts and, at the same time, the abilities and proceedings linked to different areas of knowledge. Scholars dealing with teaching (Lambros, 2002; Leite &amp; Esteves, 2006, and others) have been showing that this methodology enable the students a more independent and meaningful learning of scientifical concepts, helping them to develop the competencies and abilities linked to the logical reasoning and cooperation. We will present two different cases to discuss if this methodology can allow an integrated learning process and if they contribute to an improvement of the teaching. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">119-127</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kordigel Aberšek, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marija Ropič</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vlasta Hus</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CHILDREN’S LITERATURE, TEACHERS AND INTEGRATIVE EDUCATION: THEORY AND SCHOOL REALITY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">integrative education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mother tongue education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher training</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1393668526.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The paper represents the results of a quantitative research performed at the Faculty of Education, University of Maribor. The aim of the project was to establish the implementation of the concept of integrative education, which was recommended for the first triennium of elementary education in Slovenia in the 90s. The essence of Slovene integration concept should be the following: focusing on the structure and the process of child's assimilation as well as accommodation in/of the structure, his/her ability to communicate the content of the structure and his/her ability to express the process of changing the structure.
 Our results show that the majority of teachers follow the recommended curriculum guidelines for integration as the main didactical concept for teaching in the first triennium of elementary school taught as a part of the compulsory Teacher training program - teaching in the first triennium. Nevertheless a big proportion of elementary school teachers (year 1-3) are not entirely aware of the criteria that should be used for integration in the educational process. The same elementary school teachers have difficulties (aware or unaware) with the process of planning and performing the integration concept in the classroom.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">44-55</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ivan Gerlič</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DIDACTICS AND COMMUNICATIONS CRITERION OF DISTANCE EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">distance education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher training</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2009</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1393668577.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Last decade’s technological development in the field of information technology has boosted the range of varieties of its use in the distance education and given new dimensions to this type of education. Distance-learning nowadays is practised by several theory’s, each differing from the other in its formal access, in the analyse of its teaching and learning materials, in its ways and range of counselling and the range of its communication with the participants, as well as in its didactic concept of preparing and forming learning materials, etc. Distance education is important criterion for new communication trends in education. Therefore it shall be covered more thoroughly in this work.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">56-64</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pavel Doulík</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jiří Škoda</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SEVERAL COMMENTS ON CONTEMPORARY CHANGES TO PREGRADUATE TEACHER TRAINING IN CZECH REPUBLIC</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">baccalaureate programmes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">master’s programmes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher training</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392233198.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pregradual preparation of teachers for the 2nd grade of elementary school and high school in Czech Republic is being intensively changed at this time and this change brings a lot of problem. It is about necessity of structuration of teacher‘s preparation. The contribution is engaged in main aspects of structuration process and discussed reasons for and against structuration. It pointed out negatives which can be explored in connection with structuration.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">55-59</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">José  Domingo  Villarroel</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE SUBJECTIVE COMPUTER EXPERIENCE OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">computer use</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher training</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2008</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392224161.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The subjective computer experience (SCE) construct is defined as a private psychological state reflecting the thoughts and feelings that a person ascribes to some previous or existing computing event. Information and communication technologies are currently increasing their influence in the field of education, so the SCE of teacher-treaining students is an interesting subject for analysis. The present study examines the SCE of a sample of 176 university students with different academic profiles, including a sample of students from teacher training colleges. The results show not only differences between students from different fields of knowledge, but also that participating in the design of teaching models based on the use of ICTs is related to distinct SCE profiles.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">118-128</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vincentas  Lamanauskas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SOME FEATURES OF INITIAL SCIENCE TEACHER TRAINING IN LITHUANIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educatedness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">science education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher training</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">September/2007</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1392220022.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">After gaining the independence, well-grounded, qualitatively new and intensive changes took place in the education system of Lithuania. The issues of science education became even more burning and though more complex. One of the directives requires solving the problems of science education on the grounds of a general culture rather than separately as the questions should be treated as a part of culture. A teacher of sciences must fully master different training technologies and have a thorough preparation for teaching sciences. Obviously, science pedagogical education undergoes serious changes. The majority of the recent international studies face an alarming situation in the field of science education. A critical situation has been encountered by the ROSE project (Sjøberg, 2004). It is obvious, that preparation of the qualified science teachers is actual and difficult task.�
 In conclusion, we can maintain that: 
• After restoring independence, the new teacher training curricula using experience of Western countries and considering national needs were developed.
 • The teachers of natural sciences mainly have to meet new social, pedagogic and subjective requirements. They are treated not only as providers imparting knowledge and facts but also as those helping the learner with choosing the required information on an individual basis. The changes in society and the process of teaching show that higher schools must take into account these facts while training would-be teachers. 
• The training curricula of teachers of natural sciences are designed on the basis of the regulations of the field of studies and standards of teacher training and are aimed at training teachers able to teach a few subjects of natural sciences. 
• The curricula focused on preparing teachers able to teach natural sciences integrated into other subjects taught are designed.
 • The curricula of natural sciences include education management, an introductory course on Educology, didactics and hodegetics that are involved into the process of competence development; however, it is not enough to gain general competence in pedagogical practice. 
• The training curricula of teachers of natural sciences encounter a problem pointing to the recession of the parallel teacher training model. In this case, the prospects of professional studies that proceed receiving a bachelor’s degree are confirmed by the new curricula of professional studies scheduling a general core section of the subjects developing pedagogical competence and didactical subjects of different fields of science that will be applied for the purposes of improving didactical competence of a certain subject.`
 • Lack of specific methodology, examples of good practice and recommendations for solving the problem of integrated education can be noticed in Lithuania. 
• No detailed systemic recommendations and methodical and organizational tools of how to integrate modern Information Communication Technologies (ICT) into the processes of teaching/learning natural sciences are created. 
• The teachers of natural sciences are not experienced enough in the field of general competence in modern ICT and suffer from shortage of methodical experience of how to effectively apply ICT in the educational process. The teachers should gain relevant experience in the seminars in methodology, training courses and accepted pedagogical practice at school using the latest Lithuanian versions of natural science training aids based on ICT. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">45-53</style></section></record></records></xml>