<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ružena Čiliaková</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simoneta Babiaková</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TEACHERS' STRATEGIES FOR BUILDING CLASSROOM COMMUNITY IN SLOVAK PRIMARY EDUCATION</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">classroom community</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">classroom regulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">qualitative content analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher strategies</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2026</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June 2026</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">84</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Building a classroom community is an important dimension of primary teachers’ professional practice. It influences classroom climate, children’s engagement, and their social development. However, less is known about the specific pedagogical strategies through which classroom community is built in everyday classroom practice. The aim of the study was to identify and interpret pedagogical strategies used by primary school teachers to build classroom community. The study was designed as a qualitative follow-up to a previous quantitative survey. The empirical material consisted of 137 written reflections produced by future teachers who observed teaching as part of their teaching internship in 137 primary school classrooms. Data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis combining deductive and inductive procedures across four analytical areas: acceptance and inclusion, classroom behavioral regulation, teamwork and communication, and children’s self-assessment and responsibility for learning. The analysis revealed a wide range of pedagogical strategies used by teachers in everyday classroom practice. These strategies reflected two broader regulatory orientations of teaching practice: participatory-preventive approaches that support cooperation, reflection and children’s autonomy, and directive-reactive approaches based primarily on external regulation and behavioral control. The findings suggest that classroom community-building is shaped not by isolated techniques, but by broader pedagogical strategies that reflect different regulatory orientations in classroom practice. These strategies regulate participation, relationships, behavior, and learning in everyday classroom practice.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">382-397</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Serhat Dindaş</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Murat İnce</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ENHANCING PRIMARY STUDENTS’ READING SKILLS THROUGH AUGMENTED REALITY-ENRICHED TURKISH TEXTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">augmented reality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational technology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reading skills</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=4664271</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The present study examined whether the integration of augmented reality (AR) into fourth-grade Turkish reading lessons enhances students’ reading comprehension and motivation. A quasi-experimental pretest-posttest control group design was employed, involving 48 students (24 experimental and 24 control) from a public primary school. Students in the experimental group engaged with AR-enriched texts, while the control group read the same texts without AR enhancement. Reading comprehension proficiency and attitudes toward AR were measured using standardized scales, and qualitative interviews were conducted to gather student feedback. Results indicated that the experimental group demonstrated a significant improvement in reading skill scores compared to their baseline, while the control group showed no significant progress. A moderate positive correlation was observed between students’ reading comprehension self-efficacy and their attitudes towards AR, indicating that students who felt more confident in their reading skills also tended to view AR-based learning more positively. Qualitative findings further revealed that AR enriched texts increased student engagement—evoking curiosity, excitement, and enjoyment—and helped students maintain focus during reading. These results suggest that integrating AR into reading activities can enhance elementary students’ reading abilities and motivation. These findings highlight the potential of integrating AR into literacy education to foster students’ engagement and comprehension. The study underscores the importance of designing technology-supported reading activities that align with curriculum goals and suggests that AR can serve as an effective educational tool to enhance motivation and learning outcomes in primary education.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">663-676</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Antonija Vukašinović</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bruno Matijašević</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martina Horvat</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PARENTS’ AND TEACHERS' PERCEPTION OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION AS A MEANS OF PARENTS' INVOLVEMENT IN SCHOOL WORK</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">effective communication</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">parental involvement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">school-family partnership</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2025</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2025</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2023/457-1746640748.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effective communication between parents and teachers results in numerous benefits for all participants in the communication process and, consequently, for the child. The aim of the research was to determine the perceptions of parents and teachers about what constitutes effective communication. For this purpose, 156 primary school teachers and 163 parents in the Republic of Croatia responded to the Murphy questionnaire via Google Forms. The questionnaire consists of two parts: a sociodemographic part and a part of questions that include parental involvement and teacher-parent interaction. The purpose of the research was to guarantee the respondents ' anonymity and allow them to withdraw at any time. The research reveals that primary school teachers fail to meet parents' expectations in communication, emphasizing the need to improve regular communication and plan curriculum components that include ways of parental involvement through various means of communication. This research emphasizes the importance of effective communication and parental involvement in the educational environment, which would contribute to the development of partnership relationships.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">261-271</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mª del Carmen Pegalajar Palomino</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AND INCLUSIVE TEACHING: PERCEPTIONS AND ATTITUDES OF FUTURE EARLY CHILDHOOD AND PRIMARY EDUCATION TEACHERS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">early childhood education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">educational inclusion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">future teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">information and communication technologies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2018</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">June/2018</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2017/457-1529089863.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">76</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Continuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This research analysed future teachers’ perceptions and attitudes towards the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in the development of inclusive educational practices. Adopting a quantitative research approach, data were collected through an ad hoc questionnaire administered to fourth-year early childhood education and primary education degree students from the Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), southeast Spain (n=231). Results revealed favourable perceptions towards ICT use in the classroom, with students viewing these resources as contributing to their professional development and improving digital competence. Furthermore, they report how ICTs present didactic opportunities for the development of the teaching-learning process when working with learners with specific educational support needs. Lastly, the research highlights statistically significant differences in future teachers’ perceptions towards the implications of ICT for teaching when developing inclusive educational processes as well as in their attitudes towards professional development and the training needs required for supporting learners with special educational needs. These differences are appreciated between early childhood education degree students and their primary education peers, the latter reporting more favourable assessments.