<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pavol   Prokop</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Milada   Jančovičová</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DISGUST SENSITIVITY AND GENDER DIFFERENCES: AN INITIAL TEST OF THE PARENTAL INVESTMENT HYPOTHESIS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Psychology in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">disgust</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">parental investment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sexual maturation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">December/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://oaji.net/articles/2014/444-1400504220.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">It is suggested that the emotion of disgust evolved as a disease protection mechanism in humans. The vast majority of the research revealed that females are consistently more disgust sensitive than males. Certain adaptationists have suggested that gender differences in disgust sensitivity reflect higher parental investment and offspring protection by females as compared with males. We experimentally tested the parental investment hypothesis by manipulating the visual and acoustic exposure of participants to cues associated with parental investment (a picture of an infant's face and the sounds of an infant crying). The control group was exposed to cues that do not trigger parental investment (an adult man speaking a foreign language). It was found that participants in the experimental group did not score higher in the pathogen disgust domain and had similar expected reproductive goals than participants in the control group. Girls and sexually mature participants rated pictures with disease-relevant animals as more disgusting than boys and sexually immature participants. These results provide no support for the role of parental investment as an ultimate explanation for higher disgust sensitivity in females. </style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">40-48</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pavol   Prokop</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peter   Fedor</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE EFFECTS OF PARASITES ON HUMAN BEHAVIOUR: AN EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Problems of Psychology in the 21st Century </style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">evolution</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">human</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">parasites</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">April/2013</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://oaji.net/articles/2014/444-1400266118.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parasites and predators possess serious threats to humans throughout our evolutionary history. Although the impact of predators in modern world is lower than previously, parasites still influence morbidity and mortality of contemporary humans. From the evolutionary perspective, selective pressures caused by parasites should favour individuals that successfully avoid objects/subjects which transmit parasitic diseases and/or those who are successful in combats with them. There is growing evidence for the existence of evolved anti-parasite behaviours in animals, beginning with invertebrates and ending with primates. Avoidance of infected individuals, grooming and self-medication are most common behavioural strategies that are believed to reduce the transmission of parasites. Here we review recent evidence suggesting that several behavioural and emotional traits in humans evolved as a response to selective pressure caused by parasites. Disgust sensitivity and pathogen threat may be a mechanism that generates both a cross-cultural variation in preferences for certain facial traits, as well as drivers of religious diversity, political stability of countries, parenting cognitive abilities and prevalence of extraversion and openness to new ideas. Finally, we declare areas for a future research based on questions guided by the evolutionary perspective.</style></abstract><work-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Original article</style></work-type><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">46-64</style></section></record></records></xml>