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">380-392</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin Skutil</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ICT AS ONE OF THE TEACHING METHODS AT PRIMARY SCHOOL FROM A TEACHER’S POINT OF VIEW</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ICT in education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">interview with teachers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teaching methods</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">October/2014</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2015/457-1422204114.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">61</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ICT is one of the driving elements of the current primary education. They often replace commonly used teaching methods, however, in many cases, they are also rejected as an element of eliminating the human factor in education. Based on a qualitative survey, the paper presents an interactive whiteboard as a teaching element from the perspective of primary education teachers. The main goal of the research is to point out the teachers' inner motives to use modern technologies in education and identify the broader context of a teachers' preparation with regard to the use of IT in school practice. The research is conducted using semi-structured interviews; the method of constant comparison was used for the qualitative data analysis. The most important findings show that teachers perceive information technology, especially as activating and motivating factor in education. Another important feature is the possibility of immediate and quick scan of the results. For most respondents, it is a replacement for traditional teaching resources, while they don´t forget to mention the importance of printed materials.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">105-112</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mare  Müürsepp</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AGE-APPROPRIATENESS OF THE SCIENTIFIC VOCABULARY FOR BEGINNING READERS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">beginning reading</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reading material</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vocabulary</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">zone of proximal development</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420056782.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">57</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The study concerning an experimental learning material was carried out in the primary school. A specific feature of the innovative material is topic based on notions related to physics. Seven years old pupils' pre-knowledge of scientific notions have been analysed in the current study. A sample of the vocabulary suggested by the physicists was tested with different groups of respondents: pupils of the first grade, pupils additionally involved in extracurricular activities in the club &quot;Friend of Science&quot; and the students of a teacher training department. The notions selected by the physicists denote the phenomena of energy, space science, atomic and digital study area that up till now were not included in the actual primary school curriculum. As a result of this study, the fact has to be reported that the pupils – not having had any previous lessons on these themes – have given 72% right answers altogether, but the pupils involved in the special club, know nearly all presented notions. There are conclusions drawn from the current study for compiling of texts for beginning reader and for introducing the scientific themes in primary school lessons. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78-89</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gürbüz Ocak</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Serkan Boyraz</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hasan Kizilkaya</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COMPARING 1997 AND 2005 ENGLISH CURRICULA APPLIED IN 4th AND 5th GRADES IN TURKEY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ELT in Turkey</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">English curriculum</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher opinions</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">November/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1420056013.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">56</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discontinuous</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study aims to collect teacher opinions about two curriculums applied in 4th and 5th grades in 1997 and 2005 both of which aimed to employ constructivist approach but with big differences. The study employed qualitative research method parallel to its aim, and ten teachers of English that were selected by purposive sampling method in order to be sure that they taught in both curriculums participated to it. The data from those participants was collected via a structured interview form that included six questions created by the researchers. Descriptive data analysis was used to examine the gained data, and then findings were coded into themes. It is notable that the most participants followed curriculums for this or that reason. Although they state both positive and negative sides of the two curriculums, all teachers find 2005 curriculum change positive and generally find it more effective and successful. Eight of the participants think that foreign language (English) teaching is either unsuccessful or inadequate due to lack of skills of speaking, writing and listening. They offer to solve this problem by adapting an assessment system that evaluates those skills, taking benefit of internet for more practice, sending pre-service foreign language teachers abroad. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">93-104</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sirpa Kärkkäinen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tuula Keinonen</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHER STUDENTS’ PERCEPTIONS OF TECHNOLOGY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Education in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary education</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">teacher education</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">March/2010</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/457-1399917102.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Technology education in the Finnish comprehensive school is an integrated subject, “Technology and the Individual” being one of the cross-curricula themes. It is accepted that students’ conceptions are related to their teachers’ conceptions. From the viewpoint of primary technology education and the development of primary teacher education, it is important to know teacher students’ perceptions of technology and technology education. This study focuses on how primary teacher students think about technology. Results showed that teacher students understand technology from quite a limited perspective, thinking that technology in their everyday life is mostly based on domestic appliances, computers and mobiles. Although the teacher students’ perceptions of technology were limited, their overall experiences towards it were positive. After the cross-curricula course, they viewed technology more broadly, understanding e.g. the history of technology, technological responsibility and its impact at the individual, social and global level. Emphasis was placed on the teacher students’ abilities to apply technology and use it with their pupils in their future teaching profession. Despite limitations, the study provides insight into teacher students’ perceptions of technology and it also contributes for further understanding in the area of cross-curricula themes.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27-35</style></section></record></records></xml>